Enolion WovI, FeeIing BuIes, and SociaI Slvucluve

AulIov|s) AvIie BusseII HocIscIiId

Souvce TIe Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog, VoI. 85, No. 3 |Nov., 1979), pp. 551-575
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Enolion
WovI,
FeeIing BuIes,
and SociaI Slvucluve
AvIie BusseII HocIscIiId
Univevsil oJ CaIiJovnia, BevIeIe
TIis essa pvoposes an enolion-nanagenenl pevspeclive
as a Iens
lIvougI vIicI lo inspecl lIe seIJ, inlevaclion, and slvucluve. Eno-
lion, il is avgued, can Ie and oJlen is suIjecl lo acls oJ nanagenenl.
TIe individuaI oJlen vovIs on inducing ov inIiIiling JeeIings
so as
lo vendev lIen appvopviale lo a silualion. TIe enolion-nanage-
nenl pevspeclive dvavs on an inlevaclive accounl oJ enolion. Il diJ-
Jevs Jvon lIe dvanaluvgicaI pevspeclive on lIe one Iand and lIe
pscIoanaIlic pevspeclive on lIe olIev. Il aIIovs us lo inspecl
al
cIosev vange lIan eilIev oJ lIose pevspeclives lIe veIalion anong
eno-
live expevience, enolion nanagenenl, JeeIing vuIes, and ideoIog.
FeeIing vuIes ave seen as lIe side oJ ideoIog lIal deaIs vilI enolion
and JeeIing. Enolion nanagenenl is lIe lpe oJ vovI il laIes lo cope
vilI JeeIing vuIes. Meaning-naIing joIs, nove connon in lIe nid-
dIe cIass, pul nove pveniun on lIe individuaI's capacil lo do eno-
lion vovI. A veexaninalion oJ cIass diJJevences in cIiId veaving sug-
gesls lIal niddIe-cIass JaniIies pvepave lIeiv cIiIdven Jov enolion
nanagenenl nove and vovIing-cIass JaniIies pvepave lIen Iess. In
lIis va eacI cIass pvepaves ils cIiIdven lo pscIoIogicaII vepvoduce
lIe cIass slvucluve.
SociaI pscIoIog Ias suJJeved undev lIe lacil assunplion lIal enolion,
Iecause il seens unIidden and unconlvoIIaIIe, is nol govevned I sociaI
vuIes. SociaI vuIes, Jov lIeiv pavl, ave seen as appIing lo IeIaviov and
lIougIl, Iul vaveI lo enolion ov JeeIing. IJ ve veconsidev lIe naluve oJ
enolion2 and lIe naluve oJ ouv capacil lo lv sIaping il, ve ave slvucI
I lIe inpeviaI scope oJ sociaI vuIes. SigniJicanl IinIs enevge anong sociaI
slvucluve, JeeIing vuIes, enolion nanagenenl, and enolive expevience-IinIs
I lv lo lvace in lIis essa. TIe puvpose is lo suggesl an avea Jov inquiv.
I
TIis papev sunnavizes pavl oJ lIe avgunenl pvesenled in a JovlIconing IooI. TIis
slud Ias Ieen genevousI suppovled I a OuggenIein FeIIovsIip. AIlIougI gvalilude
in Joolnoles IiIe lIis is |as lIis papev denonslvales) convenlionaIized, and aIlIougI
convenlion naIes aulIenlicil Iavd lo decipIev, I vanl anva lo expvess appvecialion
lo Havve FaIevnan, Todd OilIin, Adan HocIscIiId, BoIevl JacIson, Jevz MicIaeIo-
vicz, CavoIine FevseII, MiIe Bogin, FauI BusseII, TIonas ScIeJJ, Ann SvidIev, JoeI
TeIIes, and lIe anonnous vevievevs Jov lIe AIS.
2
I deJine enolion as IodiI coopevalion vilI an inage, a lIougIl, a nenov-a coop-
evalion oJ vIicI lIe individuaI is avave. I viII use lIe levns enolion and JeeIing
inlevcIangeaII, aIlIougI lIe levn enolion denoles a slale oJ Ieing ovevcone lIal
JeeIing does nol. TIe levn enolion nanagenenl is used snonnousI vilI eno-
lion vovI and deep acling.
O) 1979 I TIe Univevsil oJ CIicago. 0002-9602/80/8503-0003$02.00
AJS VoIune 85 NunIev 3 551
Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog
WI is lIe enolive expevience oJ novnaI aduIls in daiI IiJe as ovdevI
as il is? WI, genevaII speaIing, do peopIe JeeI ga al pavlies, sad al
JunevaIs, Iapp al veddings? TIis queslion Ieads us lo exanine, nol con-
venlions oJ appeavance ov oulvavd conpovlnenl, Iul convenlions oJ JeeIing.
Convenlions oJ JeeIing Iecone suvpvising onI vIen ve inagine, I con-
lvasl, vIal lolaII unpallevned, unpvediclaIIe enolive IiJe nigIl acluaII
Ie IiIe al pavlies, JunevaIs, veddings, and in lIe JaniI ov vovI IiJe oJ nov-
naI aduIls.
Evving OoJJnan |1961) suggesls IolI lIe suvpvise lo Ie expIained and
pavl oJ lIe expIanalion . . . We Jind lIal pavlicipanls viII IoId in cIecI
cevlain pscIoIogicaI slales and alliludes, Jov aJlev aII, lIe vev genevaI
vuIe lIal one enlev inlo lIe pvevaiIing nood in lIe encounlev cavvies lIe
undevslanding lIal conlvadiclov JeeIings viII Ie in aIeance.... So gen-
evaII, in Jacl, does one suppvess unsuilaIIe aJJecl, lIal ve need lo IooI al
oJJenses lo lIis vuIe lo Ie veninded oJ ils usuaI opevalion |OoJJnan 1961,
p. 23). IJ ve laIe lIis passage seviousI, as I uvge ve do, ve na Ie Ied
IacI lo lIe cIassic queslion oJ sociaI ovdev Jvon a pavlicuIav vanlage poinl-
lIal oJ enolion nanagenenl. Fvon lIis vanlage poinl, vuIes seen lo govevn
Iov peopIe lv ov lv nol lo JeeI in vas appvopviale lo lIe silualion.
SucI a nolion suggesls Iov pvoJoundI lIe individuaI is sociaI, and
sociaIized lo lv lo pa lviIule lo oJJiciaI deJinilions oJ silualions, vilI
no Iess lIan lIeiv JeeIings.
Lel ne pause lo poinl oul lIal lIeve ave lvo possiIIe appvoacIes lo lIe
sociaI ovdeving oJ enolive expevience. One is lo slud lIe sociaI Jaclovs
lIal induce ov slinuIale pvinav |i.e., nonveJIeclive, lIougI I deJinilion
conscious) enolions-enolions passiveI undevgone. TIe olIev is lo slud
secondav acls pevJovned upon lIe ongoing nonveJIeclive slvean oJ pvinav
enolive expevience. TIe Jivsl appvoacI Jocuses on Iov sociaI Jaclovs aJJecl
vIal peopIe JeeI, lIe second on Iov sociaI Jaclovs aJJecl vIal peopIe lIinI
and do aIoul vIal lIe JeeI |i.e., acls oJ assessnenl and nanagenenl).
TIose vIo laIe lIe Jivsl appvoacI nigIl vegavd lIose vIo laIe lIe second
as Ieing ovevI cognilive. Bul in Jacl lIe lvo appvoacIes ave conpaliIIe,
and indeed lIe second, laIen Ieve, veIies on sone accunuIalion oJ InovI-
edge gavneved Jvon lIe Jivsl.3
IJ ve laIe as ouv oIjecl oJ Jocus vIal il is peopIe lIinI ov do aIoul JeeI-
3 Fov conpveIensive, iJ sonevIal daled, vevievs oJ lIe lIeovelicaI appvoacIes lo eno-
lion, see HiIInan |1964), CavIson el aI. |1959), Benevl |1950), and McBougaII |1937).
TIese vevievs excIude sevevaI nove vecenl lIeovelicaI allenpls I TonIins |1962),
AvnoId |1968), and FIulcIiI |1962). Fov a pscIoanaIlic accounl, see Bapapovl
|1953). AIso see BaIIin |1968), Spvoul |1952), ScIeJJ |1973, 1977a, 1977I), Lev
|1973), and Kalz |1977). Vavious sociaI scienlisls Iave deveIoped lIeiv appvoacIes
via inspeclion oJ a pavlicuIav enolion ov JeeIing, as Jov exanpIe, jeaIous |Bavis
1936: CIanlon and SnilI 1977), env |Foslev 1972), enIavvassnenl |OoJJnan 1956:
Ovoss and Slone 1964), and Iove |Ooode 1974: Svanson 1965). Fov a seIeclive veviev
see HocIscIiId |1975).
552
Enolion WovI
ings, sevevaI queslions enevge. Fivsl, vilI vIal assunplions aIoul enolion
and silualion do ve Iegin? In olIev vovds, |a) Iov vesponsive is enolion
lo deIiIevale allenpls lo suppvess ov evoIe il? |I) WIal socioIogicaI ap-
pvoacI is nosl JvuilJuI? Second, vIal ave lIe IinIs anong sociaI slvucluve,
ideoIog, JeeIing vuIes, and enolion nanagenenl? To Iegin vilI, |c) ave
lIeve JeeIing vuIes? |d) Hov do ve Inov aIoul lIen? |e) Hov ave lIese
vuIes used as IaseIines in sociaI excIanges? |J) WIal in lIe naluve oJ vovI
and cIiId veaving nigIl accounl Jov diJJevenl vas aduIls oJ vaving cIasses
nanage lIeiv JeeIings? I sIaII sIelcI oulIines oJ possiIIe ansvevs vilI lIe
ain, in sone neasuve, oJ veJining lIe queslions.
TWO ACCOUNTS OF EMOTION ANB FEELINO
In ovdev lo addvess lIe Jivsl queslion, ve nigIl considev lvo Iasic accounls
oJ enolion and JeeIing Jound in sociaI pscIoIog lIe ovganisnic accounl
and lIe inlevaclive accounl. TIe lvo appvoacIes diJJev in vIal lIe inpI
aIoul ouv capacil lo nanage enolion, and lIus in vIal lIe inpI aIoul
lIe inpovlance oJ vuIes aIoul nanaging il. I cannol do JuII juslice Ieve lo
lIe queslion oJ vIal enolion is and Iov il is genevaled, nov can I oJJev a
JuII veaclion lo lIe anpIe Iilevaluve on lIal queslion.
Accovding lo lIe ovganisnic viev, lIe pavanounl queslions concevn lIe
veIalion oJ enolion lo IioIogicaII given inslincl ov inpuIse. In Iavge
pavl, IioIogicaI Jaclovs accounl Jov lIe queslions lIe ovganisnic lIeovisl
poses. TIe eavI vvilings oJ Signund Fveud |1911, 1915a, 1915I: see LoJ-
gven 1968), CIavIes Bavvin |[1872] 1955), and in sone lIougI nol aII
vespecls, WiIIian Janes |Janes and Lange 1922) Jil lIis nodeI.4 TIe
concepl enolion veJevs nainI lo slvips oJ expevience in vIicI lIeve is
no conJIicl Ielveen one and anolIev aspecl oJ seIJ: lIe individuaI JIoods
oul, is ovevcone. TIe inage lIal cones lo nind is lIal oJ a sudden,
4 W. McBougaII |1948) and, lo sone exlenl, S. S. TonIins |1962) aIso Jil lIis cIassi-
Jicalion. BolI Jocus on lIe veIalion oJ enolion lo dvive ov inslincl |TonIins eIaIovales
a veIalion Ielveen enolion and dvive signaIs vIeveI enolion is said lo anpIiJ
dvive signaIs). TIe cenlvaI issues on vIicI lIe lvo lIeovelicaI canps divide ave Jixil,
veJIexivil, and ovigin. |1) TIe ovganisnic lIeovisls, unIiIe lIeiv inlevaclive counlev-
pavls, assune a Iasic Jixil oJ enolion, Iased in IioIogicaI givens. |2) TIe assune
lIal sociaI inlevaclion does nol IasicaII aJJecl enolions: lIe sociaI suvJace venains
vIal is inpIied I lIe levn suvJace. In lIe inlevaclive accounl. lIis is nol lIe case.
