1

CHAPTER 2
Simple Stresses and Strains
Problem 1. Tension test was conducted on a specimen and the following readings recorded:
Diameter = 22 mm
Gauge length of extensometer = 200 mm
Least count of extensometer = 0.001 mm
At a load of 22 kN, extensometer reading = 60
At a load of 36 kN, extensometer reading = 94
Yield load = 95 kN
Maximum load = 157 kN
Diameter at neck = 15 mm
Final length over 110 mm original length = 132 mm
Find Youngs Modulus, yield stress, ultimate stress, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in
area.
Solution: Diameter = 22 mm, Cross-sectional area =
2
(22)
4

= 380.132 mm
2

Yield load = 95 kN = 95000 N
Yield stress = p
y
=
95000
380.132
= 249.91 N/mm
2
. Ans.
Maximum load = 157 kN = 157000 N.
Ultimate stress =
157000
380.132
= 413.01 N/mm
2
. Ans.
For a load of (36 22) kN = 14 kN extension is (94 60) m = 34 0.001 mm.
From the relation
=
PL
AE
, we get
34 0.001 =
3
14 10 200
380.132 E

E = 2.16643 10
5
N/mm
2
. Ans.
% Elongation =
Increase in length
100
Original length

=
132 110
100
110

= 20. Ans.
% Reduction in area =
2 2
2
(22) (15)
4 4
100
(22)
4

= 53.51. Ans.
2
Problem 2. The composite bar shown in Fig. 1 is subjected to a tensile force of 30 kN. The extension
observed is 0.372 mm. Find the Youngs Modulus of brass, if Youngs Modulus of steel is 2 10
5
N/mm
2
.

Fig. 1
Solution: At any section in the bar load
P = 30 kN = 30,000 N
Total extension =
s s b b
s s b b
P L P L
A E A E
+
0.372 =
3 3
2 5 2
30 10 400 30 10 300
30 2 10 20
4 4
b
E

+




3
2
30 10 300
20
4
b
E

=
3
2 5
30 10 400
0.372
30 2 10
4

= 0.2871
E
b
=
3
2
30 10 300
20 0.2871
4

= 0.99787 10
5
N/mm
2
. Ans.
Problem 3. The steel flat shown in Fig. 2 has uniform thickness of 20 mm. Under an axial load of 80 kN,
its extension is found to be 0.17 mm. Determine the Youngs Modulus of the material.

Fig. 2
Solution: t = 20 mm P = 80 kN = 80 10
3
N
= 0.17 mm L = 500 mm
From the relation
=
1
1 2 2
log
( )
PL b
tE b b b
, we get
0.17 =
3
80 10 80
log
20 (80 40) 40 E

E = 2.03867 10
5
N/mm
2
. Ans.
Problem 4. Find the extension of the bar shown in Fig. 3 under an axial load of 20 kN.
Take E = 200 GN/m
2
.

Fig. 3
3
Solution: P = 20 10
3
N
E =
9
2
200 10
(1000)

N/mm
2
= 2 10
5
N/mm
2

=
1
+
2
+
3

=
1 2 3
2 2
1 1 2 2
4 4 4
PL PL PL
d E d d E d E
+ +

where d
1
= 25 mm and d
2
= 15 mm.
i.e. =
2 2
4 400 400 400
25 15 25 15
P
E
| |
+ +
|

\

=
3
5 2 2
4 20 10 400 400 400
25 15 2 10 25 15
| |
+ +
|

\

= 0.444 mm. Ans.
Problem 5. The composite bar shown in Fig. 4 is made of steel in portion AC and copper in portion CD.
The two materials are rigidly joined at C. Find the extension of the bar under the loading shown in Fig. 4.
Take E
s
= 2 10
5
N/mm
2
and E
c
= 1.1 10
5
N/mm
2


Fig. 4
Solution: Taking sections through AB, BC and CD, we find
P
1
= 55 kN P
2
= 25 kN and P
3
= 25 kN.

