Kfiu

jeho, f Fghf gf ajF khwf fjj

isthf midJ tif gfY xnu f Kiw, uhd ghll vw

mogil rk f eilKiwgLjgLtJ kd iwit mwJ. jehL
muR mJs j ma thid f xL bkhj tsF gagL
bfhs ntL.

midJ mafSF muahd fjkhdJ cshj kid,

mjnf ca LF, mHF bfhL vbwW wJ sF xU ghlkhf

fwJ. ma, bgha kW w ghlfY fj, f Koahj lij
twJ. vdnt ma kW bjhEg tsF kW jeg jh
njbjLF Jiw wJ sf, fj m f mtakhwJ. mf
ms vLf Toa fj gahdJ xUtUF fj mit mgnjhL
kL, uhd F wid, fyhd uridfis gFjh Mwiy
mF.

j fPf fjahd bghahbkh yt, ma UtSt

Rkh ulhu MLfSF Kghfnt, fj f kig czJ

tif,

vbzg Vid vGbjg uL

- Fw (392)

fbzg thG cF.

vW Tsh.

e th ehS vHToa ffSF fhQ MwY, mtiw

vbfhS

wik

mta

ekF

njitgLwd.

fj

vgJ

fzFfSF fhz cj fU kLkW; mJ f r thj gilghwiy

cUthF irahf csJ. j cikfis vyh khztf fU
bfhL, mtf kdkfhf, nkikfhf fjij nknkY gy
ntL.

eho ey vfhy rjdiu cUthf njj fjg mtakhF.

nghJ fW bfhS fj mogil fUJf caf fj kW

ma ghlfSF mogilahf mik. fj mogil TWfis fW
bfhtnjhL Wlhk, mitfis vthW fzFf fis fhg

(iii)

gagLJtJ vgjid mJ bfhs ntL. jid fU bfhL

totikfgLsJ. gntW iyf fj vgo tswJ ; vthW gagLwJ
vW ma itg ehf mf ftd vLJ bfhLnsh. Ys
mahaf midJ aifahf, jf , ey vLJfhLfSl tir
gLjgLsd. nkY, khztf gfis nkbfhL fj fUJfis
J bfhs thgF tif xbthU mahaK xGfikfgLsJ.
khztf, Maf JiznahL fj cshj fUJfis mt
bjhlfis bjJ bfhL mjF wF g fzFfSF fhgJ
wj Kiw vd enwh.

vf maiy, fj xU gFahf bfhL guJ J csJ

vgij id bfhs ntL. tFgiw, khztf fj fg

Ma gF ff KakhdjhF. mt cj Mnyhrid fw
aikahjd. Mug fjUJ ca fjF khWw goiyf
Ma f Ka gif twh. j nehfid iw bra Toajhf,
xU Cahf ghl mik vd enwh. Ma - khzt U t
gkhwf cikahf <Lglh _y mf ms gadilayh.
fgtiu ikagLJ tFgiw braghLfSF Ka rnjfl
ttif br. khztfSF fj njLj gazF, vyh tifY
wfis tsJ bfhtjF taikJ jUtij Ka nehfkhf
bfhLsJ. vLJfhLf rahf gfis nkbfhlh, gYs
fzFfSF fhQ tKiwfis rtu J bfhtjF mit ngUj
. mogil fUJfis fgJ, g fzFf <LgLtJ, wF mjndhL
bjhlila a fzFfis cUthFtJ Mat _y xUtUila fj
m tsbgW.
fzFf brtj _y fjij fngh
(We learn Mathematics by doing Mathematics)

nkikF ca fUJfis tYef, Maf kW khztf

tHdh, ehf f kailnth.

uh. _
ghl FGjiyt

(iv)

ghll

10M tF

vghfgL fw
gyf

ghlbghU

jiy

I. fzfS rhfS

mKf
fz
braghLf
gf
o khf f
rghj
btgl
gagLJj
Nu
n (A , B , C)
rhf

III. afj

II. bkbaf
bjhltirf kW bjhlf

mKf
bjhl tirf
TL bjhl
tir (A.P)
bgUF
bjhltir (G.P)
bjhlf

nea
rkghLfis
j
gYW
nfhitf

fz braf
mogil fUJf
-ghit
fz gfis J
bfhs
gkhW g
nr g
gL g
(_W fzf kL)
u fz
fis J bfhs
o khf fis J
bfhs; btgl _y
sFj
brhbwhl fzFfis
Nu _yK,
btgl _yK j
rhf tiuaiw, mt
tiff kW mitfis
FF Kiwf
Matiw J bfhs
rhf tiffis va
vLJfhLf _y mj

fj gkhw
bra lf

TL bjhltir
bgUF bjhltir
Matiw J bfhs
TL bjhltir
bgUF bjhltir
Mat n MtJ
cWig flj.
TL bjhltir
bgUF bjhltir n cWf TLjiy
fhz
y KoW bjhlf
TLjfis fhz

U khfSila xU nrho
nea rkghLf ga
fUij J bfhs.
UkhfSl xU nrho
nea rkghLfis, f
KiwY, FWF bgUf
KiwY j

(v)

midJ
sffSF
btglij
gagLJj
bghUa,
kUJt,
ma nghw
JiwfUJ
vLJfhLf.

mik mQF
Kiwia
gagLJj
mikig
Jiz fUahf
gagLJj
v bjhl
mikfis
bfhL
Nuij
jUj
eilKiw
thif
NHfUJ
vLJ fhLf

sfkhd
vLJfhLf

ntis

26

27

III. afj

bjhFKiw tFj

bgU bghJ
tF kW W
bghJ klF

jKW nfhitf
tf _y
Ugo rkghLf

IV. mf

mKf
mf tiff
TlY fjY
bgUf
m rkghL

Ugo gYWnfhit
afSF
bfGfSF ilna
cs bjhlid mj
bfhLfgl nfhit <,
Matiw bjhFKiw
tFj _y fhz
bjhFKiw tFj Kiwia
gagL bfhLfgl
nfhitF fhufis
flj
jKW nfhitf
.bgh.t, .bgh.k
MatWF ilna
cs ntWghLfis J
bfhs
jKW nfhitfis
RUFj (va fzFf)
tf_yij J
bfhs
Ugo rkgho l
totij mj
Ugo rkghoid
j (bkbaf
_yf kL)
fhugLJ Kiw,
tf u Kiw, Ugo
rkgho Nu Kiw.
Ugo rkghLfis
mogilahf bfhL
brhbwhlf mikj
fzFfis j
jikfhoF
_yf jikF
ilna cs bjhlid
izJ ghj
_yf bfhLfglh
Ugo rkghLfis
mikj
mfis mikj
tirfis mj
mf tiffis
bjJ bfhs
bfhLfgl mfis
Tl ff fw
X mid irah
bgUFj kW iu u
khW m
bfhLfgl
(2 x 2, 2 x 3, 3 x 2 tirf)
mfis Vw mfsh
bgUf
Ukhfis bfhl
rkghLfis mKiw
_y j

(vi)

bka mil
glfis Jiz
fUfshf
bfhs
Jtf
vf
.bgh.t., .bgh.k
id Tj

df
braghLfSl
xl.

40

vf
tf_y
brafSl
xl

_yf
jikid
afj
_ykhf
tiugl
thyhf
CJzu
cjj

brtf tot
v bjhFig
gagLJj
eilKiw
thif
NHfis
gagLJj
v brafis
gagLJj

16

V. Mabjhiy toa

VI. toa

VII. Knfhza

mKf
Uj : U
fSF
ilgl u
Nu
eL Nu
eLnfhL ika
Nu)
Knfhz
kW ehfu
gugs,
nenfhL

mogil
jrk njw
(UgzJl)
m..r.nj. kWjiy
(UgzJl)
nfhz U
rkbto njw
(Ugz cw
kL)
nfhz Urkbto
njw - kWjiy
(Ugz cw
kL)
tobthj
Knfhzf
(njwf
Ugz)
jhfu njw,
bjhLnfhLeh njw
(Ugz)

mKf
KbwhUikf
caufS
ufS

U fSF ilgl
uij id Tj.
U fis izF
nfhLJo
ikaia Fj
Nuij
gagL F
ia Fj
Knfhz guid
fzLj
U f myJ rkghL,
bfhLfgL nghJ xU
nfho rh flj
bfhLfgl tuij
bfhL xU nfho
rkghoid flj
rh btLJL
tot, - rh
tot, U f tot,
btLJL tot Ma
totf xU nfho
rkghoid fhz
xU tna brY,
xU nfhoF izahf,
brFjhf cs nfho
rkghLfis mj

25

njwfis J
bfhs, mtiw va
fzFfSF
fhg gagLJj

Knfhza
KbwhUikfis mj
mtiw va fzFf
gagLJj
Knfhza jfis
mj. cauf, uf
fzl mtiw
gagLJj
(U brnfhz
KnfhzfSF
ifahfhk)

(vii)

jhf
ko rk
jikia mj,
khwf
Egfis
ifahSj
Kiwahd
%gzfis
mj
totglfis
tiuj
glfSl Toa
jUf ahd,
gogoahd
Ugzf.
sfgLj,
thfgLj

20

afj
Nufis
gagLJj
Knfhza
jfis
gagLJj
njhuha kf
jikfis
sFj

21

VIII. msa

mKf
cUis,
T, nfhs,
miunfhs,
il fl
Mat
wgu, fdms
izj
cUtf
wgu fd ms
khwh fd ms

cUis, T, nfhs, miu

nfhs, ilfl
Mat fdms kW
wgu mj
izj cUtf
wgu, fdms
(uL cUtf kL)
khwh fdmsf y
fzFf

X.
tiuglf

IX. brKiw toa

mKf

tlfSF
bjhLnfhLf
tiuj

Knfhzf
tiuj
tl ehfu
tiuj

mKf
Ugo tiugl
y w
tiuglf

tlfSF
bjhLnfhLf tiuj
Knfhz tiuj.
mogf, v Kid
c nfhz kW
- eLnfhL
- FJau bfhLfgo
tl ehfu tiuj

Ugo rkghoid
tiugl _y j

XI. a
XII. fjf

ika
nghfsitfis
id Tj
guj msf
khWghLbfG

mKf
fjf
bjhik tiuaiw
fjf
Tl njw

brhbwhl fzFfis
tiugl _y j

guj, R, l yf,
gutgo, khWghLbfG
(bjhFfgl,
bjhFfglhj tuf)
Ma fUJfis J
bfhs
khWghLbfGit
fzl
zz rkth nrhjid,
nrhjid TWbt,
ff, ya f,
u ff, cWahd
f, ayh ff
fjf Tl
njwij J
bfhSj. mjid va
fzFfSF fhz
gagLJj

(viii)

izj
cUtfis
cUthf
Kgkhz
khfis
gagLJj
khfis
glfis
Jiz
fUfsh
gagLJj
eilKiw
thif
NHfUJ
vLJ
fhLfis
bjbjLj

24

bjhLnfhLf
sfis
afj
Kiw
rghjiy
mKfgLJj
tl mik
nfhzf
gfis gl
tiutjF K
id Tj

15

bjhlila
njwfis
id Tj
eilKiw
thif
NHfis
mKf gLJj

njf
isahLf
nghw eilKiw
thif
NHfis
gagLJj

ehza RLj,
gfil cULj,
L foUJ
xU oid
vLj.

16

10

15

bghUslf
1. fzfS rhfS

1.1
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.

1-34

mKf
fzf
fzf braf
fz braf gf

o khf f

fzf M v myJ fz v
cwf
rhf

1
1
3
5
12
16
19
20

2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.

35-70

mKf

bjhltirf

TL bjhltir myJ TL U

bgUF bjhltir myJ bgUF U
bjhlf

35
36
39
44
50

3. afj

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

71-124

mKf
U khf mikj xUfik nea rkghLf
Ugo gYWnfhitf

bjhFKiw tFj

bgU bghJ tF kW W bghJ klF
jKW nfhitf
tf_y

Ugo rkghLf

4. mf

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7

125-147

mKf
mfis mikj
mf tiff

mf jhd braf
mf Tl gf
mf bgUf
mf bgUf gf

125
126
128
133
136
137
140

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

mKf

Nu

Knfhz gu
xnu nfhoyik _W f
ehfu gu

nenfhLf

nenfhL rkgho bghJ mik

5. Mabjhiy toa

71
72
83
86
90
97
101
106

(ix)

148-180

148
149
155
156
157
160
174

6. toa

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

181-205

mKf
mogil jrk kW nfhz Urkbto njwf
tobthj Knfhzf
tlf kW bjhLnfhLf

7. Knfhza

7.1
7.2
7.3

mKf

Knfhza KbwhUikf
caufS ufS

8. msa

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

206-229

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

mKf
wgu myJ nkgu
fdms
izj fdcUtf

230
230
241
250
260- 277

mKf

xU tlF bjhLnfhL tiuj
Knfhzf tiuj
tl ehfuf tiuj

10. tiuglf

278
278
287
292-311

11.1 mKf
11.2 guj msitf

292
293

12. fjf

260
261
265
270
278-291

10.1 mKf
10.2 Ugo nfhitf tiuglf
10.3 y w tif tiuglf

11. a

206
206
215
230-259

9. brKiw toa

181
182
191
199

312-331

12.1 mKf
12.2 fjf bjhik tiuaiw
12.3 fjf Tl njw

312
315
324

ilf

332-342

gtif fzFf

343-345

ghit f

346
347-350

dhjh totik

(x)

1

mKf

fzfS rhfS
A set is Many that allows itself to be thought of as a One
- Georg Cantor

1.1 mKf

fz (set) vgJ fj mogil
fUJfS xwhF. fza FpLfS kW
gaghL
fiybrhfS fj

fz braf gf mj
xbthU Y f gaDsjhf Uwd.

o khf f
vdnt, fzaiy (set theory) fj bkh

rhf
(language of mathematics) vd Twyh. 19 M
who gF #h{ ny (George Boole)
(1815 - 1864) kW #h{ nfl (Georg Cantor)
(1845-1918) Ma fj tYef gfdh
njha fzayhdJ, 20M who fj
midJ
fY
eilbgw
tsfSF
bgUJiz jJ. fj cs btntW
fUJfis xizf, fza cj j _y
fj tsailjjF fza Jiz wJ

xgjh tF fz ga fUJf,
#h{ ny
fzf
nr, btL kW U fzf
(George Boole)
ahr nghw fz brafis ga fUJfis
(1815-1864)
fWnsh. F fzf bjhlghd nkY gy
yhJ
fUJfis,
fj
kWbkhU
Ka
jUf ahd thjfis
fUjha rhf g fwnth. Kj mogil
FF FpLf kW
tiuaiwf ytiw vLJfhLfSl id
afj FpLfS ilna
Tnth. F midJ if KGfis N vd
beUa xik cL vW
midJ bkbafis R vd Fngh.
ny edh.

fzf

jUf ahd bjhlfSF

t fj FpLfis
gagLdh. t fhy
fbghf y h U j
nghY mtUila a
afj, fbgh v
fjbrafSF mojskhf
mikwJ vgjid mjh
mt ktilUgh.
ed yf-fbgha
jUf
milgilahd
a jUfij fLojt
vgjh,
ny fbgh
ma
jij
vd
nghwgLwh.

1.2 fzf (Sets)

tiuaiw
fz vgJ eF tiuaWfgl bghUf
bjhFghF. xU fzYs bghUf mj
cWf (elements) vd TwgL.

``eF tiuaWfgl vgJ, xU fz xU
bghU cWghf mikkh myJ mikahjh vgjid
Ia tiuaWgjhF.

vLJfhlhf, bridYs midJ
caukhd kjf bjhF vgJ xU fzij
mikf ayhJ. Vbd, caukhd kjf vgij
khF Kiw eF tiuaWfgliy. vdnt
bjhF xU fzid tiuaWfiy.
1

FpL

bghJthf xU fzij Ff A, B, X,g nghw My bga vGJfis
gagLJnwh. xU fz cWfis Ff x, y, g nghw My a
vGJfis gagLJnwh. x vgJ Y - xU cW vgij x ! Y vd
vGJnwh. t vgJ Y - xU cW my vgij t b Y vd vGJnwh.
vLJfhLf

(i) jehoYs midJ caiyg khztf fz.

(ii) jehos midJ caiyg myJ f khztf fz.

(iii) midJ if uil KGf fz.

(iv) tfgLJnghJ Fiw vzhf mik KGf fz.

(v) y wa midJ kjf fz.

A, B, C, D, E vgd Kiwna (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Matiw Fgjhf
bfhnth. it eF tiuaWfgl fzfis FF. xU KG tf,
a myJ if KG v vgjh vjbthU KG tfK Fiw vzhf
UfhJ. vdnt, fz D- vj xU cW iy. khahd fzf btW
fz (Empty Set) vd miHfgL. btW fzij z vd FLnth.
tiuaiw

(i) xU fz cs cWf KoW vif (finite) U

mfz KoW fz (Finite set) vdgL.
(ii) xU fz KoW fzkhf yhkU, mJ Kowh fz myJ
Kotw fz (Infinite set) myJ Ko fz vdgL.

nkny Flt fz A xU KoW fz, Mdh fz C xU Kowh fz
MF. btWfz cWf VJiy vgij ma. btWfz cs
cWf vif a MF. vdnt, btWfz xU KoW fz MF.
tiuaiw
(i) fz X xU KoW fz v, X- cWf vif mj fz v
myJ M v vdgL. X- fz viz n(X) vd Fngh.
(ii) fz X xU Kowh fz v, X- fz viz 3 vw Fah
Fnwh.

nkny cs vLJfhLf cs fzf A, B Mat A- xbthU

cW B- cWghF. jifa nef A vgJ B- cfz vdgL.

xgjh tF fw y tiuaiwfis id Tnth.

cfz (Subset) X, Y vgd U fzf vf. X-Ys xbthU cW Y-

cWf v, X MdJ Y- cfz MF. mjhtJ z ! X vgJ z ! Y vd
czJtjh, X vgJ Y- cfz MF. X vgJ Y- cfz v, X 3 Y vd
Fnwh.
rk fzf (Equal sets) X, Y vw uL fzfY xnu cWf Ujh X kW
Y Mad rk fzf vdgL. thUFnghJ X = Y vd Fnwh. nkY,
X 3 Y kW Y 3 X v, v kLnk X = Y MF.
rkhd fzf (Equivalent Sets) U KoW fzf X kW Y vgdtF
n (X) = n (Y) v, U fzfS rkhd fzf vdgL. rkhd fzf xnu
vif btntwhd cWf Ufyh.
2

10M tF fzF

2

vLJfhlhf, P = " x ; x - x - 6 = 0 , , Q = "3, - 2 , kW F = "3, 2 , v,
P, Q vgd xnu cWfis bfhLsd. vdnt P = Q MF. F kW Q vgd
rkhd fzfshF. Mdh Q ! F. rhfis bfhL Kowh fzf rkhd
jikia tiuaWfyh.
mLF fz (Power Set) fz A- midJ cfzf bjhF P (A) v,
P (A) vgJ A- mLF fz vdgL.

n (A) = m v, P^ Ah - cs cWf vif n 6 P^ Ah@ = 2 m MF.
vLJfhlhf, A = {a, b, c} v, P^ Ah = {z, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}}
MF. vdnt, n 6 P^ Ah@ = 8 MF.

U fzf bfhLfglh tiw bfhL vthW a fzfis eh
cUthf Ko?

U fzfYKs midJ cWfis xW nru vLJ bfhL, a
fzbkhiw mikfyh. bghJthd cWfis kL vLJ bfhL xU fzij
mikfyh. nkY xU fz yhj kbwhU fz cs cWfis bfhL
xU fzij cUthfyh. thwhd fzfis mikf tU tiuaiwf
bjgLJ. xbthU tiuaiwY mjid sF tif btglf
(Venn diagram) bfhLfgLsd.

1.3 fzf jhd braf (Operations on sets)

X, Y vgd fzf vf. mtiw gagL, tU a fzfis tiuaWngh.

Y
(i) nr (Union) X , Y = " z ; z ! X myJ z ! Y ,
X

( X nr Y vd gof)
X , Y - X kW Y fzf midJ cWfS
csd. gl 1.1 ij sFwJ.
X,Y
X 3 X , Y kW Y 3 X , Y vgJ bjthwJ.
gl 1.1
(ii) btL (Intersection) X + Y = " z ; z ! X kW z ! Y ,
Y
X
( X btL Y vd gof)
X + Y - X kW Y fzf bghJthd cWf
kLnk csd. gl 1.2 ij sFwJ.
X + Y 3 X kW X + Y 3 Y vgJ bjthwJ.
X+Y
(iii) fz ahr (Set difference)
gl 1.2

X \ Y = " z ; z ! X Mdh z b Y ,
Y
X
( X ahr Y vd gof)
X \ Y vw fz Y- yhj X- cWf kLnk
csd. ij gl 1.3 sFwJ. y yhaf A\B I
X \Y
vGJt. A\B vw FpL fj
A - B vd
gl
1.3
gutyhf gagLjgLwJ. vdnt, ehK A\B-id
gagLJnth.
Y
X
(iv) rk ahr (Symmetric Difference)

X 3 Y =( X \Y ) , (Y \ X )
( X rk ahr Y vd gof).
X3Y

X 3 Y vw fz X + Y - yhj Mdh, X , Y -
gl 1.4
cs midJ cWfS csd.
1. fzfS rhfS

(v)

U vgJ midJ fz vf.

X 3 U v, U \ X vgJ U -I bghUJ X -
u fz (fzu) MF. midJ fz
Flglh, U \ X vgij X l vd Flyh.
mJ X- fzu vdgLwJ. A \ B vD fz
ahr A-I bghWJ B- fzuahF.

u (Complement)

btlh fzf (Disjoint sets) fzf X kW

Y- bghJthd cWf VJ iyba, mit
btlh fzf vdgL. mjhtJ X + Y = z v,
X kW Y vgd btlh fzfshF.

(vi)

Xl

gl 1.5
Y

gl 1.6

A kW B btlh fzf v, n^ A , Bh = n^ Ah + n^ Bh MF.

Fiu
btglf fzfis Ff bghJthf tlfis gagLJnwh.
MD, fzid Ff VjhtJ xU _oa tistiuid (any closed curve)
gagLjyh. fz cWfis vGJ nghJ xU cWid xU KiwF nk
vGJtij mDkgiy.

bghGJ y vLJfhLfis fhngh.

A = " x ; x vgJ 12 I l a if KG , ,

B = "1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 15 , , C = "- 2, - 1, 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 , vf.

(i)

A , B = " x ; x ! A myJ x ! B ,
= " x ; x vgJ 12 I l a if KG myJ x = 12 myJ 15 ,
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15} .

(ii)

C + B = " y ; y ! C kW y ! B , = "1, 7 , .

(iii)

A \ C = " x ; x ! A Mdh x b C , = "2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 , .

(iv) A 3 C = ( A \ C ) , ( C \ A )
= "2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 , , "- 2, - 1, 0 , = { - 2, - 1, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9,10,11 } .
(v) U = {x | x xU KG} vgij midJfz vf.

a ifky Fiwky vgij mf. Mfnt 0 g A .

bghGJ, A' = U\A = {x : x vgJ xU KG Mdh A - cWgy}

= {x ; x vgJ a myJ xU Fiw KG myJ

12-F rkkhd kW 12-I l bga if KG}

= {g , - 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0} , { 12, 13, 14, 15, g}

= {g , - 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0,12,13,14,15, g} .
y gaDs Kofis tUkhW goaLnth.
U vgJ midJ fz kW A, B vgd U - c fzf vf.
(i) A \ B = A + Bl
(ii) B \ A = B + Al
(iv) (A \ B) , B = A , B
(iii) A \ B = A + A + B = z
(v) (A \ B) + B = z
(vi) (A \ B) , (B \ A) = (A , B) \ (A + B)

10M tF fzF

1.4 fz braf gf (Properties of set operations)

fz braf y gfis fhngh. A, B kW C vw VnjD _W
fzfSF tU gf bkahF.
I. gkhW g (Commutative property)
(i) A , B = B , A
(fzf nr, gkhW g cilaJ)
(ii) A + B = B + A
(fzf btL, gkhW g cilaJ)
II. nr g (Associative property)
(i) A , ^ B , C h = ^ A , Bh , C
(fzf nr, nr g cilaJ)
(ii) A + ^ B + C h = ^ A + Bh + C
(fzf btL, nr g cilaJ)
III. gL g (Distributive property)
(i) A + ^ B , C h = ^ A + Bh , (A + C) (fzf btL, nr J gL g cilaJ)
(ii) A , ^ B + C h = ^ A , Bh + (A , C) (fzf nr , bto J gL g cilaJ)

bghJthf, bfhLfgLs fzfis bfhnl gfis Ufyh.
nkny TwgLs gfis vLJfhLf _y rghjYF gyhf, fj
%gzij bfhLgJ cfjjhF. J, ghl tuF mghglJ.
UD, fj %gzij J bfhs, mjid guhl, xU gig vLJ
bfhL mjFa %gzij bfhLngh.

I. (i) fzf nrfhd gkhW g

A, B Ma U fzfis vLJ bfhL, A , B kW B , A Mad
rkfzf vd Wnth. U fzf xnu cWfU mit rk fzf
vgij mnth. Kj A , B - xbthU cW B , A - cW vd Wnth.
z ! A , B vgJ VnjD xU cW vf. A kW B- nr tiuaiwgo,
z ! A myJ z ! B .

mjhtJ, xbthU z ! A , B ( z ! A myJ z ! B

( z ! B myJ z ! A

Mfnt, B , A - tiuaiwgo

xbthU z ! A , B -F (1) cikahjyh, A , B - xbthU cW B , A -

cW vgJ bkahF.

Mfnt, cfz tiuaiwgo (A , B) 3 (B , A) .

jnghJ, y ! B , A vw VnjD xU cWig vLJ bfhL, y MdJ A , B -

cW vd fhLnth.

bghGJ, xbthU y ! B , A ( y ! B myJ y ! A

A , B - tiuaiwgo,

z ! B , A

(1)

( y ! A myJ y ! B

y ! A , B

(2)

xbthU y ! B , A -F (2) MdJ bk vgjh, B , A - xbthU cW A , B -
cW vgJ bkahF. Mfnt, cfz tiuaiwgo (B , A) 3 (A , B) . Mfnt,
(A , B) 3 (B , A) kW (B , A) 3 (A , B) vd fhonsh. J (A , B) = (B , A)
v, v kLnk fG. nkTwgl Kiwf kw gfis %fyh.
1. fzfS rhfS

fj %gzf (Proofs in Mathematics)

fj xU TW vbghGJ bkahdh, mJ bkTW vdgL. xU TW
VnjD xU f bkahf iy vwhY, mJ jtwhd TW vdgL.
vLJfhlhf, tU y TWfis fUJnth.

(i) vj xU if xiw KG xU gfh v MF.

(ii) xU Knfhz midJ nfhzf TLj 180c

(iii) xbthU gfh vQ xU xiw KG

(iv) A, B vw vj U fzfSF A \ B = B \ A
gy xiw if KGf gfh vzhf UjhY Tl TW (i) jtwhdJ.

Vbd, 9, 15, 21, 45 nghw KGf if xiw vf. Mdh, gfh vfsy.

vj Knfhzij vLJ bfhlhY mj midJ nfhzf TLj
180c . Mfnt, tha (ii) bkahF.

TW (iii) jtwhdJ. Vbd, gfh v 2 xU uil KGthF. Mdh
TW (iii) v 2 I ju kw xbthU gfh vQF cikahF. xU
Tid bkbad %f ntLbk, midJ ffY mJ bkahdJ
vd eh %f ntL. VjhtJ xU f mJ jtW vd %fglh,
mTW jtwhF. TW (iv) jtwhdJ. mogilahf A\B I mikF nghJ,
A-UJ B - midJ cWfis Fnwh. mnj ngh B \ A-F B -UJ
A - midJ cWfS fgL. A = { 2, 5, 8} kW B = {5, 7, - 1} vf.
F A \ B = {2, 8} kW B \ A = { 7, - 1} . Mfnt, A \ B ! B \ A .
vdnt, TW (iv) vgJ jtwhdJ.

vLJfhL 1.1

A = {- 10, 0, 1, 9, 2, 4, 5} kW B = {- 1, - 2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4} vw fzfSF
tUtdtiw rghf. nkY, btgl _yK rghf.

(i) fzf nr gkhW g cilaJ
(ii) fzf btL gkhW g cilaJ

(i)

fzf nr gkhW g cilaJ vd rghngh.

bghGJ, A , B = {- 10, 0, 1, 9, 2, 4, 5} , {- 1, - 2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4}

= {- 10, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9}

(1)

B , A = {- 1, - 2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4} , {- 10, 0, 1, 9, 2, 4, 5}
(2)

= {- 10, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9}

Mfnt (1) kW (2)-UJ bfhLfgl fzf A, B-fSF A , B = B , A
A
B
vd rghfglJ.
A 10
B

btgl _y, (gl 1.7)
fzf nr vgJ
gkhW g cilaJ vd
rghfglJ.
6

10M tF fzF

0
1

A,B = B,A

gl 1.7

1
2
3

10

1
9

(ii) fzf btL gkhW g cilaJ vd rghngh.

A + B = {- 10, 0, 1, 9, 2, 4, 5} + {- 1, - 2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4}

= {2, 4, 5} .

B + A = {- 1, - 2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4} + {- 10, 0, 1, 9, 2, 4, 5}

= {2, 4, 5} .

(1), (2) MatUJ A + B = B + A vgJ rghfglJ.
B

(1)

(2)

4
A+B = B+A

gl 1.8

btgl _y (gl 1.8) A + B = B + A vd rghfglJ.

vLJfhL 1.2

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6, 7, 8} v,

(i) A , ^ B , C h = ^ A , Bh , C vdfhLf.

(ii) btglfis gagL A , ^ B , C h = ^ A , Bh , C vgij rghf.

(i) B , C = {3, 4, 5, 6} , {5, 6, 7, 8} = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

` A , (B , C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} (1)


A , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , {3, 4, 5, 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}


(ii)

` ^ A , Bh , C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} , {5, 6, 7, 8} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(1) kW (2)-UJ A , ^ B , C h = ^ A , Bh , C vd rghfglJ.
jFj btglf tUkhW csd.
A
3
5

3
5

2
7

1
3
5

2
6

8

C
A , ^B , Ch

(1)
A,B

B,C

4
6

3
5

(2)

(3)
B

8
(2)
C
^ A , Bh , C

(4)
gl 1.9

gl 1.9- (2) kW (4) MatUJ fzf nr MdJ nr

gid iw brwJ.
1. fzfS rhfS

vLJfhL 1.3

A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {a, c, e} kW C = {a, e} v,

(i) A + ^ B + C h = ^ A + Bh + C vd fhLf.
(ii) btglfis gagL A + ^ B + C h = ^ A + Bh + C vd rghf.

(i)
bfhLfglit : A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {a, c, e} , C = {a, e} .

A + ^ B + C h = ^ A + Bh + C vgij rghngh.

Kj, A + ^ B + C h -I fhngh.

B + C = {a, c, e} + {a, e} = {a, e}

vdnt,

mLjjhf,

A + ^ B + C h = {a, b, c, d} + {a, e} = {a} .

(1)

A + B = {a, b, c, d.} + {a, c, e} = {a, c}

(2)

^ A + Bh + C = {a, c} + {a, e} = {a}

(1) kW (2)-UJ ^ A + Bh + C = A + ^ B + C h vd rghfglJ.

(ii)

jFj btglf tUkhW.

A

B
a

B
c
a

C
B+C

(1)
A+B
B

C

A + ^B + Ch

(3)
B

C
^ A + Bh + C
(2)

(4)
gl 1.10

gl 1.10- (2) kW (4)-UJ A + ^ B + C h = ^ A + Bh + C vgJ rghfglJ.

vLJfhL 1.4

A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {a, e, i, o, u}, C = {c, d, e, u} vd bfhLfgLsJ v,

(i) A\ ^ B \ C h ! ^ A \ Bh \C vd fhLf.
(ii) btglfis gagL A\ ^ B \ C h ! ^ A \ Bh \C vd rghf.
8

10M tF fzF


(i)

^ B \ C h = {a, e, i, o, u} \ {c, d, e, u} = {a, i, o} .

vdnt, A\ ^ B \ C h = {a, b, c, d, e} \ {a, i, o} = {b, c, d, e} .

jnghJ,

vdnt, ^ A \ Bh \C = {b, c, d} \ {c, d, e, u} = {b} .

(1) kW (2)-UJ A\ ^ B \ C h ! ^ A \ Bh \C vd WtglJ.

Mfnt, fzf ahr nr g cilajy.

(ii)

jFj btglf tUkhW.

(1)

A \ B = {a, b, c, d, e} \ {a, e, i, o, u} = {b, c, d} .

A
a

(2)

(1)

^ B\C h

^ A\B h

b
c

(3)

B
b

d e

A\^ B\C h

(2)
^ A\Bh \C

(4)
gl 1.11

(2) kW (4)-fUJ A \ (B\C) ! (A \ B) \ C vgJ rghfglJ.

Mjyh, fzf ahr nr g cilajy.

Fiu

bghJthf fzf ahr nr gid iw brahlhY, A,B,C

vgd xWbfhW btlh fzf v, A\ ^ B \ C h = (A \ B) \C MF. ij
v %fyh. B kW C Mad btlh fzf. vdnt, B \ C = B MF.
nkY, A, B Mad btlh fzf. vdnt A \ B = A MF. Mfnt, A\ (B \ C) = A .
nkY, A \ B = A kW A, C Mad btlh fzfshF. vdnt, A \ C = A.
Mjyh, (A \ B) \C = A . Mfnt, A\ ^ B \ C h = (A \ B) \C vgJ cikahF.
thW, btlh fzf ahr nr g cilaJ vd WtglJ.
1. fzfS rhfS

vLJfhL 1.5
A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} kW C = {2, 4, 6, 7} vf.
(i) A , ^ B + C h = ^ A , Bh + ^ A , C h vdfhLf.
(ii) btglfis gagL A , ^ B + C h = ^ A , Bh + ^ A , C h vd rghf.