LaIeIing, nanagenenl, and expvession oJ JeeIing |nove cIeavI diJJevenlialed I lIe
inlevaclionisls) ave pvocesses vIicI can veJIexiveI acl IacI on enolion, and indeed
cone lo conslilule vIal ve nean I lIe levn enolion. |3) Again, lIe ovganisnic
lIeovisls ave nove concevned vilI lvacing enolion IacI lo ils ovigins. Fov Fveud and
Janes lIe ovigins veve enevgic ov sonalic, and Jov Bavvin, pIIogenelic. TIe inlev-
aclive lIeovisls ave Iess concevned vilI ovigin lIan vilI lIe inlevJace oJ a silualion
and expevience. TIe Jocus on ovigin Ieads lIe ovganisnic lIeovisls lo Jocus on con-
nonaIilies Ielveen diJJevenl peopIes, and Ielveen peopIe and aninaIs. TIe Jocus on
sociaI inlevJace Ieads lIe inlevaclionisls lo Jocus on diJJevences. Fov vecenl innovalions
in lIe inlevaclive lvadilion, see Kenpev |1978) and AveviII |1976).
553
Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog
aulonalic veJIex sndvone-Bavvin's inslanl snavI expvession, Fveud's len-
sion discIavge al a given IveaIing poinl oJ lension ovevIoad, Janes and
Lange's nolion oJ an inslanlaneous unnedialed viscevaI veaclion lo a pev-
ceived slinuIus, lIe pevceplion oJ vIicI is aIso unnedialed I sociaI
inJIuences.
In lIis Jivsl nodeI, sociaI Jaclovs can enlev in onI in vegavd lo Iov eno-
lions ave slinuIaled and expvessed |and even Ieve Bavvin looI lIe uni-
vevsaIisl posilion) |see EInan 1972, 1973). SociaI Jaclovs ave nol seen as
an inJIuence on Iov enolions ave acliveI suppvessed ov evoIed. Indeed,
enolion is cIavaclevized I lIe Jixil and univevsaIil oJ a Inee-jevI ve-
aclion ov a sneeze. In lIis viev, one couId as easiI nanage an enolion as
one couId nanage a Inee jevI ov a sneeze. IJ lIe ovganisnic lIeovisl veve
lo Ie pvesenled vilI lIe concepl oJ JeeIing vuIes, Ie ov sIe vouId Ie Iavd
pul lo eIucidale vIal lIese vuIes inpinge on, ov vIal capacil oJ lIe seIJ
couId Ie caIIed on lo lv lo oIe a JeeIing vuIe |see HocIscIiId 1977). Be-
cenl allenpls lo IinI an ovganisnic nolion oJ enolion lo sociaI slvucluve,
sucI as BandaII CoIIins's |1975) vondevJuII IoId allenpl, suJJev Jvon lIe
pvoIIens lIal veve inpIicil in lIe ovganisnic accounl lo Iegin vilI. B
CoIIins, as I Bavvin on vIon Ie dvavs, enolions ave seen as capacilies
|ov suscepliIiIilies) vilIin a pevson, lo Ie aulonalicaII lviggeved, as CoIIins
deveIops il, I one ov anolIev gvoup in conlvoI oJ lIe viluaI appavalus lIal
does lIe lviggeving |1975, p. 59). A vIoII diJJevenl avenue oJ sociaI
conlvoI, lIal oJ JeeIing vuIes, is Ipassed, Iecause lIe individuaI's capacil
lo lv lo, ov lv nol lo JeeI-lIal lo vIicI lIe vuIe appIies-is nol suggesled
I lIe ovganisnic nodeI vilI vIicI CoIIins Iegins.
In lIe inlevaclive accounl, sociaI inJIuences pevneale enolion nove in-
sislenlI, nove eJJecliveI, and al nove lIeovelicaII posiled iuncluves. In
Iavge pavl, sociopscIoIogicaI Jaclovs accounl Jov lIe queslions lIe inlev-
aclive lIeovisl poses. TIe vvilings oJ OevlI and MIiIIs |1964), OoJJnan
|1956, 1959, 1961, 1967, 1974), Lazavus |1966), La7avus and AveviII
|1972), ScIacIlev and Singev |1962), ScIacIlev |1964), Kenpev |1978),
AveviII |1976). and aspecls oJ Iale Fveudian and neo-Fveudian lIougIl Jil
lIis nodeI. To invoIe lIe Fveudian vocaIuIav, lIe inage Ieve is nol lIal
oJ a vunava id, Iul oJ an ego and supevego, acling upon, sIaping, nag-
ging, Iovevev ineJJecliveI, lenpovaviI, ov consciousI, lIe id.5 Enolion
is sonelines posiled as a pscIoIioIogicaI neans oJ adaplalion-an ana-
5 TIe slvess on viII |incIuded in lIe concepl oJ ego, Iul nol aII lIal eavo veJevs lo)
is nol a cIean dividev oJ lIe ovganisnic Jvon lIe inlevaclive lIeovisl. ScIacIlev and
OevlI and MiIIs, vIon I see as nenIevs oJ lIe inlevaclive canp, Ia no pavlicuIav
slvess on voIilion. OoJJnan slvesses lIe pIenonena lIal caII lacilI Jov viII. He slvesses
lIe pallevned vesuIls oJ il, Iul pvovides no lIeovelicaI accounl oJ viII ilseIJ. He posils
no aclov qua enolion nanagev vIo nigIl acconpIisI lIe acls lIal, I inJevence, nusl
gel acconpIisIed lo puII oJJ lIe encounlevs Ie descviIes so veII. In n viev, ve nusl
veinslilule a seIJ capaIIe oJ expeviencing enolion and oJ vovIing on il in sociaII
pallevned vas. |On lIe issue oJ viII, see Fiagel in CanpIeII [1976]: SoIonon [1973].)
554
Enolion WovI
Iogue lo olIev adaplive necIanisns, sucI as sIiveving vIen coId ov pev-
spiving vIen Iol. Bul enolion diJJevs Jvon lIese olIev adaplive necIanisns,
in lIal lIinIing, pevceiving, and inagining--lIenseIves suIjecl lo lIe in-
JIuence oJ novns and silualions-ave inlvinsicaII invoIved.
As in lIe Jivsl nodeI, sociaI Jaclovs aJJecl Iov enolions ave eIiciled and
expvessed. Hovevev, in addilion, sociaI Jaclovs guide lIe nicvoaclions oJ
IaIeIing |ScIacIlev 1964: ScIacIlev and Singev 1962: Kalz 1977), in-
levpveling |OevlI and MiIIs 1964), and nanaging enolion |Lazavus 1966).
TIese nicvoaclions, in luvn, veJIecl IacI on lIal vIicI is IaIeIed, inlev-
pveled, and nanaged. TIe ave, JinaII, inlvinsic lo vIal ve caII enolion
|see ScIaJev 1976). Enolion, in lIis second scIooI oJ lIougIl, is seen as
nove deepI sociaI. Lazavus's |1966) vovI in pavlicuIav Iends enpivicaI
veigIl lo lIe inlevaclive nodeI. Il suggesls lIal novnaI aduIls, sucI as
univevsil sludenls on vIon Ie conducled expevinenls, Iave a considevaIIe
capacil lo conlvoI enolion. Il is nove conlvoI lIan one nigIl expecl Jvon
a snaII cIiId, an insane aduIl, ov an aninaI, Jvon aII oJ vIicI Fveud in Iis
eavIiev vvilings and Bavvin dvev inspivalion. Bul since il is lIe enolive
expevience oJ novnaI aduIls ve seeI lo undevsland, ve vouId do veII lo
Iegin vilI lIe inlevaclive accounl.6
TIe Inlevaclive Accounl oJ Enolion and SociaI FscIoIog
IJ enolions and JeeIings can lo sone degvee Ie nanaged, Iov nigIl ve gel
a concepluaI gvasp oJ lIe nanaging acl Jvon a sociaI pevspeclive? TIe in-
levaclive accounl oJ enolion Ieads us inlo a concepluaI avena Ielveen
lIe OoJJnanian Jocus on consciousI designed appeavances on lIe one Iand
and lIe Fveudian Jocus on unconscious inlvapscIic evenls on lIe olIev.
TIe Jocus oJ Mead |1934) and BIunev |1969) on conscious, aclive, and
vesponsive gesluves nigIl Iave Ieen nosl JvuilJuI Iad nol lIeiv Jocus on
deeds and lIougIl aInosl enliveI oIscuved lIe inpovlance oJ JeeIing. |See
SIoll [1979] Jov an allenpl lo considev enolion Jvon a snIoIic inlev-
aclionisl pevspeclive.) TIe seIJ as enolion nanagev is an idea lIal Iovvovs
Jvon IolI sides-OoJJnan and Fveud-Iul squaves conpIeleI vilI neilIev.
Heve I can onI sIelcI oul a Jev Iasic Iovvovings and depavluves, Jocusing
on lIe depavluves.
Evving OoJJnan
OoJJnan guides ouv allenlion lo sociaI pallevns in enolive expevience. He
calcIes an ivon nonenl lo nonenl, lIe individuaI is acliveI negolialing
6
M ovn accounl oJ enolion dvavs on lIal pvoposed I Kalz |1977). Fov Kalz eno-
lion is genevaled I a scIenalic discvepanc, lIal is, a discvepanc Ielveen lIe
individuaI's scIenala and Iis cuvvenl pevceplion, nenov, ov inagining oJ an evenl
ov oIjecl. AIso see lIe inlevesling vovI oJ Lazavus, Kannev, and FoIInan |1979).
555
Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog
a couvse oJ aclion, Iul in lIe Iong vun, aII lIe aclion seens IiIe passive
acquiescence lo sociaI convenlion. TIe consevving oJ convenlion is nol a
passive Iusiness. OoJJnan's appvoacI nigIl sinpI Ie exlended and deep-
ened I sIoving lIal peopIe nol onI lv lo conJovn oulvavdI, Iul do so
invavdI as veII. WIen lIe issue uniJovns, lIe issue sIins |OoJJnan
1974) couId Ie exlended and lvo incIes oJ JIesI.
Yel, ivonicaII, lo slud vI and undev vIal condilions pavlicipanls . . .
IoId in cIecI cevlain pscIoIogicaI slales . . . |OoJJnan 1961, p. 23), ve
ave Jovced pavlI oul oJ lIe pevspeclive vIicI gave IivlI lo lIe insigIl. I
sIaII lv lo sIov vI lIis is so, vIal lIe venedies nigIl Ie, and Iov lIe
vesuIls couId Ie concepluaII veIaled lo aspecls oJ lIe pscIoanaIlic
lvadilion.
Fivsl, OoJJnan, Jov veasons necessav lo Iis puvpose, nainlains Jov lIe
nosl pavl a sludied disvegavd Jov lIe IinIs Ielveen innediale sociaI silua-
lions and nacvoslvucluve on lIe one Iand, and individuaI pevsonaIil on
lIe olIev. IJ one is inlevesled in dvaving IinIs anong sociaI slvucluve, JeeIing
vuIes, and enolion nanagenenl, lIis sludied disvegavd Iecones a pvoIIen.
OoJJnan's silualionisn is a IviIIianl acIievenenl, one lIal nusl Ie
undevslood as a deveIopnenl in lIe inleIIecluaI Iislov oJ sociaI pscIoIog.