Extension =
1
+
2
+
3

=
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 s s c
PL P L P L
A E A E A E
+ +
=
3 3 3
2 5 2 5 2 5
55 10 300 25 10 300 25 10 400
30 2 10 30 2 10 20 1.1 10
4 4 4

+ +



= 0.459 mm. Ans.
Problem 6. Find the force P acting at C in the bar shown in Fig. 5. Find the extension of the bar if
E = 2 10
5
MPa.
= 15 mm
60 kN
A
B C
30 kN
= 20 mm
P
D
= 15 mm
80 kN
300 mm 400 mm 300 mm

Fig. 5
4
Solution: Since the body is in equilibrium, 60 + 30 P + 80 = 0
or P = 50 kN. Ans.
At any section in AB, considering the equilibrium of left hand side portion, we find
P
1
= 60 kN
Similarly taking a section in BC, taking equilibrium of left side portion,
P
2
= 30 kN
Taking a section in CD and considering right hand portion, we find
P
3
= 80 kN.
E = 2 10
5
N/mm
2
.
=
1
+
2
+
3

=
3 3 3
2 5 2 5 2 5
60 10 300 30 10 400 80 10 300
15 2 10 20 2 10 15 2 10
4 4 4

+ +



= 1.379 mm. Ans.
Problem 7. A stepped bar of steel is held between two unyielding supports as shown in Fig. 6(a) and is
subjected to loads. P
1
= 80 kN, P
2
= 60 kN. Find the reactions developed at ends A and B.
300
300
P
2
P
1
150
C
A
D
B
(c) (b) (a)

R
B

Fig. 6
Solution: Given P
1
= 80 10
3
N P
2
= 60 10
3
N
If support at B is removed (Fig. b)
Force in AC = 140 10
3
N
and Force in CD = 60 10
3
N, in DE it is zero.
Extension of the bar =
3 3
2 2
140 10 60 10
0
40 40
4 4
E E

+ +



=
2
200 150
40
4
E

... (1)
Shortening of the bar due to a force R
B
[Fig. (c)],
=
2 2
300 300
30 40
4 4
B B
R R
E E

+



5
=
2 2
300 1 1
30 40
4
B
R
E
(
+
(

... (2)
Equating equations (1) and (2), we get

3
2 2
2
200 10 150 300 1 1
30 40
40
4 4
B
R
E E
| |
= +
|

\

R
B
= 36 10
3
N = 36 kN. Ans.
v = 0 R
A
+ R
B
= 80 + 40, where R
A
is reactor at A
R
A
= 120 36 = 104 kN. Ans.
Problem 8. A rigid bar ABCD is connected to steel bar at A and B and is having hinged support at C. At
free end a load of 40 kN is acting as shown in Fig. 7. Find the forces developed in the bars and deflections
of free end if E = 2 10
5
N/mm
2
, diameter of rod at A is 30 mm and at B is 25 mm.
300 mm
B C A
400 mm
200 mm 200 mm 400 mm
40 kN
D

Fig. 7
Solution:

Let the rigid bar ABCD taking the position A, B, C and D after the application of load.
Extension of the rod at B = BB =
B

and extension of the rod at A = AA =
A


A
B

=
400
200
= 2
i.e.
A
= 2
B
... (1)
Let P
A
and P
B
be the forces in the rods at A and B respectively.
From equation (1), we get

2
400
30
4
A
P
E

=
2
300
2
25
4
B
P
E

i.e. P
A
= 2.16 P
B
... (2)
Taking moment about C, we get
6
P
A
400 + P
B
200 = 40 400
i.e. 2 P
A
+ P
B
= 80 ... (3)
From equations (2) and (3), we get
2 2.16 P
B
+ P
B
= 80
P
B
= 15.038 kN. Ans.
Hence P
A
= 2.16 P
B
= 32.482 kN. Ans.