(i)
jnghJ,
Mfnt,

B + C = {1, - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} + {2, 4, 6, 7 } = {4, 6}

A , ^ B + C h = {0,1, 2, 3, 4} , {4, 6} = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6} .

(1)

nkY,
A , B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} , {1, - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
= {- 2, 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ,

A , C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} , {2, 4, 6, 7} = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7} .

Mfnt, ^ A , Bh + ^ A , C h = {- 2, 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} + {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7}

= {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 6} .

(2)

(1) kW (2)-UJ A , ^ B + C h = ^ A , Bh + ^ A , C h vgJ rghfglJ.

(ii)

jFj btglf tUkhW.

A

1
4

3
6

2
5

B+C
A
0
2

1
4

(1)
A,B
A
0
2

C

A , ^B + Ch

1
4

(3)

(2)
A,C
A
0
2

1
4

(4)

^ A , Bh + ^ A , C h

(5)
gl 1.12

(2) kW (5)-UJ A , (B + C) = (A , B) + (A , C) vgJ rghfglJ.

10

10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 1.6

A = {x ; - 3 # x 1 4, x ! R} , B = {x ; x 1 5, x ! N} kW

C = {- 5, - 3, - 1, 0, 1, 3} v, A + ^ B , C h = ^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h vd fhLf.

A vw fz 3 kW mijl mfkhd Mdh, 4 I l Fiwthd

midJ bkbafS csd.
3
A
4

nkY, A = {x ; - 3 # x 1 4, x ! R } - v 4 nrfgliy.

fz B-, 5 I l a midJ if KGfS csd.

nkY, B = {x ; x 1 5, x ! N} = {1, 2, 3, 4}

B , C = {1, 2, 3, 4} , {- 5, - 3, - 1, 0, 1, 3}

Mfnt,

= {1, 2, 3, 4, - 5, - 3, - 1, 0}

vdnt,

A + ^ B , C h = A + {1, 2, 3, 4, - 5, - 3, - 1, 0}

= {- 3, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3} .

nkY,

(1)

A + B = {x ; - 3 # x 1 4, x ! R} + {1, 2, 3, 4} = {1, 2, 3} ;

A + C = {x ; - 3 # x 1 4, x ! R} + {- 5, - 3, - 1, 0, 1, 3}

= {- 3, - 1, 0, 1, 3} .

vdnt,

^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h = {1, 2, 3} , {- 3, - 1, 0, 1, 3}

= {- 3, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3} .

(2)

(1) kW (2)-UJ A + ^ B , C h = ^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h vgJ bjthwJ.

g 1.1

1.

A 1 B v, A , B = B vd fhLf (btglij gagLj).

2.

A 1 B v, A + B kW A \ B Matiw fhf. (btglij gagLJf).

3.

P = {a, b, c}, Q = {g, h, x, y} kW R = {a, e, f, s} v, tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) P \ R

4.

A = {4, 6, 7, 8, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6} kW C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} v,

tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) A , ^ B + C h

5.

A = {a, x, y, r, s}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, - 10} vd bfhLfgLs fzfSF,

fzf nr brayhdJ, gkhW g cilaJ vgij rghf.

6.

A = {l, m, n, o, 2, 3, 4, 7} kW B = {2, 5, 3, - 2, m, n, o, p} MatF

fzf btL, gkhW g cilaJ vgij rghf.

(ii) Q + R

(ii) A + ^ B , C h

(iii) R \ ^ P + Qh .

(iii) A \ ^C \ Bh

1. fzfS rhfS

11

 7.

A = {x ; x vgJ 42 - gfh fhu}, B = {x ; 5 1 x # 12, x ! N} kW

C = {1, 4, 5, 6} v, A , ^ B , C h = ^ A , Bh , C vgij rghf.

8.

P = {a, b, c, d, e}, Q = {a, e, i, o, u} kW R = {a, c, e, g} Ma fzf btL,

nr g cilaJ vgij rghf.

9.

A = {5,10,15, 20}, B = {6,10,12, 18, 24} kW C = {7,10,12,14, 21, 28}

Ma fzfSF A \ ^ B \ C h = ^ A \ Bh \ C vgJ bkahFkh vd Muhf. c

ilF jf fhuz TWf.

10.

A = {- 5, - 3, - 2, - 1}, B = {- 2, - 1, 0} kW C = {- 6, - 4, - 2} vf.

A \ ^ B \ C h kW (A \ B) \ C Matiw fhf. UJ ilF fz

ahr bragho gid TWf.

11.

A = {- 3, - 1, 0, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {- 1, - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} kW C = {- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}

MatF tUtdtiw rghf.

(i) A , ^ B + C h = ^ A , Bh + ^ A , C h

(iii) btglfis gagL A , ^ B + C h = ^ A , Bh + ^ A , C h

(ii) A + ^ B , C h = ^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h
kW

A + ^ B , C h = ^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h Madtiw rghf.

1.5 o khf f (De Morgans laws)

mfl o khf (Augustus De Morgan) jij (Mnya) ah

Ha fbg g Ujh. o khf (1806-1871) ah,
jehoYs kJiu wjh. mt 7 khj FHijah Uj nghJ mtUila
FLg yhF FobgajJ. mt yh, nf{ cs oo
f (Trinity college, Cambridge, England) f gwh. mogil fz
brafshd nr, btL kW u Maitfis bjhlgLJ tif
o khf f csd.
fz ahrfhd o khf f (De Morgans laws for set difference)

A, B, C vgd VnjD _W fzf v,

(i)

A \ ^ B , C h = ^ A \ Bh + ^ A \ C h

(ii) A \ ^ B + C h = ^ A \ Bh , ^ A \ C h .

fz ufhd o khf f (De Morgans laws for complementation)

fz A kW B-fis cfzfshf bfhl midJ fz U v,

(i) ^ A , Bhl = Al + Bl
(ii) ^ A + Bhl = Al , Bl .
VnjD xU fz D v, D' = U \ D vgjh, fz ahr f

%gzUJ fzu f %gzij bgwyh vgij ftf.
jF %gz juhk, fis gagL vthW fzFfSF
fhgij fW bfhnth.
12

10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 1.7

btglfis gagL ^ A + Bhl = Al , Bl vgij rghf.

A+B

(1)

(3)

Al

U
B

(2)

(4)

Bl

(A + B)l

U
B

(5)

Al , Bl

gl 1.13

(2) kW (5)-UJ ^ A + Bhl = Al , Bl vgJ rghfglJ.

vLJfhL 1.8
btglfis gagL A \ ^ B + C h = ^ A \ Bh , ^ A \ C h vD o khf

fz ahr id rghf.

C
B+C
A

A\ (B + C)

(3)

(1)
C
A\B

(2)
C
A\C
A

(4)
B

(A\B) , (A\C)

(5)

gl 1.14

(2) kW (5)-UJ A \ ^ B + C h = ^ A \ Bh , ^ A \ C h vgJ rghfglJ.

1. fzfS rhfS

13

vLJfhL 1.9

U = {- 2, - 1, 0,1, 2, 3, g,10}, A = {- 2, 2, 3, 4, 5} kW B = {1, 3, 5, 8, 9} vf.

o khf fz u fis rghf.

Kj ^ A , Bhl = Al + Bl vgij rghngh.

A , B = {- 2, 2, 3, 4, 5} , {1, 3, 5, 8, 9} = {- 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9}

vdnt, ^ A , Bhl = U \ {- 2,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9} = {- 1, 0, 6, 7,10} .

nkY,

(1)

Al = U \ A = {- 1, 0,1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Bl = U \ B = {- 2, - 1, 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10} .

Mfnt, Al + Bl = {- 1, 0, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} + {- 2, - 1, 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10}

= {- 1, 0, 6, 7,10} .

(2)

(1) kW (2)-UJ ^ A , Bhl = Al + Bl vd mnwh

thnw, nkny bfhLfgLs fzfSF ^ A + Bhl = Al , Bl vd
rghfyh. J gfhf lgLwJ.

vLJfhL 1.10

A = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, x, y, z} , B = {1, 2, c, d, e} kW C = {d, e, f, g, 2, y} vf.

A \ ^ B , C h = ^ A \ Bh + ^ A \ C h vgij rghf.

B , C = {1, 2, c, d, e} , {d, e, f, g, 2, y}

= {1, 2, c, d, e, f, g, y}
Mfnt,

A \ (B , C) = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, x, y, z} \ {1, 2, c, d, e, f, g, y}

= {a, b, x, z} .

(1)

A \ B = {a, b, f, g, x, y, z} kW A \ C = { a, b, c, x, z}

nkY,

Mfnt, (A \ B) + (A \ C) = {a, b, x, z} .

(1) kW (2)-UJ A \ ^ B , C h = ^ A \ Bh + ^ A \ C h vgJ rghfglJ.

g 1.2

1.

nH bfhLfgLs fzfis, btglf _y fhLf.

(i)

(ii) U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}, M = {b, d, f, g} kW N = {a, b, d, e, g}

14

U = {5, 6, 7, 8, g, 13}, A = {5, 8, 10, 11} kW B = {5, 6, 7, 9, 10}

10M tF fzF

(2)

2.

HL (nfhoL) fhlgLs xbthU gFia FpL Kiw vGJf.

U, A, B, C, , , + , l kW \ Ma FpLfis njitahd lf gagLJf.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

3.

A, B kW C Ma _W fzfSF tUtdtiw sF btglf

tiuf.
(i) A + B + C

(ii) A kW B vgd C - cfzf. nkY mitf btlh fzf.

(iii) A + ^ B \ C h

(iv) ^ B , C h \ A

(vi) C + ^ B \ Ah

(vii) C + ^ B , Ah

4.

btglfis gagL ^ A + Bh , ^ A \ Bh = A vgij rghf.

5.

U = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28} , A = {8, 16, 24} kW

^ A , Bh ' kW ^ A + Bhl Matiw fhf.

6.

U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} , A = {a, b, f, g} kW B = {a, b, c} v, o khf

fz u fis rghf.

7.

tU fzfis bfhL o khf fz ahr fis rghf.

8.

A = {10,15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50} , B = {1, 5,10,15, 20, 30} kW

C = {7, 8,15, 20, 35, 45, 48} Ma fzfSF A \ ^ B + C h = ^ A \ Bh , ^ A \ C h

vgij rghf.

9.

btglfis gagL tUtdtiw rah vd nrhJ ghf.

(v) A , ^ B + C h

B = {4, 16, 20, 28} v,

A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9,11,13,15}, B = {1, 2, 5, 7} kW C = {3, 9, 10,12,13} .

(i) A , ^ B + C h = ^ A , Bh + ^ A , C h
(iii) ^ A , Bhl = Al + Bl
(v) A \ ^ B , C h = ^ A \ Bh + ^ A \ C h

(ii) A + ^ B , C h = ^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h
(iv) ^ A + Bhl = Al , Bl
(vi) A \ ^ B + C h = ^ A \ Bh , ^ A \ C h
1. fzfS rhfS

15

1.6 fzf M v myJ fz v (Cardinality of sets)

xgjh tF n^ A , Bh = n^ Ah + n^ Bh - n^ A + Bh vw Nuij
gagL, U fzfis bfhl fzFfSF fhgij mJ
bfhnlh. Nu A, B kW A + B Mat M vf bfhLfglh
A , B vw fz M viz fzl cjwJ. A, B kW C vw _W
fzfis bfhL A , B , C vw fz M v vthW fltJ? jfhd
Nu nH bfhLfgLsJ.
n^ A , B , C h = n^ Ah + n^ Bh + n^C h - n^ A + Bh - n^ B + C h - n^ A + C h + n^ A + B + C h .
Nu gaghoid tU vLJfhLf sFwd.

vLJfhL 1.11
xU FG 65 khztf fhgJ, 45 ng Ah, 42 ng bfL

isahLwhf. 20 ng fhgjhlK Ah, 25 ng fhgjhlK bfL,
15 ng Ah bfL kW 8 ng _W iahLfis isahLwhf.
mFG cs khztf vifia fhf.

(xbthU khztD FiwjJ xU isahoid isahLth vd bfhf.)

F, H kW C vgd Kiwna fhgjhl, Ah, bf MLgtf

fzfis FfL. Mfnt, n^ F h = 65, n^ H h = 45 kW n^C h = 42 .

nkY, n^ F + H h = 20 , n^ F + C h = 25 , n^ H + C h = 15 kW n^ F + H + C h = 8 .

FGYs khztf bkhj vifia fhngh.

mjhtJ, n^ F , H , C h -I fhngh.
Nugo,

n^ F , H , C h = n^ F h + n^ H h + n^C h - n^ F + H h

- n^ H + C h - n^ F + C h + n^ F + H + C h

= 65 + 45 + 42 - 20 - 25 - 15 + 8 = 100.

Mfnt, FGYs khztf vif = 100.
khW Kiw

btglij gagL nj fzF fhz
Ko. fhy btglfis jUf Kiwia
gagL mwhl thif fG y fzFfSF
fhz aY. j fzFa btglf,
xiwbahW bto bfhS _W fzfis
bfhlJ. xbthW xU isahil FF. glij
ghJ, bfhLfgl TWfis bfhL, ftdkhf
fzL,
isahL
uf
vifia
fhngh. bfhLfgLs tufis gl Fngh.

H
17) 45-(1
+
8
2+8
+
8
+7)
(12
2012
=
65 28
=
1
8
=
F

8
25 17
=

8 1
5-8
=7

42-(8+17+7)
= 10

gl 1.15

Mfnt, FG cs khztf vif = 28 + 12 + 18 + 7 + 10 + 17 + 8 = 100.

16

10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 1.12
gfiyfHf khztf fzbfL, 64 ng fj, 94 ng fbgh

ma, 58 ng aa Ma ghlfis fwd. 28 ng fjK aaY,
26 ng fjK fbgh maY, 22 ng fbgh maY aaY kW
14 ng _W ghlfis fwd. fzbfL fyJ bfhl khztf
vifia fhf. nkY, xU ghlij kL fw khztf
vifia fhf.
bfhLfgl tufis btgl FLnth.

M, C kW P
vgd Kiwna fj,
fbgh ma kW aa fF
khztfis FF fzf vf.
bfhLfgl tufis btgl
Fngh.
n (M + C + P) = 14
n (M + C + Pl ) = 26 14 = 12
gl 1.16

n (M + P + C l ) = 28 14 = 14
n (C + P + M l ) = 22 14 = 8

fzbfL nghJ Uj khztf vif

= 24 + 12 + 60 + 8 + 22 + 14 + 14 = 154

= 64 (14+14+12) = 24

fbgh ma kL fw khztf vif

= 94 (12+14+8) = 60

aa kL fw khztf vif
= 58 (14+14+8) = 22

fj kL fw khztf vif

vdnt, xU ghlij kL fw khztf vif = 24+60+22 = 106.

vLJfhL 1.13
xU thbdh iya 190 khztfl mtf U ir tiffis

khf xU fzbfL elaJ. 114 ng nkfa iria, 50 ng uha
iria, 41 ng fehlf iria, 14 ng nkfa iria uha iria,
15 ng nkfa iria fehlf iria, 11 ng fehlf iria uha
iri kW 5 ng _W irfis
U
190
Uwd vd fzbfL btglJ.
F
R
)
5
0
0
jftfUJ tUtdtiw fhf.
-(9+
+1
(i)

_W tif irfis
khztf vif.

(ii)

U tif irfis kL
khztf vif.

(iii)

uha iria U nkfa iria

Ughj khztf vif.

Ughj
U

5
5+6
+5
)
14 9
(9
4
1
=
=
1
30
0
=9
5 1
1-5
5
15 10
=6
=
41-(10+5+6)
= 20
C

20

gl 1.17
1. fzfS rhfS

17

 R, F kW C Mad Kiwna nkfa ir, uha ir kW fehlf ir

U khztf fzfis FfL. btgl bfhLfgl
tufis Fngh.

F, n (R + F) = 14, n (R + C) = 15, n (C + F) = 11 kW n (R + F + C) = 5

vdnt,
n (R + F + C l ) = 14 5 = 9

n (R + C + F l ) = 15 5 = 10

n (F + C + Rl ) = 11 5 = 6.
(i)


(ii)
(iii)

btglUJ, VnjD xU tif iriaahtJ U khztf

vif 90 + 9 + 30 + 6 + 20 + 10 + 5 = 170.
fzbfLfgl khztf vif = 190.
Mfnt, _W tif irfis Ughjtf vif = 190 - 170 = 20 .
VnjD Utif irfis kL Ugtf vif = 9 + 6 + 10 = 25.
uha iria U,
vif = 30 + 6 = 36.

nkfa

iria

Ughj

khztf

g 1.3
1.

A, B vgd U fzf kW U vgJ midJ fz vf. nkY n^U h = 700 ,

n^ Ah = 200, n^ Bh = 300 kW n^ A + Bh = 100 v, n^ Al + Blh I fhf.

2.

n^ Ah = 285, n^ Bh = 195, n^U h = 500 kW n^ A , Bh = 410 v, n^ Al , Blh - I

fhf.
3. A, B kW C VnjD _W fzf vf. nkY,
n^ Ah = 17 , n^ Bh = 17, n^C h = 17, n^ A + Bh = 7 , n (B + C) = 6 , n^ A + C h = 5

kW n^ A + B + C h = 2 v, n^ A , B , C h - I fhf.
4. tU fzfSF n^ A , B , C h = n^ Ah + n^ Bh + n^C h - n^ A + Bh -

n^ B + C h - n^ A + C h + n^ A + B + C h
vgij rghf. (i) A = {4, 5, 6}, B = {5, 6, 7, 8} kW C = {6, 7, 8, 9}

(ii) A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {x, y, z} kW C = {a, e, x} .
5. xU f nrUtjF 60 khztf ntaY, 40 ng aaY,
30 ng caY g brJsd. 15 ng ntaY aaY,10
ng aaY caY kW 5 ng caY ntaY g
brJsd. _W ghlfY xUtUnk g braiy v, xU
ghlF kL g brJstf vif ahJ?
6.

xU efu 85% ng My bkh, 40% ng j bkh kW 20% ng

bkh ngRwhf. 42% ng jG MyK, 23% ng jG kW
10% ng MyK ngRwhf v, _W bkhfis ngr
bjjtf rjjid fhf.

7.

170 thoifahsf 115 ng bjhiyfhia, 110 ng thbdhia

kW 130 ng giffis gagLwhf vgij xU sgu
Wtd fljJ. nkY, 85ng bjhiyfh kW gifia, 75 ng
bjhiyfh kW thbdhia, 95 ng thbdh kW gifia,

18

10M tF fzF




8.

9.

70 ng _id gagLJwhf vd fljJ. btgl

tufis FJ, tUtdtiw fhf.
(i) thbdhia kL gagLJgtf vif.
(ii) bjhiyfhia kL gagLJgtf vif.
(iii) bjhiyfh kW giffis gagL thbdhia
gagLjhjtf vif.
4000 khztf gY xU g , 2000 ngUF buR, 3000 ngUF j kW
500 ngUF bj. nkY, 1500 ngUF buR kW j, 300 ngUF
buR kW , 200 ngUF j kW , 50 ngUF _W bkhfS
bj v, tUtdtiw fhf.
(i) _W bkhfS bjahjtf vif.
(ii) VnjD xU bkhahtJ bjjtf vif.
(iii) U bkhf kLnk bjjtf vif.

120 FLgf cs xU uhk 93 FLgf rika brtjF wif

gagLJwd. 63 FLgf kbzbzid gagLJwhf.
45 FLgf rika vthit gagLJwhf. 45 FLgf wF kW
kbzbz, 24 FLgf kbzbz kW vth, 27 FLgf
vth kW wF Matiw gagLJwd. wF, kbzbz kW
rika vth _iw gagLJ FLgf vifia fhf.

1.7 cwf (Relations)

K ghlgF fzfis g fwnjh. bfhLfgl fzfUJ
nr, btL kW u Matdh a fzfis clhFtJ g fnwh.
F, kbwhU Kiw, bfhLfgl fzf A kW B-UJ xU a fzij
cUthFtJ g fhngh. a fz, w Ka fj fUJfshd cw
kW rh Madtiw tiuaWf gagLwJ.

btW fzfsyhj A kW B MatUJ A # B (A uh B vd
gof) vw a fzij cUthFnth. J A, B Mat fhOa
bgUfgy (cartesian product) vd miHfgL.

thnw,

A # B = "^a, bh ; a ! A kW b ! B , vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
B # A = "^b, ah ; b ! B kW a ! A , vd tiuaWfgLwJ.

F
(i) nrho (a, b) - cWf tir f Ka MF. mjhtJ, a ! b v,
(a, b) ! (b, a) MF.
(ii) fhOa bgUf fzf A kW B rk fzfshf Ufyh.
nghJ eh xU vLJfhil ghngh.

xU ifng filfhu _W ahrkhd ifngfis wh. mtiw
eh C1 , C2 , C3 vd miHngh. C1 iy ` 1200, C2 iy ` 2500 kW C3
iy ` 2500 vd vLJ bfhnth.

A = { C1 , C2 , C3 } kW B = { 1200, 2500 } vd vLJ bfhnth.

Mfnt, A # B = { (C1 , 1200), (C1 , 2500), (C2 , 1200), (C2 , 2500), (C3 , 1200), (C3 , 2500) }
Mdh, B # A = { (1200, C1 ), (2500, C1 ), (1200, C2 ), (2500, C2 ,), (1200, C3 ), (2500, C3 ) }.
1. fzfS rhfS

19


nknys vLJfhoUJ, A ! B v, A # B ! B # A vd v fhzyh.

A # B - xU cfz F = {(C1 , 1200), (C2 , 2500), (C3 , 2500)} vf.

nkny cs tir nrhof Kj TW xbthW xnubahU B- cWl
bjhlilaJ. Kj l cs vj TW ulh l, xiwl mfkhd
B- cWl nrho nruiy.

F - cs xbthU nrhoYs ulhtJ TW, Kj T iyia
fhLwJ. mLjjhf, B # A - cfz E = {(1200, C1 ), (2500, C2 ), (2500, C3 )} vf.

Kj TW 2500 MdJ, U btntW A- cWf C2 kW C3
MatWl bjhlgLJgLsJ.
tiuaiw

A kW B Mad btW fzf my vf. A-UJ B-F cs xU cw

R MdJ A # B - btWfzyhj cfzkhF. mjhtJ, R 3 A # B .
R- kgf (Domain) = " x ! A ; ^ x, yh ! R, VnjD xU y ! B ,
R- rf (Range) = " y ! B ; (x, y) ! R, VnjD xU x ! A , .

1.8

rhf (Functions)
tiuaiw

A kW B vgd U btww fzf vf.

A -UJ B-F cs xU cw f 3 A # B MdJ,
(i) cw f - kgf = fz A.
(ii) (x, y) ! f v , xbthU x ! A- F xnubahU

y ! B csJ.
l oby
(1805-1859)

b#k

va, gFgha kW
aua Ma fja
f oby Ka
gfid brJsh.
ed fj fUjhd
rhid, mjFa Fplhd
y = f(x)-ia 1837- t
mKfgLdh.
nkY
midtuhY eF magl
bfhifahd a nAh
bfhifia
(Pigeonhole
principle) mikjh.

Madtiw iw brkhdh, mJ xU rh
(function) vdgL.

cs
xU
rhghdJ
A -UJ
B-F
gjidl mik xU cwthF.

rhid nfhj myJ cUkhw (mapping or
transformation) vd Twyh.

A -UJ B -F cs xU rh f : A " B vd
FfgL. ^ x, yh ! f v, y = f (x) vd vGjyh.

cw vw fUij gagLjhk, tUkhW
rh tiuaiwia U bjthf mikf Ko.
thW U mikfgLtij, rh gaghL
tiuaiwahf bfhsyh.

tiuaiw

A kW B vgd btww U fzf vf. A-UJ B-F xU rh

vdgLtJ, A vw fzYs xbthU x- B vD fzYs y vw

xnubahU cWnghL bjhlgLJ xU MF. y = f (x) vgJ, y MdJ x-
xU rh vd bghUgL.
20

10M tF fzF


f : A " B vD rh kgf (Domain) A vd, mj Jiz kgf
(Co-domain) B vd miHfgL. y vgJ x- H cU (image) vd x vgJ y-
K cU (preimage) vd miHfgL. f- midJ H cUfis bfhl
fzkhdJ f- rf (range) vd miHfgL. rfkhdJ, rh f- Jiz
kgf xU cfz MF.

nkny TwgLs, rh a tiuaiwahdJ 1837 M Mo, nfhyh
yhghbt (Nikolai Labachevsky) kW l oby (Peter Dirichlet)Mnahuh
jjna flagljhF. mjF K rhfhd bjthd tiuaiw iy.

1.7- TwgLs vLJfho, F 3 A # B vw cw, rhfSfhd
gjidf (i) kW (ii) Matiw iw brtjh, F = {(C1 , 1200), (C2 , 2500), (C3 ,
2500)} vgJ xU rhghF.

(2500, C2), (2500, C3) ! E Mad nknys gjid (ii) I iw braiy
vgjh, E = {(1200, C1 ), (2500, C2 ), (2500, C3 )} vgJ xU rhghfhJ.
Fiu

(i) clhf mik xbthU k x-F xnubahU k y-I btplhf

jUw xU aukhf rh f I fUjyh.
x=3

cL

f (x) = x

y=9

btpL f (x)

(ii) xU rhig tiuaWf kgf, Jiz kgf kW kgf xbthU

cWid Jiz kgf xnubahU cWnghL bjhl gLJ
Mad ekF njit.

vLJfhL 1.14

A = {1, 2, 3, 4} kW B = {- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 , 11, 12} vf.

R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 10), (4, 9)} 3 A # B xU cw v, R I xU rh vd
fhLf. mj kgf, Jiz kgf kW rf Madtiw fhf.
R - kgf = {1, 2, 3, 4}= A .

xbthU x ! A -F y = R (x) vwthW xnubahU y ! B csJ.

vdnt, R xU rhghF. R- Jiz kgf B MF.

R (1) = 3, R (2) = 6, R (3) = 10 kW R (4) = 9 vgjh, R - rf = {3, 6, 10, 9} .
vLJfhL 1.15

nH bfhLfgLs mF glf xbthW xU rhid
Fwdth vd Muhf.

b
c
d

x
y
z

(i)
a

gl 1.18

(ii)

2
4
3

20
30
40

gl 1.19
1. fzfS rhfS

21

 mF gl (i)- A- xbthU cWF xnubahU HcU csJ.

Mfnt, mJ xU rhghF.
mF gl (ii)- cW 2- F 20 kW 40 vw U H cUf csd.
vdnt, J xU rhghfhJ.

vLJfhL 1.16

X = { 1, 2, 3, 4 } vf. tU xbthU cw, X-UJ X -F xU rhghFkh
vd Muhf. c ilF Vw sf jUf.

(i) f = { (2, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 4) }

(ii) g = { (3, 1), (4, 2), (2, 1) }

(iii) h = { (2, 1), (3, 4), (1, 4), (4, 3) }

(i)
f = { (2, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 4) }

X - cW 2 MdJ btntwhd cWf 3 kW 1 MatWl

bjhlgLjgLsJ. Mfnt, f xU rhgy .

(ii)

g = { (3, 1), (4, 2), (2, 1)} vd bfhLfgLsJ. 1 vD X- cWF xU HcU

X- iy. mjhtJ, g- kgf {2, 3, 4} ! X . vdnt, g vgJ xU rhgy.

(iii) h = { (2, 1), (3, 4), (1, 4), (4, 3) }

X- xbthU cW X- xnubahU cWnghL bjhlgLjgLsJ.
Mfnt, h MdJ xU rh MF.
vLJfhL 1.17

A = { 1, 4, 9, 16 }-UJ B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }-F tU cwf vit
rhghF? mthW rh v, mj rfij fhf.

(i)

f1 = { (1, 1), (4, 2), (9, 3), (16, 4) }

(ii)

f2 = { (1, 4), (1, 1), (9, 3), (16, 2) }

(iii)

f3 = { (4, 2), (1, 2), (9, 2), (16, 2) }

(iv)

f4 = { (1, 2), (4, 5), (9, 4), (16, 5) }

(i) f1 = { (1, 1), (4, 2), (9, 3), (16, 4) }

A - xbthU cW B - xnubahU cWl bjhlgLjgLsJ.

Mfnt, f1 xU rh MF.
nkY, f1 - rf = {- 1, 2, - 3, - 4} .

(ii)

f2 = { (1, 4), (1, 1), (9, 3), (16, 2) }. F 1 MdJ U btntwhd HcUf
4 kW 1 MatWl bjhlgLjgLsJ.
Mfnt, f2 xU rhgy.

22

10M tF fzF

(iii)

f3 = { (4, 2), (1, 2), (9, 2), (16, 2) }.

A - xbthU cW B - xnubahU cWnghL bjhlgLjgLsJ.

vdnt,

(iv)

f4 = { (1, 2), (4, 5), (9, 4), (16, 5) }.

f3 xU rhghF. nkY, f3 - rf = { 2 } MF.

A- xbthU cW B- xnubahU cWnghL bjhlgLjgLsJ.

Mfnt, f4 xU rhghF. nkY, f4 - rf = { 2, 5, 4} MF.

vLJfhL 1.18
x, x $ 0 vDnghJ
,

x =)
- x, x 1 0 vDnghJ

{ ( x, y) | y = | x |, x ! R } vw cw, rhig tiuaWwjh? mj rf fhf.
x- xbthU kF y = | x| vw xU jj (xnubahU) k csJ.

Mfnt, bfhLfgl cw, xU rhid tiuaWwJ.
rh kgf midJ bkbaf fz R MF.
xbthU bkbaQF | x | MdJ vnghJ akhfnth
xl
myJ if bkbazhfnth Ugjh, rhdh
ilF HcUf if bkbafshF.

Mfnt, j rf Fiw bkbaf myhj (if
bkba myJ a) vf fz MF.

y = |x|
x

yl

gl 1.20

Fiu

x, x $ 0 vDnghJ
, vwthW mik rh y = x , x d R , vgJ
x =)
- x, x 1 0 vDnghJ
kL rh myJ mw rh (modulus or absolute value function) vdgL.
vLJfhlhf,

- 8 =-^- 8h = 8. nkY , 8 = 8.

1.8.1 rhfis FF Kiw (Representation of functions)

(i)

(ii)

f : A " B vw rhid tU Kiwf Ffyh.

(i) tir nrhof fz (a set of ordered pairs) (ii) mltiz (a table)
(iii) mF gl (an arrow diagram)
(iv) tiugl (a graph)
f = "(x , y) : y = f (x), x d A , vwthW mik midJ tir nrhof
fzkhf, rh f : A " B -I Ffyh.
x- kf kW f M bgwgL HcUf Madtiw bfhL xU
mltizia mikfyh.

(iii) xU mF gl f- kgf cWfis

HcUfis mFf _y bjhlgL fhlyh.
(iv)

mtFa

f = "(x , y) : y = f (x), x d A , - cs midJ tir nrhofis, xU js

fshf Ffyh. midJ fis FF gl f- tiuglkhF.
1. fzfS rhfS

23


rhfis gntW jf Fgij y vLJfhLf _ykhf sFnth.

gy rhfSF mt tiuglij bgw Ko. Mdh xbthU tiuglK
xU rhid FfhJ.

xU tiugl rhghFkh vgij khf tU nrhjidia gagLjyh.

1.8.2 FJnfhL nrhjid (Vertical line test)

tiuglij, xbthU FJnfhL mfgr xnubahU btodh,
mtiugl xU rhid FF.
F

y FJnfhLf tiuglij btlhkY Ufyh. VnjD xU
FJnfhL tiuglij xWF nkgl f btodh, mj tiugl xU
rhid FfhJ. Vbd, x- xU kF, y-F FiwjJ uL kf
UF. vLJfhlhf, y2 = x vgJ xU rhgy.
vLJfhL 1.19
FJnfhL nrhjidia gagL tU tiuglf vit rhid

FF vd khf.
y

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

yl

yl gl 1.21

xl

xl

gl 1.22

(iv)

xl

xl

yl
yl

gl 1.23

gl 1.24

(i) xU FJnfhL, tiuglij P kW Q Ma U f btLtjh,

bfhLfgl tiugl xU rhid FfhJ.
(ii)

vj xU FJnfhL tiuglij mfgrkhf xnubahU btLtjh,

j tiugl xU rhid FF.

24

10M tF fzF

(iii) xU FJnfhL tiuglij A kW B vw U f btLtjh, j

tiugl xU rhid FfhJ.
(iv)

bfhLfgl tiuglkhdJ FJnfhL nrhjidia iw brtjh, tiugl

xU rhid FF.

vLJfhL 1.20
A = { 0, 1, 2, 3 } kW B = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 } vgd U fzf vf. f : A " B

vD rh f (x) = 2x + 1 vd bfhLfgLsJ. rhid (i) tir nrhof

fz (ii) mltiz (iii) mF gl (iv) tiugl Matwh Ff.

A = { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, B = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 },

f (x) = 2x + 1 . Mfnt,

f (0) = 2(0) + 1 = 1, f (1) = 2(1)+1 = 3 , f (2) = 2(2) + 1 = 5, f (3) = 2(3) + 1 = 7

(i)

tir nrhof fz

bfhLfgLs rh f -I tU tir nrhof fzkhf vGjyh.

f = { (0, 1), (1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 7) }.

(ii)

mltiz mik

rh f I nH bfhLfgLs mltizah Fngh.

f (x)

(iii)

mF gl

rh f - I xU mF gljh Fngh. fzf A

A
0
1
2
3

kW B Matiw uL _oa tistiufsh Fngh.