EavIiev in lIe cenluv a nunIev oJ cIassic vovIs IinIed sociaI slvucluve lo
pevsonaIil, ov doninanl inslilulions lo lpicaI idenlilies, and lIus
aIso veIaled Jindings in socioIog and anlIvopoIog lo lIose in pscIoIog
ov pscIoanaIlic lIeov. TIese sludies appeaved in a nunIev oJ JieIds-in
anlIvopoIog, BulI Benedicl |1946): in pscIoanaIsis, EvicI Fvonn
|1942), Kaven Hovne |1937), and EviI EviIson |1950): in socioIog,
Bavid Biesnan |1952, 1960), Svanson and MiIIev |1966), and OevlI and
MiIIs |1964).
FossiII in vesponse lo lIis pavadign OoJJnan pvoposed an inlevnediale
IeveI oJ concepluaI eIaIovalion, Ielveen sociaI slvucluve and pevsonaIil.
His Jocus is on silualions, episodes, encounlevs. TIe silualion, lIe episodi-
caII enevgenl encounlev, is nol onI neavI divovced Jvon sociaI slvucluve
and Jvon pevsonaIil: Ie even seens lo inlend Iis silualionisn as an anaIlic
suIslilule Jov lIese concepls |see OoJJnan 1976, p. 77). Slvucluve, Ie
seens lo sa, can Ie nol onI lvansposed Iul veduced in and dovn, vIiIe
pevsonaIil can Ie veduced up and oul lo lIe slud oJ Ieve-nov, gone-lIen
inlevaclionaI nonenls.
EacI inlevaclionaI episode laIes on lIe cIavaclev oJ a ninigovevnnenl.
A cavd gane, a pavl, a gveeling on lIe slveel exacls Jvon us cevlain laxes
in lIe Jovn oJ appeavances vIicI ve pa Jov lIe saIe oJ suslaining lIe
encounlev. We ave vepaid in lIe cuvvenc oJ saJel Jvon disvepule. |TIanIs
lo Havve FavIevnan Jov discussion on lIis poinl.)
TIis nodeI oJ lIe silualion qua ninigovevnnenl, vIiIe useJuI Jov OoJJ-
nan's puvposes, Ieads us ava Jvon sociaI slvucluve and pevsonaIil-lvo
556
Enolion WovI
concepls vilI vIicI an slud oJ JeeIing vuIes and enolion nanagenenl
vouId Ie vise lo deaI.7 To slud vI and undev vIal condilions pavlici-
panls ... IoId in cIecI cevlain pscIoIogicaI slales . . . |OoJJnan 1961,
p. 23), ve ave Jovced oul oJ lIe Ieve-nov, gone-lIen silualionisn and IacI,
in pavl al Ieasl, lo lIe sociaI slvucluve and pevsonaIil nodeI. We ave Ied
lo appveciale lIe inpovlance oJ OoJJnan's vovI, as il seens Ie does nol,
as lIe cvilicaI sel oJ concepluaI connecling lissues I vIicI slvucluve and
pevsonaIil, veaI in lIeiv ovn vigIl, ave nove pveciseI joined.
SpeciJicaII, iJ ve ave lo undevsland lIe ovigin and causes oJ cIange in
JeeIing vuIes-lIis undevside oJ ideoIog-ve ave Jovced IacI oul oJ a
slud oJ lIe innediale silualions in vIicI lIe sIov up, lo a slud oJ sucI
lIings as cIanging veIalions Ielveen cIasses ov lIe sexes.
IJ ve ave lo invesligale lIe vas peopIe lv lo nanage JeeIing, ve
sIaII Iave lo posil an aclov capaIIe oJ JeeIing, capaIIe oJ assessing vIen
a JeeIing is inappvopviale, and capaIIe oJ lving lo nanage JeeIing. TIe
pvoIIen is lIal lIe aclov OoJJnan pvoposes does nol seen lo JeeI nucI, is
nol alluned lo, does nol nonilov cIoseI ov assess, does nol acliveI evoIe,
inIiIil, sIape-in a vovd, vovI on JeeIings in a va an aclov vouId Iave
lo do lo acconpIisI vIal OoJJnan sas is, in Jacl, acconpIisIed in one
encounlev aJlev anolIev. We ave IeJl Inoving aIoul suppvessive vovI as
a JinaI vesuIl, Iul Inoving nolIing oJ lIe pvocess ov lecIniques I vIicI
il is acIieved. IJ ve ave lo avgue lIal sociaI Jaclovs inJIuence Iov ve lv
lo nanage JeeIings, iJ ve ave lo cavv lIe sociaI lIal Jav, ve sIaII Iave lo
cavv ouv anaIlic Jocus Ieond lIe IIacI Iox lo vIicI OoJJnan uIli-
naleI veJevs us.
OoJJnan's aclovs acliveI nanage oulev inpvessions, Iul lIe do nol
acliveI nanage innev JeeIings. Fov exanpIe, a lpicaI OoJJnanian aclov,
Fveed al lIe IeacI |OoJJnan 1959), is exquisileI alluned lo oulvavd
appeavance, Iul Iis gIances invavd al suIjeclive JeeIing ave JIeeling
and IIuvved. TIe vev lopic, socioIog oJ enolion, pvesupposes a Iu-
nan capacil Jov, iJ nol lIe acluaI IaIil oJ, veJIecling on and sIaping
innev JeeIings, a IaIil ilseIJ dislviIuled vaviousI acvoss line, age, cIass,
and IocaIe. TIis vavialion vouId dvop Jvon sigIl veve ve lo adopl an ex-
7Tine lo IinI lIe nonenlav acl oJ enolion vovI vilI lIe concepl oJ pevsonaIil,
ve nusl aIlev ouv pevspeclive on line. An enolive episode and lIe allenpl lo sIape
il is, aJlev aII, a IvieJ slvip oJ line. Silualions sucI as OoJJnan sludies ave aIso sIovl.
TIe Jocus is on lIe acl, and lIe acl ends, so lo speaI, vIen lIe lIealev cIoses and
slavls again vIen il veopens. IJ ve exlend OoJJnan's anaIsis, I speaIing nov oJ
deep acling, ve, IiIe Iin, ave Jocusing on sIovl episodes, on sliIIs Jvon vIicI
Iong novies ave conposed. TIe nolion oJ pevsonaIil inpIies a JaivI duvaIIe, lvans-
silualionaI pallevn. TIe Caspev MiIqueloasl pevsonaIil na Iead an anxiel avoidanl
IiJe oJ 73 eavs. Nol nonenlav sliIIs, Iul nan decades ave al issue. Again, ve
nusl sIiJl ouv silualionisl Jocus al lIe slvucluvaI end vIen ve cone lo speaI oJ
inslilulions, vIicI Iive even Iongev lIan peopIe do.
557
Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog
cIusive Jocus on lIe aclov's allenliveness lo IeIaviovaI Jacade and assune
a uniJovn passivil vis-a-vis JeeIings.
TIis sIev in lIe lIeovelicaI aclov is veIaled lo vIal Jvon n vievpoinl
is anolIev pvoIIen OoJJnan's concepl oJ acling. OoJJnan suggesls lIal ve
spend a good deaI oJ eJJovl nanaging inpvessions-lIal is, acling. He posils
onI one sovl oJ acling-lIe divecl nanagenenl oJ IeIaviovaI expvession.
His iIIuslvalions, lIougI, acluaII poinl lo lvo lpes oJ acling-lIe divecl
nanagenenl oJ IeIaviovaI expvession |e.g., lIe given-oJJ sigI, lIe sIouIdev
sIvug), and lIe nanagenenl oJ JeeIing Jvon vIicI expvession can JoIIov
|e.g., lIe lIougIl oJ sone IopeIess pvojecl). An aclov pIaing lIe pavl
oJ King Leav nigIl go aIoul Iis lasI in lvo vas. One aclov, JoIIoving
lIe EngIisI scIooI oJ acling, nigIl Jocus on oulvavd deneanov, lIe con-
sleIIalion oJ ninule expvessions lIal covvespond lo Leav's sense oJ Jeav
and inpolenl oulvage. TIis is lIe sovl oJ acling OoJJnan lIeovizes aIoul.
AnolIev aclov, adIeving lo lIe Anevican ov SlanisIavsI scIooI oJ acling,
nigIl guide Iis nenovies and JeeIings in sucI a va as lo eIicil lIe cov-
vesponding expvessions. TIe Jivsl lecInique ve nigIl caII suvJace acling,
lIe second deep acling. OoJJnan JaiIs lo dislinguisI lIe Jivsl Jvon lIe
second, and Ie oIscuves lIe inpovlance oJ deep acling. OIscuving lIis,
ve ave IeJl vilI lIe inpvession lIal sociaI Jaclovs pevvade onI lIe sociaI
sIin, lIe lvied-Jov oulev appeavances oJ lIe individuaI. We ave IeJl undev-
eslinaling lIe povev oJ lIe sociaI.
In sun, iJ ve ave lo accepl lIe inlevaclive accounl oJ enolion and lo
slud lIe seIJ as enolion nanagev, ve can Ieavn Jvon OoJJnan aIoul lIe
IinI Ielveen sociaI vuIe and JeeIing. Bul lo eIaIovale lIis insigIl ve nigIl
veII seIecliveI veIax lIe lIeovelicaI slvicluves OoJJnan Ias sloicaII in-
posed againsl a Jocus on sociaI slvucluve and on pevsonaIil.
Fveud
TIe need lo vepIace OoJJnan's IIacI-Iox pscIoIog vilI sone lIeov
oJ seIJ, in lIe JuII sense oJ lIe levn, nigIl seen lo Iead lo Fveudian ov neo-
Fveudian lIeov. Yel, Ieve, as vilI OoJJnan, onI sone aspecls oJ lIe
Fveudian nodeI seen useJuI lo n undevslanding oJ conscious, deIiIevale
eJJovls lo suppvess ov evoIe JeeIing. I sIaII IvieJI discuss pscIoanaIlic
lIeov lo sIov sone poinls oJ depavluve.
Fveud, oJ couvse, deaIl vilI enolions, Iul Jov Iin lIe veve aIvas
secondav lo dvive. He pvoposed a genevaI lIeov oJ sexuaI and aggvessive
dvives. Anxiel, as a devivalive oJ aggvessive and sexuaI dvives, vas oJ
pavanounl inpovlance, vIiIe a vide vange oJ olIev enolions, incIuding
jo, jeaIous, depvession, veve given veIaliveI IillIe allenlion. He deveI-
oped, and nan olIevs Iave since eIaIovaled, lIe concepl oJ ego deJenses
as genevaII unconscious, invoIunlav neans oJ avoiding painJuI ov un-
558
Enolion WovI
pIeasanl aJJecl. FinaII lIe nolion oJ inappvopviale aJJecl is used lo poinl
lo aspecls oJ lIe individuaI's ego Junclioning and nol used lo poinl lo lIe
sociaI vuIes accovding lo vIicI a JeeIing is ov is nol deened appvopviale lo
a silualion.
TIe enolion-nanagenenl pevspeclive is indeIled lo Fveud Jov lIe genevaI
nolion oJ vIal vesouvces individuaIs oJ diJJevenl sovls possess Jov accon-
pIisIing lIe lasI oJ enolion vovI |as I Iave deJined il) and Jov lIe nolion
oJ unconscious invoIunlav enolion nanagenenl. TIe enolion-nanagenenl
pevspeclive diJJevs Jvon lIe Fveudian nodeI in ils Jocus on lIe JuII vange oJ
enolions and JeeIings and ils Jocus on conscious and deIiIevale eJJovls lo
sIape JeeIing. Fvon lIis pevspeclive, ve nole loo lIal inappvopviale eno-
lion Ias a cIeavI inpovlanl sociaI as veII as inlvapscIic side.