A
=
3
2 5
32.482 10 400
30 2 10
4
A A
A
P L
A E

=

= 0.0919 mm. Ans.
Problem 9. Three identical wires support a rigid bar ABC as shown
in Fig. 8. Determine the forces developed in each bar when a load of
15 kN is applied at D.
Solution: Let the loads shared by wires at A, B and C be P
A
, P
B
and
P
C
respectively.
Since the bar is rigid,
Extension of B =
1
2
(Extension of A + Extension of B)
i.e.
B
=
2
A C
+


B
P L
AE
=
1
2
A C
P L P L
AE AE
| |
+
|
\

i.e. P
B
=
2
A C
P P +
... (1)
v = 0 P
A
+ P
B
+ P
C
= 15 ... (2)
i.e. 2 P
B
+ P
B
= 15, since P
A
+ P
C
= 2 P
B

P
B
= 5 kN. Ans.
Taking moment about A, we get
P
B
a + P
C
2a = 15 1.5a
i.e. P
B
+ 2 P
C
= 22.5
P
C
=
22.5
2
B
P
= 8.75 kN. Ans.
From equation (2), P
A
= 15 8.75 5 = 1.25 kN. Ans.
Problem 10. The compound bar shown in Fig. 9 consists of three materials and supports a rigid platform
weighing 80 kN. Find the stresses developed in each bar if the platform remains horizontal even after the
loading. Given,
Bar 1 Bar 2 Bar 3
Length 1000 mm 1500 mm 2000 mm
C.S. Area 600 mm
2
800 mm
2
1000 mm
2

Modulus of
Elasticity
2 10
5
N/mm
2
1.2 10
5
N/mm
2
1.0 10
5
N/mm
2

3a
A
B
15 kN
D
C
a
a/2 a/2

Fig. 8
7
P = 80 kN
1 2 3

Fig. 9
Solution: Let the load shared by each bar be P
1
, P
2
and P
3
.
P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3
= 80 kN ... (1)
Since the platform remains horizontal, the compression of each bar will be the same. Let
1
,
2
and
3

be the compressions of the bars respectively.

1 1
1 1
PL
A E
=
2 2 3 3
2 2 3 3
P L P L
A E A E
=
P
1
=
5
3 3 1 1 3
5
3 3 1
2000 600 2 10
1000 1000 1 10
P L A E P
A E L

=

= 2.4 P
3
... (2)
Similarly P
2
=
5
3 3 2 2 3
5
3 3 2
2000 800 1.2 10
1500 1000 1 10
P L A E P
A E L

=

= 1.28 P
3
... (3)
From equations (1), (2) and (3), we get
2.4 P
3
+ 1.28 P
3
+ P
3
= 80
P
3
= 17.094 kN
Hence P
1
= 2.4 17.094 = 41.025 kN
P
2
= 1.28 17.094 = 21.88 kN
Stress in Bar 1 =
3
1
1
41.025 10
600
P
A

= = 68.376 N/mm
2
. Ans.
Stress in Bar 2 =
3
2
2
21.88 10
800
P
A

= = 27.350 N/mm
2
. Ans.
and Stress in Bar 3 =
3
3
3
17.094 10
1000
P
A

= = 17.094 N/mm
2
. Ans.
Problem 11. The bar ABCD is very rigid. It has pinpointed support at A and is supported by a steel wire BE
and copper wire CF as shown in Fig. 10. Find the stresses produced in steel and copper wires when a load
of 12 kN acts at free end. Find also the deflection of free end.
Take: A
S
= 400 mm
2
, A
C
= 600 mm
2

E
S
= 2 10
5
N/mm
2
, E
C
= 1.2 10
5
N/mm
2

8

Fig. 10
Solution:

Let P
s
and P
c
be the forces in kN in the steel and copper wires respectively.
Taking moment about A,
P
s
200 + P
c
500 = 12 700
2 P
s
+ 5 P
c
= 84 ... (1)
From compatibility condition,

s
c

=
2
5
or
s
=
2
5

c

i.e.
s s
s s
P L
A E
=
2
5
c c
c c
P L
A E


5 5
250 2 400
5 400 2 10 600 1.2 10
s c
P P
=


P
s
= 0.71 P
c
... (2)
From equations (1) and (2),
2 0.71 P
c
+ 5 P
c
= 84.0
P
c
= 13.084 kN
Hence P
s
= 0.71 13.084 = 9.2897 kN
Stress in copper wire =
13.084 1000
600