A- xbthU cW B- cs mj xnubahU H

B
1
3
5
7
9

f : AB

gl 1.25

cUl mFah bjhlgLjgLsJ.

y

(iv) tiugl

vd bfhLfgLsJ. (0, 1), (1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 7)

1.26-
js FfgLsd.
Ma

f,

gl

midJ
fS
tiuglij FwJ.

nrJ

(3, 7)

f = "^ x, f (x)h ; x ! A , = {(0,1), (1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 7)}

fhosthW

(2, 5)

5
4

(1, 3)

rhDila

(0, 1)

gl 1.26

1. fzfS rhfS

25

1.8.3 rhf tiff (Types of functions)

rhf gfis mogilahf bfhL, rhfis y Fl tiffshf
fyh.
(i)
xWF xwhd rh myJ 1-1 rh (One-One function)

f : A " B vgJ xU rh vf. A- btntwhd cWfis B- cs btntW
cWfSl f MdJ bjhlgLJkhd, f vgJ xWF xwhd rh MF.
mjhtJ A- cs cWf u, v vgd u ! v vDnghJ f (u) ! f (v)
A
B
f
vd Ujh f vgJ 1-1 rh MF. UJ f MdJ 1-1 rh
7
5
9
v, A- cs xWF nkgl cWf H cUfshf
6
10
7
B- vj xU cW UfTlhJ. xWF xwhd rh vgJ
8
8
xUw rh (injective function) vd miHfgL. gl 1.27,
4
gl 1.27
xWF xwhd rhid FwJ.
(ii) nk rh (Onto function)
f : A " B vw rh B-Ys xbthU cWF A- xU KcU U,

A
B
f
f xU nk rh (onto) vdgL. f^ah = b vgjzf xbthU
a
x
b ! B -F FiwjJ xU cW a ! A U, rh f vgJ nk
b
y
c
rh vdgL. J f - rf B vW TWtjF rk. xU nk
z
d
rhig nkw rh (surjective function) vd miHfyh. gl 1. 28
gl 1.28
nk rhig FwJ.
(iii) xWF xwhd kW nk rh (One-One and onto function)

rh f vgJ xWF xwhd rhghf kW nk
A
B
15
rhghf UFnkahdh, f : A " B vgJ xWF xwhd 10
20
25
kW nk rh myJ Uw rh (bijective function) vdgL.
30
35

f : A " B vw rh A- btntW cWf B- btntW 40
45
cWfnshL bjhlgLjgLsjhY, B- xbthU cW
gl 1.29
A- cs xU cW H cUthf UgjhY f MdJ xU xWF xwhd kW
nk rhghF.
F
(i) f : A " B vgJ xU nk rh v, v kLnk B= f- rf MF.
(ii) f^a1h = f^a2h ( a1 = a2 vd, B- xbthU cWF A- xnu xU
KcU Ujh, Ujh kLnk, f : A " B vgJ xWF xwhd kW
nk rhghf UF.
(iii) f : A " B vgJ Uw rh kW A, B Mad KoW fzf v, A, B
f M vf (fz vf) rkkhf UF. gl 1.29 MdJ xWF
xwhd kW nk rhig FwJ.
(iv) f : A " B MdJ xU Uw rh v, A kW B vgd rkhd fzfshf
UF.
(v) xWF xwhd kW nk rh `xWF xwhd nfhj (one-one
correspondence) vW TwgL.
26

10M tF fzF

(iv)

kh rh (constant function)

A- cs vyh cWfS B- cs xnu xU cWid

H cUthf bfhlh, f : A " B vgJ xU kh rh vdgL.

kh rh rf XUW fz (singleton set) MF.

A
x
y
u
v
1

A = { x, y, u, v,1 }, B = { 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 15} vf.

f : A " B vgJ xbthU x ! A -F f (x) = 5 vd tiuaWfgLwJ.

gl 1.30 MdJ xU kh rhid FwJ.

(v)

rk rh (identity function)

A xU btww fz vf. midJ a ! A -F f (a) = a vd

B
3
5
7
8
10
15

gl 1.30

rh A-Ys xbthU cW mjDlndna bjhlgLjgL.

y=

Ujh, f : A " A vgJ A- rk rh vdgL. mjhtJ, rk

vLJfhlhf, A = R vf. x ! R -F f (x) = x vd tiuaWfgL

rh f : R $ R vgJ rk rhghF. R - jhd rk rh

gl 1.31

tiuglij gl 1.31 FwJ.

vLJfhL 1.21
2

A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, B = N kW f : A " B MdJ f (x) = x vd tiuaWfgLsJ

f - rfij fhf. nkY, rh tifia fhf.

A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, g }
2

f : A " B MdJ f (x) = x vd bfhLfgLsJ.

` f (1) = 12 = 1 ; f (2) = 4 ; f (3) = 9 ;

vdnt, f - rf = { 1, 4, 9, 16, 25}

btntwhd cWf btntW H cUfnshL bjhlgLjgLsjh,

f (4) = 16 kW f (5) = 25.

J xWF xwhd rh MF. nkY, 3 ! B UD f (x) = x = 3 vgjzf

vj xU cW x ! A - yhjjh, J nk rh my.
Fiu

g (x) = x vwthW mikj g : R $ R vw rhid fUJf.

u = 1 kW v =- 1 v, u ! v . Mdh g (u) = g (1) = 1 = g (- 1) = g (v) .
Mfnt, rh g MdJ xU xWF xwhd rhgy. vdnt, Nu kLnk
xU xWF xwhd myJ nk rhid cUthfhJ. xU rhid
xWF xwhd kW nk rh vd khf, kgf, kW Jiz
kgf Matiw fU bfhs ntL.
1. fzfS rhfS

27

vLJfhL 1.22

rh f : [1, 6) $ R MdJ tUkhW tiuaWfgLsJ.

1#x12
2 # x 1 4
4#x16
(ii) f^3 h
(i) f (5)
(iii) f^1 h
Mat kfis fhf.
1 + x,
f^ xh = *2x - 1,
3x2 - 10,

(i)

( [1 , 6) = { " x ! R :1 # x 1 6 , )
(iv) f^2h - f^4h

(v) 2 f^5h - 3 f^1 h

f (5) - kig fhngh. 5 MdJ 4- F 6- F il csJ.

2
vdnt,
f (x) = 3x - 10 x = 5 vd ul ntL.
2
Mfnt,
f (5) = 3 (5 ) - 10 = 65

(ii)

f (3) - kigfhngh. 3 MdJ 2-F 4-F il csJ.

vdnt,

f (x) = 2x - 1 x = 3 vd ul ntL.

Mfnt,

f (3) = 2 (3) - 1 = 5.

(iii)

f (1) - kig fhngh. 1 MdJ 1 # x 1 2 vw il bt csJ.

vdnt,

f (x) = 1 + x x =1 vd ul ntL.

Mfnt,

f (1) = 1 + 1 = 2.

(iv) 2 # x 1 4 vw ilbt x = 2 csJ. vdnt, f (2) = 2 (2) - 1 = 3 .

nkY, 4 # x 1 6 vw ilbt x = 4 csJ.

vdnt, f (4) = 3 (4 ) - 10 = 3 (16) - 10 = 48 - 10 = 38

Mfnt, f (2) - f (4) = 3 38 = 35.

(v)

f (5) = 3 (5 ) - 10 = 65 . nkY, f (1) = 1 + 1 = 2 .

vdnt, 2 f^5h - 3 f^1 h = 2 (65) - 3 (2) = 130 - 6 = 124.

g 1.4
1.

tU mF glf rhig Fwdth vd TWf. c ilF

jFj fhuz TWf.

P
Q
(i)
f
a
b
c
d

2.

(ii)

x
y
z

bfhLfgLs F = { (1, 3), (2, 5), (4, 7), (5, 9), (3, 1) } vD rhF, kgf
kW rf Matiw fhf.

28

10M tF fzF

3.

A = { 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 }; B = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 } kW fi : A " B , i = 1,2,3.

vf. nH bfhLfgLsit vtif rhid FF? ilfhd
jFj fhuz jUf.

(i)

(ii) f2 = { (10, 1), (11, 1), (12, 1), (13, 1), (14, 1) }

(iii) f3 = { (10, 0), (11, 1), (12, 2), (13, 3), (14, 5) }

4.

X = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, Y = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 } vf. X-UJ Y-fhd cwf nH

bfhLfgLsd. t vit rhghF? c ilfhd jFj fhuz
jUf. nkY, mit rh v, vtif rhghF?
(i) R1 = { ^ x, yh | y = x + 2 , x ! X , y ! Y }

f1 = { (10, 1), (11, 2), (12, 3), (13, 5), (14, 3) }

(ii) R2 = { (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 5) }

(iii) R3 = { (1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 7) }

(iv) R4 = { (1, 3), (2, 5), (4, 7), (5, 9), (3, 1) }

5.

R = {(a, - 2), (- 5, b), (8, c), (d, - 1)} vgJ rk rhig FFbk,
a, b, c kW d Mat kfis fhf.

6.

A = { 2, 1, 1, 2 } kW f = $` x, 1 j : x ! A . v, f - rfij fhf.
x
nkY, f vgJ A-UJ A-F xU rhghFkh?

7.

f = { (2, 7), (3, 4), (7, 9), (1, 6), (0, 2), (5, 3) } vgJ
A = { 1, 0, 2, 3, 5, 7 } -UJ B = { 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 } -F xU rh vf. f vw rh
(i) xWF xwhd rhghFkh?

(ii) nk rhghFkh?

(iii) xWF xwhd kW nk rhghFkh?

8.

f = { (12, 2), (13, 3), (15, 3), (14, 2), (17, 17) } vw rh 2 kW 3 Mat
KcUfis fhf.

9.

nH bfhLfgLs mltiz MdJ, A= { 5, 6, 8, 10 }-UJ

B = { 19, 15, 9, 11 }-F f^ xh = 2x - 1 vwthW mikj xU rh v, a kW

b Madt kfis fhf?
x

10

f(x)

11

19

10.

A = { 5, 6, 7, 8 }; B = { 11, 4, 7, 10,7, 9,13 } vf.

f = {( x, y ) : y = 3 - 2x , x ! A , y ! B } vd tiuaWfgLsJ.

(i) f - cWfis vGJf

(iii) rf fhf

(ii) mj Jiz kgf ahJ?

(iv) vtif rh vd fhf.
1. fzfS rhfS

29

11.

nH bfhLfgLs tiuglf vit rhid Fwd? ilfhd

jFj fhuz jUf.

y
(i)

y
(ii)

(iii)

y
(iv)

(v)

f = { (1, 2), ( 3, 1), (5, 6), ( 4, 3) } I

12.

bfhLfgLs rh

(i) mltiz

13.

A = { 6, 9, 15, 18, 21 }; B = { 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 } kW f : A " B vgJ

f^ xh = x - 3 vd tiuaWfgoU rh f -I
3
(i) mF gl
(ii) tir nrhof fz

(iii) mltiz

14.

A = {4, 6, 8, 10 } kW B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 } vf. f : A " B vgJ

f^ xh = 1 x + 1 vd tiuaWfgLsJ. rh f -I
2
(i) mF gl (ii) tir nrhof fz (iii) mltiz
Mat _y Ff.

15.

(ii) mF gl Mat _y Ff.

(iv) tiugl

Mat _y Ff.

rh f : 6- 3, 7h " R flthW tiuaWfgLsJ.

4 x 2 - 1; - 3 # x 1 2
f^ xh = *3x - 2;
2#x#4
2x - 3;
41x#6

tUtdtiw fhf.

(i)
f^5h + f^6h

(iii)
30

f^- 2h - f^4h

10M tF fzF

(ii)

f^1 h - f^- 3h

(iv)

f (3) + f (- 1)
2f (6) - f (1)

16.

rh f : 6- 7, 6h " R flthW tiuaWfgLsJ.

x2 + 2x + 1; - 7 # x 1 - 5
f (x) = * x + 5 ;
-5 # x # 2
x - 1;
2 1 x16
tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) 2 f (- 4) + 3 f (2)

(ii) f (- 7) - f (- 3)

(iii)

4 f (- 3) + 2 f (4)
f (- 6) - 3 f (1)

g 1.5
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1.

A kW B , vgd uL fzf vf. A , B = A vgjF njitahd

kW nghJkhd fLghL.

(A) B 3 A

2.

A 1 B v, A + B =

(A) B

3.

P kW Q vgd VnjD uL fzf v, P + Q =

(A) " x : x ! P myJ x ! Q ,

(B) " x : x ! P kW x b Q ,

(C) " x : x ! P kW x ! Q ,

(D) " x : x b P kW x ! Q ,

4.

A = { p, q, r, s }, B = { r, s, t, u } v, A\B =

(A) { p, q }

5.

n 6 p (A) @ = 64 v, n^ Ah =

(B) A 3 B
(B) A\B

(B) { t, u }
(B) 8

(C) A ! B

(D) A + B = z

(C) A

(D) B\A

(C) { r, s }

(D) {p, q, r, s }

(C) 4

(D) 5

(A) 6

6.

A, B kW C Ma VnjD _W fzfSF, A + ^ B , C h =

(A) ^ A , Bh , ^ B + C h

(B) ^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h

(C) A , (B + C)

(D) ^ A , Bh + ^ B , C h

7.

A, B Ma uL fzfSF, {(A \ B) , (B \ A)} + (A + B) =

(A) z

8.

nH bfhLfgLsitf jtwhd TW vJ?

(A) A \ B = A + Bl

(B) A \ B = A + B

(C) A \ B = (A , B) + Bl

(D) A \ B = (A , B) \ B

9.

A, B kW C Ma _W fzfSF B \ ^ A , C h =

(A) ^ A \ Bh + ^ A \ C h

(B) ^ B \ Ah + ^ B \ C h

(C) ^ B \ Ah + ^ A \ C h

(D) ^ A \ Bh + ^ B \ C h

(B) A , B

(C) A + B

(D) Al + Bl

1. fzfS rhfS

31

10.

n(A) = 20 , n(B) = 30 kW n (A , B) = 40 v, n (A + B) =

(A) 50

11.

{ ( x , 2), (4, y) } xU rk rhig FwJ v, (x, y) =

(A) (2, 4)

12.

{ (7, 11), (5, a ) } xU khrhig FwJ v, a - k

(A) 7

13.

f (x) = ^- 1hx vgJ N -UJ Z - F tiuaWf gLsJ.

(A) { 1}

14.

f = { (6, 3), (8, 9), (5, 3), (1, 6) } v, 3- K cUf

(A) 5 kW 1

15.

A = { 1, 3, 4, 7, 11 } kW B = {1, 1, 2, 5, 7, 9 } vf.

f = { (1, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1), (7, 5), (11, 9) } vwthW mikj rh f : A " B vgJ

(A) xWF xwhd rh

(C) Uw rh

16.

bfhLfgLs gl FF rh, xU

(A) nk rh

(B) kh rh

(C) xWF xwhd rh

(D) rh my

2
4
5

17.

A = { 5, 6, 7 }, B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } vf. f (x) = x - 2 vwthW tiuaiw bragl

rh f : A " B rf,

(A) { 1, 4, 5 }

18.

f (x) = x2 + 5 v, f (- 4) =

(a) 26

19.

xU rh rf XUW fzkhdh, mJ xU

(A) kh rh

(B) rk rh

(C) Uw rh

(D) xWF xwhd rh

20.

f : A " B xU Uw rh kW n(A) = 5 v, n(B) =

(A) 10

32

(B) 10

(C) 40

(B) (4, 2)

(C) (2, 2)

(B) 11

(C) 5

(B) N

(C) { 1, 1 }

(B) 6 kW 8

(C) 8 kW 1

(B) 4

10M tF fzF

(D) (4, 4)

(D) 9
f - rf

(D) Z

(D) 6 kW 5

(B) nk rh
(D) rh my

(B) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }

(b) 21

(D) 70

(C) { 2, 3, 4 }

(c) 20

(C) 5

D
4
2
16
25

(D) { 3, 4, 5 }

(d) 20

(D) 25

id bfhf

fzf

q fz vgJ eF tiuaWfgl bghUf bjhFghF.

fzf nr, gkhW g kW nr g cilaJ.

fzf btL, gkhW g kW nr g cilaJ.
fzf ahr gkhW g cilajy.

fzf xWbfhW btlh fzfshU mt ahr

nr g cilaJ.

gL f

A , ^ B + C h = ^ A , Bh + ^ A , C h
A + ^ B , C h = ^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h

fz ahrfhd o khf f

A\ ^ B , C h = ^ A\B h + ^ A\C h

fz ufhd o khf f

^ A , B h ' = A ' + B'

A\ ^ B + C h = ^ A\B h , ^ A\C h

^ A + Bh ' = A' , B'

fzf nr fz viz (M v) fl Nuf

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B)

n^ A , B , C h
= n^ Ah + n^ Bh + n^C h - n^ A + Bh - n^ B + C h - n^ A + C h + n^ A + B + C h .

rhf
q

A , B vD U fzf fhOa bgUfgy

A # B = "^a, bh ; a ! A , b ! B , vd tiuaWfgL.

A -UJ B - F cw R vgJ A # B - btww xU cfz MF.

mjhtJ, R 3 A # B .

f : X " Y vw rh fhQ gjidf go tiuaWfgLsJ:

xbthU x ! X xnubahU y = f (x) ! Y cl bjhlgLjgLsJ.

q xbthU rhid xU tiugl _y Ffyh. MD, bghJthf

j kWjiy bkahfhJ.

1. fzfS rhfS

33

xbthU FJnfhL tiuglij mfgr xU btodh

mtiugl xU rhid FF.

(i) tir nrhof fz

(ii) mF gl
(iii) mltiz
(iv) tiugl
Matwh xU rhid Ffyh.

rh y = | x | vD kL rh myJ mw rh vg tiuaiw :

x,
x =)
-x ,
q

x $ 0 vDnghJ
x 1 0 vDnghJ

rhf tiff tUkhW

xWF xwhd rh

(btntW cWfSF btntW H cUf).

nk rh

( f- rf = f- Jiz kgf )

Uw rh

( xWF xwhd kW nk rh )

kh rh

( f- rf XUWfz )

rk rh

( xbthU cW HcU mnj cWghF )

cfSF bjkh?
a gR fzFf (Millennium Prize problems) vgd mbkfh
cs ns fj Wtd (Clay Mathematics Institute) 2000 M Mo
mj VG fzFfshF. Mf 2010 tiu MW fzFf
fhzglhk csd. xU fz rahd F 1000,000 mbkf
lhyf, mWtdjh gR bjhifahf mfgLsJ. mj VG
fzFf ghnf fb#r (Poincare conjecture) vgJ kLnk
uZa fj nkij nfh bgnk (Girigori Perelman) vgtuh 2010-
fglJ. MD, mjFa gid bgw mt kWJ lh.
(bk myJ bkay vd %fgl ntoa fj Tid fb#r
(conjecture) vngh)

34

10M tF fzF

bkbaf
bjhltirfS bjhlfS
Mathematics is the Queen of Sciences, and arithmetic
is the Queen of Mathematics - C.F.Gauss

2.1

mKf

bjhltirf

TL bjhltir

bgUF bjhltir (G.P.)

bjhlf

(A.P.)

mKf

ghl bkbaf bjhltirfis

g, bjhlfis g fngh. bjhltir
vgJ l tuyhW bfhl mogil fj
fUjhF. nkY, bjhltirf w fj fUJfis
nkgLJtjF aghd thif Niyfis
fjkakhFtjF gagL fUahf mikwd.

N kW R vgd Kiwna midJ if

KGfis kW bkbafis FF vgij
id TWnth.
tU eilKiw ffis vLJ bfhnth.

(i)

nuh (ISRO) Phf, rk fhy ilbt xU

Fl fhyF fl klUJ braif
nfh cauij ffhJ g brjd.

(ii)

unt mikrf, brid ka bjhl to

iyaij dr vjid ng gagLJwd
vgij ma UaJ. Mfnt, ka bjhlto
iyaF ehnjhW tUnth vifia
bjhlJ 180 ehfSF g brjJ.

(iii)

9 M tF gY MtKs xU khzt

nahehnlh rhndh
(nghdh)
Leonardo Pisano (Fibonacci)

(1170-1250)

jh
gilfhy
J%Lt

fjF

5 = 2.236067978g vw jKwh v
jrk gF cs jrk vfis ma U
tUkhW vGdh : 2, 3, 6, 0, 6, 7, 9, 7, 8, g .

nghdh

Ka gfhdh. mtUila
bga ed fj tYefSF,
Kakhf nghdh bgauh

(iv)

miHfgl vf mikj
bjhltir fhuzkhf mKf
khW. nghdh vfis mt
ajhf flaiy. Mdh
mtiw xU bjhl tir
cjhuzkhf gagLdh.

(v)

1-I bjhFahf bfhl midJ if

dfis xU khzt fla U
tUkhW vGdh : 1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , g .
2 3 4 5
xU fj Mia, j tFYs khztf
bgafis mfu tir vG, mtf bgw
kbgfis tUkhW vGdh :

75, 95, 67, 35, 58, 47, 100, 89, 85, 60.
35

(vi)

mnj Mia, mnj kbgf tuij tUkhW VWtir vGdh :

35, 47, 58, 60, 67, 75, 85, 89, 95, 100.

nkfl vLJfhLf xbth bjhFYs bkbafis Fl
tirgo goalgLsd.

j tirmikf (iii) kW (iv)- f Kowh vif cWf
csd. (i) (ii) , (v) kW (vi)- f KoW vif cWf csd.
Mdh, (v) kW (vi)-f xnu bjhFYs vf khWgl tir csd.

2.2 bjhltirf

(Sequences)

tiuaiw

bkbaf bjhltir vgJ, Fl tir mikfgl myJ
goalgl bkbaf tirahF.

(i) xU bjhltir KoW vif cWfis bfhoUjh, mJ

KoW bjhltir (finite sequence) vdgL.
(ii) xU bjhltir Kowh vif cWf U, mJ Kowh
bjhltir ( infinite sequence) vdgL.
n

KoW bjhltiria S : a1, a2, a3, g, an myJ S = {a j} j = 1 vd, Kowh

3
bjhltiria S : a1, a2, a3, g , an, g myJ S = {a j} j = 1 vd Fngh. F ak
vgJ bjhltir k-MtJ cWig FF. vLJfhlhf, bjhltir

a1 vgJ Kj cW vd a7 vgJ 7 M cW vd FlgL.

nkfl vLJfhLf (i), (ii), (v) kW (vi) vgd KoW
bjhltirfshF. Mdh, (iii) kW (iv) Mat cs bjhltirf Kowh
bjhltirfshF.

vf bjhFig bjhltirahf mikjh, mbjhltir bjthd
Kj cW, ulh cW, _wh cW, vd bjhlahf w cWfis
bfhoUF. Kng bjhltirF y vLJfhLfis fnlh. nkY,
tU vLJfhLfis fU bfhnth.

(i) 2, 4, 6, 8, g , 2010.

(KoW vif cWf)

(ii) 1, - 1, 1, - 1, 1, - 1, 1, g. (1 kW -1 MatF il cWf CryhLwd)

(iii) r, r, r, r, r.

(iv) 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, g . (gfh vf goa)

(v) 0.3, 0.33, 0.333, 0.3333, 0.33333, g . (Ko vif cWf)

(vi) S = " an ,13 , F ehzaij bjhlJ RL nghJ n-MtJ is jiy

myJ iljh an - k Kiwna 1 myJ 0 MF.

(kh bjhltir)

nknys vLJfhLf (i) kW (iii) vgd KoW bjhltirf

kwit Kowh bjhltirf MF. (i)-UJ (v) tiuYs vLJfhLf
36

10M tF fzF

cs bjhltirf cWf xU Fl mik myJ go

tirgLjgLsd. vdnt, mjifa bjhltirf Fl iy
cWfis flayh. Mdh, (vi)- cs bjhltir Fl iy
cs cWid khf ayhJ. mJ 1 myJ 0 Mf UF. F mik
vD brhiy, xU bjhltir n-MtJ cWig mj Kija cWf
mikJs tifia bfhL mj vD bghU gagLJnwh. bghJthf
bjhltirfis rhfshf fUjyh.

2.2.1 bjhltirfis rhfshf mj (Sequences viewed as functions)

n

bkbafshyhd xU KoW bjhltir a1, a2, a3, g, an myJ S = {a j} j = 1
vgij f^ k h = ak, k = 1, 2, 3, g, n vd tiuaWfgl f : {1, 2, 3, 4, g, n} " R vw
rhghf fUjyh.

bkbafshyhd xU Kowh bjhltir a1, a2, a3, g , an, g myJ
S = {a j} 3j = 1 I g^ k h = ak, 6 k ! N vd tiuaWfgl g : N " R vw rhghf fUjyh.

F 6 vw FpL
vyhtFkhf (for all) vd bghUgL.
bjhltir " ak ,13 - bghJ cW ak juglh, bjhltiria KGikahf mikf
Ko. Mfnt, bjhltir vgJ xU rh MF. mj kgf a vf fz
N = { 1, 2, 3, g, } Mfnth myJ a vf y cfzfshfnth UF.
mj rf bkbaf xU cfzkhf UF.
Fiu

rhghdJ xU bjhltirahf Uf ntoa mta iy.
vLJfhlhf, rh f : R $ R MdJ f (x) = 2x + 1 , 6 x ! R vd mikkhdh,
mJ xU bjhltirahfhJ. Vbd, rh rf cWfis
bjhltir mikf KoahJ. nkY, rh kgf MdJ a vf
fz N Mfnth myJ a vf cfz { 1, 2, g, n } Mfnth mika
bgwiy vgij ftf.

vLJfhL 2.1

-MtJ cW bfhLfgLs tU bjhltir Kj _W
cWfis fhf.
n^n + 1h^2n + 1h
cn =
, 6n!N
6
n^n + 1h^2n + 1h

F,
, 6n!N
cn =
6
1^1 + 1h^2^1 h + 1h

n = 1 v,
= 1.
c1 =
6
2^2 + 1h^4 + 1h
2^3 h^5h
=
= 5.

n = 2 v,
c2 =
6
6
3^3 + 1h^7h
^3 h^4h^7h
=
= 14.

n = 3 v,
c3 =
6
6

vdnt, bjhltir Kj _W cWf Kiwna 1, 5 kW 14.

nkTa vLJfho, bghJ cW Nu ekF bfhLfgLsJ.
vdnt, vj xU Fl cWig neuoahf fLofyh.
tU vLJfho, kbwhU Kiw bjhltir mikjiy fhzyh.
2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

37

vLJfhL 2.2

tU bjhltirf Kj IJ cWfis fhf.
a

(i) a1 =- 1,
an = n - 1 , n 2 1 kW 6 n ! N
n+2

(ii) F1 = F2 = 1 kW Fn = Fn - 1 + Fn - 2, n = 3, 4, g.

a
(i)
a1 =- 1 kW an = n - 1 , n 2 1 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
n+2
a1

vdnt,
=-1
a2 =
4
2+2
-1
a2


a3 =
= 4 =- 1
3+2
5
20
1
a3


a4 =
= 20 =- 1
4+2
6
120
1
a4
120 =- 1


a5 =
=
5+2
7
840

` bjhltir Kj IJ cWf - 1, - 1 , - 1 , - 1 kW - 1 .
840
4
20
120
(ii) F1 = F2 = 1 kW Fn = Fn - 1 + Fn - 2 , 6 n = 3, 4, 5, g vd bfhLfgLsJ.
bghGJ,

F1 = 1 , F2 = 1
F3 = F2 + F1 = 1 + 1 = 2

F4 = F3 + F2 = 2 + 1 = 3

F5 = F4 + F3 = 3 + 2 = 5

` bjhltir Kj IJ cWf Kiwna 1, 1, 2, 3, 5.

Fiu

F1 = F2 = 1 kW Fn = Fn - 1 + Fn - 2, n = 3, 4, g
vgUJ bgwgL bjhltir nghdh (Fibonacci
sequence) bjhltir vdgL. j cWf 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34, g. Nafh cs ijf miknghW
nghdh bjhltir aif fhzgLwJ.
Nafh ijf RU RUshf v v
irf mikJsd. mj RUf vif
nghdh bjhltir cs mLjLj vfis FwJ.
g 2.1
1.

38

n-MtJ cW bfhLfgl tU bjhltir xbthY Kj _W

cWfis fhf.
n^ n - 2h
^- 1hn n^n + 2h
n+2
(i) an =

(ii) cn = ^- 1hn 3

(iii) zn =
4
3
10M tF fzF

2.

xbthU bjhltir n- MtJ cW nH bfhLfgLsJ. mit

xbthY FlgLs cWfis fhf.

n+3
(i) an = n + 2 ; a7 , a9
(ii) an = ^- 1hn 2 ^n + 1h ; a5 , a8
2n + 3
2
n
2
(iv) an = (- 1) (1 - n + n ); a5 , a8
(iii) an = 2n - 3n + 1; a5 , a7.

3.

n (n + 3), n ! N kW n uilgil v vDnghJ

2n , n ! N kW n xiwgil v vDnghJ
an = *
2
n +1
vd tiuaWfgl bjhltir 18- tJ kW 25-tJ cWfis fhf.

4.

bn = )

vd tiuaWfgl bjhltir 13 MtJ kW 16MtJ cWfis fhf.

5.

a1 = 2, a2 = 3 + a1 kW an = 2an - 1 + 5, n 2 2, vd bfhl bjhltir

n,
n ! N kW n uilgil v vDnghJ
n (n + 2), n ! N kW n xiwgil v vDnghJ

Kj 5 cWfis fhf.

6.

a1 = a2 = a3 = 1 kW an = an - 1 + an - 2 , n 2 3 , vd bfhl bjhltir
Kj 6 cWfis fhf.

2.3 TL bjhltir myJ TL U

(Arithmetic Sequence or Arithmetic Progression, A.P.)

gF y w bjhltirfis fhngh.
tiuaiw
an + 1 = an + d , n ! N kW d xU khahf U, bjhltir
a1, a2, a3, g, an , g I xU TL bjhltir vngh. F a1 vgJ Kj cW
kW kh d vgJ bghJ ahr vW TL bjhltiria TL
U vd miHg. jid RUfkhf A.P. vd Ffyh.

vLJfhLf

(i) 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, g

vgJ xU TL bjhltir. F, a1 = 2 kW
bghJ ahr d = 3 xU kh.
(ii) - 4, - 4, - 4, - 4, g vgJ xU TL bjhltir.
F, a 1 = - 4 kW d = 0 xU kh.
(iii) 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, 0, - 0.5, - 1.0, - 1.5, g vgJ xU TL bjhltir.
F, a1 = 2 kW d = - 0.5 xU kh.

TL bjhltir bghJtot (Genaral form of an Arithmetic Progression)

TL bjhltir bghJtotij mJ bfhnth. xU TL
3
bjhltir {ak} k = 1 - Kj cWig a vd bghJ ahrij d vd vLJ
bfhf.
vdnt,
a1 = a , an + 1 = an + d , 6 n ! N
2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

39

Mfnt, n = 1, 2, 3 v,
a2 = a1 + d = a + d = a + (2 - 1) d

a3 = a2 + d = (a + d) + d = a + 2d = a + (3 - 1) d
a4 = a3 + d = (a + 2d) + d = a + 3d = a + (4 - 1) d
Kiwia bjhlu, n-MtJ cWid tUkhW fhzyh.

an = an - 1 + d = [a + (n - 2) d] + d = a + (n - 1) d.

vdnt, xbthU n ! N -F an = a + (n - 1) d vd ilwJ.

Mfnt, xU TL bjhltir myJ TL U (A.P.)

a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, g , a + (n - 1) d, a + nd, g vd mik.

nkY, xU TL bjhltir bghJ cWfhd Nu

tn = a + (n - 1) d , 6n ! N .
F

(i) xU bjhltir KoW bjhltirahf Ufyh. TL bjhltir
n cWf kLnk csJ v, fil cW l = a + ^n - 1h d MF.
(ii) l = a + ^n - 1h d vgij n = ` l - a j + 1 vd vGjyh. Kj cW,
d
fil cW kW bghJ ahr Mad bfhLfglh TL
bjhltirYs cWf vifia fla Nu gagL.

(iii) xU A.P.- bjhlahd 3 cWfis m - d, m, m + d vd bfhsyh.

F bghJ ahr d MF.
(iv) xU TL bjhltir bjhlahd 4 cWfis
m - 3d, m - d, m + d, m + 3d vd bfhsyh. F bghJ ahr 2d.
(v) TL bjhltir xbthU cWlD xnu khia TodhY
fjhY mbjhltir xU TL bjhltirahfnt UF.

(vi) TL bjhltir xbthU cWig xU akw khah

bgUdhY tFjhY mbjhltir TL bjhltirahfnt UF.

vLJfhL 2.3

tUtdtW vit TL bjhltir (A.P.) csJ?

(i) 2 , 4 , 6 , g . (ii) 3m - 1, 3m - 3, 3m - 5, g .
3 5 7

(i) n d N , tn bfhLfgl bjhltir n MtJ cW vf.

F,

t1 = 2 , t2 = 4 , t3 = 6
3
5
7
t2 - t1 = 4 - 2 = 12 - 10 = 2
5 3
15
15
t3 - t2 = 6 - 4 = 30 - 28 = 2
7 5
35
35
t2 - t1 =
Y t3 - t2 .

Mfnt, bfhLfgl bjhltir xU TL bjhltir my. mjhtJ, A.P. my.

40

10M tF fzF

(ii)

3m - 1, 3m - 3, 3m - 5, g vgJ bfhLfgl bjhltirahF.

F,

t1 = 3m - 1, t2 = 3m - 3, t3 = 3m - 5, g .
t2 - t1 = (3m - 3) - (3m - 1) =- 2

t3 - t2 = (3m - 5) - (3m - 3) =- 2

Mfnt, bfhLfgl bjhltirahdJ 3m1 Kj cWghf kW bghJ

ahr 2 Mf bfhl xU TL bjhltir MF.

vLJfhL 2.4
tU TL bjhltirf Kj cW kW bghJ ahrij

fhf.

(i) 5, 2, - 1, - 4, g . (ii) 1 , 5 , 7 , 3 , g, 17
2 6 6 2
6

(i)

Kj cW a = 5 kW bghJ ahr d = 2 - 5 = - 3 .

(ii)

a = 1 kW bghJ ahr d = 5 - 1 = 5 - 3 = 1 .
6 2
6
3
2

vLJfhL 2.5

20,19 1 ,18 1 , g vw TL bjhltir cW tn xU Fiw vzhf
4
2
mika n- fa if KG k ahJ?
F, a = 20, d = 19 1 - 20 = - 3 .
4
4

tn 1 0 vW mikkhW n- W if KG kig fhgjhdJ,

fa n ! N -F a + (n - 1) d 1 0 -I gjF xghF.