Lel ne IvieJI iIIuslvale lIe diJJevences Ielveen lIe lvo pevspeclives. In
SIapivo's veII-Inovn vovI on neuvolic slIe, Ie gives an exanpIe
An oIsessive-conpuIsive palienl-a soIev, lecInicaII ninded and aclive
nan-vas usuaII conspicuouisI IacIing in enlIusiasn ov excilenenl in
civcunslances lIal nigIl seen lo vavvanl lIen. On one occasion, as Ie
laIIed aIoul a cevlain pvospecl oJ Iis, naneI, lIe good cIance oJ an in-
povlanl success in Iis vovI, Iis soIev expvession vas nonenlaviI inlev-
vupled I a sniIe. AJlev a Jev nove ninules oJ laIIing, duving vIicI Ie
nainlained Iis soIevness onI vilI diJJicuIl, Ie Iegan quile IesilanlI lo
speaI oJ cevlain Iopes lIal Ie Iad onI aIIuded lo eavIiev. TIen Ie IvoIe
inlo a gvin. AInosl innedialeI, Iovevev, Ie vegained Iis usuaI sonevIal
vovvied expvession. As Ie did lIis, Ie said, OJ couvse, lIe oulcone is I
no neans cevlain, and Ie said lIis in a lone lIal, iJ anlIing, vouId sug-
gesl lIe oulcone vas aInosl cevlain lo Ie a JaiIuve. AJlev licIing oJJ
sevevaI oJ lIe speciJic possiIiIilies Jov a IilcI, Ie JinaII seened lo Ie
IinseIJ again, so lo speaI. [SIapivo 1965, p. 192, enpIasis nine]
WIal seens inlevesling aIoul lIis exanpIe diJJevs accovding lo vIelIev
one laIes lIe pscIialvic pevspeclive ov lIe enolion-nanagenenl pev-
speclive. Fivsl, lo lIe pscIialvisl in lIe case aIove, vIal civcunslances
vavvanl vIal degvee and lpe oJ JeeIing seens veIaliveI unpvoIIenalic.
A doclov Inovs vIal inappvopviale aJJecl is: lIe nain pvoIIen is nol
so nucI lo discevn nisJils oJ JeeIing lo silualion Iul lo expIain lIen
and lo cuve lIe palienl oJ lIen. Fvon lIe enolion-nanagenenl pev-
speclive, on lIe olIev Iand, lIe vavvanling Junclion oJ civcunslances
is pvoIIenalic. FuvlIev, lIe neans used lo assess lIis vavvanling Junclion
na veII Ie lIe sane Jov a pscIialvisl as Jov a saIescIevI ov scIooI
discipIinavian. Fov, in a sense ve aII acl as Ia pscIialvisls using un-
exanined neans oJ avviving al a delevninalion aIoul jusl vIal civcun-
slances vavvanl lIal nucI JeeIing oJ lIal sovl.
WIal lIe pscIialvisl, lIe saIescIevI, and lIe scIooI discipIinavian na
sIave is a IaIil oJ conpaving, silualion |e.g., IigI oppovlunil, associaled
vilI an acconpIisInenl al vovI) vilI voIe |e.g., Iopes, aspivalions, ex-
559
Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog
peclalions lpicaI oJ, and expecled Jvon, lIose enacling lIe voIe). SociaI
Jaclovs can enlev in, lo aIlev Iov ve expecl a voIe lo Ie IeId, ov pIaed.
IJ, Jov exanpIe, lIe palienl veve a soIev, lecInicaII ninded and aclive
vonan and iJ lIe oIsevvev |vigIlI ov vvongI) assuned ov expecled Iev
lo vaIue JaniI and pevsonaI lies ovev vovIdI success, Iess enlIusiasn al
lIe pvospecl oJ advance nigIl seen pevJeclI appvopviale. LacI oJ en-
lIusiasn vouId Iave a vavvanl oJ lIal sociaI sovl. Again, iJ lIe palienl
vas an anlinucIeav aclivisl and Iis discovev Iad inpIicalions Jov nucIeav
enevg, lIal vouId aIlev lIe Iopes and aspivalions Ie nigIl Ie expecled
lo Iave al vovI and nigIl vavvanl disna, nol enlIusiasn.
We assess lIe appvopvialeness oJ a JeeIing I naIing a conpavison
Ielveen JeeIing and silualion, nol I exanining lIe JeeIing in aIslvaclo.
TIis conpavison Iends lIe assessov a novnaI avdslicI-a sociaII
novnaI one-Jvon vIicI lo Jaclov ouil lIe pevsonaI neaning sslens
vIicI na Iead a vovIev lo dislovl Iis viev oJ lIe silualion and JeeI
inappvopvialeI vilI vegavd lo il. TIe pscIialvisl IoIds conslanl lIe
sociaII novnaI IencInavI and Jocuses on vIal ve Iave jusl Jacloved oul.
TIe sludenl oJ enolion nanagenenl IoIds conslanl vIal is Jacloved oul
and sludies lIe sociaII novnaI IencInavI, especiaII vavialions in il.
TIeve is a second diJJevence in vIal, Jvon lIe lvo pevspeclives, seens
inlevesling in lIe aIove exanpIe. Fvon lIe enolion-nanagenenl pevspec-
live, vIal is inlevesling is lIe cIavaclev and diveclion oJ voIilion and con-
sciousness. Fvon lIe pscIialvic pevspeclive, vIal is oJ nove inlevesl is
pve-viII and nonconsciousness. TIe nan aIove is nol doing enolion vovI,
lIal is, naIing a conscious, inlended lv al aIleving JeeIing. Inslead Ie is
conlvoIIing Iis enlIusiasn I Ieing IinseIJ, I IoIding, in ScIulz's
levn, a naluvaI allilude. He no Iongev needs lo slvuggIe nol lo gvin:
Ie is nol in a gvinning nood |SIapivo 1965, p. 164). In ovdev lo avoid
aJJeclive deviance, sone individuaIs na Jace a Iavdev lasI lIan do olIevs,
lIe lasI oJ consciousI vovIing on JeeIings in ovdev lo naIe up Jov a nal-
uvaI allilude-expIanaIIe in pscIoanaIlic levns-lIal gels lIen in
sociaI lvouIIe. TIe Islevic vovIing in a Iuveaucvalic selling na Jace lIe
necessil Jov nove enolion vovI lIan lIe oIsessive conpuIsive vIo Jils in
nove naluvaII.
In sun, lIe enolion-nanagenenl pevspeclive Joslevs allenlion lo Iov
peopIe lv lo JeeI, nol, as Jov OoJJnan, Iov peopIe lv lo appeav lo JeeI.
Il Ieads us lo allend lo Iov peopIe consciousI JeeI and nol, as Jov Fveud,
Iov peopIe JeeI unconsciousI. TIe inlevaclive accounl oJ enolion poinls
lo aIlevnale lIeovelicaI juncluves-Ielveen consciousness oJ JeeIing and
consciousness oJ JeeIing vuIes, Ielveen JeeIing vuIes and enolion vovI,
Ielveen JeeIing vuIes and sociaI slvucluve. In lIe venaindev oJ lIis essa,
il is lIese juncluves ve sIaII expIove.
560
Enolion WovI
EMOTION WOBK
B enolion vovI I veJev lo lIe acl oJ lving lo cIange in degvee ov quaIil
an enolion ov JeeIing. To vovI on an enolion ov JeeIing is, Jov ouv puv-
poses, lIe sane as lo nanage an enolion ov lo do deep acling. Nole
lIal enolion vovI veJevs lo lIe eJJovl-lIe acl oJ lving- and nol lo lIe
oulcone, vIicI na ov na nol Ie successJuI. FaiIed acls oJ nanagenenl
sliII indicale vIal ideaI JovnuIalions guide lIe eJJovl, and on lIal accounl
ave no Iess inlevesling lIan enolion nanagenenl lIal vovIs.
TIe vev nolion oJ an allenpl suggesls an aclive slance vis-'a-vis JeeIing.
In n expIovalov slud vespondenls cIavaclevized lIeiv enolion vovI I
a vaviel oJ aclive vevI Jovns: I pscIed nseIJ up.... I squasIed n
angev dovn. . . . I lvied Iavd nol lo JeeI disappoinled. . . . I nade nseIJ
Iave a good line. . . . I lvied lo JeeI gvaleJuI. . . . I IiIIed lIe Iope I Iad
Iuvning. TIeve vas aIso lIe acliveI passive Jovn, as in, I Iel nseIJ
JinaII JeeI sad.
Enolion vovI diJJevs Jvon enolion conlvoI ov suppvession. TIe
Iallev lvo levns suggesl an eJJovl neveI lo sliJIe ov pvevenl JeeIing. Eno-
lion vovI veJevs nove IvoadI lo lIe acl oJ evoIing ov sIaping, as veII as
suppvessing, JeeIing in onseIJ. I avoid lIe levn nanipuIale Iecause il
suggesls a sIaIIovness I do nol nean lo inpI. We can speaI, lIen, oJ lvo
Ivoad lpes oJ enolion vovI evocalion, in vIicI lIe cognilive Jocus is on
a desived JeeIing vIicI is iniliaII aIsenl, and suppvession, in vIicI lIe
cognilive Jocus is on an undesived JeeIing vIicI is iniliaII pvesenl. One
vespondenl, going oul vilI a pviesl 20 eavs Iev seniov, exenpIiJies lIe
pvoIIens oJ evocalive enolion vovI Anva, I slavled lo lv and naIe
nseIJ IiIe Iin. I nade nseIJ Jocus on lIe va Ie laIIed, cevlain lIings
Ie'd done in lIe pasl.... WIen I vas vilI Iin I did IiIe Iin Iul I vouId
go Ione and vvile in n jouvnaI Iov nucI I couIdn'l sland Iin. I Iepl
cIanging n JeeIing and acluaII lIougIl I veaII IiIed Iin vIIiIe I vas
vilI Iin Iul a coupIe oJ Iouvs aJlev Ie vas gone, I vevevled IacI lo diJJevenl
JeeIings....8 AnolIev vespondenl exenpIiJies lIe vovI, nol oJ vovIing
JeeIing up, Iul oJ vovIing JeeIing dovn
Lasl sunnev I vas going vilI a gu oJlen, and I Iegan lo JeeI vev
slvongI aIoul Iin. I Inev lIougI, lIal Ie Iad jusl IvoIen up vilI a
8
TIe iIIuslvalions oJ enolion vovI cone Jvon a conlenl anaIsis oJ 261 pvolocoIs
given lo sludenls in lvo cIasses al lIe Univevsil oJ CaIiJovnia, BevIeIe, in 1974.
Man oJ lIe iIIuslvalions cone Jvon ansvevs lo lIe queslion, BescviIe as JuII a,nd
concveleI as possiIIe a veaI silualion, inpovlanl lo ou, in vIicI ou expevienced
eilIev cIanging a veaI silualion lo Jil ouv JeeIings ov cIanging ouv JeeIings lo Jil a
silualion. WIal did il nean lo ou? TIvee codevs coded lIe pvolocoIs. TIe Jindings
viII Ie vepovled in a Ialev slud. I viII onI nenlion Ieve lIal 13% oJ lIe nen Iul
32% oJ lIe vonen veve coded as cIanging JeeIing inslead oJ cIanging silualion,
and oJ lIose vIo cIanged JeeIings, Jav nove vonen vepovled doing so agenliaII
valIev lIan passiveI.
561
Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog
givI a eav ago Iecause sIe Iad gollen loo sevious aIoul Iin, so I vas
aJvaid lo sIov an enolion. I aIso vas aJvaid oJ Ieing Iuvl, so I allenpled
lo cIange n JeeIings. I laIIed nseIJ inlo nol caving aIoul MiIe . . .
Iul I nusl adnil il didn'l vovI Jov Iong. To suslain lIis JeeIing I Iad lo
aInosl invenl Iad lIings aIoul Iin and concenlvale on lIen ov conlinue
lo leII nseIJ Ie didn'l cave. Il vas a Iavdening oJ enolions, I'd sa. Il
looI- a Iol oJ vovI and vas unpIeasanl, Iecause I Iad lo concenlvale on
anlIing I couId Jind lIal vas ivvilaling aIoul Iin.
