Western Philippines University Puerto Princesa Campus Puerto Princesa City

BIO SCI 105: MICROBIOLOGY

LABORATORY ACTIVITIES

Submitted to: Mrs. Violeta T. Bargoyo

Submitted by: Nerissa Mae F. Dadores BSED II

LABORATORY ACTIVITY 1 The Compound Microscope

Results: 1. Tabulate the parts of a microscope and function of each part.

Coarse adjustment: Brings the specimen into general focus. Fine adjustment: Fine tunes the focus and increases the detail of the specimen. Stage: The flat platform where the slide is placed. Stage clips: Metal clips that hold the slide in place. Stage height adjustment (Stage Control): These knobs move the stage left and right or up and down. Aperture: The hole in the middle of the stage that allows light from the illuminator to reach the specimen. On/off switch: This switch on the base of the microscope turns the illuminator off and on. Illumination/ Light Source: The light source for a microscope. Older microscopes used mirrors to reflect light from an external source up through the bottom of the stage; however, most microscopes now use a low-voltage bulb. Iris diaphragm: Adjusts the amount of light that reaches the specimen. Condenser: Gathers and focuses light from the illuminator onto the specimen being viewed. Eyepiece/ Oculars: The eyepiece is the ocular lens that helps you look through to see a magnified image from the top of the microscope. The lens has a power of magnification of about 10x or 15x. Low Power Objective Lens: The low power objective helps in viewing large specimens. High Power Objective: These are used for a detailed view of the specimen and small specimens. Body tube (Head): The body tube connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses. Arm: The arm connects the body tube to the base of the microscope. Filter holder and filters: Some microscopes (like our Home 1000x) come with a swing-out filter holder at the bottom of the condenser. Blue and yellow filters can be used to enhance the image in some situations. Mechanical stage: This fits onto the stage (in some microscopes it is built in) and provides the best slide control, which makes viewing easier. Clip the slide into place and use the X and Y-axis knobs on the stage to move the slide back and forth under the objective lens. 2. Draw the position of the letter e as viewed under LPO and HPO. Compare the size. Give the total magnification of each drawing.

3. Draw several cells from the viewed prepared slides under LPO and HPO. Give the total magnification of each one.

Discussions (Guide questions) 1. For what purpose would you adjust each of the following components during a microscopy exercise? a. Iris Diaphragm-controls the amount of light that passes through the stage and, consequently, through the specimen. Reducing the iris diaphragm aperture increases contrast for an image focused under high power by reducing the amount of light that both fills the objective lens and detracts around specimen edges. Opening the iris diaphragm under high magnification increases "flare", the appearance of light "washing out" an object. By decreasing the flow of light through the specimen, the iris diaphragm limits light defraction and saturation. b. Coarse Adjustment Knob- This knob helps in focusing the specimen by adjusting the distance of the objective lens to the slide. The knob helps move the objective lens up and down till the magnified image is seen clearly. To raise or lower the body tube of the microscope.Fine

c. Adjust Knob-This helps in switching from one objective lens to the other. The specimen can be easily observed under high or low magnification with the adjustment using fine adjust knob. Use to bring specimen into sharp focus. d. Condenser- Clearly gathers and focuses light from the illuminator onto the specimen being viewed. 2. Explain why the body tube of the microscope should not be lowered while looking through the ocular lens? The body tube of the microscope should not be lowered while looking through the ocular lens because you do not want to lower the body tube too much and have it crack the slide. There's a chance that you might crunch the objective lens into the slide or specimen.

3. What is xylol? Why it is used in the microscope?

Xylol is a colorless flammable volatile liquid hydrocarbon used as a solvent. Since it is a solvent it is usually used in laboratory in cleaning microscope lenses. It is used in cleaning microscope because it is polar solvent and can degrade the lens if lens left on for too long.

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