Mfnt, fa n ! N -F 20 + ^n - 1h`- 3 j 1 0 .
4
3

^n - 1h`- j 1 - 20 ( (n - 1) # 3 2 20
4
4
(mrkghoid UwK - 1 M bgUf)

n - 1 2 20 # 4 = 80 = 26 2 .
3
3
3
2
Mfnt,
n 2 26 + 1 . mjhtJ, n 2 27 2 = 27.66
3
3
vdnt, j mrkghoid iw br fa if KG n = 28.
TL bjhltir Kj Fiw v bfhl cW, 28 MtJ cW ^t28h MF.
`

vLJfhL 2.6
xU njhl Kj tir 23 nuh#h brof, ulh tir 21

nuh#h brof _wh tir 19 nuh#h brof vw Kiw nuh#h brof
xU bjhltirmik csd. fil tir 5 nuh#h brof U,
mnjhl vjid tirf csd?
2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

41

 njhl cs tirf (iuf) vif n vf.

1, 2, 3 , g , n -MtJ tirf cs nuh#h brof vif Kiwna

23, 21, 19, g , 5 MF.
F, tk - tk - 1 =- 2 (k = 2, g, n)

vdnt, 23, 21, 19, g, 5 Ma vf TL bjhltir (A.P.)mikJsd.

nkY, a = 23,

d =- 2, l = 5 vgjh,

` n = l - a + 1 = 5 - 23 + 1 = 10.
d
-2
vdnt, mnjhl 10 tirf nuh#h brof csd.

vLJfhL 2.7

2010- xUt ML Ca ` 30,000 vd g nrUwh. nkY xbthU
tUlK `600-I ML Ca cathf bgWwh. mtUila ML Ca vj
tUl `39,000-Mf UF?
n MtJ tUl mtUila ML Ca `39,000 Mf UF vd bfhf.
2010, 2011, 2012, g , [2010 +(n - 1) ] Ma tUlf mtUila ML
Ca Kiwna `30,000, `30,600, `31,200, g , `39000.

ML Caf bjhltir xU TL bjhltiria mikwJ.

xbthU cWig 100 M tFf 300, 306, 312, g , 390 vw TL

bjhltir ilwJ.
vdnt, a = 300, d = 6, l = 390.

n = l - a + 1
d
= 390 - 300 + 1 = 90 + 1 = 16
6
6
vdnt, 16 MtJ Mo Ca ` 39,000 MF.

ML Ca ` 39,000-I 2025-M ML bgWth.

vLJfhL 2.8
_W vf j 2 : 5 : 7 vf. Kjyh v, ulh vUJ

7-I fJ bgwgL v kW _wh v Mad xU TL bjhltiria
VgLdh, mbtfis fhf.

mbtfis 2x, 5x kW 7x vf. ( x ! 0 )

bfhLfgl tu go 2x, 5x - 7, 7x vgd xU TL bjhltir MF.

` ^5x - 7h - 2x = 7x - (5x - 7) ( 3x - 7 = 2x + 7 ( x = 14.

njitahd mbtf 28, 70, 98 MF.

42

10M tF fzF

g 2.2
1.

xU TL bjhltir Kj cW 6 kW bghJ ahr 5 v,

mbjhltir, mj bghJ cWig fhf.

2.

125, 120, 115, 110, g vw TL bjhltir bghJ ahrij

15 MtJ cWig fhf.

3.

24, 23 1 , 22 1 , 21 3 , g vw TL bjhltir 3 vgJ vjidahtJ

4
2
4
cW MF?

4.

2 , 3 2 , 5 2 , g vw TL bjhltir 12 MtJ cW ahJ?

5.

4, 9, 14, g vw TL bjhltir 17 MtJ cWig fhf.

6.

tU TL bjhltir cs bkhj cWfis fhf.

7.

(i) - 1, - 5 , - 2 , g, 10 . (ii) 7, 13, 19, g , 205.

6
3
3
xU TL bjhltir 9 MtJ cW a v, 19 MtJ cW
UklF 29 MtJ cW vd %.

8.

xU TL bjhltir 10 kW 18 MtJ cWf Kiwna 41 kW 73

v, 27 MtJ cWig fhf.

9.

1, 7, 13, 19,g kW 100, 95, 90, g Ma TL bjhltirf n MtJ

cW rkbk, n- kig fhf.

10.

13M tFgL <yf if KG vf vifia fhf.

11.

xU bjhiyfh bgo jahghs VHhtJ Mo 1000 bjhiyfh

bgofis, gjhtJ Mo 1450 bjhiyfh bgofis jahjh.
xbthU ML jahF bjhiyfh bgof vif uhf
xU kh v ms mfjh, Kjyh MoY, 15 MtJ MoY
jahfgl bjhiyfh bgof vifia fhf.

12.

xUt, Kj khj `640, 2M khj `720, 3M khj `800-I nrwh. mt

jDila nrig nj bjhltir bjhljh, 25MtJ khj mtUila
nr bjhifia fhf.

13.

xU TL bjhltir mLjLj _W cWf TLj 6 kW

mt bgUF bjhif 120 v, m_W vfis fhf.

14.

xU TL bjhltir mLjLj _W cWf TLj 18 kW

mWf tff TLj 140 v, m_W vfis fhf.

15.

xU TL bjhltir m-MtJ cW m klF mj n-MtJ cW

n klFF rkbk, mTL bjhltir (m+n)-MtJ cW a

vdfhLf.
2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

43

16. xUt tUlF jto 14% jU Kjo `25,000-I KjL brjh. xbthU
tUl KoY ilF mr kW jto nrj bkhj bjhif xU TL
bjhltiria mikFkh? mthbw, 20 MLfSF wF Kjo cs
bjhifia fhf.
2

17.

a, b, c Mad TL bjhltir U (a - c) = 4 (b - ac) vd Wf.

18.

a, b, c Mad TL bjhltir U 1 , 1 , 1 Mad xU

bc ca ab
TL bjhltir UF vd Wf.
2 2 2
1 , 1 , 1
Mad TL bjhltir U
a ,b ,c
b+c c+a a+b
Mad TL bjhltir UF vdfhLf.
x
y
z
2
a = b = c , x ! 0, y ! 0, z ! 0 kW b = ac v, 1 , 1 , 1 Mad xU TL
x y z
bjhltir UF vd fhLf.

19.
20.

2.4 bgUF bjhltir myJ bgUF U

(Geometric Sequence or Geometric Progression, G.P.)
tiuaiw

n ! N -F an + 1 = an r (F r vgJ xU akw xU kh) vd

mikj bjhltir a1, a2, a3, g, an, g xU bgUF bjhltir (Geometric
Sequence) vdgL. xU bgUF bjhltiria bgUF U (Geometric
Progression) vd Twyh. F, a1 vgJ Kj cW kW r vgJ bghJ
j (common ratio) vdgL.

bgUF bjhltirF y vLJfhLfis F fhngh.

(i)

3, 6, 12, 24, g .
an + 1
= r ! 0 , n ! N vwthW mikj
an
bjhl tir " an ,13 xU bgUF bjhltir MF.

F, 6 = 12 = 24 = 2 ! 0 vgjh 3, 6, 12, 24, g vgJ xU bgUF

3
6
12
bjhltir MF.

(ii)

1 , - 1 , 1 , - 1 ,g .
9
27 81
243
1
1
- 1
27
81
243 = - 1 ! 0 .
F,
=
=
1
1
1
3
9
27
81
vdnt, bfhLfgl bjhltirahdJ xU bgUF bjhltir MF.

bgUF bjhltir bghJtot (General form of a G.P)

3

xU bgUF bjhltir {ak} k = 1 - Kj cW a kW bghJj r v,

a
midJ n ! N -F, a1 = a kW n + 1 = r MF.
an
44

10M tF fzF

mjhtJ, midJ n ! N -F, an + 1 = r an MF.

UJ n = 1, 2, 3 vd ul,
2-1

a2 = a1 r = ar = ar

a3 = a2 r = (ar) r = ar = ar

a4 = a3 r = (ar ) r = ar = ar

3-1
4-1

nkY, Kiwia bjhlu,
n-2
n-1

vd ilF.
an = an - 1 r = (ar ) r = ar
vdnt, xU bgUF bjhltir n-MtJ cW an = ar

n-1

, n ! N, MF.

nkY, xU bgUF bjhltirahdJ a, ar, ar , ar , g, ar
vw to UF.

n-1

, ar , g .

xU bgUF bjhltir bghJ cWid fhQ Nu

tn = ar

n-1

, n = 1, 2, 3, g MF.

xU bjhltir Kj y cWf bfhLfglh, mbjhltir xU

bgUF bjhltirah myJ iyah vd vthW khgJ?

tn + 1 r , F n ! N kW r xU akw kh, vwthW mik

=
tn
bjhltir " tn ,13 MdJ xU bgUF bjhltirahF.

F
(i) bjhltir Kj cWid jJ, vj xU cWF, mj Kija
cWF cs jkhdJ, akw xU kh v, mbjhltir,
bgUF bjhltir vdgL.

(ii) xU bgUF bjhltir xbthU cWig xU akw khah

bgUdhY myJ tFjhY ilF bjhltir, xU bgUF
bjhltirahfnt mik.

(iii) xU bgUF bjhltir mLjLj _W cWfis a , a, ar vd

r
vLJ bfhsyh. F r vgJ bghJ j.

3
(iv) xU bgUF bjhltir mLjLj ehF cWfis a3 , a , ar, ar
r
r
2
vd vLJ bfhsyh. (F bghJ j r )

vLJfhL 2.9

tUtdt vit bgUF bjhltir MF?

(i) 5, 10, 15, 20, g . (ii) 0.15, 0.015, 0.0015, g . (iii)

7,

21 , 3 7 , 3 21 , g .

2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

45


(i)

mLjLj

cWf

bghJ

jij

vLJbfhlh

vdnt, bjhltir bghJ jiy.

10 =
Y 15 .
5
10

Mfnt, bjhltir, xU bgUF bjhltir my.

(ii)

F, 0.015 = 0.0015 = g = 1 vd ilwJ.

0.15
0.015
10
Mfnt, bghJ j = 1 MF. vdnt, J xU bgUF bjhltirahF.
10

(iii)

21 = 3 7 = 3 21 = g = 3 . j bghJ j
7
21
3 7
vdnt, bjhltir xU bgUF bjhltir MF.

F,

3 MF.

vLJfhL 2.10
tU bgUF bjhltirf bghJ jij kW mj bghJ

cWig fhf.

(i) 2 , 6 , 18 , g .
(ii) 0.02, 0.006, 0.0018, g .
5 25 125

(i)

bfhLfgoUF bjhltir xU bgUF bjhltirahF.

t
t
Mfnt, bghJ j r = 2 = 3 = g .
t1
t2
6
vdnt, r = 25 = 3 . nkY, Kj cW 2 MF.
2
5
5
5
vdnt, bghJ cW,

tn = ar

n-1

, n = 1, 2, 3, g .

n-1
tn = 2 ` 3 j ,
5 5

n = 1, 2, 3, g

(ii) bfhLfgoUF bgUF bjhltir bghJj

r = 0.006 = 0.3 = 3 .
0.02
10

Kj cW = 0.02

vdnt, bjhltir bghJ cW

n-1
tn = (0.02) ` 3 j ,
10

n = 1, 2, 3, g

vLJfhL 2.11
xU bgUF bjhltir ehfhtJ cW 2 kW mj VHhtJ
3
16
v, mbgUF bjhltiria fhf.
cW
81

46

10M tF fzF

 t4 = 2 ; t7 = 16 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
3
81
n-1
bgUF bjhltir bghJ cWfhd Nu, tn = ar , n = 1, 2, 3, g
vgij gagLJnth.
3
6
t4 = ar = 2 kW t7 = ar = 16 MF.
3
81

jnghJ, Kj cW a kW bghJj r Matiw fhngh.

t7 -I t4 M tFf,
16
6
t7
ar

= 3 = 81 = 8 .
t4
2
27
ar

3
(
3
3

r = 8 = ` 2 j vgUJ r = 2 .
27
3
3

r- kig t4 - ul,
3
t4 = 2 ( ar = ` 2 j .
3
3
2
8
` a = 9 .
( a ( ) = .
3
4
27

vdnt, bgUF bjhltir : a, ar, ar , ar , g, ar

mjhtJ, G.P. = 9 ,
4

9 2 ,
4`3j

n-1

, ar , g MF.

9 2 2, g MF.
4`3j

vLJfhL 2.12
xU EQ gnrhjid xbthU k neuK ghOahf vif

uoghwJ. gnrhjid bjhlf 30 ghOahf Ujd. 14 MtJ k
neu Ko cs ghOahf vifia fhf.

bjhlJ xbthU kneu KoY Uf Toa ghOahf vif

U klfhwJ.

EQ nrhjid bjhlf cs ghOahf vif = 30

Kj kneu Ko ghOahf vif = 2 (30)

2M kneu Ko ghOahf vif = 2 (2 (30)) = 30 (22)

thW bjhlU bghGJ, xbthU kneu KoY cs ghOahf
vif xU bgUF bjhltiria mikwJ. mj bghJj r = 2.
n kneu Ko ghOahf vif tn vW Flh,
n
tn = 30 (2 ) vgJ bgUF bjhltir bghJ cWghF.

Mfnt, 14 MtJ kneu Ko cs ghOahf vif t14 = 30 (2 ) .

14

vLJfhL 2.13

MLF 10% j TL to mF xU t, xUt `500-I it
bjhifahf brYJwh. 10 ML Ko mtUF ilF bkhj bjhif vts?
2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

47

 mr = `500 kW TL to j 10%

xU tUlfhd to = 500` 10 j = 50 .
100

2 MtJ tUlfhd mr = Kj tUl mr + to
= 500 + 500` 10 j = 500`1 + 10 j
100
100
10
10

2 MtJ tUlfhd to = `500`1 +
.
100 jj` 100 j

3 MtJ tUlfhd mr = 500`1 + 10 j + 500`1 + 10 j 10
100
100 100
2
= 500`1 + 10 j
100

thW bjhljh,
n-1
n MtJ MoF mr = 500`1 + 10 j .
100
(n1) MtJ ML Ko ilF bkhj bjhif = n MtJ Mofhd mr.
Mfnt, n MtJ ML Ko ilF bkhj bjhif

n-1
n-1
n
= 500`1 + 10 j + 500`1 + 10 j ` 10 j = 500` 11 j
100
100
100
10
10
10 MtJ tUlKo ilF bkhj bjhif = ` 500` 11 j .
10

Fiu
nknys Kiwia gagL TLto fzFf bkhj bjhif

fhQ tU Nuij mikf Ko.

A = P (1 + i) ,

F A vgJ n MtJ ML Ko ilF bkhj bjhif, P vgJ mr,

i = r , r vgJ ML to j kW n vgJ MLf vif.
100

vLJfhL 2.14
xU bgUF bjhltir Kj _W cWf TLj 13 kW

12
mt bgUfgy - 1 v, bghJ jij nkY mWfis fhf.
bgUF bjhl Kj _W cwf a , a, ar vf.
r
a + a + ar = 13
nghJ,


r
12
2

(1)
(
a` 1 + 1 + r j = 13 ( a c r + r + 1 m = 13
12
12
r
r
a

nkY,
` r j^ah^ar h = - 1
3

(
a = - 1
` a =- 1

a =- 1 I rkghL (1)- ul, ekF ilgJ

2

^- 1hc r + r + 1 m = 13
r
12
48

10M tF fzF

12r + 12r + 12 = - 13r

2

12r + 25r + 12 = 0

^3r + 4h^4r + 3h = 0

r = - 4 myJ - 3
3
4

r = - 4 , a = 1 vD nghJ, bjhltir Kj _W cWf 3 , 1, 4 .

3
4
3
r = - 3 , a = 1 vDnghJ, bjhltir Kj _W cWf 4 , 1, 3 vd
4
3
4
nehF tir UF.

vLJfhL 2.15

a, b, c, d vgd xU bgUF bjhltir csd v

^b - ch2 + ^c - ah2 + ^d - bh2 = ^a - d h2 vd Wf.

a, b, c, d vgd bgUF bjhltir csd.

Kj cW a kW bghJ j r vd bfhf.

vdnt, b = ar, c = ar , d = ar

2
2
3
^b - ch2 + ^c - ah2 + ^d - bh2 = ^ar - ar h + ^ar - ah + ^ar - ar h

3
2

2
2
2
2 2
2
3
= a 6^r - r h + ^r - 1h + ^r - r h @

2 2
3
4
4
2
6
4
2
= a 6 r - 2r + r + r - 2r + 1 + r - 2r + r @

2 6
3
2 3
= a 6 r - 2r + 1 @ = a 6 r - 1 @

3
3
2
= ^ar - ah = ^a - ar h = (a - d)

g 2.3
1.

tU bjhltirf vJ bgUF bjhltir vd fhf. bgUF

bjhltirfshf csdt bghJ j fhf.

(i) 0.12, 0.24, 0.48, g .

(iv) 12, 1, 1 , g .
12
1 , - 1 , 1, - 2, g vw bgUF bjhltir 10 MtJ cWig, bghJ
4
2
jij fhf.

2.
3.

(ii) 0.004, 0.02, 0.1, g . (iii) 1 , 1 , 2 , 4 , g.

2 3 9 27
1
1
(v) 2 ,
,
, g . (vi) 4, - 2, - 1, - 1 , g .
2
2 2 2

xU bgUF bjhltir 4MtJ kW 7 MtJ cWf Kiwna 54 kW

1458 v, mbjhltiria fhf.

4.

xU bgUF bjhltir Kj kW MwhtJ cWf Kiwna 1 , 1

3 729
v, mbgUF bjhltiria fhf.
2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

49

5.

6.
7.
8.

tU bgUF bjhltir bfhLfgl cW vjidahtJ cW

vd fhf.
(i) 5, 2, 4 , 8 , g - 128 vw cW (ii) 1, 2, 4, 8, g - 1024 vw cW
15625
5 25
162, 54, 18,g kW 2 , 2 , 2 , g Ma bgUF bjhltirf n MtJ
81 27 9
cW rkbk, n- k fhf.
xU bgUF bjhltir Kj cW 3 kW IjhtJ cW 1875 v,
mj bghJ j fhf.
xU bgUF bjhltir mLjLj _W cWf TLj 39
10
kW mt bgUfgy 1 v, mbjhltir bghJ jij,
m_W cWfis fhf.

9.

xU bgUF bjhltir mLjLj 3 cWf bgUF bjhif 216

kW mitf uouL cWf bgUfgyf TLj 156
v, mj cWfis fhf.

10.

xU bgUF bjhltir mLjLj _W cWf TLj 7 kW

mt jiyf TLj 7 v, mWfis fhf.
4
xU bgUF bjhltir Kj _W cWf TLj 13 kW mt
tff TLj 91 v, mbjhltiria fhf.

11.
12.

xUt MoF 5% TL to jU xU t `1000-I it ahf

itjh, 12 M tUlKo ilF bkhj bjhifia fhf.

13.

xU Wtd ` 50,000- F xU mRu auij thFwJ. mau

xbthU ML j k 45% HwJ vd klgLwJ. 15
MLfSF wF mj mRu au k vd?

14.

a, b, c, d Mad xU bgUF bjhltir mikjh,

^a - b + ch^b + c + d h = ab + bc + cd vdfhLf.

15.

a, b, c, d Mad xU bgUF bjhltir mikjh a + b, b + c, c + d

vgit bgUF bjhltir mik vd Wf.

2.5 bjhlf (Series)

tU fzif vLJ bfhnth.

xUt ML Ca `25,000 bgW g 1990 M ML rdt Kj
njaW nrjh. xbthU ML Mofhd Ca ca `500 bgwh. 2010 M
ML rdt Kj nj tiu mt bgw bkhj Ca vts?
Kj mtUila ML Ca tU xU TL bjhltiria
mikwJ vd mayh.

25000, 25500, 26000, 26500, g, (25000 + 19 (500)) .

20 tUlf mt bgw Caij Todh fzfhd il ilF.
bkhj Ca = 25000 + 25500 + 26000 + 26500 + g + (25000 + 19 (500)) .
Mjyh, bjhltir cWf TLj fhz xU ttif fhz ntL.

50

10M tF fzF

tiuaiw

bjhltir cs cWfis Tl F + M izJ
mitf TLjfshf vGJtnj bjhl vdgL. xU bjhl KoW
vif cWf U, mJ KoW bjhl (Finite Series) vdgL.
xU bjhl Ko vif cWf U, mJ Kowh bjhl
(Infinite Series) vdgL.

vw bkbaf bjhltiria vLJbfhnth. xbthU
S = " an ,3
n=1
n ! N -F Sn = a1 + a2 + , g + an , n = 1, 2, 3, g, vd gF TLjiy tiuaWnwh.
3
3
{Sn} n = 1 vgJ bjhltir {an} n = 1 - gF TLjf bjhltir MF.

tirgLjgl

, S 3
^" an ,3
n = 1 " n ,n = 1h

vgJ

bjhltir

" an ,13 -

cs

cWf Kowh bjhl vdgL. j Kowh bjhlid a1 + a2 + a3 + g

3

myJ RUfkhf

/ an

vd Fngh. F Sigma vwiHfgL Fahd

n=1

vgJ TLjiy FF.

KoW bjhl vgJ KoW cWf TLj vgij v mayh.
Kowh vif cWfsla bjhl tir TLjiy eh vthW ma
Ko? ca tFf fj ijg ff Unwh. jnghJ, Fghf
KoW bjhlf TLj fhQjiy g fngh.

gF TL bjhl kW bgUF bjhl Matiw ff cnsh.

2.5.1 TL bjhl (Arithmetic Series)

xU bjhlYs cWf TL bjhltirU, mbjhl xU TL
bjhl vdgL.
xU TL bjhltirYs Kj n cWf TLj
(Sum of first n terms of the Arithmetic sequence)

xU TL bjhltir Kj cW a kW bghJ ahr d vf.

mTL bjhltir a, a + d, a + 2d, ..., a + ^n - 1h d, g MF.

Sn vgJ TL bjhltir Kj n cWf TLj vf.

Mfnt, Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + g (a + (n - 1) d)
( Sn = na + ( d + 2d + 3d + g + (n - 1) d )

= na + d (1 + 2 + 3 + g + (n - 1) )
jnghJ, 1 + 2 + g + (n - 1) vw TLj fLofglh, j Nuij
RUf aY.
TLj 1 + 2 + g + (n - 1) MdJ 1, 2, g, (n - 1) vD TL bjhltir
TLjyhF.

jnghJ, Kj n if KGf Tlgyid fhngh.

Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + g + (n - 2) + (n - 1) + n vf.

(1)

2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

51

nknys Tliy fhz tU xU va braiy brnth.

(1) I tUkhW vGjyh

Sn = n + (n - 1) + (n - 2) + g + 3 + 2 + 1
(1) kW (2) Madtiw Tl,
2Sn = (n + 1) + (n + 1) + g + (n + 1) + (n + 1) .
rkghL (3)- tyJw (n + 1) cWf csd.
(1) kW (2) Ma xbthY n cWf csd
(1)-I (2)-I Tl n vifs (n + 1) kLnk csd.

(2)
(3)

(3)-I RUf 2Sn = n (n + 1) .

n (n + 1)
.
vdnt, Kj n if KGf TLj Sn =
2
n (n + 1)
Mfnt, 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n =
.

(4)
2
Nu if KGf TLj fhz xU gaDs Nu MF.

Fiu

nkny FLs TLj fhQ KiwahdJ, b#k ehil
rhjtU, fj stur vd fHgltUkhd
fjayP fh bul fh (Carl Fredrick Gauss) vgh
100 tiuYs if KG vf TLjiy fhQnghJ
gagLajhF. mtUF IJ taJ UF nghJ mtUila
g Ma bfhLj fzF JthF. ca tF
fjij fF nghJ nknys Nuij jUf ntWy
Carl Fredrick Gauss
Kiwfis ff cnsh.
(1777 1855)

xU bghJthd TL bjhltir Kj n cWf TLjiy jnghJ
fhngh. a, a + d, a + 2d, g, - Kj n cWf TLj,
Sn = na + [d + 2d + 3d + g + (n - 1) d]
= na + d [1 + 2 + 3 + g + (n - 1)]
n (n - 1)
(Nu (4) I gagLj)
m
= na + d c
2


= n [2a + (n - 1) d]
(5)
2

Mfnt, Sn = n [a + (a + (n - 1) d)] = n (Kj cW + fil cW)
2
2

= n (a + l) .
2
Kj cW a kW bghJ ahr d vdbfhl xU TL
bjhltir Kj n cWf TLj
(i) Sn = n [2a + (n - 1) d] (bghJ ahr d bfhLfglh)
2
(fil cW l bfhLfglh)
(ii) Sn = n (a + l)
2
52

10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 2.16

5 + 11 + 17 + g + 95 vw TL bjhl TLj fhf.

5 + 11 + 17 + g + 95 vw TLbjhl
d = 11 - 5 = 6 ,

a = 5,

jnghJ, n = l - a + 1
d

Mfnt, bfhLfgl bjhl 16 cWf csd.

l = 95.

n = 95 - 5 + 1 = 90 + 1 = 16.
6
6

vdnt, Sn = n 6l + a @
2
Mfnt, S16 = 16 695 + 5 @ = 8 (100) = 800.
2

vLJfhL 2.17

1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + ... vw bjhl Kj 2n cWf TLj fhf.

1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + g 2n cWf tiu TLj S vf.

Mfnt, TLj S = 1 - 4 + 9 - 16 + 25 - g 2n cWf tiu

= ^1 - 4h + ^9 - 16h + ^25 - 36h + g n milFf tiu.

= - 3 + ^- 7h + ^- 11h + g n cWf tiu.

bjhl, xU TLbjhluhF. nkY a =- 3 , d =- 7 - (- 3) =- 4 MF.

TLj = n 62a + ^n - 1h d @
2

= n 62^- 3h + ^n - 1h^- 4h@
2

= n 6- 6 - 4n + 4 @ = n 6- 4n - 2 @
2
2

TLj S = - 2n ^2n + 1h = - n^2n + 1h .
`
2

vdnt,

vLJfhL 2.18

xU TL bjhl Kj 14 cWf TLj - 203 kW mLj 11

cWf TLj 572 v, mbjhliu fhf.

S14 = - 203

14 62a + 13d @ = - 203

2
7 62a + 13d @ = - 203

(bfhLfgLsJ)

2a + 13d = - 29 .

(1)

2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

53

nkY, mLj 11 cWf TLj = - 572 .

jnghJ,

S25 = S14 + (- 572)

S25 = - 203 - 572 = - 775 .

( 25 62a + 24d @ = - 775

2
2a + 24d = - 31 # 2
(

a + 12d = - 31
(
(1) kW (2) Matiw f, a = 5 , d =- 3 .

vdnt, njitahd TLbjhl 5 + ^5 - 3h + ^5 + 2^- 3hh + g MF.

mjhtJ,

(2)

5 + 2 - 1 - 4 - 7 - g vgJ njitahd TL bjhl MF.

vLJfhL 2.19

24 + 21 + 18 + 15 + g vw TL bjhl bjhlahf vjid
cWfis Todh TLj 351 ilF?
bfhLfgLs TLbjhl, a = 24, d =- 3 kW Sn = 351.

jbghGJ,
Sn = n 62a + ^n - 1h d @ = - 351
2
n
(


62^24h + ^n - 1h^- 3h@ = - 351
2
n 648 - 3n + 3 @ = - 351

(
2

n^51 - 3nh = - 702
(
2

n - 17n - 234 = 0

vdnt,

^n - 26h^n + 9h = 0

n = 26 myJ n =- 9

F n vgJ njitahd cWf vif vgjh n- k Fiw
vzhf UfTlhJ. vdnt TLj - 351 vd ilf 26 cWfis Tl ntL.
vLJfhL 2.20

8 M tFgL midJ _yf a vf TLj fhf.

8 M tFgL _yf a vf 104, 112, 120, g , 992 MF.

mt TLj, Sn = 104 + 112 + 120 + 128 + , g + 992 .

F,

a = 104, d = 8 , l = 992.

n = l - a + 1 = 992 - 104 + 1
d
8

= 888 + 1 = 112.
8
n

Mfnt,
S112 = 6 a + l @ = 112 6104 + 992 @ = 56 (1096) = 61376 .
2
2

vdnt, 8 M tFgL midJ _yf a vf TLj = 61376.
`

54

10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 2.21
xU gynfhz cnfhzf msfis tirgo vLJ bfhlh,

mit xU TL bjhltiria mikwd. mTL bjhltir f
Fiwj nfhzms 85c kW f caj nfhz ms 215c v, mj gynfhz
gff vifia fhf.

gynfhz gff vifia n vf.

nfhzf msf xU TLbjhltiria mikgjh gynfhz
nfhzf msf TLj

Sn = a + ^a + d h + ^a + 2d h + g + l F, a = 85 , l = 215.

(1)
Sn = n 6 a + l @
2
0
xU gynfhz cnfhzf TLj = ( n - 2 ) # 180 vdmnth.

Mfnt,

Sn = ^n - 2h # 180

rkghL (1)-UJ, n 6 a + l @ = ^n - 2h # 180

2
n
(
685 + 215 @ = ^n - 2h # 180
2
150n = 180^n - 2h (
(

n = 12.
Mfnt, gynfhz gff vif 12 MF.

g 2.4
1.

tUtdt TLj fhf.

2.

n MtJ cW 3 + 2n vwthW mikj xU TL bjhltir

(i) Kj 75 if KGf (ii) Kj 125 a vf

Kj 30 cWf Tlgyid fhf.

3.

tU TLbjhlf Tlgyid fhf.

(i) 38 + 35 + 32 + g + 2 .

(ii) 6 + 5 1 + 4 1 + g 25 cWf tiu.

4
2

4.

tU tufis bfhl TL bjhlf TLj Sn fhf.

5.

1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + g vw bjhl Kj 40 cWf Tlgyid fhf.

6.

xU TL bjhl Kj 11 cWf TLj 44 kW mj mLj

(i) a = 5,
2

n = 30,

l = 121

(ii) a = 50, n = 25,

d =- 4

11 cWf TLj 55 v, mbjhliu fhf.

7.

60, 56, 52, 48,g vw TL bjhltir Kj cWUJ bjhlahf

vjid cWfis Todh TLj 368 ilF?

8.

9 M tFgL midJ _yf a vf TLj fhf.

2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

55

9.

xU TL bjhl 3 MtJ cW 7 kW mj 7 MtJ cWghdJ 3 MtJ

cW _W klif l 2 mf. mbjhl Kj 20 cWf
Tlgyid fhf.

10.

300-F 500-F ilnas 11 M tFgL midJ a vf

Tlgy fhf.

11.

1 + 6 + 11 + 16 + g + x = 148 v, x- kid fhf.

12.

100-F 200-F ilnas 5 M tFglhj midJ a vf

Tlgyid fhf.

13.

xU fLkhd FGk, xU ghyij fo Kof jhkjkhF nghJ, jhkjkhF

xbthU ehSF mguhjbjhif flntL. Kj eh jhkjF
mguhj `4000 nkY mLJtU xbthU ehSF Kija ehis l `1000
mf brYj ntoUF. tu brylgo mFGk bkhj
mguhjbjhifahf `1,65,000 brYj aY v, vjid ehfSF ghy
KoF gia jhkjgLjyh?

14.

8% j jto jU Wtd xbthU ML `1000 it bjhifahf

brYjgLwJ. xbthU Mo W bgW toia fzLf. bgW
tobjhiff xU TL bjhltiria mikFkh? mthW mikf
Kokhdh, 30 MLf Ko ilF bkhj toia fhf.

15.

xU bjhl Kj n cWf TLj 3n - 2n v, mbjhluhdJ xU

TL bjhl vd Wf.

16.

xU fofhu xU kF xU Kiw, 2 kF U Kiw, 3 kF _W Kiw

vwthW, bjhlJ rahf xbthU kF x vG v, xU eh
mfofhu vjid Kiw x vG?

17.

Kj cW a, ulh cW b kW fil cW c vd bfhl xU TL

^a + ch^b + c - 2ah
bjhl Tlgy
vdfhLf.
2^ b - ah
xU TL bjhl ^2n + 1h cWf U xiwgil cWf

18.

TlgyDF, uilgil cWf TlgyDF ilnas j

^n + 1h : n vd Wf.

19.

xU TL bjhl Kj m cWf TlgyDF, Kj n cWf

2

TlgyDF ilnas j m : n v, m MtJ cW kW n MtJ

cW Maitf ^2m - 1h : ^2n - 1h vw j mik vd fhLf.

20.

56

xU njhlfhu rtf to Rt xid mikf lLwh. rtf

l Kj tirF 97 brff njitgLwJ. xbthU tir
UwK uouL brff Fiwthf itf ntL. mtotik 25
tirfU, mt thf ntoa brff vif vjid?
10M tF fzF

2.5.2 bgUF bjhl (Geometric series)

xU bjhl cWf, bgUF bjhl tir xiw mikFkhdh, mbjhl

bgUF bjhl vdgL. r =
Y 0 vw bghJ jij bfhl xU bgUF bjhl
2
n-1
n
tir a, ar, ar , g, ar , ar , g vd bfhf. bjhl tir Kj n cWf
TLjiy fhngh.
2

n-1

jnghJ, Sn = a + ar + ar + g + ar

r = 1 v, (1)-UJ Sn = na MF.

r ! 1 v, (1) -UJ,
2

rSn = r (a + ar + ar + g + ar

n-1

(1)

(2)

) = ar + ar + ar + g + ar

(1)- UJ (2)-I ff,

Sn - rSn = (a + ar + ar + g + ar

vdnt,

n-1

) - (ar + ar + g + ar )

n
Sn ^1 - r h = a^1 - r h
n
^
h
Sn = a 1 - r ; r ! 1 .
1-r

xU bgUF bjhl Kj n cWf TLj

n

a (r - 1)
a (1 - r )
Sn = * r - 1 = 1 - r , (r ! 1 v)
(r = 1 v)
na
F a vgJ Kj cW, r vgJ bghJ j.
Fiu

- 1 1 r 1 1 v,
a .
1-r
Ko vif if vf TLj xU KoW kig bfhLfyh
vgij mf.
2

a + ar + ar + g + ar + g =

vLJfhL 2.22

16 - 48 + 144 - 432 + g vw bgUF bjhl cs Kj 25 cWf
TLjiy fhf.
F a = 16, r = - 48 = - 3 ! 1.
16

n
^
h
vdnt, Sn = a 1 - r , r ! 1 vw Nuij gagLj,
1-r

S25 =

16^1 - ^- 3h25h 16^1 + 325h

25
=
= 4^1 + 3 h .
4
1 - ^- 3h
2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

57

vLJfhL 2.23
tU tufis bfhl xbthU bgUF bjhlUF Sn I fhf.