OJlen enolion vovI is aided I selling up an enolion-vovI sslen, Jov
exanpIe, leIIing Jviends oJ aII lIe vovsl JauIls oJ lIe pevson one vanled lo
JaII oul oJ Iove vilI, and lIen going lo lIose Jviends Jov veinJovcenenl oJ
lIis viev oJ lIe ex-IeIoved. TIis suggesls anolIev poinl enolion vovI can
Ie done I lIe seIJ upon lIe seIJ, I lIe seIJ upon olIevs, and I olIevs
upon oneseIJ.
In eacI case lIe individuaI is conscious oJ a nonenl oJ pincI, ov dis-
cvepanc, Ielveen vIal one does JeeI and vIal one vanls lo JeeI |vIicI
is, in luvn, aJJecled I vIal one lIinIs one ougIl lo JeeI in sucI a silualion).
In vesponse, lIe individuaI na lv lo eIininale lIe pincI I vovIing on
JeeIing. BolI lIe sense oJ discvepanc and lIe vesponse lo il can vav in
line. TIe nanaging acl, Jov exanpIe, can Ie a Jive-ninule slopgap neasuve,
ov il can Ie a nove Iong-vange gvaduaI eJJovl suggesled I lIe levn vovIing
lIvougI.
TIeve ave vavious lecIniques oJ enolion vovI. One is cognilive lIe al-
lenpl lo cIange inages, ideas: ov lIougIls in lIe sevvice oJ cIanging lIe
JeeIings associaled vilI lIen.9 A second is IodiI lIe allenpl lo cIange
sonalic- ov olIev pIsicaI snplons oJ enolion |e.g., lving lo IvealIe sIov-
ev, lving nol lo sIaIe). TIivd, lIeve is expvessive enolion vovI lving
lo cIange expvessive gesluves in lIe sevvice oJ cIanging innev JeeIing |e.g.,
lving lo sniIe, ov lo cv). TIis diJJevs Jvon sinpIe dispIa in lIal il is
divecled lovavd cIange in JeeIing. Il diJJevs Jvon IodiI enolion vovI in
lIal lIe individuaI lvies lo aIlev ov sIape one ov anolIev oJ lIe cIassic puIIic
cIanneIs Jov lIe expvession oJ JeeIing.
TIese lIvee lecIniques ave dislincl lIeovelicaII, Iul lIe oJlen, oJ couvse,
go logelIev in pvaclice. Fov exanpIe
9 TIeve na Ie vavious lpes oJ cognilive enolion vovI. AII can Ie descviIed as
allenpls lo vecodiJ a silualion. B vecodiJicalion I nean vecIassiJicalion oJ a silualion
inlo vIal ave pveviousI eslaIIisIed nenlaI calegovies oJ silualions. As in an iniliaI,
nove aulonalic codiJicalion oJ a silualion, deIiIevale vecodiJicalion neans asIing onseIJ
|a) WIal calegov in n cIassiJicalion scIena oJ silualions Jils lIis nev silualion?
|lIe scIena na incIude IIane-in silualions, IIane-oul silualions, cvedil-in silualions,
cvedil-oul silualions, elc.), and |I) WIal calegov in n cIassiJicalion scIena oJ eno-
lions Jils lIe enolion I'n JeeIing vigIl nov? |i.e., is il angev, genevaI anxiel, disap-
poinlnenl?). In deIiIevale vecodiJicalions, one lvies lo cIange lIe cIassiJicalion oJ
oulvavd and invavd veaIil. |To lvansIale lIis idea inlo Lazavus's JvanevovI, ve
nigIl speaI oJ lIe individuaI lving consciousI lo aIlev Iis ov Iev appvaisaI oJ a
silualion so as lo cIange lIe coping pvocess [Lazavus 1966].)
562
Enolion WovI
I vas a slav IaIJIacI in IigI scIooI. BeJove ganes I didn'l JeeI lIe up-
suvge oJ advenaIin-in a vovd I vasn'l pscIed up. |TIis vas due lo
enolionaI diJJicuIlies I vas expeviencing and sliII expevience-I vas aIso
an A sludenl vIose gvades veve dvopping.) Having Ieen in lIe pasl a
JanalicaI, enolionaI, inlense pIaev, a Iillev vecognized I coacIes as a
vev Iavd vovIev and a pIaev vilI desive, lIis vas vev upselling. I
did evevlIing I couId lo gel nseIJ uip. I vouId lv lo Ie oulvavdI
vaI vaI ov gel nseIJ scaved oJ n opponenls-anlIing lo gel lIe
advenaIin JIoving.
I lvied lo IooI nevvous and inlense IeJove ganes, so al
Ieasl lIe coacIes vouIdn'l calcI on.... WIen acluaII I vas noslI Ioved,
ov in an evenl, nol up. I vecaII IeJove one gane visIing I vas in lIe
slands valcIing n cousin pIa Jov Iis scIooI, valIev lIan oul Ieve.
Enolion vovI Iecones an oIjecl oJ avaveness nosl oJlen, pevIaps, vIen
lIe individuaI's JeeIings do nol Jil lIe silualion, lIal is, vIen lIe Iallev
does nol accounl Jov ov Iegilinale JeeIings in lIe silualion. A silualion |sucI
as a JunevaI) oJlen cavvies vilI il a pvopev deJinilion oJ ilseIJ |lIis is a
line oJ Jacing Ioss). TIis oJJiciaI Jvane cavvies vilI il a sense oJ vIal il is
Jilling lo JeeI |sadness). Il is vIen lIis lvipavlile consislenc anong silua-
lion, convenlionaI Jvane, and JeeIing is soneIov vupluved, as vIen lIe
Ieveaved JeeIs an ivvepvessiIIe desive lo IaugI deIigIledI al lIe lIougIl
oJ an inIevilance, lIal vuIe and nanagenenl cone inlo Jocus. Il is lIen lIal
lIe nove novnaI JIov oJ deep convenlion-lIe nove novnaI Jusion oJ silua-
lion, Jvane, and JeeIing-seens IiIe an acconpIisInenl.
TIe snoolII vavn aivIine Iosless, lIe evev-cIeevJuI secvelav, lIe un-
ivvilaled conpIainl cIevI, lIe undisgusled pvocloIogisl, lIe leacIev vIo
IiIes evev sludenl equaII, and OoJJnan's unJIappaIIe poIev pIaev na
aII Iave lo engage in deep acling, an acling lIal goes veII Ieond lIe neve
ovdeving oJ dispIa. WovI lo naIe JeeIing and Jvane consislenl vilI silua-
lion is vovI in vIicI individuaIs conlinuaII and pvivaleI engage. Bul lIe
do so in oIeisance lo vuIes nol conpIeleI oJ lIeiv ovn naIing.
FEELINO BULES
We JeeI. We lv lo JeeI. We vanl lo lv lo JeeI. TIe sociaI guideIines lIal
divecl Iov ve vanl lo lv lo JeeI na Ie descviIaIIe as a sel oJ sociaII
sIaved, aIIeil oJlen Ialenl |nol lIougIl aIoul unIess pvoIed al), vuIes. In
vIal va, ve na asI, ave lIese vuIes lIenseIves Inovn and Iov ave lIe
deveIoped ?10
10
TIal ve can singIe oul sucI a lIing as JeeIing vuIes is ilseIJ a connenlav on
lIe ivonic posluve oJ lIe seIJ Iegilinaled in nodevn cuIluve. Modevn uvIan cuIluves
Joslev nucI nove dislance |lIe slance oJ lIe oIsevving ego) Jvon JeeIing lIan do
lvadilionaI cuIluves. Jevz MicIaeIovicz, a gvaduale sludenl al lIe Univevsil oJ
CaIiJovnia, San Biego, oIsevved lIal lvadilionaI and ligIl-Inil suIcuIluves pul peopIe
diveclI inside lIe JvanevovI oJ JeeIing vuIes and venove ivonic dislance ov sense
oJ cIoice aIoul lIen. He vepovled on sone veseavcI in vIicI one Hassidic vaIIi vas
asIed, Bid ou JeeI Iapp al lIe Fassovev cevenon? OJ couvse! cane lIe in-
cveduIous vepI.
563
Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog
To Iegin vilI, Iel us considev sevevaI connon Jovns oJ evidence Jov
JeeIing vuIes. In connon pavIance, ve oJlen laII aIoul ouv JeeIings ov lIose
oJ olIevs as iJ vigIls and dulies appIied diveclI lo lIen. Fov exanpIe, ve
oJlen speaI oJ Iaving lIe vigIl lo JeeI angv al soneone. Ov ve sa ve
sIouId JeeI nove gvaleJuI lo a IeneJaclov. We cIide ouvseIves lIal a
Jviend's nisJovlune, a veIalive's dealI, sIouId Iave Iil us Iavdev, ov lIal
anolIev's good IucI, ov ouv ovn, sIouId Iave inspived nove jo. We Inov
JeeIing vuIes, loo, Jvon Iov olIevs veacl lo vIal lIe inJev Jvon ouv enolive
dispIa. AnolIev na sa lo us, You sIouIdn'l JeeI so guiIl: il vasn'l
ouv JauIl, ov You don'l Iave a vigIl lo JeeI jeaIous, given ouv agvee-
nenl. AnolIev na sinpI decIave an opinion as lo lIe Jil oJ JeeIing lo
silualion, ov na casl a cIain upon ouv nanageviaI slance, pvesupposing
lIis opinion. OlIevs na queslion ov caII Jov an accounl oJ a pavlicuIav
JeeIing in a silualion, vIeveas lIe do nol asI Jov an accounling oJ sone
olIev silualed JeeIing |Lnan and Scoll 1970). CIains and caIIings Jov an
accounl can Ie seen as vuIe venindevs. Al olIev lines, a pevson na, in
addilion, cIide, lease, cajoIe, scoId, sIun-in a vovd, sanclion us Jov nis-
JeeIing. SucI sanclions ave a cIue lo lIe vuIes lIe ave neanl lo enJovce.
BigIls and dulies sel oul lIe pvopvielies as lo lIe exlenl |one can JeeI
loo angv ov nol angv enougI), lIe diveclion |one can JeeI sad vIen
one sIouId JeeI Iapp), and lIe duvalion oJ a JeeIing, given lIe silualion
againsl vIicI il is sel. TIese vigIls and dulies oJ JeeIing ave a cIue lo lIe
deplI oJ sociaI convenlion, lo one JinaI veacI oJ sociaI conlvoI.
TIeve is a dislinclion, in lIeov al Ieasl, Ielveen a JeeIing vuIe as il is
Inovn I ouv sense oJ vIal ve can expecl lo JeeI in a given silualion, and
a vuIe as il is Inovn I ouv sense oJ vIal ve sIouId JeeI in lIal silualion.
Fov exanpIe, one na veaIislicaII expecl |Inoving oneseIJ and one's neigI-
Iov's pavlies) lo JeeI Ioved al a Iavge Nev Yeav's Eve pavl and al lIe
sane line acInovIedge lIal il vouId Ie nove Jilling lo JeeI exuIevanl. Hov-
evev, expecl lo JeeI and sIouId ideaII JeeI oJlen coincide, as IeIov
Mavviage, cIaos, unveaI, conpIeleI diJJevenl in nan vas lIan I inag-
ined. UnJovlunaleI ve veIeavsed lIe novning oJ ouv vedding al eigIl
o'cIocI. TIe vedding vas lo Ie al eIeven o'cIocI. Il vasn'l IiIe I lIougIl
|evevone vouId Inov vIal lo do). TIe didn'l. TIal nade ne nevvous.