= 21.8 N/mm
2
. Ans.
Stress in steel wire =
9.2897 1000
400

= 23.25 N/mm
2
. Ans.
From compatibility condition,

d
s

=
700
200

or
d
=
7
2

s
or
d
=
7
2
s s
s s
P L
A E

i.e.
s
=
3
5
7 9.289 10 250
2 400 2 10

= 0.1018 mm. Ans.
9
Problem 12. The composite bar shown in Fig. 11 is 0.2 mm short of
distance between the rigid supports at room temperature. What is the
maximum temperature rise which will not produce stresses in the
bar? Find the stresses induced when temperature rise is 40C.
Given: As: A
c
= 4 : 3

s
= 12 10
6
/C
c
= 17.5 10
6
/C
E
s
= 2 10
5
N/mm
2
E
c
= 1.2 10
5
N/mm
2

Solution: Let maximum temperature rise be t
(i) Maximum free expansion permitted without stresses, being
induced = 0.2 mm.
0.2 =
s
t L
s
+
c
t L
c

= t (12 10
6
300 + 17.5 10
6
200)
t = 28.169C. Ans.
(ii) When the rise of temperature = 40C,
Free expansion of the bar =
c
t l
c
+
s
t l
s

= 17.5 10
6
40 200 + 12 10
6
40 300
= 0.244 mm.
Expansion prevented = 0.284 0.20 = .084 mm
Since the same force, say p, exists in the two portions of the rod, p
s
A
s
= p
c
A
c

p
s
=
3
4
c
c c
s
A
p p
A
=

c s c c
s c
p l p l
E E
+ = 0.084

5 5
3/ 4 300 200
2 10 1.2 10
c c
p p
+

= 0.084
i.e. p
c
= 30.090 N/mm
2
. Ans.
p
s
=
3
4
p
c
= 22.567 N/mm
2
. Ans.
Problem 13. A steel tube of 50 mm outer diameter and 10 mm thick is fitted into a copper tube of inner
diameter 50 mm and 10 mm thick. They are connected by using 20 mm diameter pins at the ends. If the
length of compound bar is 600 mm find the stresses produced in the tubes and pins when temperature is
raised by 25C.
Take:
s
= 12 10
6
/C,
c
= 17.5 10
6
/C
E
s
= 2 10
5
N/mm
2
, E
c
= 1.2 10
5
N/mm
2

Solution: t = 25C A
s
=
2 2
(50 30 )
4

= 1256.637 mm
2

A
c
=
2 2
(70 50 )
4

= 1884.55 mm
2

Since the free expansion of copper (
c
t l) is more than free expansion of steel (
s
t l), compressive
force P
c
develops in copper and tensile force P
s
develops in steel to keep them in the same position
(Referring to the Fig. 12). Say c.c.
300 mm
Steel
Copper
200 mm
0.2 mm

Fig. 11

10

Forces along longitudinal direction = 0, gives
P
c
= P
s
= P (say)
From the figure it is clear that,

s
+
c
=
c
t l
s
t l
where
s
and
c
are the changes in lengths due to P
s
and P
c
.
i.e.
s s c c
PL PL
A E A E
+ = (17.5 12) 10
6
25 600

5 5
1 1
600
1256.637 2 10 1884.55 1.2 10
P
(
+
(


= 5.5 10
6
25 600
P = 16369.04 N
Stress in steel =
16369.04
1256.637
s
s s
P P
A A
= = = 13.026 N/mm
2