(i) a = 2, t6 = 486, n = 6
(ii) a = 2400, r = 3, n = 5

(i)

F, a = 2, t6 = 486,

jnghJ, t6 = 2 (r) = 486

nkY,

Mfnt,

(ii)

F , a = 2400, r =- 3, n = 5

n=6

243
` r = 3.
n
^
h
Sn = a r - 1 ; F r ! 1
r-1
^ 6
h
6
S6 = 2 3 - 1 = 3 - 1 = 728 .
3-1
r =

S5 =

a^r - 1h ;
r-1

F r =
Y 1.

24006^- 3h5 - 1 @
^- 3h - 1
5

vdnt,
S5 = 2400 ^1 + 3 h = 600^1 + 243h = 146400.
4
vLJfhL 2.24
=

2 + 4 + 8 + g vw bgUF bjhl, Kj cWUJ bjhlahf vjid
cWfis Todh, TLj 1022 ilF?
bfhLfgLs bgUF bjhl 2 + 4 + 8 + g .

TLj 1022 bgwnjitahd cWf vif n vf.

F a = 2, r = 2, Sn = 1022 .

n I fhz,

@
6
Sn = a r - 1 ; F r =
Y 1.
r-1
n
n
= ^2h; 2 - 1 E = 2^2 - 1h .
2-1
n
Mdh, S = 1022.
Mfnt, 2^2 - 1h = 1022

n

(
(

vdnt, TLj 1022-I bgw Kj 9 cWfis Tl ntL.

2 - 1 = 511
n
9
2 = 512 = 2 .

` n = 9.

vLJfhL 2.25

xU bgUF bjhl Kj cW 375 kW mj 4 MtJ cW 192 v,
mj bghJ jij, Kj 14 cWf TLjiy fhf.
58

10M tF fzF

 bgUF bjhl Kj cW a kW mj bghJ j r vf.

a = 375, t4 = 192 .
n-1
jnghJ,
tn = ar

( t4 = 375 r

( 375 r = 192

3
3
r = 192 ( r = 64
375
125
3
3

r = ` 4 j
( r = 4 Jnt njitahd bghJ jkhF.
5
5
n

nkY,
Sn = a ; r - 1 E ; F r =
Y 1.
r-1
14
375 8` 4 j - 1 B
14
5

S14 =
= (- 1) # 5 # 375 # 8` 4 j - 1 B
4 -1
5
5
14
14
= ^375h^5h81 - ` 4 j B = 1875 81 - ` 4 j B .
5
5
F

nknys vLJfho,

r ! 1 vgjh, Sn =a ; 1 - r E-I Sn = a ; r - 1 E-F gyhf gagLjyh.

1-r
r-1
n

vLJfhL 2.26

bghJ j if vzhf UF xU bgUF bjhl 4 cWf
csd. Kj uL cWf TLj 8 kW mj fil uL cWf
TLj 72 v, mbjhliu fhf.
2
3
4 cWf TLj a + ar + ar + ar vf. r 2 0 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

nkY, a + ar = 8 kW ar + ar = 72
2

jnghJ, ar + ar = r (a + ar) = 72

2

( r (8) = 72 ` r = ! 3

r > 0 vgjh, r = 3 MF.

vdnt,
a + ar = 8 ( a = 2

Mfnt, mbgUF bjhl 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 MF.

vLJfhL 2.27

6 + 66 + 666 +g vD bjhl Kj n cWf TLj fhf.

Sn = 6 + 66 + 666 + g n cWf tiu vf.
Sn = 6 (1 + 11 + 111 + g n cWf tiu)
= 6 ^9 + 99 + 999 + g n cWf tiuh (9 M bgU, 9M tFf)
9
= 2 6^10 - 1h + ^100 - 1h + ^1000 - 1h + g n milFftiu @
3
2
3
2
= [(10 + 10 + 10 + g n cWf tiu) - n]
3
n
10 (10 - 1)
2
Mfnt, Sn = ;
- n E.
3
9

2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

59

vLJfhL 2.28

xU bjhL Wtd xU efuYs 25 f kufWfis eLbghUL,
Kj xU kufW, ulh U kufWf, _wh 4
kufWf, ehfhtJ 8 kufWf vw Kiw eLtjF lLwJ.
mntiyia Kof njitahd kufWf vifia fhf.
25 f xbthY eLtjF njitahd kuf vif xU
bgUF bjhliu mikwJ. Sn vgJ njitahd kufWf vif vf.

Mfnt, Sn = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + g 25 cWf tiu

F, a = 1, r = 2, n = 25

Sn = a ; r - 1 E
r-1
@
6 25

S25 = (1) 2 - 1
2-1
25
= 2 - 1
25
vdnt, njitahd kufWf vif 2 - 1 MF.

vdnt,

g 2.5
1.
2.
3.

5 + 5 + 5 + g vw bgUF bjhl Kj 20 cWf TLjiy fhf.

2 6 18
1 + 1 + 1 + g vw bgUF bjhl Kj 27 cWf TLjiy
9 27 81
fhf.
tU tufis bfhl bgUF bjhl TLj Sn fhf.
(ii) a = 5, r = 3 , n = 12 .
(i) a = 3, t8 = 384, n = 8 .

4.

tU KoW bjhlf TLj fhf.

5.

tU bjhlf, vjid cWfis Todh

6.

xU bgUF bjhl ulhtJ cW 3 kW mj bghJ j 4 v, TL

5
bjhlYs Kj cWUJ bjhlahf 23 cWf TLj fhf.

7.

bghJ j if vzhf cs xU bgUF bjhl 4 cWf csd.

mj Kj uL cWf TLj 9 kW fil uL cWf TLj
36 v, mbjhliu fhf.

8.

tU bjhlf Kj n cWf TLj fhf.

(i) 7 + 77 + 777 + g .

9.

bjhWneh gu fhy, Kj thu 5 ngUF cley Fiw VglJ.

cleyFiww xbthUtU ulhtJ thu W 4 ngUF mbjhW

60

(i) 1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + g + ^0.1h9

(ii) 1 + 11 + 111 + g 20 cWf tiu.

(i) 3 + 9 + 27 + g TLj 1092 ilF?

(ii) 2 + 6 + 18 + g TLj 728 ilF ?

10M tF fzF

(ii) 0.4 + 0.94 + 0.994 + g .

nehia gut. tif bjhWneh gudh 15 MtJ thu W

vjid ng, mbjhWnehdh ghfggLt?

10.

eg brj xU WtDF grf Ua njhlfhu y khgHfis

grhf mf Ktjh. mWt cldoahf 1000 khgHfis bgW
bfhsyh myJ Kj eh 1 khgH, ulh eh 2 khgHf, _wh
eh 4 khgHf, ehfh eh 8 khgHf g vDkhW 10 ehfSF bgW
bfhsyh vd U thf mjh. mWt mf vifs
khgHfis bgw vj thid njbjLf ntL?

11.

xiw gil vfsh FfgL cWf TLj _W klF,

mbgUF bjhlYs midJ cWf TLjYF rkbk, mj
bghJ jij fhf.

12.

xU bgUF bjhl Kj n, 2n kW 3n Ma cWf TLjf Kiwna

S1, S2 kW S3 v, S1 ^ S3 - S2h = ^ S2 - S1h2 vd Wf.

Fiu

a = 1 kW bghJj x ! 1 vdbfhl xU bgUF bjhl

n
2
n-1
= x - 1, x =
Kj n cWf TLj 1 + x + x + g + x
Y 1 MF.
x-1

nknys rkgho lw cs nfhitahdJ go ( n - 1 )-I bfhl
x- J mikj xU w gYW nfhit vgij mf. y KoW
bjhlf TLjiy fhz j Nu cj.

2.5.3 w bjhlf (Special Series)

k=1

k,

k kW

k=1

/ k3

k=1

R vw Fpil TLjYfhf eh Kng gagLnsh. Fpil
gagL y KoW bjhlf vLJfhLf goalgLsd.
tir
v

1.
2.
3.

FpL
n

thf
n

/k

myJ

k=1

/j
j=1

1+2+3+g+n

/ (n - 1)

1+2+3+4+5

n=2
5

/ (d + 5)

5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10

d=0

/ k2

4.

k=1

5.

1 +2 +3 +g+n

10

10

k=1

k=1

/3 = 3 /1

eh Kng, 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n =

3 61 + 1 + g 10 cWf @ = 30
n^ n + 1h
vD Nuij tUnjh.
2

2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

61

jidna a =1 , d = 1,

l = n vd vLJ bfhL TL bjhltir

TLjiy gagL, Sn = n (a + l) = n (1 + n) vd fhzyh.

2
2
n

/ k = n (n2+ 1)

jid, kh Fpil gagL

vd vGjyh.

k=1

tUtdtF Nufis jUngh.

(i)

/^2k - 1h,

(ii)

k=1

/ k2

k=1

(iii)

/ k3

k=1

%gz:

(i)

/^2k - 1h = 1 + 3 + 5 + g + ^2n - 1h vg kid fhngh.

k=1

J a = 1, d = 2, l = ^2n - 1h vwthW mikj n cWfSs xU TL

bjhluhF.

2
` Sn = n (1 + 2n - 1) = n
2

mjhtJ,

(Sn = n (a + l) )
2

/^2k - 1h = n2

(1)

k=1

Fiu

1. Nu (1)-I tU kbwhU KiwY fhzyh.

n
n
n
n
2
2 (n) (n + 1)

(2k - 1) =
2k - 1 = 2 c k m - n =
-n = n .
2
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1

2
2. (1)-UJ 1 + 3 + 5 + g + l = ` l + 1 j . Vbd, l = 2n 1 ( n = l + 1 .
2
2

(ii)

3
3
2
2
a - b = ^a - bh^a + ab + b h vW eh mnth.
3

` k - ^k - 1h3 = k + k^k - 1h + ^k - 1h2

(F a = k , b = k 1 vd bfhf)

( k - ^k - 1h3 = 3k - 3k + 1

k = 1 v,

1 - 0 = 3^1 h2 - 3^1 h + 1

k = 2 v,

2 - 1 = 3^2h2 - 3^2h + 1

k = 3 v,

3 - 2 = 3^3 h2 - 3^3 h + 1

k = n v ,

k = 1, 2, g, n -fSFa rkghLfis UwK uft Tl

n - ^n - 1h3 = 3^nh2 - 3^nh + 1 . Kiw bjhlu,

3
2
2
2
n = 3 61 + 2 + g + n @ - 361 + 2 + g + n @ + n

2
2
2
3
( 3 61 + 2 + g + n @ = n + 3 61 + 2 + g + n @ - n

62

(2)

3 ;

10M tF fzF

/ k2 E = n3 + 3n^n2+ 1h - n
n

k=1

/ k2 =

Mfnt,

(iii)

/ k3 = 13 + 23 + gn3

k=1

n^n + 1h^2n + 1h
.
6

(3)

k=1

tU mikig TJ nehFnth.
3

1 = 1 = ^1 h2

1 + 2 = 9 = ^1 + 2h2

1 + 2 + 3 = 36 = ^1 + 2 + 3h2
3

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 100 = ^1 + 2 + 3 + 4h2 .

tikig n cWf tiu bjhljh,

1 + 2 + 3 + g + n = 61 + 2 + 3 + g + n @2
3

= ;

(i)

vdnt,

n^ n + 1h 2
E
2
n
n
2
n^ n + 1h 2
3
k = c km = ;
E .
2
k=1
k=1

Kj n a vf TLj

(4)

/ k = n (n2+ 1) .

k=1

(ii)

Kj n xiwgil a vf TLj,

/^2k - 1h = n2 .

k=1

(iii)

filcW l juglh, Kj n xiwgil a vf TLj

2

1 + 3 + 5 + g + l = `l + 1j .
2
(iv) Kj n a vf tff TLj
n
n^n + 1h^2n + 1h
2
.
k =
6
k=1

(v) Kj n a vf fdf TLj

n
n^ n + 1h 2
3
k =;
E .
2
k=1

vLJfhL 2.29

tU bjhlf TLj fhf.
(i) 26 + 27 + 28 + g + 60

(ii) 1 + 3 + 5 + g 25 cWf tiu

(ii) 31 + 33 + g + 53.

(i)

26 + 27 + 28 + g + 60 = ^1 + 2 + 3 + g + 60h - ^1 + 2 + 3 + g + 25h
2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

63

60

25

/n - /n

60^60 + 1h 25^25 + 1h
=
2
2
= (30 # 61) - (25 # 13) = 1830 - 325 = 1505.
(ii)

F n = 25

` 1 + 3 + 5 + g (25 cWf tiu) = 25 = 625.

/ (2k - 1) = n2 )

k=1

(iii)

31 + 33 + g + 53

= ^1 + 3 + 5 + g + 53h -^1 + 3 + 5 + g + 29h

= ` 53 + 1 j - ` 29 + 1 j
2
2

= 27 - 15 = 504.

( 1 + 3 + 5 + g + l = `l + 1j )
2

vLJfhL 2.30

tU bjhlf TLjiy fhf.

(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 25

(iii) 1 + 3 + 5 + g + 51 .

(ii) 12 + 13 + 14 + g + 35

(i)

1 + 2 + 3 + g + 25 =

25

/ n2
1

25^25 + 1h^50 + 1h
6

^25h^26h^51h

` 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 25 = 5525.

(ii)

12 + 13 + 14 + g + 35

/ k2 = n^n + 1h6^2n + 1h )

k=1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= ^1 + 2 + 3 + g + 35 h -^1 + 2 + 3 + g + 11 h

35

11

/ n2 - / n2

35^35 + 1h^70 + 1h 11^12h^23h

6
6

^35h^36h^71h

^11h^12h^23h

6
= 14910 - 506 = 14404 .
64

10M tF fzF

(iii)

1 + 3 + 5 + g + 51

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= ^1 + 2 + 3 + g + 51 h - ^2 + 4 + 6 + g + 50 h

=
=

/ n2 - 22 612 + 22 + 32 + g + 252 @
51
1
51

25

n -4

/ n2
1

51^51 + 1h^102 + 1h
25^25 + 1h^50 + 1h
- 4 #
6
6
^51h^52h^103h
25^26h^51h
=
-4 #
6
6
= 45526 - 22100 = 23426.
=

vLJfhL 2.31

tU bjhlf TLjiy fhf.

(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 20

(i)

(ii) 11 + 12 + 13 + g + 28

20

1 + 2 + 3 + g20 =

/ n3
1

/ k3 = ; n^n2+ 1h E .

20^20 + 1h 2
m
2

=c

2
= ` 20 # 21 j = ^210h2 = 44100.
2

(ii)

k=1

11 + 12 + g + 28 vgij tUkhW vGjyh

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
11 + 12 + g + 28 = ^1 + 2 + 3 + g + 28 h - ^1 + 2 + g + 10 h

Mfnt, 11 + 12 + g + 28 =

28

10

/ n3 - / n3

28^28 + 1h 2
10^10 + 1h 2
=;
E -;
E
2
2

= 406 - 55 = (406 + 55) (406 - 55)

= (461)(351) = 161811.

vLJfhL 2.32

1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 4356 v, k- kig fhf.

k vgJ xU if KG v. nkY,

1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 4356 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

65

k ^ k + 1h 2
m = 4356 =6 # 6 # 11 # 11
2
k ^ k + 1h
tf_y vLf,
= 66
2
2
( k + k - 132 = 0
( ^k + 12h^k - 11h = 0 ( k = 11 myJ k = 12

k vgJ xU if v vgjh, k = 11 MF.

vdnt,

vLJfhL 2.33
3

(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n = 120 v, 1 + 2 + 3 + g n - kig fhf.

3

(ii) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n = 36100 v, 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n - kig fhf

(i)

1 + 2 + 3 + g + n = 120 vdnt,

(ii)

1 + 2 + g + n = c
3

n^ n + 1h
= 120
2

n^ n + 1h 2
2
m = 120 = 14400
2

1 + 2 + 3 + g + n = 36100

n^ n + 1h 2
m = 36100 = 19 # 19 # 10 # 10
2
n^ n + 1h
= 190
(
2
Mfnt, 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n = 190.
(

vLJfhL 2.34

11 br., 12 br., 13 br., g , 24 br. Madtiw Kiwna gf msfshf
bfhl 14 rJuf bkhj gu fhf.
2

14 rJuf guf TLj 11 + 12 + g + 24 vw bjhliu mikwJ.

rJuf bkhj gu = 11 + 12 + 13 + g + 24

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= ^1 + 2 + 3 + g + 24 h -^1 + 2 + 3 + g + 10 h

24

10

/ n2 - / n2

24^24 + 1h^48 + 1h
10^10 + 1h^20 + 1h
6
6

^24h^25h^49h

= 4900 - 385

= 4515 r.br..

66

10M tF fzF

^10h^11h^21h

g 2.6
1.

tU bjhlf TLjiy fhf.

(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 45

(iii) 2 + 4 + 6 + g + 100
2

(v) 5 + 7 + 9 + g + 39

(ii)

16 + 17 + 18 + g + 25

(iv) 7 + 14 +21 g + 490

3

(vi)

16 + 17 + g + 35

2.

tUtdtF k- k fhf.

(i)

3.

1 + 2 + 3 + g + p = 171 v, 1 + 2 + 3 + g + p - kig fhf.

4.

1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 8281 v, 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k - kig fhf.

5.

12 br., 13 br., g, 23 br. Madtiw Kiwna gf msfshf bfhl

12 rJuf bkhj gugs fhf.

6.

16 br., 17 br., 18 br., g , 30 br. Madtiw Kiwna gf msfshf

bfhl 15 fdrJuf fdmsf TLj fhf.

1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 6084
3

(ii)
3

1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 2025
3

g 2.7
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1.

tUtdtW vJ bkahd Twy?

(A) a vf fz N - tiuaiw bragl bkba kila rh

xU bjhltirahF.

(B) xbthU rh xU bjhl tirid FF.

(C) xU bjhltir, Ko vif cWfis bfhoUfyh.

(D) xU bjhltir, KoW vif cWfis bfhoUfyh.

2.

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, g vw bjhltir 8 MtJ cW

(A) 25

3.

1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , g vw bjhltir, cW 1 - F mLj cW
20
2 6 12 20
(B) 1
(C) 1
(D) 1
(A) 1
24
22
30
18

(B) 24

(C) 23

(D) 21

4.

a, b, c, l, m vgd TL bjhltir U a - 4b + 6c - 4l + m =

(A) 1

5.

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) 0
a, b, c vgd xU TL bjhltir csd v, a - b =
b-c
(A) a
(B) b
(C) a
(D) 1
b
c
c
2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

67

6.

100 n +10 vgJ xU bjhltir n MtJ cW v, mJ

(A) xU TL bjhltir
(B) xU bgUF bjhltir
(C) xU kh bjhltir
(D) xU TL bjhltir my bgUF bjhltir my
a
a1, a2, a3, g vgd xU TL bjhltirYsd. nkY 4 = 3 v,
a7
2
13tJ cW
(A) 3
(B) 0
(C) 12a1
(D) 14a1
2

7.

8.

a1, a2, a3, g vgJ xU TL bjhltir v, a5, a10, a15, g vw

bjhltirahdJ

(A) xU bgUF bjhltir

(B) xU TL bjhltir

(C) xU TL bjhltir my bgUF bjhltir my

(D) xU kh bjhltir

9.

xU TL bjhltir mLjLj _W cWf k + 2, 4k 6, 3k 2

v, k - k
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5

a, b, c, l, m. n vgd TL bjhltir mikJsd v,

3a + 7, 3b + 7, 3c + 7, 3l + 7, 3m + 7, 3n + 7 vw bjhltir
(A) xU bgUF bjhltir

(B) xU TL bjhltir

(C) xU kh bjhltir

(D) xU TL bjhltir my bgUF bjhltir my

11.

xU bgUF bjhl tir 3 MtJ cW 2 v, mj Kj 5 cWf

bgUfgy

(A) 5

12.

a, b, c vgd xU bgUF bjhltir csd v, a - b =

b-c
a
b
b
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D) c
b
a
c
b

10.

(B) 2

(C) 10

(D) 15

13.

x, 2x + 2 , 3x + 3 vgd xU bgUF bjhltirU

5x, 10x + 10 , 15x + 15 vw bjhltirahdJ

(A) xU TL bjhltir

(B) xU bgUF bjhltir

(C) xU kh bjhltir

(D) xU TL bjhltir my bgUF bjhltir my

68

10M tF fzF

14.

3, 3, 3,g vw bjhltirahdJ
(A) xU TL bjhltir kL
(B) xU bgUF bjhltir kL
(C) xU TL bjhltir my bgUF bjhltir my
(D) xU TL bjhltir kW bgUF bjhltir

15.

xU bgUF bjhltir Kj ehF cWf bgUfgy 256,

mj bghJ j 4 kW mj Kj cW if v v, mj bgUF
bjhltir 3 tJ cW
(A) 8
(B) 1
(C) 1
(D) 16
16
32

xU bgUF bjhltir t2 = 3 kW t3 = 1 v, mj bghJj

5
5
(A) 1
(B) 1
(C) 1
(D) 5
5
3

16.

17.

x ! 0 v, 1 + sec x + sec x + sec x + sec x + sec x =

(A) (1 + sec x) (sec x + sec x + sec x) (B) (1 + sec x) (1 + sec x + sec x)

(C) (1 - sec x) (sec x + sec x + sec x) (D) (1 + sec x) (1 + sec x + sec x)

18.

tn = 3 - 5n vgJ xU TL bjhltir n MtJ cW v,

mTL bjhltir Kj n cWf TLj
(A) n 61 - 5n @ (B) n^1 - 5nh
(C) n ^1 + 5nh (D) n ^1 + nh
2
2
2

m-n

,a ,a

m+n

19.

(A) a

20.

1 + 2 + 3 +. . . + n = k v, 1 + 2 + g + n vgJ
k ^ k + 1h
2
3
(A) k
(B) k
(C)

2
id bfhf

vw bgUF bjhltir bghJ j

-m

(B) a

(C) a
3

-n

(D) a

(D) ^k + 1h3

q
bkbaf xU bjhltir vgJ xU xGfhd mik myJ Fl

tir goalgl bkbaf mik MF.

q

F1 = F2 = 1 kW Fn = Fn - 1 + Fn - 2, n = 3, 4, g vw bjhlUJ ilf
bgW bjhltir nghdh bjhltir vdgL. jid 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,
34, g vd vGjyh
! N kW d xU kh vdbfhL an + 1 = an + d vDkhW mikj bjhltir
a1, a2, a3, g, an xU TL bjhltirahF. F a1 vgJ Kj cW kW
d vgJ bghJ ahr. tn = a + (n - 1) d 6 n ! N vgJ xU TL
bjhltir bghJ cWghF (n MtJ cW).

q n

2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

69

a1, a2, a3, g, an , g vD bjhltir an + 1 = an r, F r ! 0, n ! N , vd

U mJ xU bgUF bjhltir vdgL. F a1 vgJ KjYW kW
kh r vgJ bghJ j MF. nkY, tn = ar

n-1

, n = 1, 2, 3, g . vgJ xU

bgUF bjhltir bghJthd cWghF (n MtJ cW).

q xU bjhltir cs cWfis + vD Tl Fah izJ TLjfshf

mikgnj bjhl vdgL. mTLj Fl vifs cWf

TLj v, mJ KoW bjhl vdgL. bjhl Ko vif
cWf Ujh, mJ xU Kowh bjhl MF.

a-id KjYWghf,
ahrkhf bfhl Kj n cWf TLj

q xU

TL

bjhltir

vgij

bghJ

Sn = n [2a + (n - 1) d] = n (a + l) , F l vgJ fil cWghF.

2
2
q xU bgUF bjhltir Kj n cWf TLj
n
n
a (r - 1)
a (1 - r )
, r ! 1 vDnghJ
=
Sn = * r - 1
1-r
na , r = 1 vDnghJ
n
n (n + 1)
q Kj n a vf TLj
.
k=
2
k=1

/^2k - 1h = n2

q Kj n xiwgil a vf TLj,

k=1

q Kj n xiwgil a vf TLj (fil cW l bfhLfglh)

2

1 + 3 + 5 + g + l = `l + 1j .
2
n

/ k2 = n^n + 1h6^2n + 1h .

q Kj n a vf tff TLj,

k=1

q Kj n a vf fdf TLj,

/ k3 = ; n^n2+ 1h E .
n

k=1

cfSF bjkh?
bk bk (Marin Mersenne) vgt bgauh miHfgL vzhd
bk v (Mersenne number) vgJ M =2 p - 1 vw tot mikj xU if
KG v MF. F p MdJ xU if KG v. M xU gfh v v, mJ bk
gfh v vd miHfgL. nkY, 2 p - 1 MdJ xU gfh vzhf Ujh, p-
xU gfh vzhf UF. J tiu bjj fbga gfh v 243,112,609 - 1
vgJ xU bk gfh v MF.

70

10M tF fzF

3
mKf
gYWnfhitf
bjhFKiw tFj
. bgh. t. kW . bgh. k
jKW nfhitf
tf _y
Ugo rkghLf

mth
(Al-Khwarizmi)
(780-850)

muehL
fjF, aYF
mth mtf a
gfghdJ, afj kW
Knfhza
Madt
tsF
mogilahf
mikjJ. xUgo kW Ugo
rkghLf S F K j K j
t K i w a h d f i s
mjh.
mth afjid
cUthat vd fUjgLwh.
fj mogil braf
t Ma ma gahdJ,
a-mnua vQUfis
mogilahf bfhl mnua
vQUfis nkfa ehLfSF
mKfgLaikF VJth
mikjJ.

afj

The human mind has never invented a labour-saving machine

equal to algebra - Author unknown

3.1 mKf

afjkhdJ fj fbjhikahdJ
KakhdJkhd xU thF. J afj
rkghLfSF

fhQjiy
cslaJ.
_wh who nuf fjtYe lnahghl
(Diophantus) vgt jDila mbko (Arithmetic)
vw
jf
gy
eilKiw
fzFfis
FLsh. Mwh kW VHh whLf
a fjtYefshd Maglh (Aryabhatta) kW
ukFjh (Brahmagupta) Mnah xUgo kW Ugo
rkghLfis ifahL, mtF fhQ
bghJ Kiwfis cUthdhf.

afj mLj bgU ts xgjh
who mnua fj tYefsh VglJ.
Fghf Compendium on Calculation by Completion and
balancing vw jiyila mth (Al-Khwarizmi)
jf afj tuyh xU Kakhd
ikf MF. mt gagLa m#huh vw
thij muh vW y bkh khwgL,
ngho myJ zuik vd bkh bgafglJ.
13 M who nahdhnlh nghdhah
(Leonardo Fibonacci) vGjgl afj jff
Kakhdit. nkY, mjff midt J
jhf VgLd.

f <fgl w afj gilf
jhauhd Yfh ghnah (Luca Pacioli) (1445 - 1517)
kW My fja mP uhg bufh
(Robert Recorde) (1510 - 1558) Mnahuh gilfglld.
mLj whLf afj Efjkhf
kyjJ. 19M who My fj tYef
71

Kndhoahd fh (Peacock) (1791 - 1858) vgt fj mogil braf

kW afj monfhfSfhd jidia cUthat. jfhfnt mt
afj vd miHfglh. kbwhU My fj mP o khf
(De Morgan) (1806 - 1871) vgt fh gia th tiuaWfgl E

FpLfis bfhL fjF j gfig brjh.

ghlgF nea rkghLf bjhF kW Ugo rkghLf
MatF fis fhQ Kiwf ftd brYJnth.

3.2 U khf mikj xUfik nea rkghLf

(System of linear equations in two unknowns)

ax + b = 0, a ! 0 , vw x- mikj xUgo rkghil 9M tF fnwh.

a,b Mat Fiwjgr xwhtJ a iyba, ax + by = c

vw x, y Mat mikj nea rkghil fUJnth. x = x0, y = y0
Ma kf nea rkghil iw brkhd, tir nrho (x0, y0) vgJ
mrkgho xU vdgL. toa ax + by = c vgJ xU js
mikj xU nenfhlhF. nenfhoYs xbthU ( x, y )- ax + by = c
vw rkgho xU thf mik. kWjiyahf, rkgho vj xU
( x, y )- nenfhoYs xU ahF. Mjyh, ax + by = c vw rkghoF
Ko vif f cL.

x, y- mikj KoW vifyhd nea rkghLfis xUnf fU

bfhlh, mit x, y- mikj nea rkghLf bjhF (system of linear

equations) myJ xUfik rkghLf (simultaneous equations) vdgL.

tiuaiw

x = x0 kW y = y0 vgd bjhF midJ nea rkghLfis
iw brwJ v, tir nrho (x0, y0) MdJ U khf mikj nea
rkghLf bjhF vdgL.

tU nea rkghLf xU bjhFid fUJnth.

a1 x + b1 y = c1

a2 x + b2 y = c2

(i)

Ys U rkghLfis iw brkhW Fiwjgr xU thtJ

U, bjhF xik (consistent) bjhF vdgL.

(ii)

nknys U rkghLfis xUnf iw brkhW vj xU

iyba, bjhFid xthj (inconsistent) rkghLf bjhF
vdgL.

72

10M tF fzF

Fiu
(i) rkghL ax + by = c vgJ xU nea rkghL vdgLwJ. Vbd khf
xU goia kLnk bfhLsd kW rkgho khf bgUfgyf
iy.

(ii) uoF nkgl khf mikj xUfik rkghLfis vLJ

bfhL fis g Muhayh. jifa rkghLfis g nk
tFf ff Unwh.

U khf x kW y-f mikj tU nea rkghLf bjhFid

fUJnth.

(1)
a1 x + b1 y = c1
(2)

a2 x + b2 y = c2

F bfhLfgl xbthU rkghoY Fiwj gr xU khahtJ
UFgoahf, bfGf a1, b1, a2, b2 Madt y bfGf akhf Ufyh,
2
2
2
2
myJ RUfkhf a1 + b1 ! 0 , a2 + b2 ! 0 vd Uf ntL.

rkghLf (1) kW (2) Matwh FfgL nenfhLf, toa Kiw
fl tiff mikayh.

(i) uL nenfhLfS xiwbahW xnu xU bto bfhsyh.

(ii) uL nenfhLfS xiwbahW bto bfhshkUfyh.
(iii) uL nenfhLfS x J xW bghU xnu nenfhlhfyh.

tif (i)- csthW btobfhS ahdJ xUfik rkghLf
jj myJ xnu xU (unique solution) MF.
tif (ii)- TathW btobfhshlh bjhFF iy (No solution).
tif (iii)- go bghUJ nenfhLf v, nenfho J UF xbthU
bjhF xU F iajjhf mik. vdnt, rkghLf bjhFF
Ko vif (infinitely many solutions) f UF.

nghJ afj Kiwfis gagL uL khfis bfhl nea
rkghLf bjhFF tU Kiwf fhngh.

(i) f Kiw
(ii) FWF bgUf Kiw.

3.2.1 f Kiw (Elimination method)

Kiw bjhFYs rkghLfis bghUjkhd tif xW nrJ
uL khf xid Fnth. VnjD xU khia f tU tf eh
Ka brnth.

(i) fUF kh bfGfis vzs rkgLJ bghUL
rkghLf cWfis ca vfsh bgUf myJ tFf ntL.

(ii) bgwgl bfGf kha Ffis bfhoU, U rkghLfis

To mkhia Ff. xnu Ffis bfhoU xUJ
kbwhiw fJ mj khia fyh.
3. afj

73

vLJfhL 3.1
: 3x - 5y = 16 , 2x + 5y = 31

bfhLfgl rkghLf


3x - 5y = 16

2x + 5y = 31

(1)
(2)

U rkghLfY y- bfGf v k rkkhf, vFlD

Ugjh, eh y-I vjhf fyh.

(1) kW (2) Matiw Tl,

5x = 15 ( x = 3.

x = 3 vgij (1) myJ (2)- ul y-F fhz Ko.

x = 3 vgij (1)- ul, 3(3) 5y = 16 (

x = 3 kW y = 5 vd U rkghLfY ul,

3 (3) 5 (5) = 16 kW 2 (3) +5 (5) = 31 vd ilgjh,

bfhLfgl rkghL bjhF (3, 5) MF.

(3)

y = 5.

F
nknys vLJfho, fhg xU kh mikj rkghL (3)-I
bgWtnj Kakhd goahF. F kh y-I L x- mikj rkghL (3)-I
bgWnsh. Mfnt, khf xiw L bjhFF fhQ
Kiw f Kiw (Elimination method) vdgL.

vLJfhL 3.2

11 bgf kW 3 mghf bkhj iy ` 50. nkY, 8 bgf kW 3
mghf bkhj iy ` 38 v, xU bg kW xU mgh iyia fhf.
xU bg iy `x vf. xU mgh iy `y vf.

bfhLfgLs tuf go, tU rkghLfis fhzyh.
(1)


11x + 3y = 50

(2)
8x + 3y = 38

(1)- UJ (2)-I ff 3x = 12, x = 4 .

x = 4-I (1)- ul, 1 1 (4) + 3y = 50

vdnt, x= 4, y = 2.

mjhtJ, y = 2 .

Mfnt, xU bg iy ` 4 kW xU mgh iy ` 2 MF.

F

thf bgwgl x kW y Mat kfis bfhLfgl uL
rkghLfY uL, mtiw iw brwjh vd rghf.

vLJfhL 3.3

f Kiw : 3x + 4y = 25, 2x - 3y = 6
74

10M tF fzF

3x + 4y = 25
2x - 3y = 6

(1)
(2)

kh x-I f, rkghL (1)-I 2 MY, rkghL (2)-I 3 MY bgUFf.