M sislev didn'l IeIp ne gel dvessed ov JIallev ne |nov did anone in lIe
dvessing voon unliI I asIed lIen). I vas depvessed. I vanled lo Ie so
Iapp on ouv vedding da. I nevev dveaned Iov anone vouId cv al lIeiv
vedding. A vedding is lIe Iapp da oJ one's IiJe. I couIdn'l IeIieve
lIal sone oJ n Iesl Jviends couIdn'l naIe il lo n vedding and lIal
added lo a Iol oJ IillIe lIings. So I slavled oul lo lIe cIuvcI and aII lIese
lIings lIal I aIvas lIougIl vouId nol Iappen al n vedding venl lIvougI
n nind. I IvoIe dovn-I cvied going dovn. Be Iapp I loId nseIJ.
TIinI oJ lIe Jviends, and veIalives lIal ave pvesenl. |Bul I JinaII said lo
nseIJ, He peopIe aven'l gelling navvied, ou ave. Il's Jov BicI [n
IusIand] and ou.) Fvon dovn lIe pvell Iong aisIe ve IooIed al eacI
564
Enolion WovI
olIev's ees. His Iove Jov ne cIanged n vIoIe Ieing. Fvon lIal poinl
on ve joined avns. I vas veIieved and lIe lension vas gone. In one sense
il neanl nisev-Iul in lIe lvue sense oJ lvo peopIe in Iove and vanling
lo sIave IiJe-il neanl lIe vovId lo ne. Il vas IeauliJuI. Il vas inde-
scviIaIIe.
In an given silualion, ve oJlen invesl vIal ve expecl lo JeeI vilI
ideaIizalion. To a venavIaIIe exlenl lIese ideaIizalions vav sociaII. IJ
lIe oId-JasIioned Ivide aIove anlicipales a vigIl lo JeeI jeaIous al an
possiIIe Juluve inJideIil, lIe oung JIovev cIiId IeIov vejecls jusl lIis
vigIl.
. . .vIen I vas Iiving dovn soulI, I vas invoIved vilI a gvoup oJ peopIe,
Jviends. We used lo spend nosl evenings aJlev vovI ov scIooI logelIev.
We used lo do a Iol oJ dvugs, acid, coIe ov jusl snoIe dope and ve Iad
lIis pIiIosopI lIal ve veve vev connunaI and did ouv Iesl lo sIave
evevlIing-cIolIes, none, Jood, and so on. I vas invoIved vilI lIis one
nan-and lIougIl I vas in Iove vilI Iin. He in luvn Iad loId ne lIal
I vas vev inpovlanl lo Iin. Anva, lIis one vonan vIo vas a vev
good Jviend oJ nine al one line and lIis nan slavled Iaving a sexuaI
veIalionsIip, supposedI vilIoul n InovIedge. I Inev lIougI and Iad a
Iol oJ nixed JeeIings aIoul il. I lIougIl, inleIIecluaII, lIal I Iad no cIain
lo lIe nan, and IeIieved in Jacl lIal no one sIouId evev lv lo ovn an-
olIev pevson. I IeIieved aIso lIal il vas none oJ n Iusiness and I Iad no
veason lo vovv aIoul lIeiv veIalionsIip logelIev, Jov il Iad nolIing veaII
lo do vilI n JviendsIip vilI eilIev oJ lIen. I aIso IeIieved in sIaving.
Bul I vas IovviII Iuvl, aIone and IoneI, depvessed and I couIdn'l sIaIe
lIe depvession and on lop oJ lIose JeeIings I JeIl guiIl Jov Iaving lIose
possessiveI jeaIous JeeIings. And so I vouId conlinue going oul vilI lIese
peopIe evev nigIl, and lv lo suppvess n JeeIings. M ego vas sIalleved.
I gol lo lIe poinl vIeve I couIdn'l even IaugI avound lIen. So JinaII I
conJvonled n Jviends and IeJl Jov lIe sunnev and lvaveIed vilI a nev
Jviend. I veaIized Ialev vIal a Ieav silualion il vas, and il looI ne a
Iong line lo gel nseIJ logelIev and JeeI vIoIe again.
WIelIev lIe convenlion caIIs Jov lving joJuII lo possess, ov lving casuaI-
I nol lo, lIe individuaI conpaves and neasuves expevience againsl an
expeclalion oJlen ideaIized. Il is IeJl Jov nolivalion |vIal I vanl lo JeeI)
lo nediale Ielveen JeeIing vuIe |vIal I sIouId JeeI) and enolion vovI
|vIal I lv lo JeeI). Sone oJ lIe line nan oJ us can Iive vilI a cevlain
dissonance Ielveen ougIl and vanl, ov Ielveen vanl and lv lo.
Bul lIe allenpls lo veduce enolive dissonance ave ouv peviodic cIues lo
vuIes oJ JeeIing.
A JeeIing vuIe sIaves sone JovnaI pvopevlies vilI olIev sovls oJ vuIes,
sucI as vuIes oJ eliquelle, vuIes oJ IodiI conpovlnenl, and lIose oJ sociaI
inlevaclion in genevaI |OoJJnan 1961). A JeeIing vuIe is IiIe lIese olIev
Iinds oJ vuIes in lIe JoIIoving vas Il deIineales a zone vilIin vIicI one
Ias pevnission lo Ie Jvee oJ vovv, guiIl, ov sIane vilI vegavd lo lIe sil-
ualed JeeIing. SucI zoning ovdinances descviIe a nelapIovic JIoov and ceiI-
565
Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog
ing, lIeve Ieing voon Jov nolion and pIa Ielveen lIe lvo. LiIe olIev vuIes,
JeeIing vuIes can Ie oIeed IaIJIeavledI ov IoIdI IvoIen, lIe Iallev al
vaving cosls. A JeeIing vuIe can Ie in vaving pvopovlions exlevnaI ov in-
levnaI. FeeIing vuIes diJJev cuviousI Jvon olIev lpes oJ vuIes in lIal lIe
do nol appI lo aclion Iul lo vIal is oJlen laIen as a pvecuvsov lo aclion.
TIeveJove lIe lend lo Ie Ialenl and vesislanl lo JovnaI codiJicalion.
FeeIing vuIes veJIecl pallevns oJ sociaI nenIevsIip. Sone vuIes na Ie
neavI univevsaI, sucI as lIe vuIe lIal one sIouId nol enjo IiIIing ov vil-
nessing lIe IiIIing oJ a Iunan
Ieing, incIuding oneseIJ.1 OlIev vuIes ave
unique lo pavlicuIav sociaI gvoups and can Ie used lo dislinguisI anong
lIen as aIlevnale govevnnenls ov coIonizevs oJ individuaI inlevnaI evenls.
FBAMINO BULES ANB FEELINO BULES ISSUES IN IBEOLOOY
BuIes Jov nanaging JeeIing ave inpIicil in an ideoIogicaI slance: lIe ave
lIe Iollon side oJ ideoIog. IdeoIog Ias oJlen Ieen conslvued as a JIalI
cognilive JvanevovI, IacIing sslenalic inpIicalions Jov Iov ve nanage
JeeIings, ov, indeed, Jov Iov ve JeeI. Yel, dvaving on BuvIIein |1961),12
Oeevlz |1964), and in pavl on OoJJnan |1974), ve can lIinI oJ ideoIog as
an inlevpvelive JvanevovI lIal can Ie descviIed in levns oJ Jvaning vuIes
and JeeIing vuIes. B Jvaning vuIes I veJev lo lIe vuIes accovding lo vIicI
ve ascviIe deJinilions ov neanings lo silualions. Fov exanpIe, an individuaI
can deJine lIe silualion oJ gelling Jived as el anolIev inslance oJ capilaIisls'
aIuse oJ vovIevs ov as el anolIev vesuIl oJ pevsonaI JaiIuve. In eacI case,
lIe Jvane na veJIecl a nove genevaI vuIe aIoul assigning IIane. B JeeIing
vuIes I veJev lo guideIines Jov lIe assessnenl oJ Jils and nisJils Ielveen
JeeIing and silualion. Fov exanpIe, accovding lo one JeeIing vuIe, one can
Ie IegilinaleI angv al lIe Ioss ov conpan: accovding lo anolIev, one
cannol. Fvaning and JeeIing vuIes ave IacI lo IacI and nuluaII inpI eacI
olIev.
11 Bul lIis, loo. seens lo Ie cuIluvaII vaviaIIe. Evving OoJJnan poinls oul lIal Iang-
ings in lIe 16lI cenluv veve a sociaI evenl lIal lIe pavlicipanl vas supposed lo
enjo, a vuIe lIal Ias since disappeaved in civiIian sociel.
12
BuvIIein, in TIe EIenenlav Fovns oJ BeIigious LiJe, conves jusl lIis undev-
slanding oJ lIe veIalion oJ vovId viev lo JeeIing vuIes WIen lIe CIvislian, duving
lIe cevenonies connenovaling lIe Fassion, and lIe Jev, on lIe annivevsav oJ lIe
JaII oJ JevusaIen, Jasl and novliJ lIenseIves, il is nol in giving va lo a sadness
vIicI lIe JeeI sponlaneousI. Undev lIese civcunslances, lIe inlevnaI slale oJ lIe
IeIievev is oul oJ aII pvopovlion lo lIe seveve aIslinences lo vIicI lIe suInil lIen-
seIves. IJ Ie is sad, il is pvinaviI Iecause Ie consenls lo Ieing sad. And Ie consenls lo
il in ovdev lo aJJivn Iis JailI |BuvIIein 1961, p. 224). Again, An individuaI . . . iJ
Ie is slvongI allacIed lo lIe sociel oJ vIicI Ie is a nenIev, JeeIs lIal Ie is novaII
IeId lo pavlicipaling in ils sovvovs and jos: nol lo Ie inlevesled in lIen vouId Ie
equivaIenl lo IveaIing lIe Ionds uniling Iin lo lIe gvoup: il vouId Ie venouncing
aII desive Jov il and conlvadicling IinseIJ |1961, p. 446, enpIases nine).
566
Enolion WovI
Il JoIIovs lIal vIen an individuaI cIanges an ideoIogicaI slance, Ie ov
sIe dvops oId vuIes and assunes nev ones Jov veacling lo silualions, cogni-
liveI and enoliveI. A sense oJ vigIls and dulies appIied lo JeeIings in
silualions is aIso cIanged. One uses enolion sanclions diJJevenlI and ac-
cepls diJJevenl sanclioning Jvon olIevs. Fov exanpIe, JeeIing vuIes in Anevi-
can sociel Iave diJJeved Jov nen and vonen Iecause oJ lIe assunplion
lIal lIeiv naluves diJJev IasicaII. TIe Jeninisl novenenl Ivings vilI il a
nev sel oJ vuIes Jov Jvaning lIe vovI and JaniI IiJe oJ nen and vonen
lIe sane IaIance oJ pviovilies in vovI and JaniI nov ideaII appIies lo
nen as lo vonen. TIis cavvies vilI il inpIicalions Jov JeeIing. A vonan
can nov as IegilinaleI |as a nan) Iecone angv |valIev lIan sinpI upsel
ov disappoinled) ovev aIuses al vovI, since Iev Ieavl is supposed lo Ie in
lIal vovI and sIe Ias lIe vigIl lo Iope, as nucI as a nan vouId, Jov ad-
vancenenl. Ov, a nan Ias lIe vigIl lo JeeI angv al lIe Ioss oJ cuslod iJ Ie
Ias sIovn IinseIJ lIe Jillev pavenl. OId-JasIioned JeeIings ave nov as
suIjecl lo nev cIidings and cajoIings as ave oId-JasIioned pevspeclives
on lIe sane avva oJ silualions.
One can deJ an ideoIogicaI slance nol sinpI I nainlaining an aIlevna-
live Jvane on a silualion Iul I nainlaining an aIlevnalive sel oJ JeeIing
vigIls and oIIigalions. One can deJ an ideoIogicaI slance I inappvopviale
aJJecl and I veJusing lo pevJovn lIe enolion nanagenenl necessav lo JeeI
vIal, accovding lo lIe oJJiciaI Jvane, il vouId seen Jilling lo JeeI. Beep
acling ov enolion vovI, lIen, can Ie a Jovn oJ oIeisance lo a given ideoIogi-
caI slance, Iax enolion nanagenenl a cIue lo an ideoIog Iapsed ov vejecled.