Stress in copper =
16369.04
1884.55
c
c c
P P
A A
= = = 8.684 N/mm
2

Shear stress in pins =
2
16369.04
2
2 20
4
p
P
A
=

= 26.05 N/mm
2
. Ans.
Problem 14. At room temperature the gap between bar A and bar B shown in Fig. 13 is 0.25 mm. What
are the stresses induced in the bars, if temperature rise is 35C?
400 mm 400 mm
B A
0.25 mm

Fig. 13
Given: A
a
= 1000 mm
2
, A
b
= 800 mm
2

E
a
= 2 10
5
mm
2
, E
b
= 1 10
5
mm
2


a
= 12 10
6
/C,
b
= 23 10
6
/C
L
a
= 400 mm, L
b
= 300 mm.
Solution: Free expansion of bar A =
A
=
a
t L
A

= 12 10
6
35 400
Free expansion of bar B =
B
=
b
t L
B

= 23 10
6
35 300.

A
+
B
= 0.4095 mm.
11
But gap is only 0.25 mm.
Expansion prevented = 0.4095 0.25 = 0.1595 mm.
Let the force produced due to this prevention be P which is compressive in both A and B.

a b
a a b b
PL PL
A E A E
+ = 0.1595

5 5
400 300
1000 2 10 800 1 10
P P
+

= 0.1595
P = 27739.13
Hence p
a
=
27739.13
1000
p
a
= 27.739 N/mm
2
. Ans.
and p
b
=
27739.13
800
= 34.674 N/mm
2
. Ans.
Problem 15. AB is a rigid bar and has hinged support at C as shown in Fig. 14. A steel and an aluminium
bar support it at ends A and B respectively. The bars were stress free at room temperature. What are the
stresses induced when temperature rises by 40C.
Given: A
s
= 1200 mm
2
, A
a
= 800 mm
2

E
s
= 2 10
5
N/mm
2
, E
a
= 1 10
5
mm
2


s
= 12 10
6
/C,
a
= 23 10
6
/C
1000 mm
A B
1000 mm 800 mm
Steel
Aluminium
500 mm
C

Fig. 14
Solution:
A
B

a a a
tL

s s s
tL

Let P
s
and P
a
be the forces developed in the steel and aluminium respectively. Taking moment about C,
we get
P
s
1000 = P
a
800
or P
s
= 0.8 Pa ... (1)
Free expansion of steel =
s
t L
s

= 12 10
6
40 1000 = 0.48 mm
Free expansion of aluminium =
a
t L
a

= 23 10
6
40 500 = 0.46 mm
Since force expansion of aluminium is more than that of steel, tensile force develops in steel bar and
compressive force develops in aluminium bar. Deformed shape will be as shown in figure.
12
From the property of similar triangles,

1000
s s s
t L
=
800
a a a
t L

4 (
s

s
t L
s
) = 5 (
a
t L
a

a
)
4
s
+ 5
a
= 5
a
t L
a
+ 4
s
t L
s

4 5
s s a a
s s a a
P L P L
E A E A

+ = 40 (5 23 10
6
500 + 4 12 10
6
1000)

5 5
4 1000 5 500
4
5 2 10 1200 1 10 800
a a
P P
+

= 40 (57.5 + 48) 10
3

P
a
= 94654.5 N
P
s
=
4
94654.5
5
= 75723.6 N
Stress in steel =
75723.6
1200 1200
s
P
= = 63.103 N/mm
2
. Ans.
Stress in aluminium =
94654.5
800 800
a
P
= = 118.318 N/mm
2
. Ans.
Problem 16. A bar of rectangular cross-section 20 mm 50 mm is 400 mm long and is subjected to an
axial tensile load of 80 kN. If modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity of the material of bar are
1 10
5
N/mm
2
and 0.4 10
5
N/mm
2
, find the bulk modulus and changes in dimensions and volume.
Solution: E = 1 10
5
N/mm
2
G = 0.4 10
5
N/mm
2

Tensile load P = 80 10
3
N
From the relation
E = 2G (1 + ), we get
1 10
5
= 2 0.4 10
5
(1 + )
1 + = 1.25 or = 0.25. Ans.
Let K be bulk modulus,
From the relation,
E = 3K (1 2), we get
K =
5
1 10
3(1 2 ) 3(1 2 0.25)
E
=

= 0.667 10
5
N/mm
2
.