(1) # 2 (

6x + 8y = 50

(3)

(2) # 3 (

- 6x + 9y = 18

(4)

rkghLf (3) kW (4)- Matiw Tl, 17y = 68 ( y = 4

y = 4 vd rkghL (1)- ul,
3x + 4 (- 4) = 25 ( x = 3

vdnt, ( 3, 4 ) MF.
Fiu
vLJfhL 3.1- brjgo, bfhLfgl rkghLfis Tlnth myJ
ffnth brJ, khf xiw FtJ nknys vLJfhL 3.3- ayhJ.
Mfnt, FpLfis jJ x myJ y- bfGfis vzs rkgLj eh
y ca khwfis rkghLf brantL. wF mrkghLfSF
f Kiw fhzyh.

vLJfhL 3.4

f Kiwia gagL f: 101x + 99y = 499, 99x + 101y = 501

bfhLfgl rkghLf bjhF
101x + 99y = 499
(1)
99x + 101y = 501
(2)
F rkghLfis ca vfsh bgU, khf xiw f Ko.

UD, xU rkghoYs x- bfG, mLj rkgho y- bfGF
rkkhf csJ. thUF nghJ U rkghLfis To fJ mnj
bfhl a rkghL bjhFid tUkhW bgwyh.

200x + 200y = 1000.

(1)-cl (2)-I Tl

ij 200 M tFf,

(1)-UJ (2)-I ff,

2x - 2y = 2
(4)
ij 2 M tFf,
x - y = 1
rkghLf (3) kW (4) Madtiw f, x = 2, y = 3 vd bgwyh.
njitahd (2, 3) MF.

x + y = 5

(3)

vLJfhL 3.5
f Kiw : 3^2x + yh = 7xy ; 3^ x + 3yh = 11xy

bjhF xy cWf csjh bjhFghdJ U nea rkghLf
bjhFgy.

bfhLfgl rkghLf

(1)
3^2x + yh = 7xy
3^ x + 3yh = 11xy
(2)
3. afj

75

x = 0 v, y = 0 kW y = 0 v, x = 0 MF.

vdnt, (0, 0) vgJ bjhF xU .

Mfnt, kbwhU U mJ x ! 0, y ! 0 vd Uf ntL.

eh x ! 0, y ! 0 vd bfhnth.

xbthU rkgho Uwfis xy-M tFf,

6 + 3 = 7 mjhtJ, 3 + 6 = 7
(3)
y
x
x
y
9 + 3 = 11

kW
(4)
x
y
F, a = 1 , b = 1 vf.

x
y

jnghJ, (3) kW (4) Mad tU nea rkghLfshf mik.

3a + 6b = 7
9a + 3b = 11

(5)
(6)

b-I FtjF Vg, (6) # 2 ( 18a + 6b = 22

(7)

(5) -UJ (7) I ff, 15a = 15. mjhtJ, a = 1.

2

a = 1 vgij (5)- ul b = 3 . Mfnt, a = 1 kW b = 2
3

a = 1 v, 1 = 1 . Mfnt, x = 1
x
1
2

b = v,
= 2 . Mfnt, y = 3 .
y
3
3
2

Mfnt, bjhF uL f ( 1, 3 ) kW ( 0, 0 ).
2
khWKiw



(1)
3^2x + yh = 7xy

(2)
3^ x + 3yh = 11xy

bghGJ, (2) 2 (1) ( 15y = 15xy ( 15y(1x) = 0. vdnt, x = 1, y = 0

nkY y = 0 v, x = 0
x = 1 v, y = 3
2
Mfnt, uL f ( 1, 3 ) kW ( 0, 0 ) MF.

2
F : 15y = 15xy vgij 15x = 15 vd vGdh, y = 0 vgij Hf neL.

g 3.1
f Kiwia gagL tU rkghL bjhFfis .
2. 3x + y = 8 , 5x + y = 10
1. x + 2y = 7 , x - 2y = 1
y
x
3. x + = 4 ,
4. 11x - 7y = xy , 9x - 4y = 6xy
+ 2y = 5
2
3
5. 3 + 5 = 20 , 2 + 5 = 15 , x ! 0, y ! 0 6. 8x - 3y = 5xy , 6x - 5y =- 2xy
x
y
xy x
y
xy

7. 13x + 11y = 70 , 11x + 13y = 74

9. 15 + 2 = 17 , 1 + 1 = 36 , x ! 0, y ! 0
5
x
y
x
y
76

10M tF fzF

8. 65x - 33y = 97 , 33x - 65y = 1

10. 2 + 2 = 1 , 3 + 2 = 0, x ! 0, y ! 0
x 3y
6 x
y

nea rkghLf bjhF f fz v msit

(Cardinality of the set of solutions of the system of linear equations)
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0

(1)
(2)

Ma U rkghLf bjhFig vLJ bfhnth.

2

F bfGf midJ bkbaf kW a1 + b1 ! 0 , a2 + b2 ! 0.

y- bfGfis rkgLj, f Kiwia gagLJnth.

b2 M rkghL (1)-I kW b1 M rkghL (2)-I bgUf eh bgWtJ,

b2 a1 x + b2 b1 y + b2 c1 = 0

(3)

b1 a2 x + b1 b2 y + b1 c2 = 0

(4)

rkghL (3)-UJ rkghL (4) I ff,

b c - b2 c1

^b2 a1 - b1 a2h x = b1 c2 - b2 c1 ( x = 1 2
a1 b2 - a2 b1

(F a1 b2 - a2 b1 ! 0 )

x- kig (1) myJ (2)- ul,

c a - c2 a1

y = 1 2
vd ilF.
(F a1 b2 - a2 b1 ! 0 )
a1 b2 - a2 b1
b c - b2 c1
c a - c2 a1

Mfnt, x = 1 2
kW y = 1 2
, a1 b2 - a2 b1 ! 0 . (5)
a1 b2 - a2 b1
a1 b2 - a2 b1

F U iyfis eh fU bfhSj ntL.

a1
b
! 1 vd U,
a2 b2

nea rkghLf bjhFF xnubahU UF.
a
b
iy (ii) a1 b2 - a2 b1 = 0 mjhtJ 1 = 1 , a2 ! 0 kW b2 ! 0 vf.
a2
b2
a
b
1
1

=
= m vf. Mfnt a1 = ma2 kW b1 = mb2
a2
b2

a1 kW b1 Madt kfis rkghL (1)- ul,

m^a2 x + b2 yh + c1 = 0
(6)
c

c1 = mc2 mjhtJ, 1 = m vd Ujh kLnk (6) kW (2) MatF
c2
cL. Mfnt, c1 = mc2 v, (1)- vjbthU (2)- thf UF kW
(2)- vjbthU (1)- thf UF.
a
b
c

Mfnt, 1 = 1 = 1 = m v, (1) kW (2) Ma nea rkghLfSF
a2
b2
c2
Ko vifyhd f (infinitely many solutions) cL.
iy (i)

a1 b2 - a2 b1 ! 0 mjhtJ

khwhf, c1 ! mc2 v, rkghL (1)- vj xU rkghL (2)-I iw

brahJ. nj nghy rkghL (2)- vj xU rkghL (1)-I iw brahJ.

Mfnt,

a1
b
c
= 1 ! 1 v, rkghLf bjhFF VJiy.
a2
b2 c2
3. afj

77

nkny tjtiw RUfkhf tUkhW FLnth.

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
2
2
2
2
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 , F a1 + b1 ! 0 , a2 + b2 ! 0,
Ma rkghLf bjhFF
a
b
(i) a1 b2 - b1 a2 ! 0 mjhtJ 1 ! 1 v, xnubahU (unique solution) cL.
a2 b2
a
b
c
(ii) 1 = 1 = 1 v, Ko vif f
a2
b2
c2
(infinitely many solutions) cL.

a
b
c
(iii) 1 = 1 ! 1 v, VJiy (no solution).
a2
b2 c2

3.2.2 FWF bgUf Kiw (Method of cross multiplication)

x kW y Ma U khf cs xU nea rkghLf nrhoF f
Kiw fhQnghJ, bfGf Kiwahf gagLjgL f bgwgld.
fhQ Kiwia nkY vikahf FWF bgUf Kiw vw kbwhU Kiw
csJ. Kiw rkghLfSF vthW fhgJ vgij tngh.

(1)
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0

a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 ,

F a1 b2 - b1 a2 ! 0

vw bjhFig vLJ bfhnth. rkghLf bjhFF

b1 c2 - b2 c1
c a - c2 a1
, y= 1 2
Mad vd Wnsh.
a1 b2 - a2 b1
a1 b2 - a2 b1
y
x
1
1
mjhtJ,
=
,
=

b1 c2 - b2 c1
a1 b2 - a2 b1 c1 a2 - c2 a1
a1 b2 - a2 b1

(2)

x=

nknystiw tU mik vGjyh.

y
x
1

=
=
.
b1 c2 - b2 c1
a1 b2 - a2 b1
c1 a2 - c2 a1
nknys bjhlig v id bfhs, tU mF gl f
gaDsjhf UF.
1
x
y
c1
b1
a1
b1

b2

c2

a2

b2

uL vfSilnas mF, mit bgUfgLwd vgij
fhLwJ. neha mF fhL vf bgUf gyUJ nk neha
mF fhL vf bgUf gyid ff ntL.

nknysthW rkghLf bjhFF fhQ Kiwid FWF
bgUf Kiw (cross multiplication method) vngh.
78

10M tF fzF

nkY,

y
x
1
=
=
vd vGJ nghJ
b1 c2 - b2 c1
a1 b2 - a2 b1
c1 a2 - c2 a1

b1 c2 - b2 c1 myJ c1 a2 - c2 a1 MdJ aF rkkhf Ufyh. Mdh

a1 b2 - a2 b1 ! 0 vd Uf ntL.

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 vw rkghLf bjhFF

(i)

b1 c2 - b2 c1 = 0 kW a1 b2 - a2 b1 ! 0 v, x = 0 MF.

(ii)

c1 a2 - c2 a1 = 0 kW

a1 b2 - a2 b1 ! 0 v, y = 0 MF.

, xnubahU (unique solution) it bfhl rkghLf bjhFig vLJ
bfhL, mt id FWF bgUf Kiw fhngh.
vLJfhL 3.6
FWF bgUf Kiwia gagL f.


2x + 7y 5 = 0

3x + 8y
= 11

: bfhLfgl rkghLf bjhF

2x + 7y 5 = 0

3x + 8y +11 = 0
x
y
FWF bgUf Kiwia gagLj, 7
5
2
bfGfis mF gl fhoathW 8
11
3
miknwh.
y
x
1

=
=
.
(
(7) (11) - (8) (- 5) (- 5) (- 3) - (2)(11) (2)(8) - (- 3)(7)

1
7
8

x = y = 1 . vdnt, x = 117 , y =- 7 .
117
37
37
37
-7

Mfnt, ` 117 , - 7 j MF.

37
37

vLJfhL 3.7

FWF bgUf Kiwia gagL tU bjhFid f:

3x + 5y = 25,

7x + 6y = 30

bfhLfgLs rkgho bjhF 3x + 5y 25 = 0, 7x + 6y30 = 0

F, FWF bgUfYF bfGfis tUkhW vGj,
x
5
6

y
25
30

1
3
7

5
6
3. afj

79

y
x
1
vdnt,
=
=
18 - 35
- 175 + 90
- 150 + 150

Mfnt, (0, 5) MF.

y
( x =
= 1 .
0
- 85
- 17

F x = - 1 bghU x = 0 = 0. vdnt, x vgJ xU FpL kLnk

0
0
17
- 17
ajh tFgjhf fUjTlhJ. X viz ajh tFgJ vgJ

fja tiuaWfgLtiy.

vLJfhL 3.8
X <yf v, xwh l yf v, gjh l yf viz ngh

U klfhf csJ. yff l khdh ilF a v, bfhLfgl
vizl 27 mf v, bfhLfgl <yf viz fLof.

v gjh l yf kW xwh l yff Kiwna x kW y

vf. Mfnt, viz thf Kiw 10x + y vd vGjyh (vLJfhlhf,
35 = 10(3)+5 vd vGjyh). yff l khW nghJ x-MdJ xwh l
yfkhf, y- MdJ gjh l yfkhf khWwd. thf
Kiw a v 10y + x vd vGjyh. bfhLfgl Kj gjidgo,

y = 2x ( 2x - y = 0

(1)

nkY, bfhLfgl ulhtJ gjid go,

(10y + x) - (10x + y) = 27

- 9x + 9y = 27

rkghLf (1) kW (2) Madtiw Tl, x = 3.

rkghL (2)- x = 3 vd ul, y = 6.

vdnt, bfhLfgl v =
(10 # 3) + 6 = 36.

( - x + y = 3

(2)

vLJfhL 3.9

xU d bjhFia 3 M bgU gFUJ 3 I Fiwjh

ilfbgW d 18 . Mdh, mnj d bjhFl 8 I To, gFia

11
Uklfhdh ilf bgW d 2 v, mdij fLo.
5
dij x
vdbfhf. bfhLfgl gjidf go, eh bgW
y
rkghLf Kiwna

3x = 18 kW
y - 3 11

vdnt,

80

x+8 = 2
2y
5

( 11x = 6y - 18 kW 5x + 40 = 4y

11x - 6y + 18 = 0

(1)

5x - 4y + 40 = 0

(2)

10M tF fzF

(1) kW (2)-f bfGfis a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 vw

rkghLf bfGfSl xl

a1 = 11, b1 = 6, c1 = 18 ;

a2 = 5, b2 = 4,

a1 b2 - a2 b1 = (11) (- 4) - (5) (- 6) = - 14 ! 0.

vdnt,

Mfnt, bjhFF xnubahU csJ.

bfGfis FWF bgUf Kiw vGJ nghJ,

c2 = 40.

18

11

40

y
x
1
=
=
90 - 440 - 44 + 30
- 240 + 72

x = 168 = 12 ; y = 350 = 25. Mfnt, njitahd d = 12 .

14
14
25

y
x
=
= 1
- 350
- 168
- 14

vLJfhL 3.10

8 Mf kW 12 Wtf nrJ xU ntiyia 10 ehf brJ Kog.
mnj ntiyia 6 Mf kW 8 Wtf nrJ 14 ehf brJ Kog. xU
M jahf mntiyia vjid ehf brJ Kogh? xU Wt jahf
mntiyia vjid ehf brJ Kogh?
xU M xU ntiyia jahf brJ Kof MF ehf x vf.

vdnt, xU M xU eh br ntiy ms 1 gF.

x
xU Wt mntiyia jahf brJ Kof MF ehf y vf.

vdnt, xU Wt xU eh br ntiy ms

1
y

gF. F,

x ! 0 kW y ! 0 vgJ bj.

8 Mf kW 12 Wtf nrJ xU eh br ntiy = 1

10
Mfnt,
8 + 12 = 1
x
y
10
6 Mf, 8 Wtf nrJ xU eh br ntiy = 1 MF.
14
6
8
1
Mfnt,

+ =
x
y
14
a = 1 vd b = 1 vd bfhf.
x
y
1
(1) (
8a + 12b =
( 4a + 6b - 1 = 0.
10
20
(2) (
6a + 8b = 1 ( 3a + 4b - 1 = 0.
14
28

(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)

3. afj

81

rkghLf (3) kW (4) Mat bfGfis FWF bgUf Kiw vGj,

a
6 - 1
20
4 - 1
28

1
4

a
b
1
=
=
. ( a = b
= 1 .
3
1
3
1
1
1
16
18
-2
+
+
14 5
20 7
70
140
vdnt, a = 1 , b = 1 . Mfnt, x = 1 = 140 , y = 1 = 280.
a
b
140
280

Mfnt, xU M jahf mntiyia Kof 140 ehfS, xU Wt jahf
mnj ntiyia Kof 280 ehfS MF.

g 3.2
1.


2.

FWF bgUf
bjhFfis f.

Kiwia

gagL

tU

rkghLf

(i) 3x + 4y = 24 , 20x - 11y = 47 (ii) 0.5x + 0.8y = 0.44 , 0.8x + 0.6y = 0.5
5y
y
(iii) 3x =- 2, x + = 13 (iv) 5 - 4 =- 2, 2 + 3 = 13
2
3
x
y
x
y
3 2
6
tU fzFfSfhd rkghLfis mikJ, mt fis fhf.

(i) xU v kbwhU v _W klifl 2 mf. a v

4 klfhdJ bga vizl 5 mf v, mbtfis fhf.

(ii) U egf tUkhdf j 9 : 7. mtf bryf j

4 : 3. xbthUtU khjbkhWF ` 2000 nrf Kojh, mtfSila
khjhu tUkhdij fhf.
(iii) xU <yf v k mj yff TLj ngh 7 klF
csJ. yffis lkhWj bra ilF v bfhLfgl
vizl 18 Fiw v, mbtiz fhf.

(iv) 3 ehfhf kW 2 nkirf bkhj iy ` 700. nkY 5 ehfhf kW

3 nkirf bkhjiy ` 1100 v, 2 ehfhf kW 3 nkirf
bkhjiyia fhf.

(v) xU brtf sij 2 br. mfJ mfyij 2 br. Fiwjh, mj

gu 28 r. br. FiwwJ. sij 1 br. FiwJ mfyij 2 br. mfjh,
brtf gu 33 r. br. mfF v, brtf guig fhf.

(vi) uhd ntf xU Fl uij xU bjhl to Fl neu

fljJ. bjhl to ntf kF 6 . vd mffgoUjh
muij flf, FlgoUj neuij l 4 k neu Fiwthf
mbjhl to vLJ bfhoUF. bjhl to ntf kF
6 . vd FiwfgoUjh, mnj uij flf FlgoUj
neuijl 6 kneu mfUF v, gaz uij fLo.
82

10M tF fzF

3.3 Ugo gYWnfhitf (Quadratic Polynomials)

a0 ! 0 kW a1, a2, a3, ..., an vgd bkbaf v,
n

a0 x + a1 x

n-1

n-2

+ a2 x

+ g + an - 1 x + an vgJ x- mikj go n I bfhl

xU gYWnfhitahF.

kh x- go 2 cs gYWnfhit, Ugo gYWnfhit (Quadratic

Polynomial) vdgL. nkY, bk khfis aij goahf bfhl nfhitfshf

fUjyh.

bghJthf

Ugo

p (x) = ax + bx + c

gYWnfhitia

vd

vGJnth. F a ! 0 , b kW c vgd bkba khf.

x + x + 1,

vLJfhlhf,

3x - 1 ,

gYWnfhitfshF.

2
- 3 x + 2x - 7
2
3

Mad

Ugo

x = k -, p (x) = ax + bx + c vw Ugo gYWnfhit kid x-F

2

gyhf k I uL bgwyh. Mfnt, x = k - p (x) - k p (k) = ak + bk + c MF.

3.3.1 gYWnfhit af (Zeros of Polynomials)

p(x) vw xU gYWnfhitia vLJbfhf. p(k) = 0 vDkhW mik

bkba k-I gYWnfhit p(x)- a (zero) vngh.

vLJfhlhf,
2

q(x) = x - 5x + 6 vw gYWnfhit af 2 kW 3 MF. Vbd

q(2) = 0 kW q(3) = 0.
Fiu

y gYWnfhitfSF bkbafshyhd af yhk

2
Ufyh. vLJfhlhf p (x) = x + 1 vw gYWnfhitF bkbaf
af iy. mjhtJ p^ k h = 0 vwthW k vw vjbthU bkbaQ
iy. toago gYWnfhit a vgJ gYWnfhit
tiuglK x-mR bto bfhlh, bto bfhS x Mabjhiy
MF. glf 3.1 kW 3.2 Matiw ghf
y

y
2

y = x +1

xl

(0, 1)

yl

x + 1 -F bkba
af iy

gl 3.1

y = x - 5x + 6

xl

yl

(2, 0)

x
(3, 0)

x 5x+6-F bkba

af 2 kW 3
gl 3.2

3. afj

83

3.3.2 Ugo gYW nfhit afSF bfGfSF cs

bjhl (Relationship between zeros and Coefficients of a Quadratic Polynomial)

2
p (x) = ax + bx + c , a ! 0 , vw Ugo gYWnfhit
af a kW b v, fhu njwgo x - a kW x - b vgd

bghJthf,

p(x)- fhufshF.
2

vdnt, ax + bx + c = k^ x - ah^ x - b h F k xU akw kh MF.

2
= k 6 x - ^a + b h x + ab @

UwK x , x- bfGfis kW khfis xL nghJ,

a= k, b= - k (a + b) kW c = kab vd ilwJ.

p (x) = ax + bx + c- bfGfSF, afSF ilnaahd mogil bjhl

x- bfG
af TLj, a + b = - b = 2
a
x - bfG

kh cW
af bgUfgy ab = c =
2
a
x - bfG

vLJfhL 3.11
2

Ugo gYWnfhit afis fhf.

x + 9x + 20 vw
afSF bfGfSF ilnas mogil bjhlfis rghf.
2

p (x) = x + 9x + 20 = ^ x + 4h^ x + 5h vf.

p^ xh = 0 ( ^ x + 4h^ x + 5h = 0

x + 9x + 20 -
fhufis tU
KiwY fhzy.
2

x =- 4 myJ x =- 5

jnghJ,

p(4) = (4+4)(4+5) = 0 kW

p(5) = (5+4)(5+5) = 0

Fiu

20
4

5 a 4+5=9, 45=20

kh cW
p (x) = x + 9x + 20 - af 4 kW 5. 4
5
x2 - bfG
1
1
af TLj = 9, bgUfgy = 20 (1)
( x + 4 ) ( x + 5 ).
mogil bjhlfUJ,

af TLj =

Mfnt

af bgUfgy =

x- bfG
2

x - bfG

kh cW
2

x - bfG

= - 9 = 9 (2)
1
= 20 = 20 (3)
1

thW, mogil bjhlf rghfgld.

84

10M tF fzF

F
2
Ugo
gYWnfhit
mfgrkhf
U
p (x) = ax + bx + c -F
2
af Ufyh. VnjD a ! 0 vgjF a^ x - ^a + b h x + ab h vw
gYWnfhitF a kW b vw af csd. a MdJ akw vj
xU bkbazhf Ufyh vgjh a kW b -fis afis bfhl
Ugo gYWnfhitf Ko vif csd.

vLJfhL 3.12

xU Ugo gYWnfhit af TLj 4 kW mj
bgUfgy 3 v, mnfhitia fhf.
Ugo gYWnfhit af a kW b vf

a + b = 4 kW ab = 3 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

njitahd gYW nfhitf xW,

2

p (x) = x - (a + b) x + ab

= x - (- 4) x + 3 = x + 4x + 3 MF.
vLJfhL 3.13

x = 1 kW x = 1 vw afis bfhl Ugo gYWnfhitia
4
fhf.
khW Kiw

Ugo gYWnfhit p(x)-
af a kW b vf.
afSF bfGfSF
ilnas bjhl thyhf,
2

njitahd gYWnfhitid
neuoahf tUkhW fhzyh :
p(x) = ` x - 1 j^ x + 1h
4

= x2 + 3 x - 1 .
4
4
akw bkbazh p(x)-I bgU
1 kW -1-fis akhf bfhl gy
4
gYWnfhitfis bgwyh.

p (x) = x - (a + b) x + ab
2
= x - ` 1 - 1j x + ` 1 j^- 1h
4
4
2
3
1
= x + x 4
4
F
4x2 + 3x - 1 vw gYWnfhit afS 1 kW 1 MF.
4
2
20x + 15x - 5 vw gYWnfhit afS 1 kW 1 MF.
4
4kx2 + 3kx - k vw gYWnfhit afS 1 kW 1 MF, k ! R .
4
g 3.3

1.

tU Ugo gYWnfhitf afis fhf. afSF

bfGfSF ilna cs bjhlfis rghf.

(i) x - 2x - 8 (ii) 4x - 4x + 1 (iii) 6x - 3 - 7x

2
2
2
(v) x - 15
(vi) 3x - 5x + 2 (vii) 2x - 2 2 x + 1

(iv) 4x + 8x
2
(viii) x + 2x - 143
3. afj

85

2.

tU xbthU Y bfhLfgLs nrho vfis Kiwna

af TLjyhf kW mitf bgUfgydhf bfhl
gYWnfhitia fhf.
(i) 3, 1
(ii) 2, 4
(iii) 0, 4
(iv)
2, 1
5
1
1
1
1
(v) , 1
(vi) , - 4
(vii) , -
(viii) 3 , 2
3
2
3
3

3.4 bjhFKiw tFj (Synthetic Division)

29 I 7M tFF nghJ < 4 kW 1 vd ekF bj. Mfnt 29 = 4(7)+1.
ijnghynt gYWnfhit p (x) -I kbwhU gYWnfhit q (x) M tFjh
ekF <, ilF. thW p (x) = (<) q (x) +
m

jhtJ p (x) =s^ xh q^ xh + r^ xh . F s^ xh MdJ kW r^ xh - go < q^ xh - go,
J tFj goKiw (Division Algorithm) vdgL.

q (x) = x + a v, r^ xh - go = 0 MF. mjhtJ, r^ xh xU khahf UF.

Mfnt, p (x) = s^ xh^ x + ah + r F r xU khahF.
gYWnfhit
x = a vdul,

p^- ah = s^- ah^- a + ah + r ( r = p^- ah .

Mfnt, p (x) -I x + a M tFf ilF ia, x = a

vd p (x) - uL fhzyh. mjhtJ, p (- a) MF.

tFj goKiw :
p (x) vgJ tFgL nfhitahf, q^ xh vgJ tFahf Ujh,
tFj goKiwgo,
p (x) = s^ xh q^ xh + r^ xh vd vGjyh.
UJ tU Kofis bgWnwh.
(i) q(x) vgJ xUgo nfhit v, r^ xh = r xU khahF.
(ii)

q(x)- go 1 v, p (x) - go = ( s (x) - go) + 1

(iii) p (x) -I x + a M tFF nghJ, ahdJ p (- a) MF.

(iv) r = 0 v, p(x)-I q(x) tFwJ myJ p(x)- xU fhu q(x) MF.
Fiu
gYWnfhitia nea gYWnfhitah tFF
wghd xU Kiwid ghnyh u~ (Paolo Ruffin) vgt 1809
M Mo mKfgLdh. mKiw bjhFKiw tFj
(synthetic division) vdgL. xU gYWnfhitia xUgo
gYWnfhitdh tFf, mgYWnfhit cs
bfGfis kLnk gagLJtJ, bjhF Kiw tFj
wghF.
86

10M tF fzF

Paolo Ruffin
(1765-1822, Italy)

bjhFKiw tFjiy xU vLJfhLl sFnth.

3

tFfgL gYWnfhit p (x) = x + 2x - x - 4 kW tF q (x) = x + 2

vf. < s (x) kW r Matiw tUkhW fLofyh.
go 1 bfhLfgl tFfgL kW tFF gYWnfhitfis x-
mLFfis bghWJ wF tir vGJf. gl 3
2
x + 2x - x - 4
fhoathW tFfgL nfhit bfGfis Kj
tir vGJf. Lgl cWfSF 0 vd vGJf.

go 2 tFF nfhit tF aij fhf.

go 3 ulhtJ tir Kj 0 vGJf. gl fhoathW 2- M kW 3- M

tirfis jf vfsh uf.

2

1 # (2)

1+0

0 # (2)

2
2+(2)

1
0

4
1 # (2)

1+0

2
4+2

= 1
= 0
= 1
= 2

go 4 _whtJ tir fil v ahf kwit < bfGfshf

2

mik. Mfnt < x - 1 kW 2.

vLJfhL 3.14

x + x - 7x - 3 vgij x - 3 M tFF nghJ ilF < kW fhf.

3

p (x) = x + x - 7x - 3 vf. tFF nfhit a + 3 MF.

3 1

12

15

12 $

p (x) I x - 3 M tFfgL nghJ < x + 4x + 5 kW 12.

vLJfhL 3.15
4

2x + 1 M tFF nghJ, x + ax - bx - 6
2x + x - 14x - 19x + 6 -I
vgJ <thdh, a kW b Mat kfis kW ia fhf.

p (x) = 2x + x - 14x - 19x + 6 vf.

tFF nfhit 2x + 1 . vdnt, tFF nfhit a x = - 1

2

1
14 19 6
- 1 2
2

0
1
0
7 6

14

12

12

$
3. afj

87

4
3
2
3
Mfnt, 2x + x - 14x - 19x + 6 = ` x + 1 j^2x - 14x - 12h + 12
2
3


= ^2x + 1h 1 ^2x - 14x - 12h + 12
2
3

vdnt, < = 1 ^2x - 14x - 12h kW = 12
2

mjhtJ, < = x - 7x - 6 kW = 12

nghJ, bfhLfgl < x + ax - bx - 6 cl x3 - 7x - 6 -I

xLif a = 0 , b = 7 Mfnt, a = 0 , b = 7 kW = 12 MF.

g 3.4
1.

bjhFKiw tFjiy gagL tUtdtF < kW fhf.

3

(i) ( x + x - 3x + 5 ) ' ( x - 1 )

(ii) (3x - 2x + 7x - 5 ) ' ( x + 3 )

(iii) (3x + 4x - 10x + 6 ) ' ( 3x - 2 ) (iv) (3x - 4x - 5 ) ' (3x + 1 )

(v) (8x - 2x + 6x - 5 ) ' ( 4x + 1 ) (vi) (2x - 7x - 13x + 63x - 48 ) ' ( 2x - 1 )

4

2. x + 10x + 35x + 50x + 29 vD gYWnfhitia x + 4 M tFf

3
2
ilF < x - ax + bx + 6 v a, b Mat kfis kW
ia fhf
3.

8x - 2x + 6x - 7 vgij 2x + 1 M tFf ilF < 4x + px - qx + 3

v, p, q Mat kfis, ia fhf.

3.4.1 bjhFKiw tFjiy gagL fhugLj

(Factorization using synthetic division)

Ugo gYWnfhitfis vthW fhugLJtbjd xgjh
tF fnwh. ghlgF bjhFKiw tFjiy gagL _whgo
gYWnfhitia vthW fhugLJtJ vd fngh.

go 3- mikj gYWnfhit p (x) -F xUgo fhu xiw bjJ
bfhl wF bjhFKiw tFjiy gagL p (x) - Ugo fhuia
fhzyh. nkY, mj Ugo fhuia f aYbk, mjid xUgo
fhuf bgUf gydhf vGjyh. Mfnt, go 3- mikj gYWnfhitia
fhugLj Ko v, bjhFKiw tFjiy gagL mnfhitia
fhugLjyh.
F
(i) xU gYWnfhit p^ xh -F p^ah = 0 v, v kLnk x = a vgJ
mj akhF.
(ii) x - a MdJ p^ xh -F xU fhu v, v kLnk p^ah = 0 MF.
(fhu njw)
88

10M tF fzF

 (iii) p^ xh - khia nrJ vyh cWf bfGf TLj a

v, v kLnk p^ xh -F x - 1 xU fhu MF.
(iv) p^ xh - khia nrJ uilgil mLFf cs cWf
bfGf TLjyhdJ xiwgil mLFf cs cWf
bfGf TLjYF rk v, v kLnk x + 1 MdJ p^ xh -F xU
fhu MF.
vLJfhL 3.16

(i)

3
2
x - 6x + 11x - 6 vw gYWnfhitF x - 1 xU fhu vd Wf.

(ii)

3
2
x + 6x + 11x + 6 vw gYWnfhitF x + 1 xU fhu vd Wf.

(i)

p (x) = x - 6x + 11x - 6 vf.

p^1 h = 1 6 + 11 6 = 0

Mfnt, p (x) -F (x - 1) xU fhu MF.

3

q (x) = x + 6x + 11x + 6 vf.

(ii)

(F bfGf TLjY 0 vgij mf)

q^- 1h = 1 + 6 11 + 6 = 0. Mfnt x + 1 xU fhu MF.

vLJfhL 3.17
3

2x - 3x - 3x + 2
fhugLJf.
3

vD

gYWnfhitia

p (x) = 2x - 3x - 3x + 2 vf.

p^1 h =- 2 ! 0

Mfnt, p (x) -F ( x - 1 ) xU fhu my. UD,

p^- 1h = 2^- 1h3 - 3^- 1h2 - 3^- 1h + 2 = 0.

vdnt, p (x) -F x + 1 xU fhu MF.

bjhFKiw tFjiy gagL kw

fhufis fhzyh.

0
2

2
5

5
2

2
0

2x - 5x + 2 -I
2

(bfGf TLj aky)

fhufshf

Fiu

1 2

xUgo

tU
KiwY
fhugLjyh.

4
4

1 a 4+(1)=5, 4(1)=4

-4 = -2
2
1

-1
2

kh

x2 - bfG

( x - 2 ) ( 2x - 1 ).

thW, p(x) = (x + 1) (2x - 5x + 2)

nkY, 2x - 5x + 2 = 2x - 4x - x + 2 = (x - 2)(2x - 1) .

Mfnt, 2x - 3x - 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x - 2)(2x - 1) .

3. afj

89

vLJfhL 3.18
3

fhugLJf: x - 3x - 10x + 24
3

p (x) = x - 3x - 10x + 24 vf.

p^1 h ! 0 kW p^- 1h ! 0 . Mfnt, x + 1 kW x - 1 Mad p (x) -F
fhufsy. Mfnt, x-F ntW kfis uL p (x) - afis
fhzyh.
x = 2 Mf UFbghGJ p^2h = 0 . Mfnt, p (x) -F x - 2 xU fhu MF.

bjhFKiw tFjiy gagL,

2 1
3
10 24

24

12

$ .

nkY,

Mfnt, x - 3x - 10x + 24 = ^ x - 2h^ x + 3h^ x - 4h

kbwhU fhu x - x - 12 .
2

x - x - 12 = x - 4x + 3x - 12 = (x - 4)(x + 3)
3

g 3.5
1.

tU gYWnfhitfis fhugLJf.