As sone ideoIogies gain acceplance and olIevs dvindIe, conlending sels
oJ JeeIing vuIes vise and JaII.13 Sels oJ JeeIing vuIes conlend Jov a pIace in
peopIe's ninds as a govevning slandavd vilI vIicI lo conpave lIe acluaI
Iived expevience oJ, sa, lIe seniov pvon, lIe aIovlion, lIe vedding, lIe
IivlI, lIe Jivsl joI, lIe Jivsl IaoJJ, lIe divovce. WIal ve caII lIe cIanging
cIinale oJ opinion pavlI invoIves a cIanged Jvaning oJ lIe sane sovls
oJ evenls. Fov exanpIe, eacI oJ lvo nolIevs na JeeI guiIl aIoul Ieaving
Iev snaII cIiId al da cave vIiIe vovIing aII da. One nolIev, a Jeninisl,
na JeeI lIal sIe sIouId nol JeeI as guiIl as sIe does. TIe second, a lvadi-
lionaIisl, na JeeI lIal sIe sIouId JeeI nove guiIl lIan, in Jacl, sIe does
JeeI.
Favl oJ vIal ve veJev lo as lIe pscIoIogicaI eJJecls oJ vapid sociaI
cIange, ov unvesl, is a cIange in lIe veIalion oJ JeeIing vuIe lo JeeIing
and a IacI oJ cIavil aIoul vIal lIe vuIe acluaII is, oving lo conJIicls and
13 CoIIins suggesls lIal ideoIog Junclions as a veapon in lIe conJIicl Ielveen conlend-
ing eIiles. Ovoups conlend nol onI Jov access lo lIe neans oJ econonic pvoduclion
ov lIe neans oJ vioIence Iul aIso Jov access lo lIe neans oJ enolion pvoduclion
|1975, p. 59). BiluaIs ave seen as useJuI looIs Jov Jovging enolionaI soIidavil |lIal
can Ie used againsl olIevs) and Jov selling up slalus IievavcIies |lIal can doninale
lIose vIo Jind lIal lIe nev ideaIs Iave denigvaling eJJecls on lIenseIves).
567
Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog
conlvadiclions Ielveen conlending sels oJ vuIes. FeeIings and Jvanes ave
deconvenlionaIized, Iul nol el veconvenlionaIized. We na, IiIe lIe nav-
ginaI nan, sa, I don'l Inov Iov I sIouId JeeI.
Il venains lo nole lIal ideoIogies can Junclion, as BandaII CoIIins vigIlI
noles | 1975), as veapons in lIe conJIicl Ielveen conlending eIiles and sociaI
slvala. CoIIins suggesls lIal eIiles lv lo gain access lo lIe enolive IiJe oJ
adIevenls I gaining Iegilinale access lo viluaI, vIicI Jov Iin is a Jovn oJ
enolive lecInoIog. BeveIoping Iis viev, ve can add lIal eIiles, and indeed
sociaI gvoups in genevaI, slvuggIe lo assevl lIe Iegilinac oJ lIeiv Jvaning
vuIes and lIeiv JeeIing vuIes. Nol sinpI lIe evocalion oJ enolion Iul
Iavs govevning il can Iecone, in vaving degvees, lIe avena oJ poIilicaI
slvuggIe.
FEELINO BULES ANB SOCIAL E7CHANOE
TIe seeningI slalic IinIs anong ideoIog, JeeIing vuIes, and enolion nan-
agenenl cone aIive in lIe pvocess oJ sociaI excIange. Sludenls oJ sociaI
inlevaclion Iave neanl lvo lIings I lIe levn sociaI excIange. Sone
Iave veJevved lo lIe excIange oJ goods and sevvices Ielveen peopIe |BIau
1964: Sinpson 1972: SingeInann 1972). OlIevs |O. H. Mead) Iave ve-
Jevved lo an excIange oJ gesluves, vilIoul lIe cosl-IeneJil accounling ve-
Jevved lo in lIe Jivsl usage. Yel acls oJ dispIa, loo, na Ie consideved ex-
cIanged in lIe Iiniled sense lIal lIe individuaI vev oJlen JeeIs lIal a
gesluve is oved lo oneseIJ ov anolIev. I veJev, lIen, lo excIange oJ acls oJ
dispIa Iased on a pviov, sIaved undevslanding oJ pallevned enlilIenenl.
An gesluve-a cooI gveeling, an appvecialive IaugI, lIe apoIog Jov an
oulIuvsl-is neasuved againsl a pviov sense oJ vIal is veasonaII oved
anolIev, given lIe sovl oJ Iond invoIved. Againsl lIis IacIgvound nea-
suve, sone gesluves viII seen nove lIan anpIe, olIevs Iess.
TIe excIange oJ gesluves Ias, in luvn, lvo aspecls: il is an excIange oJ
dispIa acls |OoJJnan 1969, 1967)-lIal is, oJ suvJace acling-and aIso an
excIange oJ enolion vovI-lIal is, oJ deep acling. In eilIev case, vuIes
|dispIa vuIes ov JeeIing vuIes), once agveed upon, eslaIIisI lIe vovlI oJ a
gesluve and ave lIus used in sociaI excIange as a nediun oJ excIange. FeeI-
ing vuIes eslaIIisI lIe Iasis oJ vovlI lo Ie ascviIed lo a vange oJ gesluves,
incIuding enolion vovI. Enolion vovI is a gesluve in a sociaI excIange:
il Ias a Junclion lIeve and is nol lo Ie undevslood neveI as a Jacel oJ
pevsonaIil.
TIeve seen lo Ie lvo vas in vIicI JeeIing vuIes cone inlo pIa in sociaI
excIange. In lIe Jivsl, lIe individuaI laIes lIe oved JeeIing lo Ieavl,
laIes il seviousI. Fov exanpIe, a oung vonan on lIe eve oJ Iev coIIege
gvadualion JeIl anxious and depvessed Iul lIougIl lIal sIe ougIl lo JeeI
Iapp, and lIal sIe oved lIis Iappiness lo Iev pavenls Jov naIing
568
Enolion WovI
Iev gvadualion possiIIe. TIe pavenls JeIl enlilIed lo a sevies oJ gesluves
indicaling Iev pIeasuve. TIe oung gvaduale couId pa Iev pavenls in
enolive dispIa, a suvJace acling dissocialed Jvon Iev veaI deJinilion oJ
lIe silualion. Ooing one slep JuvlIev, sIe couId pa lIen vilI a gesluve
oJ deep acling-oJ lving lo JeeI. TIe nosl genevous gesluve oJ aII is lIe
acl oJ successJuI seIJ-pevsuasion, oJ genuine JeeIing and Jvane cIange, a
deep acling lIal jeIIs, lIal vovIs, lIal in lIe end is nol pIon |since il is
vIal lIe enolion is) lIougI il is none lIe Iess nol a naluvaI giJl.
TIe second va JeeIing vuIes cone inlo pIa in excIange is sIovn vIen
lIe individuaI does nol laIe lIe aJJeclive convenlion seviousI: Ie ov sIe
pIas vilI il. Fov exanpIe, an aivpovl oIsevvalion TIeve ave lvo aivIine
licIel agenls, one expevienced, one nev on lIe joI. TIe nev agenl is Jaced
vilI lIe lasI oJ vevviling a conpIex licIel |invoIving cIange oJ dale, Iovev
Jave, and cvedil oJ lIe diJJevence Ielveen lIe pvevious and pvesenl Jave lo
Ie nade lovavd an aiv lvaveI cavd, elc.). TIe nev licIel agenl IooIs Jov lIe
oId Iand, vIo is gone, vIiIe lIe cuslonevs in Iine sIiJl posluves and slave
inlenlI al lIe nev agenl. TIe oId Iand JinaII veappeavs aJlev 10 nin-
ules, and lIe JoIIoving convevsalion laIes pIace I vas IooIing Jov ou.
You've supposed lo Ie n inslvuclov. OId Iand Oee, vilI an ivonic
sniIe, I an veaII sovv. I JeeI so Iad I vasn'l Ieve lo IeIp oul |lIe
IolI IaugI). TIe inappvopviale JeeIing |IacI oJ guiIl, ov snpalI) can
Ie pIaed upon in a va lIal sas, Bon'l laIe n nonpanenl in enolion
vovI, ov dispIa vovI pevsonaII. I don'l vanl lo vovI Ieve. You can
undevsland lIal. TIe IaugIlev al an ivonic dislance Jvon lIe aJJeclive con-
venlion suggesls aIso an inlinac: ve do nol need lIese convenlions lo IoId
us logelIev. WIal ve sIave is lIe deJiance oJ lIen.
COMMOBITIZATION OF FEELINO
In lIe Ieginning ve asIed Iov JeeIing vuIes nigIl vav in saIience acvoss
sociaI cIasses. One possiIIe appvoacI lo lIis queslion is via lIe conneclions
anong sociaI excIange, connodilizalion oJ JeeIing, and lIe pveniun, in
nan niddIe-cIass joIs, on lIe capacil lo nanage neanings.
ConvenlionaIized JeeIing na cone lo assune lIe pvopevlies oJ a con-
nodil. WIen deep gesluves oJ excIange enlev lIe navIel seclov and ave
IougIl and soId as an aspecl oJ IaIov povev, JeeIings ave connodilized.
WIen lIe nanagev gives lIe conpan Iis enlIusiaslic JailI, vIen lIe aiv-
Iine slevavdess gives Iev passengevs Iev pscIed-up Iul quasi-genuine ve-
assuving vavnlI, vIal is soId as an aspecl oJ IaIov povev is deep acling.
Bul connodilizalion oJ JeeIing na nol Iave equaI saIience Jov aII sociaI
cIasses. Il na Iave nove saIience Jov lIe niddIe cIass lIan Jov lIe vovIing
cIass. TIe va eacI cIass sociaIizes ils cIiIdven na, JuvlIevnove, pvepave
lIen Jov Juluve denands Jov lIe sIiII oJ enolion nanagenenl.
569
Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog
WIen I speaI oJ sociaI cIass, il is nol slviclI speaIing lo incone, educa-
lion, ov occupalionaI slalus lIal I veJev, Iul lo sonelIing vougII covveIaled
lo lIese-lIe on-lIe-joI lasI oJ cvealing and suslaining appvopviale nean-
ings. TIe IanI nanagev, lIe IBM execulive, Jov exanpIe, na Ie vequived,
in pavl, lo suslain a deJinilion oJ seIJ, oJJice, and ovganizalion as up and
coning, ov on lIe go, caving, ov veIiaIIe, neanings nosl eJJecliveI
suslained lIvougI acls upon JeeIing. FeeIing vuIes ave oJ ulnosl saIience
in joIs sucI as lIese: vuIe venindevs and sanclions ave nove in pIa.
Il is nol, as EvicI Fvonn suggesls, lIal lIe nodevn niddIe-cIass nan seIIs
Iis pevsonaIil, Iul lIal, nove pveciseI, nan joIs caII Jov an appvecia-
lion oJ dispIa vuIes, JeeIing vuIes, and a capacil Jov deep acling.
WovIing-cIass joIs nove oJlen caII Jov lIe individuaI's exlevnaI Ie-
Iaviov and lIe pvoducls oJ il-a cav pavl assenIIed, a lvucI deIiveved 500
niIes ava, a voad vepaived. TIe cvealion and suslaining oJ neanings goes
on, Iul il is nol sucI an inpovlanl aspecl oJ vovI. FIsicaI IaIov is nove
connodilized, neaning-naIing and JeeIing, Iess. SuveI, loo, lIeve ave
vovIing- ov Iovev-cIass joIs lIal do vequive lIe capacil lo suslain neanings
and lo do so, vIen necessav, I enolion vovI: lIe joIs oJ pvoslilule |EI-
nev Fascua, vovI in pvogvess) and pevsonaI sevvanl vequive JeeIing nanage-
nenl. Bul lo lIe exlenl lIal neaning-naIing vovI lends lo Ie niddIe-cIass
vovI, JeeIing vuIes ave nove saIienl in lIe niddIe cIass.