Ans.
Axial load = P = 80,000 N

x
=
5
80, 000 400
20 50 1 10
PL
AE

=

= 0.32 mm
e
x
=
0.32 0.32
400 L
= = 0.0008
e
y
; e
x
= e
z
= c
x
= 0.25 0.0008 = 0.0002 (tensile)

y
= c
y
L
y
= 0.0002 50 = 0.01 mm (comp). Ans.

z
= c
z
L
z
= 0.0002 20 = 0.004 mm (comp). Ans.
Change in volume dv = b t
x
l b
z
l t
y

= 50 20 0.32 400 50 0.004 400 20 0.01
= 160 mm
3
.
13

Fig. 15
Problem 17. A bar 600 mm long is having square cross-section of size 50 mm 50 mm. If the bar is
subjected to an axial tensile load of 120 kN and lateral compression of 600 kN on faces of sizes
50 mm 600 mm, find the changes in size and volume.
Given: E = 2 10
5
N/mm
2
and = 0.3

Solution:

Fig. 16
L = 600 mm b = 50 mm t = 50 mm
p
x
=
3
120 10
50 50

= 48 N/mm
2
(tensile)
p
y
=
3
600 10
50 600

= 20 N/mm
2
(compressive)
p
z
=
3
600 10
50 600

= 20 N/mm
2
(compressive)
Volumetric strain

V
V

=
1
E
(p
x
+ p
y
+ p
z
) (1 2 )
=
1
E
(48 20 20) (1 2 0.3)
=
5
1
8 0.4
2 10

V =
5
1
2 10
8 0.4 600 50 50 = 24 mm
3
. Ans.
e
x
=
y
x z
p
p p
E E E

=
48 ( 20) ( 20)
0.3 0.3
E E E


=
5 5
1 60
(48 6 6)
2 10 2 10
+ + =


14

x
= c
x
L
x
=
5
60
600
2 10

= 0.18 mm. Ans.

e
y
=
y
x z
p
p p
E E E

=
1
E
[ 20 0.3 48 0.3 ( 20)] =
28.4
E


y
=
5
28.4
50
2 10

= 0.0071 mm
= 0.0071 mm reduction. Ans.

z
= 0.0071 mm reduction. Ans.
Problem 18. A bar of 25 mm diameter is tightly fitted into a tube. Find the stresses in the bar and changes
in its volume due to a compressive force of 60 kN in the bar if the tube restrains 50 per cent of expansion in
diameter. Take length of the bar = 400 mm, E = 2 10
5
N/mm
2
and = 0.3.
Solution: Increase in diameter, if not restrained
=
x
p
d
E
... (1)
If restrained by tube, let the stresses developed in y and z directions be p
Increase in diameter =
x x
p p p
d
E E E
| |
+
|
\
... (2)
The condition specified is eqn. (2) is half of eqn. (1).
i.e.
x
p p p
E E E
+ =
1
2
x
p
E

Now p
x
=
2
60 1000
15
4

= 122.231 = 0.3 (given)

0.3 122.231 p + 0.3 p =
1
0.3 122.231
2

0.7 p = (0.3 0.15) 122.231
p = 26.192 N/mm
2
. Ans.

v
v

=
1
E
(p
x
+ p
y
+ p
z
) (1 2 )
=
5
1
2 10
= (122.231 + 26.192 + 26.191) (1 2 0.3)
=
69.846
E

v =
5
69.846
2 10
/4 25
2
400
i.e. v = 68.571 mm
3
. Ans.
Problem 19. The diameter of a bar of 500 mm length varies uniformly from 60 mm at one end to 100 mm
at the other end. Find the strain energy stored in the bar when an axial force of 75 kN acts.
Take E = 2 10
5
N/mm
2