(iv) 4x - 5x + 7x - 6

(vii) 2x - 9x + 7x + 6

(i) x - 2x - 5x + 6

(ii) 4x3 - 7x + 3

(v) x - 7x + 6

(viii) x - 5x + 4

(x) 2x3 + 11x2 - 7x - 6

(iii) x - 23x + 142x - 120

(vi) x + 13x + 32x + 20

(ix) x - 10x - x + 10

(xi) x + x + x - 14 (xii) x - 5x - 2x + 24

3.5 bgU bghJ tF (.bgh.t) kW W bghJ klF (.bgh.k)

3.5.1 bgU bghJ tF (. bgh. t) (Greatest Common Divisor - GCD)

uL myJ mjF nkgl gYWnfhitf xbthiw
tFF fbga goia (Degree) bfhl nfhitid, mgYWnfhitf
ca bghJ fhu (Highest Common Factor) myJ bgU bghJ tF (.bgh.t) vngh.

tU va nfhitfis vLJ bfhnth.

(i)

a ,a ,a ,a
2

3 4

5 2

2 7

(ii) a b , ab c , a b c

(i)- a, a , a Mad bfhLfgl nfhitf tFfshF. mt
3
4 3 5
6
a vgJ caj goia bfhl tFahF. Mfnt nfhitf a , a , a , a
Madt . bgh.t a3 MF.
4

3 4

5 2

2 7

(ii) njnghy ab MdJ a b , ab c , a b c vgdtWF .bgh.t MF.

nfhitf v bfGf U, mt .bgh.t fLoJ mij
bfhL gYWnfhitf .bgh.t-it bgUf ntL.

D y vLJfhLf thyhf . bgh.t- it eF mJ bfhnth.
90

10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 3.19

tUtdt .bgh.t fhf:

(i) 90, 150, 225

(iii) 6^2x - 3x - 2h , 8^4x + 4x + 1h , 12^2x + 7x + 3h

4 3 5

2 7 2

(ii) 15x y z , 12x y z

(i)
90, 150, 225 Ma vfis mt gfhfhuf bgUfgydhf
vGJnth. vdnt 90 = 2 # 3 # 3 # 5 , 150 = 2 # 3 # 5 # 5 kW 225 = 3 # 3 # 5 # 5 .

bfhLfgLs vfSF 3 kW 5 Mad bghJ gfh fhuf MF.

Mfnt, .bgh.t = 3 # 5 = 15 MF.

(ii)

4 3 5

2 7 2

15x y z kW 12x y z

nj Kiwia gagL afj nfhitf

MatF .bgh.t fhngh.

(iii)

2 3 2

bghJfhuf 3, x , y z . Mfnt, .bgh.t = 3 # x # y # z = 3x y z .

2
2
2
6^2x - 3x - 2h , 8^4x + 4x + 1h , 12^2x + 7x + 3h Mat v bfGfshd

6, 8, 12 Madt .bgh.t 2 MF.

jnghJ, Ugo nfhitfSF fhuf fhngh.

2

2x - 3x - 2 = ^2x + 1h^ x - 2h

4x + 4x + 1 = ^2x + 1h^2x + 1h

2x + 7x + 3 = ^2x + 1h^ x + 3h .

nknys Ugo nfhitf bghJfhu ^2x + 1h .

Mfnt, njitahd .bgh.t = 2^2x + 1h .

3.5.2 tFj goKiw gYWnfhitf bgU bghJ tF fhQj

(Greatest Common Divisor of polynomials using division algorithm)

Kj 924, 105 Ma vfSF .bgh.t fhQ va fzF

fhzyh.
8
1
4
924 = 8 105 + 84
105 924 84 105 21
84
105 = 1 84 + 21,

(myJ)
840
84
84
84 = 4 21 + 0,
84
21
0

vdnt, 924, 105-f .bgh.t 21 MF.

nkny Fl Kiwid gagL gYWnfhitfSF .bgh.t

fhzyh.

f^ xh kW g^ xh vgd, f^ xh - go $ g^ xh - go vwikj U
gYWnfhitf vf. eh f(x) kW g(x) MatF .bgh.t fhngh.
3. afj

91


f^ xh kW g^ xh Madtiw xUgo kW Ugo gYWnfhitfshf
fhugLdh, K fw Kiwid gagL v .bgh.t fhz Ko.
f^ xh kW g^ xh -I v fhugLj ayho, tU Kiw .bgh.t
fhzyh.
go 1 Kj f^ xh -I g^ xh M tFJ, f^ xh = g^ xh q^ xh + r^ xh vd bgWf.

F q^ xh vgJ < kW r^ xh vgJ .

Mfnt, g^ xh - go > r^ xh - go.

r(x) = 0 v f(x), g(x) Madt .bgh.t g(x) MF.

go 2 r (x) MdJ a iy v, g^ xh -I r^ xh M tFf,

g^ xh = r^ xh q^ xh + r1 ^ xh . F r(x)- go > r1 ^ xh - go.

F r1 ^ xh = 0 v, njitahd . bgh. t r^ xh MF.

go 3 r1 (x) aky v, akhf ilF tiu nkfl gofis

bjhlJ brf. WgoF Kija go ilF jh f^ xh kW g^ xh
Mat . bgh. t MF.
nkY, f (x) kW g (x) Mat .bgh.t-it, .bgh.t ( f^ xh , g^ xh) vd Fnwh.
Fiu

bga vUJ a viz fjh U vf .bgh.t

MdJ khwhJ vw mogil jh o tFj Kiw .bgh.t.
fhnwh. vLJfhlhf, .bgh.t (252, 105) = .bgh.t. (147, 105) = .bgh.t.
(42, 105) = . bgh.t. (63, 42) = .bgh.t. (21, 42) = 21 vd mayh.

vLJfhL 3.20
4

x + 3x - x - 3 kW x + x - 5x + 3 Ma gYWnfhitf .bgh.t
fhf.
4

f^ xh = x + 3x - x - 3 , g^ xh = x + x - 5x + 3 vf.

F f^ xh - go > g^ xh - go.
3

` tF x + x - 5x + 3 MF.

x + x - 5x + 3 x4 + 3x3 + 0x2 - x - 3
4
3
2

x + x - 5x + 3x

2 x + 5x - 4 x - 3
3
2
2x + 2x - 10x + 6
2

x2 + 2x - 3 x3 + x2 - 5x + 3

92

10M tF fzF

- x - 2x + 3

- x - 2x + 3

3x + 6x - 9
(! 0)
x2 + 2x - 3 $
2

x + 2x - 3x

Mfnt, .bgh.t ( f^ xh , g^ xh ) = x + 2x - 3 .

x1

x + 2

2
2

0 $

Fiu

nkny cs vLJfho bfhLfgl nfhitfSF v fhuf

(khf) iy. Mfnt mitf . bgh. t. Y v fhuf UfhJ.
2
vdnt 3x + 6x - 9 -UJ fhu 3-I , x2 + 2x - 3 -I a tFahf
vLJ bfhsgLsJ.

vLJfhL 3.21
4

3x + 6x - 12x - 24x kW 4x + 14x + 8x - 8x Ma

gYW nfhitf . bgh. t fhf.

f^ xh = 3x + 6x - 12x - 24x = 3x^ x + 2x - 4x - 8h vf.

g^ xh = 4x + 14x + 8x - 8x = 2x^2x + 7x + 4x - 4h vf.

jbghGJ x + 2x - 4x - 8 kW 2x + 7x + 4x - 4 Ma
gYWnfhitf .bgh.t fhngh.
3

x + 2x - 4x - 8 -I tFahf bfhnth.
x2

2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
x + 4x + 4 x + 2x - 4x - 8
x + 2x - 4x - 8 2x + 7x + 4x - 4
3

2x + 4x - 8x - 16

3x + 12x + 12
(
x 2 + 4x + 4

- 2x - 8x - 8

- 2x - 8x - 8

(! 0)

x + 4x + 4x

0 $

x + 2x - 4x - 8 kW 2x + 7x + 4x - 4 bghJ tF x2 + 4x + 4 MF.

nkY, 3x kW 2x Madt bghJ tF = x.

2
Mfnt, .bgh.t ( f^ xh , g^ xh ) = x^ x + 4x + 4h .

g 3.6
1.

tUtdt . bgh. t fhf.

(iii) 25bc d , 35b c , 45c d

2.

tUtdt . bgh. t fhf.

(v) x + 3xy + 2y , x + 5xy + 6y

(vii) x - x - 2 , x + x - 6 , 3x - 13x + 14 (viii) x - x + x - 1 , x - 1

4
3
2
6
5
4
(ix) 24^6x - x - 2x h , 20^2x + 3x + x h
(x) ^a - 1h5 ^a + 3h2 , ^a - 2h2 ^a - 1h3 ^a + 3h4

2 5 3

(i) 7x yz , 21x y z
4 3

2 5

5 3 4

2 2
2

2 2

(iv) 35x y z , 49x yz , 14xy z

4

(i) c - d , c^c - d h
2
2
(iii) m - 3m - 18 , m + 5m + 6
2

(ii) x y , x y , x y

(ii) x - 27a x , ^ x - 3ah2

2
3
2
(iv) x + 14x + 33 , x + 10x - 11x
2

(vi) 2x - x - 1 , 4x + 8x + 3

3. afj

93

3.

nH bfhLfgLs gYWnfhitf nrhofSF tFj go

Kiw . bgh. t fhf.

(i)

(ii) 3x + 18x + 33x + 18 , 3x + 13x + 10

(iii) 2x + 2x + 2x + 2 , 6x + 12x + 6x + 12

(iv) x - 3x + 4x - 12 , x + x + 4x + 4x

x - 9x + 23x - 15 , 4x - 16x + 12
3

3.5.3 W bghJ klF (. bgh. k) (Least Common Multiple)

uL myJ mjF nkgl gYWnfhitf W bghJ klF vgJ
mj gYWnfhitf xbthwhY yhk tFgl Toa f Fiwj
goia bfhl gYWnfhitahF.
4

vLJfhlhf, a , a , a Ma va nfhitfis vLJ bfhnth.

4

a , a , a Mat bghJ klFf a , a , a , g.

6
midJ bghJ klFfY a vgJ fa bghJ klF MF.
4 3
6
6
Mfnt, a , a , a Mat . bgh. k a MF.
3 7
3 4
5
2 7
thnw a b , ab , a b Mat . bgh. k a b MF.
nkY y vLJfhLf _y . bgh. k fhngh.

vLJfhL 3.22

tUtdt . bgh. k fhf
2 3
3
2
2 3

(i) 90, 150, 225
(ii) 35a c b , 42a cb , 30ac b

(iii) ^a - 1h5 ^a + 3h2 , ^a - 2h2 ^a - 1h3 ^a + 3h4
3
3
3
3
4
2 2
4

(iv) x + y , x - y , x + x y + y

1
2
1
(i) 90 = 2 # 3 # 3 # 5 = 2 # 3 # 5
1
1
2
150 = 2 # 3 # 5 # 5 = 2 # 3 # 5
2

225 = 3 # 3 # 5 # 5 = 3 # 5
1

90, 150, 225 Mat .bgh.k = 2 # 3 # 5 = 450

(ii) 35, 42, 30 - . bgh. k 5 # 7 # 6 = 210
2 3

2 3

3 3 3

vdnt, 35a c b , 42a cb , 30ac b - . bgh. k = 210a c b .

(iii) ^a - 1h5 ^a + 3h2 , ^a - 2h2 ^a - 1h3 ^a + 3h4 - . bgh. k = ^a - 1h5 ^a + 3h4 ^a - 2h2 .
(iv) Kj bfhLfgLs nfhitf fhufis fhzyh.
3
3
2
2

x + y = ^ x + yh^ x - xy + y h
3
3
2
2

x - y = ^ x - yh^ x + xy + y h
4
2 2
4
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
x + x y + y = (x + y ) - x y = ^ x + xy + y h^ x - xy + y h
2
2
2
2
vdnt,
.bgh.k = ^ x + yh^ x - xy + y h ^ x - yh^ x + xy + y h

3
3
3
3
6
6
= ^ x + y h^ x - y h = x - y .

94

10M tF fzF

g 3.7
tUtdtF .bgh.k fhf.
3 2

x y , xyz

3.

a bc , b ca , c ab

5.

7.

2
3^a - 1h , 2^a - 1h2 , ^a - 1h

9.

^ x + 4h2 ^ x - 3h3 , ^ x - 1h^ x + 4h^ x - 3h2

m+1

, a

m+2

3 3

2. 3x yz , 4x y

1.

, a

m+3

4 2 3

3 4 2

2 3 4

4. 66a b c , 44a b c , 24a b c

2

6. x y + xy , x + xy

8. 2x - 18y , 5x y + 15xy , x + 27y

2
2
2
2
4
3
10. 10^9x + 6xy + y h , 12^3x - 5xy - 2y h , 14^6x + 2x h .

3.5.4 . bgh. t. kW . bgh. k. MatWF ilnas bjhl

(Relation between LCM and GCD)
U if KGf bgUfgy mt . bgh. t kW . bgh. k-
bgUf gyDF rk vd mJnsh. vLJfhlhf, 21 # 35 = 105 # 7.
F 21 kW 35- . bgh. k =105 kW mt . bgh. t = 7.
njngh, VnjD U gYWnfhitf bgUfgy mt . bgh. k
kW .bgh.t Mat bgUfgyDF rkkhF.

mjhtJ, f^ xh # g^ xh = {. bgh. k (f(x) , g(x))} # {. bgh. t (f(x) , g(x))}.

j Koit X vLJfhLl rghfyh.

4
3
4
3
2
f^ xh = 12^ x - x h , g^ xh = 8^ x - 3x + 2x h Ma U gYWnfhitfis
fUJf.
4
3
2
3
(1)
f^ xh = 12^ x - x h = 2 # 3 # x # ^ x - 1h
4
3
2
3
2
(2)
g^ xh = 8^ x - 3x + 2x h = 2 # x # ^ x - 1h # ^ x - 2h

(1) kW (2) MatUJ,
3
1
3
3

. bgh. k (f(x) , g(x)) = 2 # 3 # x # ^ x - 1h # ^ x - 2h = 24x ^ x - 1h^ x - 2h
2

. bgh. t (f(x) , g(x)) = 4x ^ x - 1h
3
2

` . bgh. t # . bgh. k = 24x ^ x - 1h^ x - 2h # 4x ^ x - 1h
5

= 96x ^ x - 1h2 ^ x - 2h

nkY,

(3)

f^ xh # g^ xh = 12x ^ x - 1h # 8x ^ x - 1h^ x - 2h
5

= 96x ^ x - 1h2 ^ x - 2h
(3) kW (4) MatUJ,

(4)

. bgh. k # . bgh. t = f^ xh # g^ xh

Mfnt, U gYWnfhitf . bgh. k kW . bgh. t Mat
bgUfgy MdJ mU gYWnfhitf bgUfgyDF rk. vdnt,
f^ xh , g^ xh kW . bgh. k myJ . bgh. t Mat VnjD xW bfhLfglh,
kbwhiw vjhf fhzKo. Vbd, . bgh. k kW . bgh. t. Mad 1 vw
fhuia jJ jJtKsit.
3. afj

95

vLJfhL 3.23
4

x + 3x + 5x + 26x + 56 kW x + 2x - 4x - x + 28 Mat .bgh.t
2
x + 5x + 7 v, mt . bgh.k-it fhf.
4

f^ xh = x + 3x + 5x + 26x + 56 ; g^ xh = x + 2x - 4x - x + 28 vf.
2
(bfhLfgLsJ)

. bgh. t = x + 5x + 7
. bgh. t # . bgh. k = f^ xh # g^ xh vd mnth.
f^ x h # g^ x h


.bgh.t

f^ xh kW g^ xh Ma uil .bgh.t -M tFf aY.

vdnt f^ xh -I . bgh. t-M tFf,

1 2
8
1 5 7 1
3
5
26
56

1
5
7

26
-2 -2

- 2 - 10 - 14

8
40
56

8
40
56

0
2

f^ xh -I . bgh. t M tFF nghJ ilF < x - 2x + 8 .

vdnt,

. bgh. k =

` (1) (

vdnt,

(1)

.bgh.k = ^ x - 2x + 8h # g^ xh
2

.bgh.k = ^ x - 2x + 8h^ x + 2x - 4x - x + 28h .

F
nkfl fz, g^ xh -ia . bgh. t M tFfyh. ilF <id
f^ xh M bgUfgLnghJ njitahd . bgh. k ilF.

vLJfhL 3.24
6

U gYWnfhitf . bgh. t kW . bgh. k Kiwna x + 1 kW x - 1 .

3
nkY, xU gYWnfhit x + 1 v, kbwhiw fhf.

. bgh. t = x + 1 ,

. bgh. k = x - 1
6

f^ xh = x + 1 vf. njitahd kbwhU gYWnfhit g^ xh vf.

. bgh. k # . bgh. t = f^ xh # g^ xh

^ x6 - 1h^ x + 1h
g^ xh = .bgh.k # .bgh.t =
3
f^ x h
x +1

( =

Mfnt,
96

^ x3 + 1h^ x3 - 1h^ x + 1h
3

x +1

g^ xh = ^ x - 1h^ x + 1h .

10M tF fzF

= ^ x - 1h^ x + 1h
3

g 3.8
1.

tU xbthU nrho gYWnfhitf . bgh. k fhf.

(i)

(ii) x + 3x + 6x + 5x + 3 , x + 2x + x + 2 , t . bgh. t x + x + 1 .

(iii) 2x + 15x + 2x - 35 , x + 8x + 4x - 21 , t . bgh. t x + 7 .

(iv) 2x - 3x - 9x + 5 , 2x - x - 10x - 11x + 8 , t . bgh. t 2x - 1 .

2.

tUtdt Kiwna p^ xh kW q^ xh Mat . bgh. k, kW . bgh. t

nkY p^ xh Mad bfhLfgLsd. q^ xh vw kbwhU gYWnfhitia
fhf.

(i) ^ x + 1h2 ^ x + 2h2 , ^ x + 1h^ x + 2h , ^ x + 1h2 ^ x + 2h .

(ii) ^4x + 5h3 ^3x - 7h3 , ^4x + 5h^3x - 7h2 , ^4x + 5h3 ^3x - 7h2 .
4
4
4
2 2
4
2
2
4
4
(iii) ^ x - y h^ x + x y + y h , x - y , x - y .

x - 5x + 6 , x + 4x - 12 , t . bgh. t x - 2 .
4

3
2
3
2
(iv) ^ x - 4xh^5x + 1h , ^5x + xh , ^5x - 9x - 2xh .
2
3
2
(v) ^ x - 1h^ x - 2h^ x - 3x + 3h , ^ x - 1h , ^ x - 4x + 6x - 3h .

(vi) 2^ x + 1h^ x - 4h , ^ x + 1h , ^ x + 1h^ x - 2h .

3.6 jKW nfhitf (Rational expressions)

m kW n ! 0 vgd U KGf v m vw j xU jKW vzhf

n
tiuaWfgLwJ. njngh p^ xh , q^ xh Ma U gYWnfhitf q^ xh ! 0
p^ x h
v, j
vgJ xU jKW nfhit MF.
q^ x h

p^ x h
vd vGj aY vgjh vj xU gYWnfhit p^ xh - xU
1
jKW gYWnfhitahF.

p^ x h I

UD, xU jKW nfhitahdJ xU gYWnfhitahf Uf

xU jKW nfhit. Mdh, mJ xU
ntoa mtaiy. vLJfhlhf 2 x
x +1
gYWnfhitay.

jKW gYWnfhitfis tU y vLJfhLf _y mayh.

3
2x + 7 , 23x + 2 , x 2+ 2 x + 5
x +x+1 x +x- 3

3.6.1 jKW nfhit RUa (m) va tot (Rational expressions in lowest form)

p^ xh kW q^ xh Ma gYWnfhitf bfGf KG vf Mf,

p^ x h
vgJ RUa myJ va toYs
mt .bgh.t 1 vwthW Ujh,
q^ x h
xU jKW nfhitahF. xU jKWnfhit RUa to yhkU mj
bjhF p^ xh kW gF q^ xh Ma uil p^ xh , q^ xh Mat .bgh.t-M
tFJ va to RUfyh.

y vLJfhLfis fU bfhnth.
3. afj

97

vLJfhL 3.25

tU jKW nfhitfis va toF RUFf.
(i) 5x + 20
7x + 28

(ii) x 3- 5x 4
3x + 2x

(iii) 6x2 - 5x + 1
9x + 12x - 5

(iv)

2
^ x - 3h^ x - 5x + 4h
2
^ x - 1h^ x - 2x - 3h

5x + 20 = 5^ x + 4h = 5
7x + 28 7^ x + 4h 7
2
3
2
x - 5x = x ^ x - 5h = x - 5
(ii)
3
4
3
x^2x + 3h
3x + 2x
x ^2x + 3h
2
(iii) p^ xh = 6x - 5x + 1 = ^2x - 1h^3x - 1h vf.
2

q^ xh = 9x + 12x - 5 = ^3x + 5h^3x - 1h vf.
p^ xh ^2x - 1h^3x - 1h 2x - 1

vdnt,
=
=
^3x + 5h^3x - 1h 3x + 5
q^ x h
(i)

(iv)

f^ xh = ^ x - 3h^ x - 5x + 4h = ^ x - 3h^ x - 1h^ x - 4h vf.

2
g^ xh = ^ x - 1h^ x - 2x - 3h = ^ x - 1h^ x - 3h^ x + 1h vf.
f^ xh ^ x - 3h^ x - 1h^ x - 4h x - 4
vdnt,
=
=
g^ xh ^ x - 1h^ x - 3h^ x + 1h x + 1
g 3.9

tUtdtiw va toF RUFf.

(i)

6x + 9x
2
3x - 12x
3

(ii) x4 + 1
x -1
4

(iii)

x -1
x +x+1
2

2
2
2
4
2
(v) x 2+ x + 1 (F: x + x + 1 = ^ x + 1h - x vdbfhf)
(iv) x 2- 27
x -9
x +x+1
3
2
4
(vi) 4 x +2 8

(vii) 2x2 + x - 3
(viii) 2 2x - 162
^ x + 9h^2x - 6h
x + 4x + 16
2x + 5x + 3
2
2
2
^ x - 3h^ x - 5x + 4h
^ x - 8h^ x + 5x - 50h
4x + 9x + 5

(x)

(xi)
(ix)
2
2
2
8x + 6x - 5
^ x - 4h^ x - 2x - 3h
^ x + 10h^ x - 13x + 40h

(xii)

2
^ x - 1h^ x - 2h^ x - 9x + 14h
2
^ x - 7h^ x - 3x + 2h

3.6.2 jKW nfhitf bgUf kW tFj

(Multiplication and division of rational expressions)

p^ x h
g^ x h
q^ xh ! 0 , h^ xh ! 0 vwthW
kW
Mad U jKW nfhitf v,
q^ x h
h^ x h
p^ x h g^ x h
p^ x h # g^ x h
(i) mitf bgUfgy
=
vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
#
q^ x h h^ x h
q^ x h # h^ x h

p^ x h g^ x h
p^ x h h^ x h
=
vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
'
#
q^ x h h^ x h
q^ x h g^ x h
p^ x h g^ x h
p^ x h # h^ x h
=
vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
'
q^ x h h^ x h
q^ x h # g^ x h

(ii)

mitf tFj

mjhtJ,
98

10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 3.26
3 2
5
x y
27z M bgUFf.
vgij

(i)
4 2
4
9z
x y
2
2
3
3

(ii) 2 a + b 2 vgij a - b M bgUFf.
a-b
a + 2ab + b

(iii) x2 - 8 vgij x2 + 6x + 8 M bgUFf.

x -4
x + 2x + 4
3 2

3 2

5
x y
27z = (x y ) (27z ) = 3z .
#
4
4 2
4
4 2
x
9z
x y
(9z ) (x y )
2
2
2
2
3
3
^a + bh^a - ab + b h ^a + bh^a - bh
2
2
a
b
a
b
+
=
= a - ab + b .
(ii)
#
2
2 # a-b
(a - b)
^a + bh^a + bh
a + 2ab + b
3
2
3
3
^ x + 4h^ x + 2h
(iii) x2 - 8 # x2 + 6x + 8 = x2 - 22 # 2
x -4
x + 2x + 4
x -2
x + 2x + 4
2
^ x - 2h^ x + 2x + 4h ^ x + 4h^ x + 2h

=
= x + 4.
# 2
^ x + 2h^ x - 2h
x + 2x + 4
vLJfhL 3.27
3
2

(i) 4x2 - 4 vgij x - 1 M tFf. (ii) x - 1 vgij x + x + 1 M tFf.
x+3
3x + 9
x+1
x -1

(i)

(iii) x2 - 1 vgij x2 - 4x - 5 M tFf.

x - 25
x + 4x - 5

(i)

(ii)

^ x + 1h
4 (x - 1)
4x - 4 ' x - 1 =
= 4 .
#
2
x + 1 ^ x + 1h^ x - 1h (x - 1)
x-1
x -1
2
3
2
x - 1 ' x + x + 1 = (x - 1)(x + x + 1) # 3 (x + 3) = 3(x1).
2
x+3
x+3
3x + 9
x +x+1

2
2
x - 1 ' x - 4x - 5 = ^ x + 1h^ x - 1h # ^ x + 5h^ x - 1h
2
2
^ x + 5h^ x - 5h ^ x - 5h^ x + 1h
x - 25 x + 4x - 5
2
^ x - 1h^ x - 1h
=
= 2x - 2x + 1 .
^ x - 5h^ x - 5h
x - 10x + 25

(iii)

g 3.10
1.

tU jKW nfhitfis bgU, ilia RUa to vGJf.

(i) x - 2x # 3x + 6
x+2
x-2

(iii) x 2- 3x - 10 # x -3 2x + 4
x - x - 20
x +8

(v) 3x 2 + 2x - 1 # 2x2 - 3x - 2
x -x-2
3x + 5x - 2

(ii)

x - 81 # x + 6x + 8
2
2
x -4
x - 5x - 36

(iv)

x2 - 16 # x2 - 4 # x2 - 4x + 16
x - 3x + 2 x3 + 64
x 2 - 2x - 8

(vi)

2x - 1 # x - 8x # x + 3
2
2
2
x + 2x + 4 2x + 5x - 3 x - 2x

3. afj

99

2.

tUtdiw va to RUFf:
2
x ' x
(i)
x + 1 x2 - 1
2

4x - 5 ' x - 3x - 10
(iii) x 2
2
x - 25
x + 7x + 10

(v) 2x2 + 13x + 15 ' 22x - x - 6

x + 3x - 10
x - 4x + 4

(vii) 2x2 + 5x - 3 ' 2x2 + x - 1

2x + 9x + 9 2x + x - 3

(ii) x2 - 36 ' x + 6
x - 49 x + 7
2
2
(iv) x 2+ 11x + 28 ' x2 + 7x + 12
x - 4x - 77
x - 2x - 15
2

x - 4 ' 4x - 4
(vi) 3x 2
2
9x - 16
3x - 2x - 1

3.6.3 jKW nfhitf TlY fjY

(Addition and subtraction of rational expressions)
p^ x h
r^ x h
Mad uL jKW
q^ xh ! 0 kW s^ xh ! 0 vwthW q^ xh kW
s^ x h
nfhitf v, mt TLj kW fjiy
p^ x h r^ x h
p^ xh .s^ xh ! q^ xh r^ xh
=
vd tiuaWfyh.
!
q^ x h s^ x h
q^ xh .s^ xh

vLJfhL 3.28
RUFf: (i) x + 2 + x - 1
x+3
x-2

(i)
(ii)

(ii)

x+1 + 1
x+1
^ x - 1h2

x - 6 + x + 2x - 24
(iii) x 2
2
x -9
x - x - 12

2
x + 2 + x - 1 = ^ x + 2h^ x - 2h + ^ x - 1h^ x + 3h = 2x + 2x - 7
2
x+3
x-2
^ x + 3h^ x - 2h
x +x-6
2
2
2
x + 1 + 1 = ^ x + 1h + ^ x - 1h =
2x + 2

x+1
^ x - 1h2 ^ x + 1h
^ x - 1h2 ^ x + 1h
^ x - 1h2
2

2x + 2
3
2
x -x -x+1
2
2
x - 6 + x + 2x - 24 = ^ x - 3h^ x + 2h + ^ x + 6h^ x - 4h
(iii) x 2
2
^ x + 3h^ x - 3h ^ x + 3h^ x - 4h
x -9
x - x - 12
= x + 2 + x + 6 = x + 2 + x + 6 = 2x + 8
x+3
x+3
x+3
x+3

vLJfhL 3.29

x - 1 cl vj jKW nfhitia Todh 2x - x + 3 ilF ?

2
2
x +2
x +2

p^ xh vgJ njitahd jKW nfhit vf.

3

x - 1 + p^ xh = 2x - x + 3 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
2
2
x +2
x +2
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
x + 3 - x - 1 = 2x - x + 3 - x + 1 = x - x + 4

` p^ xh = 2x 2
2
2
2
x +2
x +2
x +2
x +2

100 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 3.30
2x - 1 - x + 1 + x + 2 vgij U gYWnfhitf xU dkhf
x-1
2x + 1 m x + 1
(jKW nfhitahf) va to RUFf.
c

c 2x - 1 - x + 1 m + x + 2
x-1
2x + 1
x+1
^2x - 1h^2x + 1h - ^ x + 1h^ x - 1h
= ;
E+ x + 2
x+1
x
x
1
2
1
^ - h^ + h
2
2
2
^
h ^
h
3x
= 4x - 1 - x - 1 + x + 2 =
+ x+2
x + 1 ^ x - 1h^2x + 1h x + 1
^ x - 1h^2x + 1h
2

3x ^ x + 1h + ^ x + 2h^ x - 1h^2x + 1h 5x3 + 6x2 - 3x - 2

=
3
2
^ x2 - 1h^2x + 1h
2x + x - 2x - 1

g 3.11
1.

tUtdtiw U gYWnfhitf xU dkhf (jKW

nfhitahf) va to RUFf.

x + 8
x-2 2-x
2
2
x - 6 + x + 2x - 24
(iii) x 2
2
x -9
x - x - 12
(i)

2x - 5x + 3 - 2x - 7x - 4
2
2
x - 3x + 2
2x - 3x - 2

(ii)
(iv)
(vi)

x+2
+ 2 x-3
x + 3x + 2
x - 2x - 3
x-2
+ 2 x+3
2
x - 7x + 10
x - 2x - 15
2

x - 4 - x - 11x + 30
2
2
x + 6x + 8
x - x - 20

(v)

(vii) = 2x + 5 + x2 + 1 G - ` 3x - 2 j
x+1
x-1
x -1
(viii) 2 1
.
+ 2 1
- 2 2
x + 3x + 2
x + 5x + 6
x + 4x + 3
2

2.
3.
4.

x - 1 cl vj jKW nfhitia Tl 3x + 2x + 4 ilF?

2
2
x +2
x +2
3
2
2
vj jKW nfhitia 4x - 7x + 5 -UJ ff 2x - 5x + 1 ilF?
2x - 1
y
2Q
v, 1 - 2
I fhf.
P= x ,Q=
P - Q P - Q2
x+y
x+y

3.7 tf_y (Square root)

a ! R vgJ xU Fiwaw bkba (Non negative real number) vf.

2

a- tf_ykhdJ b = a vwthW mik xU bkba b MF. a- if

tf_yid
Mad

bkahf

gagLjgLwJ.

a myJ
UD
Mfnt

a vd Fngh. (- 3) 2 = 9 kW (+ 3) 2 = 9
vgJ

9 = 3.

if

njngh

tf_yij

121 = 11,

Ff

10000 = 100.

3. afj 101

vj xU nfhit tf bfhLfgl nfhitF rkkhf csnjh, mnfhit

bfhLfgl nfhit tf_y (square root) vdgL. gYWnfhitfSF
tf_y fhz tUkhW vGJnth.

p (x) , p (x) $ 0 vDnghJ

- p (x) , p (x) 1 0 vDnghJ

^ p^ xhh2 = p^ xh , F p (x) = )

^ x - ah2 = ^ x - ah ,

vdnt,

^a - bh2 = ^a - bh .

bfhLfgl gYWnfhitfSF tU eF mKfkhd U Kiwf
tf_y fhngh.

(i) fhugLj Kiw (Factorization method)

(ii) tFj Kiw (Division method)

gF, fhugLj ay Toa gYWnfhitfis fhugL
tf_y fhQ Kiwia y vLJfhLf _y fngh.

3.7.1 fhugLJj Kiw tf_y fhz

(Square root by factorization method)

vLJfhL 3.31

tf_y fhf.

(ii)

(i) 121^ x - ah4 ^ x - bh6 ^ x - ch12

4 6 8

81x y z

12 14
64w s

(iii) (2x + 3y) - 24xy

121^ x - ah4 ^ x - bh6 ^ x - ch12 = 11 ^ x - ah2 ^ x - bh3 ^ x - ch6

(i)

4 6 8

2 3 4

x y z
81x y z
= 9
12 14
8 w6 s7
64w s

(ii)

(iii) ^2x + 3yh2 - 24xy = 4x + 12xy + 9y - 24xy =

= ^2x - 3yh
vLJfhL 3.32

tf_y fhf.

6
x + 16 - 2
x
2
2
2
(iii) ^6x - x - 2h^3x - 5x + 2h^2x - x - 1h
2

(i) 4x + 20xy + 25y

(ii)

(i)
(ii)

4x + 20xy + 25y =
6
x + 16 - 2 =
x

102 10M tF fzF

^2x + 5yh2 = ^2x + 5yh

3
3
1 2
1
cx - 3 m = cx - 3 m
x
x

^2x - 3yh2

(iii) tf_y fhQ K, gYWnfhitfis fhugLJnth.

2

6x - x - 2 = ^2x + 1h^3x - 2h

3x - 5x + 2 = ^3x - 2h^ x - 1h kW
2

2x - x - 1 = ^ x - 1h^2x + 1h

2
2
2
vdnt, ^6x - x - 2h^3x - 5x + 2h^2x - x - 1h

= ^2x + 1h^3x - 2h # ^3x - 2h^ x - 1h # ^ x - 1h^2x + 1h

= ^2x + 1h2 ^3x - 2h2 ^ x - 1h2

= ^2x + 1h^3x - 2h^ x - 1h

g 3.12

1.

tUtdtF tf_y fhf.

(i) 196a b c

(iv) ^ x - yh2 + 4xy (v) 121x y ' 81x y

2.

tUtdtF tf_y fhf.

