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Prof. Dr. Markolf Niemz - Lecture Notes - Exam Preparation
Prof. Dr. Markolf Niemz - Lecture Notes - Exam Preparation
Introduction / literature Chap. 1: Basics of laser physics Chap. 2: Matter acting on light Chap. 3: Light acting on matter Chap. 4: Medical laser applications Chap. 5: Laser safety
Electromagnetic spectrum
transition rates at photon density n and transition probabilities A12, A21 and B21: A12nN1 B21N2 A21nN2
collinearity
= n1 sin = n2 sin n1 n2
Absorption
tissue absorption according to Lambert-Beer: I(z) = I0 exp (z)
Scattering
Rayleigh scattering: Mie scattering: I() ~ 4 I() ~ x with 0.4 < x < 0.5 Rayleigh scattering
process
interaction type
mechanism
non-ionizing processes
ionizing processes
Laser-tissue interactions
examples: cataract keratomileusis sclerostomy
coagulation
photodynamic therapy
Photochemical interaction
Thermal interaction
temperature effect 37 oC > 42 oC hyperthermia oC > 60 coagulation oC 100 vaporization > 100 oC carbonization
temperature effect 37 oC > 42 oC hyperthermia > 60 oC coagulation oC 100 vaporization oC > 100 carbonization
Photoablation
excitation: AB + h (AB)*
Plasma-induced ablation
Photodisruption
pulse duration: energy density: power density: electric field strength: 1015 10 9 sec 1 1000 J/cm2 1011 1013 W/cm2 107 108 V/cm
H2O
Wrong-sightedness
cornea is responsible for 70 % of refractive power minimally invasive surgery of cornea is possible
advantages: expensive eyewear becomes needless strongly deviating wrong-sightedness curable as well
vibrations (typ. 100 1000 Hz) increase in temperature due to friction (at T > 5 oC) without vibrations (contactless) increase in temperature negligible at ultrashort pulse durations
Plasma spectroscopy
healthy tooth
carious tooth
radiotherapy (inaccurate deposition of energy) chemotherapy (difficult due to blood-brain-barrier) mechanical resection (not minimally invasive, bleeding) coagulation and ablation with laser light (under investigation)
Laser safety
spectral range UVC: 100 280 nm UVB: 280 315 nm UVA: 315 400 nm VIS: 400 780 nm
eye keratitis (inflammation) keratitis (inflammation) cataract retinal burn retinal burn, cataract retinal burn, cataract corneal burn
skin erythema, skin cancer erythema, pigmentation pigmentation skin burn skin burn skin burn skin burn
UVA
class 1 2 3a 3b
laser types capsuled lasers, low power lasers soft lasers (defined in VIS only) lasers for alignment purposes medium power lasers
protection none natural reflex of the eye lid safety glasses safety glasses skin protection (UV) safety glasses skin protection (UV)
> 0.5 W
MPE = 5 10 6 J/cm2 (from table) H0 = 80 mJ / r 2 = 80 mJ / (0.35 cm) 2 = 0.21 J/cm2 OD = log (H0 / MPE) = log (0.21 / 5E6) = 4.6 recommended filter density: 5
University of Heidelberg
characterization and processing of biomaterials internet database for tissue parameters design of medical applicators and sensors bioelectrical multichannel measurement devices laser-tissue interactions medical applications of ultrashort laser pulses