Solution: L = 500 mm, d
1
= 100 mm d
2
= 60 mm
15
E = 2 10
5
N/mm
2
P = 75 10
3
N.
Extension of the bar =
1 2
4 PL
d d E

=
3
5
4 75 10 500
100 60 2 10



= 0.03978 mm.
Strain energy stored in the bar
=
1
2
P
=
1
2
75 10
3
0.03978
= 1492.08 N-mm. Ans.
Problem 20. Compare strain energy stored in bar A with that of bar B in Fig. 17 when
(a) same load P acts on them.
(b) the maximum stress produced is the same.
Assume both are made up of same material.
d = 30 mm
1
d = 20 mm
2
d = 10 mm
3
400 mm 400 mm 400 mm
Bar A
d = 25 mm
1
d = 15 mm
2
d = 25 mm
3
400 mm 400 mm 400 mm
Bar B

Fig. 17
Solution: (a) When bar applied load is same:
SE stored in bar A = SE stored in the three portions
= SE
1
+ SE
2
+ SE
3

=
2
2 2 1 1
2 2 3 3
1 1 1
2 2 2
p V
p V p V
E E E
+ +
=
2
2 2
2 2
1
30 400 20 400
2 4 4
30 20
4 4
P P
E

| | | |

| |

+
| |

| |

| |

\ \

+
2
2
2
10 400
4
10
4
P
(
| |
(
|

(
|
( \

16
=
2
6.93
2
P
E

SE stored in bar B:
=
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2 25 400 15 400
2 4 4
25 15
4 4
P P
E
(
(
| | | |
+
(
| |

(
| |
( \ \

=
2
3.892
2
P
E


of bar
of bar
SE A
SE B
=
6.93
3.892
= 1.7805. Ans.
(b) When maximum stress produced is the same:
Let p be the maximum stress produced. It is in the 10 mm diameter portion of bar A.
Stress in 20 mm diameter portion
=
2
2
10
4
4
20
4
p
p

and stress in 30 mm portion
=
2
2
10
4
9
30
4
p
p

SE in bar A
=
2
2 4
p
E

10
2
400 +
2
2
1
20 400
4 2 4
p
E
| |

|
\

+
2
2
1
30 400
9 2 4
p
E
| |

|
\

=
2
42760.566
2
p
E

For bar B:
Maximum stress produced is in 15 mm diameter portion. It is p.
Stress in 25 mm portion = .
2
2
15
9
4
25
25
4
p
p

SE in bar B
=
2
2
2 2
9
15 400 (25) 400 2
2 4 25 4
p
p
E
| |
+
|
\

=
2
121579.63
2
p
E

17

SE in bar A
SE in bar B
=
2
2
42760.566
2
121579.63
2
p
E
p
E
= 0.3517. Ans.
Problem 21. A steel rod 20 mm diameter and 400 mm long has a collar at lower end and is fixed at top. A
load of 60 N falls freely along the rod and strikes the collar. If the instantaneous stress is not to exceed 250
N/mm
2
, find the maximum height from which the load can be allowed to strike the collar. How much is the
stress produced, if the load falls from a height of 200 mm? Take E = 2 10
5
N/mm
2
.
Solution: Given diameter of the rod = 20 mm
Cross-sectional area =
2
20
4

= 314.15 mm
2
= 314.15 mm
2

Length of the bar = 400 mm
Falling weight P = 60 N.
Induced stress f = 250 N/mm
2

Let maximum height be equal to h
f =
2
1 1
P AE h
A PL
(
+ +
(
(


250 =
5
60 2 314.15 2 10
1
314.15 60 400
h
(

( +
(


or
250 314.15
60

= 1 1 5235.83h
(
+ +

h = 326.75 mm. Ans.
(b) If the height of fall is = 200 mm. Then
p =
2
1 1
P EAh
A PL
(
+ +
(
(


=
5
60 2 2 10 314.15 200
1 1
314.15 60 400
(

( + +
(


=
60
[1 1023.312]
314.15
+
= 195.63 N/mm
2
.