TIeve ave joIs, IiIe lIal oJ secvelav ov aivIine slevavdess, vilI veIaliveI
Iov JinanciaI vevavds and IillIe aulIovil, vIicI nonelIeIess vequive a IigI
degvee oJ enolion and dispIa nanagenenl. SucI joIs ave oJlen JiIIed I
vonen, nan oJ vIon cone Jvon lIe niddIe cIass. SucI vovIevs ave espe-
ciaII inpovlanl as a souvce oJ insigIl aIoul enolion nanagenenl. Being
Iess vevavded Jov lIeiv vovI lIan lIeiv supeviovs, lIe ave nove IiIeI lo
JeeI delcIed Jvon, and Ie pevceplive aIoul, lIe vuIes govevning deep acl-
ing. Beep acling is Iess IiIeI lo Ie expevienced as pavl oJ lIe seIJ and
nove IiIeI lo Ie expevienced as pavl oJ lIe joI. Jusl as ve can Ieavn nove
aIoul appvopviale silualion-JeeIing Jils I sluding nisJils, so loo ve
can pvoIaII undevsland connodilized JeeIing Iellev Jvon lIose Jov vIon
il is a saIienl Jovn oJ aIienalion |see Kanlev's [1977] exceIIenl cIaplevs on
secvelavies).
CLASS, CHILB BEABINO, ANB EMOTION WOBK
MiddIe- and vovIing-cIass pavenls lend lo conlvoI lIeiv cIiIdven in diJJevenl
vas |KoIn 1963, 1969: Bevnslein 1971). Oiven lIe genevaI pallevn oJ
cIass inIevilance, eacI cIass lends lo pvepave ils cIiIdven vilI lIe sIiIIs
necessav lo ils lpe oJ vovI envivonnenl and lo pass on cIass-appvo-
pviale vas.
MiddIe-cIass pavenls lend lo conlvoI via appeaIs lo JeeIing, and lIe con-
570
Enolion WovI
lvoI is nove oJ JeeIing.14 TIe vovIing-cIass pavenl, I conlvasl, lends lo
conlvoI via appeaIs lo IeIaviov, and lIe conlvoI is nove oJ IeIaviov and ils
consequences |KoIn 1963: Bevnslein 1971). TIal is, lIe niddIe-cIass cIiId
is nove IiIeI lo Ie punisIed Jov JeeIing lIe vvong va, ov seeing lIings
in lIe vvong IigIl, ov Iaving lIe vvong inlenlion, vIeveas lIe vovIing-
cIass cIiId is nove IiIeI lo Ie punisIed Jov vvong IeIaviov and ils con-
sequences. TIe cIass diJJevence in sociaIizalion anounls lo diJJevenl degvees
oJ lvaining Jov lIe connodilizalion oJ JeeIing. TIis is el anolIev va lIe
cIass slvucluve vepvoduces ilseIJ. |TIanIs lo CavoIine FevseII Jov lIis poinl.)
Il na veII Ie lIal, especiaII anong lIe niddIe cIass, a covvesponding
vaIue is nov pIaced on aulIenlicil, on lIings as lIe lvuI ave ov
once veve. AulIenlicil, vIicI LioneI TviIIing Ias descviIed as lIe nev
novaI vivlue, vIen il veJevs lo unvovIed-ovev JeeIing, na Ie vendeved
scavce Jov lIose in lIe neaning-naIing seclov. Fov lIis seclov, lIe pallevn
na Ie lIal oJ convenlionaIizing JeeIing, pulling il on lIe navIel, and
IooIing Jov aulIenlicil |see TviIIing 1972).15
SUMMABY ANB CONCLUSION
WI, ve asIed al lIe Ieginning, do ve JeeI in vas appvopviale lo lIe
silualion as nucI oJ lIe line as ve do? One suggesled ansvev is Iecause
ve acliveI lv lo nanage vIal ve JeeI in accovdance vilI Ialenl vuIes. In
ovdev lo eIaIovale lIis suggeslion ve consideved Jivsl lIe vesponsiveness oJ
enolion lo acls oJ nanagenenl as il is lvealed in lIe ovganisnic and inlev-
aclive accounl oJ enolion. Accovding lo lIe inlevaclive accounl, ve ave nol
14
As KoIn connenls, . . . niddIe cIass nolIevs ave Jav nove IiIeI lo punisI lIeiv
son pIsicaII Jov vIal lIe caII Ioss oJ lenpev lIan Jov IeIaviov deJined as viId
pIa. TIe appeav lo Jind lIe cIiId's Ioss oJ lenpev, Iul nol Iis viId pIa, pavlicuIavI
inloIevaIIe |1963, p. 308). Again, . . . TIe inlevviev vepovls indicale lIal lIe dis-
linclion Ielveen viId pIa and Ioss oJ lenpev vas nosl oJlen nade in levns oJ lIe
cIiId's pvesuned inlenl, as judged I Iis pveceding aclions . . . iJ Iis aclions seened
lo slen Jvon lIe Jvuslvalion oJ nol Iaving Iis ovn va, lIe veve judged lo indicale
Ioss oJ lenpev |KoIn 1963).
15
Accovding lo TviIIing, lIe pIace oJ sincevil, as a novaI vivlue, Ias Ieen laIen
|TviIIing's vevI is usuvped) I aulIenlicil. Sincevil veJevs lo lIe veIalion Ielveen
innev JeeIing and oulvavd dispIa. TviIIing oJJevs nan deJinilions oJ aulIenlicil, Iul
one seens lo veJev lo lIe veIalion Ielveen lIe seIJ as enolion nanagev and lIe innev
JeeIings so nanaged. He ciles WovdsvovlI's poen MicIaeI aIoul a vev oId sIepIevd
WIen MicIaeI, aJlev Iaving Iosl Iis son LuIe lo lIe covvuplion oJ lIe cil, conlinues
lo IuiId lIe sIeepJoId vIicI Ie and lIe Io Iad cevenoniaII Iegun logelIev, Iis
neigIIovs vepovl oJ Iin lIal sonelines Ie sal lIe vIoIe da, 'and nevev IiJled up a
singIe slone' |1972, p. 93). TIeve is no acl oJ seIJ upon JeeIing: Ie is nol pscIing
IinseIJ up ov dovn, Ie is nol Ielling IinseIJ JeeI gvieJ, ov deIiIevaleI gelling
inlo Iis gvieJ. Il is on lIis accounl caIIed aulIenlic, and deened novadas vaIuaIIe.
WIal nov ivonicaII undevnines aulIenlicil, as a vivlue, is lIe cuIluvaI IeIieJ in lIe
nulaIiIil oJ innev JeeIing and lIe individuaI's capacil, vilI lIevapeulic guidance
ov olIevvise, via enolion vovI ov olIevvise, lo cIange JundanenlaII vIal is nol
inpIacaII ascviIed aJlev aII.
571
Anevican JouvnaI oJ SocioIog
aIvas passive vis-a-vis an unconlvoIIaIIe JIood oJ JeeIing, and lIose occa-
sionaI eJJovls lo acliveI sIape ouv JeeIing can sonelines Ie eJJeclive. TaI-
ing lIis accounl I Iegan lo avlicuIale lIe enolion-nanagenenl pevspeclive
Jivsl I dislinguisIing il Jvon lIe dvanaluvgicaI pevspeclive on lIe one
Iand and lIe pscIoanaIlic pevspeclive on lIe olIev. I lIen suggesled
sone IinIs anong enolive expevience, deep acling, and JeeIing vuIes. In
luvn, JeeIing vuIes veve seen as lIe Iollon side oJ ideoIog and lIeveJove
suIjecl lo lIe sane pvessuves Jov cIange as ave ideoIogies.
Convenlions oJ JeeIing |i.e., vIal one is supposed lo JeeI) ave used in
sociaI excIange Ielveen individuaIs. IndividuaIs opevale lIeiv excIanges
accovding lo a pviov sense oJ vIal is oved and oving. IndividuaIs see
lIenseIves as Ieing oved and as oving gesluves oJ enolion vovI, and lIe
excIange sucI gesluves. FeopIe Iond, in lIe enolive sense, eilIev I JuI-
JiIIing lIe enolive vequivenenls silualions caII JovlI |e.g., lIe gvaduale
lving lo JeeI Iapp) ov I IoIding jusl lIese vequivenenls lo one side
|lIe ivonic licIel agenl acInovIedging lIe sinceve JeeIing due lIe olIev
even vIiIe pIaing vilI lIal nolion oJ deIl).
Jusl as gesluves oJ enolion vovI can Ie excIanged in pvivale, so lIe
can Ie excIanged in lIe navIelpIace, as an aspecl oJ vIal is soId and
IougIl as IaIov povev. In sucI a case ve can speaI oJ lIe connodiliza-
lion oJ enolion vovI. TIis pvevaiIs nove Jov vovIevs vIose joI il is lo
naIe and suslain neanings |e.g., lIis is an up-and-coning
conpan:
lIis is a pIeasanl, saJe aivpIane)-joIs Jound nove in lIe niddIe cIass.
Connodilizalion is Iess saIienl Jov lIose in pIsicaI IaIov ov nonsociaI
nenlaI IaIov, nove connon in lIe vovIing cIass. A veexaninalion oJ cIass
diJJevences in cIiId veaving suggesls lIal niddIe-cIass JaniIies pvepave lIeiv
cIiIdven Jov enolion nanagenenl nove, vovIing-cIass JaniIies Iess. EacI,
in lIis va, pvepaves ils cIiIdven lo pscIoIogicaII vepvoduce lIe cIass
slvucluve.
TIe enolion-nanagenenl pevspeclive can Ie appIied lo an nunIev oJ
aveas. We Inov IillIe aIoul Iov JeeIing vuIes vav in conlenl Jvon one
occupalion lo anolIev. TIe JunevaI pavIov diveclov, lIe doclov, lIe con-
pIainls cIevI, lIe da-cave vovIev aII appI a sense oJ sIouId lo lIe
silualed JeeIings lIal enevge in lIe couvse oJ a veeI. Hov do lIese
sIouIds diJJev? Cvossculling occupalionaI and cIass diJJevences, lIe ave
IiIeI lo exIiIil cuIluvaI diJJevences associaled vilI gendev and elInicil.
Indeed, a good pIace lo slud cIange in JeeIing vuIes vouId Ie lIe slvala oJ
pevsons Jov vIon lIe vigIl oJ nen lo cv, ov JeeI JeavJuI, is exlended ovev
a gvealev vange oJ silualions, and Jov vIon lIe vigIl oJ vonen lo open
angev is exlended ovev a Iavgev, sanclion-Jvee, zone. Hov Ias lIis sel oJ
JeeIing vuIes, as lIe undevside oJ Jeninisl ideoIog, aIleved lIe undevslanding
Ielveen nen and vonen as lo vIal JeeIings ave IalenlI oved and
oving? We need lo asI Iov diJJevenl sexes, cIasses, and elInic and
572
Enolion WovI
veIigious gvoups diJJev in lIe sense oJ vIal one ougIl lo ov Ias lIe
vigIl lo JeeI in a silualion. Hov diJJevenl is lIe Iuvden oJ Iidden vovI
lving lo oIe Ialenl Iavs? FinaII, in vIose inlevesl ave lIese JeeIing
vuIes? Sone nanaging oJ JeeIing pvonoles lIe sociaI good. Sone does nol.
SuveI lIe JIigIl allendanl's sense lIal sIe sIouId JeeI cIeev does nove
lo pvonole pvoJil Jov Uniled lIan lo enIance Iev ovn innev veII-Ieing.
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