(i)

2
2
2
(ii) ^ x - 25h^ x + 8x + 15h^ x - 2x - 15h

(iii) 4x + 9y + 25z - 12xy + 30yz - 20zx

4
(iv) x + 14 + 2
x

2
2
2
(v) ^6x + 5x - 6h^6x - x - 2h^4x + 8x + 3h

2
2
2
(vi) ^2x - 5x + 2h^3x - 5x - 2h^6x - x - 1h

6 8 10

(ii) 289^a - bh4 ^b - ch6

8 6

4 8

(iii) ^ x + 11h2 - 44x

(vi)

64^a + bh4 ^ x - yh8 ^b - ch6

25^ x + yh4 ^a - bh6 ^b + ch10

16x - 24x + 9
2

3.7.2 tFj Kiw xU gYWnfhit tf_y fhz

(Finding the square root of a polynomial by division method)

xU gYWnfhitid, fhuf bgUfgydhf v khw Koahj
nghJ mj tf_yij tFj Kiw _y fhzyh. gYWnfhitf
go mfkhf UjhY tf_yfis tFj Kiwia gagL v
fhzyh.

if KGf tf_yij fhQ tFj Kiwia nghynt, xU
gYWnfhit tf_yij fhzyh. tU vLJfhLfis
bfhL Kiwia sFnth.
3. afj 103


(i) 66564 I fhf.

2 5 8

2

6 65 64
4

45

2 65
2 25

Mfnt ,

9x + 12x + 10x + 4x + 1 I fhf.

4

p (x) = 9x + 12x + 10x + 4x + 1 vf.

2
3x + 2x + 1
2

3x 9x + 12x + 10x + 4x + 1

9x
2
6x + 2x

508 40 64

40 64

0

(ii)

12x + 10x
3

12x + 4x

6x + 4x + 1


4

66564 = 258

6x + 4x + 1
2
6x + 4x + 1
0

9x + 12x + 10x + 4x + 1 = 3x + 2x + 1

Fiu

(i) gYWnfhitia x- mLFfis bghUJ VWtir myJ wF

tir vGJnghJ, Lgl cWfSF gyhf aij vGj.
(ii) nkny cs tf_y fhQ Kiwia tU tKiwl xL ghJ,
mjFa fhuzfis J bfhsyh.
4
3
2

9x + 12x + 10x + 4x + 1 = ^a + b + ch2

Mfnt, tf_y fhgJ vgJ bghUjkhd a, b kW c-fis fhgjhF.
2
2
2
2

vdnt, (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
2

= a + b + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc + c

= a + ^2a + bh b + ^2a + 2b + ch c
2 2
2
2
= ^3x h + ^6x + 2xh^2xh + ^6x + 4x + 1h^1 h
`

9x + 12x + 10x + 4x + 1 = 3x + 2x + 1 , Mfnt, a = 3x , b = 2x kW c = 1

khWKiw : tf_y fhz, Kj tUkhW vGJf.

9x4 + 12x3 + 10x2 + 4x + 1 = (mx2 + nx + l) 2 = m2 x4 + 2mnx3 + (n2 + 2lm) x2 + 2nlx + l2
U wK bfGfis xL, m, n, l MatWF kfis fhf.
(iii) tUt vLJfhil JbfhL, tf_yij eF mJ
bfhsyh.

25x - 30x + 29x - 12x + 4 = 25x - 30x + 9x + 20x - 12x + 4

2 2
2
2
= ^5x h + 610x + (- 3x) @ (- 3x) + ^10x - 6x + 2h 2

2 2
2
2
= ^5x h + 62 (5x ) + (- 3x) @ (- 3x) + 62 (5x ) + 2 (- 3x) + 2 @ 2

= a + 62a + (- b) @ (- b) + 62a + 2 (- b) + c @ c
2
2

= a + (- b) + c + 2a (- b) + 2 (- b) c + 2ac
2

= (a - b + c) , F a = 5x , b = 3x, c = 2
4
3
2
2
` 25x - 30x + 29x - 12x + 4 = 5x - 3x + 2 .
104 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 3.33
4

x - 10x + 37x - 60x + 36 - tf_yij fhf

bfhLfgl gYWnfhit x- mLFf wF tir csJ.

2

x - 5x + 6

2x - 5x

x - 10x + 37x - 60x + 36

- 10x + 37x

- 10x + 25x

2x - 10x + 6

12x - 60x + 36
2
12x - 60x + 36

vdnt,bfhLfgLs gYWnfhit tf_y,

4
3
2
2
x - 10x + 37x - 60x + 36 = ^ x - 5x + 6h MF.

vLJfhL 3.34

x - 6x + 19x - 30x + 25 - tf_yij fhf.

tf_y fhz gYWnfhitia x- mLFf VW tir fUJf.

5 - 3x + x

2
2

5 25 - 30x + 19x - 6x + x

25

103x

- 30x + 19x
- 30x + 9x

10 - 6x + x

10x - 6x + x

10x - 6x + x

0
2

vdnt, bfhLfgLs gYWnfhit tf_y x - 3x + 5 MF.
vLJfhL 3.35
2

m - nx + 28x + 12x + 9x MdJ xU KG tf v, m, n Mat
kfis fhf.
gYWnfhitia x- mLFf wF tir fUJf.
4

9x + 12x + 28x - nx + m .
3. afj 105

3x + 2x + 4
2

3 x 9x + 12x + 28x - nx + m
4

9x
2

6x + 2x

12x + 28x
3

12x + 4x

6x + 4x + 4

2
2

24x - nx + m
2

24x + 16x + 16
0

bfhLfgl gYWnfhit xU KG tfkhjyh, n = 16 kW m = 16.

g 3.13
1.

tU gyW nfhitf tf_yij tFj Kiw_y fhf.

4
3
2
4
3
2
(ii) 4x + 8x + 8x + 4x + 1
(i) x - 4x + 10x - 12x + 9

(iii) 9x - 6x + 7x - 2x + 1

2.

tU gYWnfhitf KGtff v, a, b Mat

kfis fhf.

(i)

(iii) ax + bx + 109x - 60x + 36

(ii)

(iv) ax - bx + 40x + 24x + 36

4x - 12x + 37x + ax + b
4

(iv) 4 + 25x - 12x - 24x + 16x

x - 4x + 10x - ax + b
4

3.8 Ugo rkghLf (Quadratic equations)

nuf fj nkij (Euclid) toa Kiw flj sfns,
jnghJ gagLjgL Ugo rkghLf _yfshF. Ugo rkghLf
fis bghJthd to mj bgUik a fja mPfis nrU.
2
Fghf, ax + bx = c vd mikj Ugo rkghoF fhz bjthd
Nubkhiw ukFjh (Brahma Gupta) (.. 598 - 665) fLojh. fhy
a fjnkij $j Mrhah (Sridhar Acharya) (. 1025) tfgLj
Kiwia gagL Ugorkghil F Kiwia fljh. fj
mP ghfuh II (Bhaskara II) Nuij Ugo Nu (quadratic formula) vd
Flh.

gF gntW Kiwfis gagL Ugo rkghLfSF
fhQjiy fngh. Ugo rkghLf gaghLfis fhngh.
tiuaiw
2

a, b, c Mad bkbaf kW a ! 0 v, ax + bx + c = 0 vw to
mikj rkghoid kh x- mikj Ugo rkghL (quadratic equation)
vngh.

Fghf p^ xh vgJ go 2- mikj gYWnfhit v, p^ xh = 0
2
vgJ Ugo rkghL MF. mj bghJ tot ax + bx + c = 0 , a ! 0 MF.
2
2
vLJfhlhf, 2x - 3x + 4 = 0 , 1 - x + x = 0 Mait Ugo rkghLfshF.
106 10M tF fzF

3.8.1 fhugLj _y Ugo rkgho fhQj

(Solution of a quadratic equation by factorization method)

Ugo rkghoid nea fhufshf fhugLj Kobk
Kiwia gagLj aY. vj bgUfgyY xU fhu a v,
KG bgUfgyD a MF. khwhf, bgUfgy aF rk v,
mj bgUfgy cs y fhuf a MF. nkY, bjahj khia
bfhLs fhu akhf Ufyh. vdnt xU Ugo rkghil f
xbthU fhuia akhF tif x- kfis fhz ntL. mjhtJ,
bgUfYs xbthU fhuia aF rkgL, khF fhzyh.
vLJfhL 3.36

f : 6x - 5x - 25 = 0
2

6x - 5x - 25 = 0 (bfhLfgLsJ)
x- bfG 5. Mfnt, a + b = 5 kW a b = 6 ( 25 ) = 150 vd mik
a, b Matiw fhzyh.

vdnt, a = 15 kW b = 10 vd ilF.
2

Mfnt, 6x - 5x - 25 = 6x - 15x + 10x - 25 = 3x^2x - 5h + 5^2x - 5h


= ^2x - 5h^3x + 5h .
nghJ, 2x - 5 = 0 kW 3x + 5 = 0-UJ fz bgwyh.

vdnt,
x = 5 , x = - 5 .
2
3
5

Mfnt, fz = $- , 5 . .
3 2
vLJfhL 3.37
6
f :
=0

- 2 1
+ 21
7x - 21
x - 6x + 9
x -9
bfhLfgl rkghL Ugo rkghly vd njhWwJ. Mdh,
rkghil RUFnghJ, mJ Ugo rkghlhf khW.

6
1
1
+
7^ x - 3h ^ x - 3h2 ^ x + 3h^ x - 3h

= 0

6 ^ x - 9h - 7 ^ x + 3h + 7 ^ x - 3h
= 0
7^ x - 3h2 ^ x + 3h

x = 16 vgJ Ugo rkghL vgjh, x = 4 kW x= 4 MF.

Mfnt, fz = "- 4, 4 ,

2
6x - 54 - 42 = 0

( x - 16 = 0

vLJfhL 3.38

f :

24 - 10x = 3 - 4x , 3 - 4x > 0
3. afj 107

24 - 10x = 3 - 4x vd jugLsJ.

UwK tfgLj, 24 - 10x = ^3 - 4xh2

16x - 14x - 15 = 0
( 16x - 24x + 10x - 15 = 0
( (8x + 5) (2x - 3) = 0 -UJ x = 3 myJ - 5 vd ilwJ.
2
8
x = 3 v, 3 - 4x = 3 - 4` 3 j 1 0 . vdnt, x = 3 vgJ rkgho ty.
2
2
2
x =- 5 v, 3 - 4x 2 0
8
Mfnt,
fz = $- 5 . .
8
(

Fiu

nknys vLJfho Ugij nghw rkghLfSF fhz

2
2
tU tfgLJj gid gagLj ntL. a = b ( a = b .
Mdh, tfgLJtjh bgwgL a rkgho midJ fS, mr
rkgho fshf UF vd tfgLJ gUJ bgw ayhJ.
vLJfhlhf, x = 5 vw rkghil tfgLdh, x2 = 25 MF.
F x = 5 kW x = 5 Mad thf mikwd. Mdh x = 5 vgJ mr
rkgho ty. thwhd ifgLjgl (extraneous solution)
vdgL.
Mfnt, xU rkgho U wfis tfLJ nghJ, bgW W
rkgho f mr rkgho fshFkh vd rghf ntL.
jidna nkny bfhLfgl vLJfhL sFwJ. mnj neu,
tfgLJtjh mr rkgho
vj LglhJ. khwhf, y
bfhLfgl rkgho _yf yhk ntW kf a rkgho
_yfshf bgwgLwd.

g 3.14
fhugLJ Kiw nH bfhLfgl Ugo rkghLfis f.

(i) ^2x + 3h2 - 81 = 0

2

(iv) 3^ x - 6h = x^ x + 7h - 3
x + x + 1 = 34
x+1
x
15
2
(ix) 2^ x + 1h - 5^ x + 1h = 12
(vii)

(ii) 3x - 5x - 12 = 0 (iii) 5 x + 2x - 3 5 = 0
(v) 3x - 8 = 2
(vi) x + 1 = 26
5
x
x
2 2 2
2
2
(viii) a b x - ^a + b h x + 1 = 0
(x) 3^ x - 4h2 - 5^ x - 4h = 12

3.8.2 tf Kiw Ugo rkgho fhQj

(Solution of a quadratic equation by completing square)

2
b 2
b 2
b 2
` x + 2 j = x + bx + ` 2 j - cs fil cW ` 2 j vgJ x- bfG
b 2
gh tf MF. Mfnt, x2 + bx MdJ x + b - tfkhf UgjF ` 2 j
2
2
vw cW kLnk njitgLwJ. Mifah, x + bx vw nfhitl x- bfG

108 10M tF fzF

gh tfij nrjh ilgJ X Ugo nfhit (binomial) tfkhf

mikwJ. thW, U go nfhit xU cWid nrJ mjid KG tfkhf
khWtijna tf (completing square) Kiw vnwh. gF xU Ugo
rkgho it tf Kiw fhQjiy tU iyf milayh.

go 1 x2 - bfG 1 v, go 2-F bry. iyba rkgho U

wfis x2 - bfGth tFf. khf cs midJ cWfis
rkgho xnu w itJbfhf.
go 2 x- bfG ghia tfgL, ij rkgho UwfY TLf.
x2 = t ( x = t myJ x =- t , t $ 0, vD tf_y gid
gagL, bfhLfgl rkgho fhzyh.
vLJfhL 3.39
2

tf Kiw 5x - 6x - 2 = 0-I f.
2

bfhLfgl Ugo rkghL 5x - 6x - 2 = 0

2
(UwK 5 M tFf)

( x - 6 x - 2 = 0
5
5
2


(x- bfG gh 3 )
x - 2` 3 j x = 2
(
5
5
5
2
2
9
2
3
9
3
9

=

(UwK ` j =
-I Tl )
( x - 2` j x +
+
25 5
5
25
5
25
19
3 2

(
` x - 5 j = 25

(U wK tf_y vLf)
x - 3 = ! 19
(
25
5
x = 3 ! 19 = 3 ! 19 .
5
5
5

Mfnt,

fz = ' 3 + 19 , 3 - 19 1 .
5
5

vLJfhL 3.40
2 2
2

tf Kiw rkghil f: a x - 3abx + 2b = 0

2 2

a x - 3abx + 2b =
2
2
( x - 3b x + 2b2 =
a
a
2
2
( x - 2` 3b j x + 9b2 =
2a
4a

Mfnt,

9b - 2b
2
2
4a
a
2

2
( x - 2` 3b j x = - 22b
2a
a

9b - 8b
3b 2
` x - 2a j =
2
4a
x - 3b = ! b
2a
2a
fz = $ b , 2b . .
a a

2
( ` x - 3b j = b 2
2a
4a
( x = 3b ! b
2a

3. afj 109

3.8.3 Nu Kiw _y Ugo rkgho fhQj

(Solution of quadratic equation by formula method)

gF xU Ugo rkgho _yfis fhz gaDs Ugo
Nuij tUngh.
2

ax + bx + c = 0 , a ! 0 , vw Ugo rkghoid vLJ bfhnth.

rkghoid tUkhW vGj,
2

x + b x + c = 0
a
a
2
2
( x + 2` b j x + c = 0
( x + 2` b j x = - c
a
2a
a
2a
2

2
2
2
UwK ` b j = b 2 I Tl, x + 2 ` b j x + ` b j = b 2 - c vd bgwyh.
2a
a
2a
2a
4a
4a

mjhtJ,

vdnt,

fz = ' - b +

b 2
b - 4ac ( x + b = !
` x + 2a j =
2
2a
4a
x = - b !

b - 4ac = ! b2 - 4ac
2
2a
4a

b - 4ac
2a

(1)

b - 4ac , - b - b - 4ac 1 .
2a
2a
rkghL (1)- bfhLfgl Nu Ugo Nu (quadratic formula) vdgL.
nghJ Ugo Nuij gagL y Ugo rkghLfis ngh.

vLJfhL 3.41

Ugo Nuij gagL tU rkghil .
1 + 2 = 4

F x + 1 ! 0 , x + 2 ! 0 kW x + 4 ! 0 .
x+1
x+2
x+4
bfhLfgl rkghL xU Ugo rkghL totik iy vgij mf.
4
1 + 2 =
x+1
x+2
x+4
1 = 2 2 - 1

= 2 ; 2x + 4 - x - 4 E
(
;x 4
x+1
x+2E
^ x + 4h^ x + 2h
+
x
1 = 2

(
8 ^ x + 2h^ x + 4h B
x+1
2

( x + 6x + 8 = 2x + 2x ( x - 4x - 8 = 0 vw xU Ugo rkghoid
(.bgh.k-it gagL nknys rkghil bgwyh)
bgWnwh.

Ugo Nuij gagLj,

4 ! 16 - 4^1 h^- 8h
= 4 ! 48
2
2^1 h

x =

Mfnt,

x = 2 + 2 3 kW 2 - 2 3

vdnt, fz = "2 + 2 3 , 2 - 2 3 , .
110 10M tF fzF

g 3.15
1

tf Kiw tU rkghLfis f .

(i)

(iii) 2x + 5x - 3 = 0

(v) x - ^ 3 + 1h x + 3 = 0

2.

x + 6x - 7 = 0
2

(ii) x + 3x + 1 = 0
2
2
2
(iv) 4x + 4bx - ^a - b h = 0

(vi) 5x + 7 = 3x + 2
x-1
Ugo Nuij gagL tU rkghLfis f.
2

x - 7x + 12 = 0
(iii) x + 1 = 2 1
x
2
2
2
^
h
(v) a x + 1 = x^a + 1h
(vii) x - 1 + x - 3 = 10
x+1
x-4
3
(i)

(ii)

15x - 11x + 2 = 0
2 2

(iv) 3a x - abx - 2b = 0
2
2
2
(vi) 36x - 12ax + ^a - b h = 0
2 2
2
2
2
(viii) a x + ^a - b h x - b = 0

3.8.4 Ugo rkghLfis csla fzFf fhQj

(Solution of problems involving quadratic equations)

gF, brhbwhlfsh mikj Ugo rkghLfis csla
y va fzFfSF kW e mwhl thiyfis tF y
fzFfSF f fhngh. bfhLfgl tuf UJ rkghil
mikJ, d mj fis fhngh. W bfhLfgl fzF
bghUjkhd it nj brnth.
vLJfhL 3.42

xU v kW mj jiy Mat TLj 5 1 v, mj viz
5
fhf.
njitahd v x vd bfhf. F x ! 0 . x- jiy 1 MF.
x

bfhLfgl gjidgo,
2

x + 1 = 5 1 ( x + 1 = 26
x
5
x
5
2

5x - 26x + 5 = 0

5x - 25x - x + 5 = 0

( x = 5 myJ 1 .
5
vdnt, njitahd v 5 myJ 1 MF.

5
vLJfhL 3.43

mjhtJ, ^5x - 1h^ x - 5h = 0

xU Knfhz mogf mj FJauijl 4 br. mf.

Knfhz gu 48 r.br. v, mKnfhz mogfij cauij
fhf.
3. afj

111

 Knfhz FJau x br. vf.

Mfnt, Knfhz mogf ( x + 4 ) br..

Knfhz gu = 1 mogf cau

2
gjidgo, 1 ^ x + 4h^ xh = 48
2
2
x + 4x - 96 = 0 ( ^ x + 12h^ x - 8h = 0
(

( x = - 12 myJ 8
Mdh, x = - 12 vd Uf KoahJ.
(Vbd, Knfhz gf s if vzhf UfntL)
vdnt, x = 8 , x + 4 = 12

Mfnt, Knfhz mogf = 12 br. kW cau = 8 br. MF.

vLJfhL 3.44
xU kGJ wgl ntoa neuUJ 30 l jhkjkhf wglJ. 150 .

u cs nrUlij rahd neu brwila mjDila tHfkhd ntfij
kF 25 . mfgLj ntoUjJ v, kG tHfkhd ntfij
fhf.

kG tHfkhd ntf = x ./k.

mffgl ntf = ^ x + 25h ./k.

bkhj u = 150 .. ;

bfhLfgl uij kGJ flf vLJ bfhS tHfkhd neu T1

vLJbfhS neu =

u
ntf

vd, ntfij mfgLajh vLJbfhl neu T2 vd bfhf.

(30 lf = 1 k)
bfhLfgl tufUJ, T1 - T2 = 1 k
2
2

( 150 - 150 = 1 ( 150 ; x + 25 - x E = 1
x
x + 25
2
2
x^ x + 25h

( x2 + 25x - 7500 = 0

thW x = 75 myJ - 100 . Mdh x = - 100 VW bfhsjfjy.

Mfnt kG tHfkhd ntf = 75. / k.

( ^ x + 100h^ x - 75h = 0

g 3.16
1.

xU v kW mj jiy Mat TLj 65 v, mj viz

8
fhf.

2.

uL if vf tff ahr 45. a v tf

MdJ, bga v ehF klF rk v, mj vfis fhf.

112 10M tF fzF

3.

xU trh 100r. gugs xU brtf tot fhf njhlij mikf

Udh. mtl 30 snks Kf Ujjh o kRtiu
njhl ehfhtJ gf ntahf itJ bfhL mfah _W
gfK ntia mikjh. njhl gf msfis fhf.

4.

xU brtf tot y 20 s kW 14 mfy bfhlJ. mij R

btw mikJs uhd mfyKs ghij gu 111 r. v,
ghij mfy vd?

5.

uhd ntf xU bjhl toahdJ (train) 90 . uij fljJ.

mjDila ntf kF 15 . mffgoUjh, gaz br neu 30
lf FiwUF v, bjhl to uhd ntf fhf.

6.

mirtw xU augl ntf kF 15 .. vf. mglF

nuhl ir 30 . u brW, wF v ir U 4 k 30
lf L wgl lF U tjh ntfij fhf.

7.

xU tUlF K, xUt taJ mtUila kf taijngh 8 klF.

jnghJ mtUila taJ, kf ta tfF rk v, mtfSila
jnghija taij fhf.

8.

xU rJuf gyif 64 rk rJuf csd. xbthU rJu gu

6.25 r.br. vf. rJuf gyif ehF gffY btw rJufis
xo 2 br. mfy gilahd Xu csJ v, rJuf gyif gf
sid fhf.

9.

xU ntiyia bra A-F B-ia l 6 ehf Fiwthf njitgLwJ.

UtU nrJ mntiyia brjh mij 4 ehf Kof aY v, B
jna mntiyia vjid ehf Kof aY?

10.

xU u iyaUJ uL bjhl tof xnu neu wgLwd.

Kj to nkF iria neh, ulh to tlF iria neh
gaz brwd. Kj toahdJ ulhtJ toia l kF 5 .
mf ntf brwJ. uL k neuF wF mtF ilnass
bjhiy 50 .. v, xbthU to ruhr ntfid fhf.

3.8.5 Ugo rkgho _yf jik

(Nature of roots of a quadratic equation)

2
ax + bx + c = 0 vD Ugo rkgho _yf x = - b ! b - 4ac vd
2a
mnth.

(i)

b - 4ac > 0 v, U btntwhd bkba _yf csd.

mitf, x = - b +

b - 4ac kW x = - b - b - 4ac .
2a
2a
2

(ii) b - 4ac = 0 v, rkghoF U rkkhd bkba _yf csd.

rk _y x = - b MF.
2a

(iii) b - 4ac < 0 v, b - 4ac xU bkba my. Mifah, Ugo

rkghoF bkba _yf iy.

3. afj

113

_yf jik b - 4ac - kfis rhJsJ. nkY b2 - 4ac - k

2
ax + bx + c = 0 vw Ugo rkgho _yf jikia fhLwJ.

Mfnt, b2 - 4ac MdJ Ugo rkgho jikfho (discriminant) vd

miHfgLwJ. J 3 vw Fah FfgLwJ.
jikfho

_yf jik

3 = b - 4ac
3 >0

bkbaf, rkiy

3 =0

bkbaf, rk

3 <0

_yf bkbaf my, mjhtJ

_yf fgidahdit

vLJfhL 3.45

nH bfhLfgLs Ugo rkghLf _yf jikia Muhf.

(i) x - 11x - 10 = 0

ax + bx + c = 0 - jikfho 3 = b - 4ac .

(i)

F a = 1; b = 11 kW c = 10.

(ii) 4x - 28x + 49 = 0

(iii) 2x + 5x + 5 = 0

vdnt, jikfho 3 = b - 4ac

= ^- 11h2 - 4^1 h^- 10h = 121 + 40 = 161

F, 3 > 0 . Mfnt _yf bkbaf kW rkkwit.

(ii)

F, a = 4, b = 28 kW c = 49.

vdnt, jikfho 3 = b - 4ac

= ^- 28h2 - 4^4h^49h = 0
3 = 0 vgjh _yf bkbafshf rkkhf UF.

(iii)

F, a = 2, b = 5 kW c = 5.

vdnt, jikfho 3 = b - 4ac

= ^5h2 - 4^2h^5h

= 25 40 = 15

F 3 < 0 vgjh, rkghoF bkbafshyhd _yf ilahJ.

vLJfhL 3.46

a kW b Mad bkbaf. nkY c xU jKW v vd mikj
rkghL (a - b + c) x2 + 2 (a - b) x + (a - b - c) - _yf MdJ jKW vf
vd Wf.
114 10M tF fzF

bfhLfgl rkghil Ax + Bx + C = 0 vw to vGJf.

F A = a - b + c, B = 2^a - bh kW C = a - b - c
2

Ax + Bx + C = 0 - jikfho 3= B - 4AC

mjhtJ, B - 4AC = 62^a - bh@2 - 4^a - b + ch^a - b - ch

2

= 4^a - bh2 - 4 6^a - bh + c @6^a - bh - c @

2
= 4^a - bh2 - 4 6^a - bh2 - c @

Mfnt,

3 = 4^a - bh2 - 4^a - bh2 + 4c = 4c , xU KGtf.

vdnt, 3 > 0 kW xU KG tfkhjyh, bfhLfgl rkgho _yf

jKW vf MF.

vLJfhL 3.47
2

x - 2x^1 + 3kh + 7^3 + 2kh = 0 vw rkgho _yf bkbaf kW
rk v k- kfis fhf.
2

bfhLfgl rkghL x - 2x^1 + 3kh + 7^3 + 2kh = 0 .

rkghL (1)-I ax + bx + c = 0 vgJl xl,

a = 1 , b =- 2^3k + 1h , c = 7^3 + 2kh .

(1)

Mfnt, jikfho 3 = b - 4ac = b - 4ac

= ^- 2^3k + 1hh2 - 4^1 h^7h^3 + 2kh

2

= 4^9k + 6k + 1h - 28^3 + 2kh = 4^9k - 8k - 20h

rkgho _yf rk vd bfhLfgLsjh,

3 = 0

( ^k - 2h^9k + 10h = 0
Mfnt, k = 2, - 10 .
9

9k - 8k - 20 = 0

g 3.17
1.

rkghLf _yf jikia Muhf.

(i)

(iv) 3x - 2 6 x + 2 = 0
(iii) 9x + 12x + 4 = 0
2
(vi) ^ x - 2ah^ x - 2bh = 4ab
(v) 3 x - 2 x + 1 = 0
5
3
tU rkghLf _yf bkbaf kW rkkhdit v, k
kfisfLo.
2
2
(ii) 12x + 4kx + 3 = 0
(i) 2x - 10x + k = 0
2
2
(iii) x + 2k^ x - 2h + 5 = 0
(iv) ^k + 1h x - 2^k - 1h x + 1 = 0

2.

x - 8x + 12 = 0
2

(ii)

2x - 3x + 4 = 0
2

3. afj

115

3.

2
2
2
x + 2^a + bh x + 2^a + b h = 0 vw rkgho _yf bkbaf my
vd fhLf.

4.

3p x - 2pqx + q = 0 vw rkgho _yf bkbaf my vd

fhLf.

5.

ad - bc ! 0 vd mikj ^a2 + b2h x2 - 2^ac + bd h x + c2 + d2 = 0

vw rkgho _yf rkbk, a = c vd Wf.
b
d

6.

^ x - ah^ x - bh + ^ x - bh^ x - ch + ^ x - ch^ x - ah = 0 -

2 2

_yf

vbghGJ

bkbaf vW, a = b = c vd yho kLnk m_yf rkkwit

vW Wf.

7.

2 2
2
2
2
2
2
rkghL ^1 + m h x + 2mcx + c - a = 0 - _yf rk v, c = a ^1 + m h

vd Wf.

3.8.6 Ugo rkgho _yfSF bfGfSF ilnas

bjhlf (Relations between roots and coefficients of a quadratic equation)
2

ax + bx + c = 0 vD Ugo rkgho a , b , c Mad bkbaf kW

a ! 0 vf. bfhLfgl rkgho _yf a kW b vf.
Mfnt, a = - b +

b - 4ac
2a

kW b = - b -

vdnt, _yf TLj a + b = - b +

b - 4ac .
2a

_yf bgUfgy,

^
4ach = 4ac
( = b - b 2
2
4a
4a

ab = - b +
2

2
b - 4ac # - b - b - 4ac
2a
2a
2

kh cW
ab = c = 2
a
x - bfG

ax + bx + c = 0 - _yf a, b v,

b - 4ac + - b - b - 4ac
2a
2a
x- bfG
a + b = b =
a
x2 - bfG

_yf TLj, a + b = - b
a
(ii) _yf bgUfgy, ab = c
a

(i)

116 10M tF fzF

_yf bfhLfgLnghJ Ugo rkghil mikj

(Formation of quadratic equation when roots are given)

a kW b vgd xU Ugo rkgho _yf vd bfhf.

Mfnt, ^ x - ah kW ( x - b ) vgd mj fhuf MF.

mjhtJ, x2 (_yf TLj) x + _yf bgUfgy = 0

^ x - ah ( x - b ) = 0

x2 - ^a + b h x + ab = 0

bfhLfgl U _yfis bfhl Ugo rkghLf Ko

vif csd.
vLJfhL 3.48
2

3x - 10x + k = 0 vw rkgho xU _y
fhf. nkY k- kig fhf.

1 v, kbwhU _yij
3

bfhLfgl rkghL 3x - 10x + k = 0 .

U _yf a kw b vf.

a = 1 vgij (1)- ul, b = 3 vd ilwJ.

3
nkY, ab = k , ( k = 3
3
Mfnt, kbwhU _y b = 3 kW k- k = 3.

a + b =

-^- 10h 10
=
3
3

(1)

vLJfhL 3.49
2

ax - 5x + c = 0 vw Ugo rkgho _yf TLj 10 kW
bgUfgy 10 v, a kW c Mat kfis fhf.
2

bfhLfgl rkghL ax - 5x + c = 0 .
5 = 10, ( a = 1

_yf TLj,
a
2
c
_yf bgUF bjhif,
= 10

a
c = 10a = 10 # 1 = 5

(
2
1
vdnt, a =
kW c = 5

2

2
ax + bx + c = 0 - _yf a kW b v, a kW b -fis bfhl
2

2 2

a + b , a b , a - b nghw nfhitfis a + b kW ab Mat kfis

bfhL kL bra Ko.
3. afj

117

Kof
a kW b Matiw bfhl y Kof tUkhW jugLsd.
(i)

a-b =

(ii)
(iii)

(a + b) - 4ab

a + b = 6^a + b h2 - 2ab @
2

a -b =

^ a + b h6 ^a + b h2 - 4ab @ . F a $ b

^a + b h^a - b h =

(iv)

a + b = ^a + b h3 - 3ab^a + b h

(v)

a - b = ^a - b h3 + 3ab^a - b h

(vi)

2
2
2 2
4
4
2
a + b = ^a + b h - 2a b = 6^a + b h2 - 2ab @ - 2^ab h2
2

(vii) a - b = ^a + b h^a - b h^a2 + b 2h

vLJfhL 3.50
2

2x - 3x - 1 = 0 vw rkgho _yf a kW b v, tUtdt
kfis fhf.
2
2
b

(ii) a +

(i) a + b
a
b
2

(iii) a - b , F a > b

2
b
(iv) e a + o
a
b

(v) ca + 1 m` 1 + b j
b a

(vi)

3
b
(vii) a +
a
b

a + b

: bfhLfgl rkghL 2x2 - 3x - 1 = 0 .

a kW b vgd bfhLfgl rkgho _yf vf.
2

(1)

rkghL (1) I ax + bx + c = 0 vgJl xl, a = 2 , b =- 3 , c =- 1 .

-^- 3h 3

=
kW ab =- 1
` a + b = - b =
a
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
(i) a + b = ^a + b h2 - 2ab = ` j - 2`- j = 9 + 1 = 13
4
4
2
2
2
3
1
2
2
` 2 j - 2`- 2 j 13
^a + b h2 - 2ab
b
a +b
a
(ii)
=
=
=
# ^- 2h = - 13
+ =
1
4
2
b a
ab
ab
2
(iii) a - b = ^a + b h2 - 4ab , F a > b

2
= ;` 3 j - 4 # `- 1 jE 2 = ` 9 + 2j2 =
4
2
2
1

17
2

27 + 9
3
3
2
2
^a + b h3 - 3ab^a + b h
b
a +b
a
4 = - 45
(iv)
=
= 8
+ =
a
1
4
ab
b
ab
2
^ab + 1h^1 + ab h
(v) ca + 1 m` 1 + b j =
b a
ab
1 2
`1 - 2 j
^1 + ab h2

=
=
= -1
1
2
ab
2
118 10M tF fzF

2 2

2 2

a + b = ^a + b h - 2a b
2
2

= ` 13 j - 2`- 1 j = ` 169 - 1 j = 161 .
16
2
16
4
2
(vi)

(vii)

3
a + b = a + b = 161 - 2 = - 161 .
` 16 j` 1 j
a
8
b
ab

vLJfhL 3.51

7 + 3 kW 7 - 3 Matiw _yfshf bfhl Ugo rkghL
xid mikf.
bfhLfgl _yf 7 + 3 kW 7 - 3 .

_yf TLj = 7 + 3 + 7 - 3 = 14.

_yf bgUfgy = ^7 + 3 h^7 - 3 h = ^7h2 - ^ 3 h = 49 3 = 46.

njitahd rkghL, x2 (_yf TLj) x + (_yf bgUfgy) = 0

Mfnt, njitahd rkghL x - 14x + 46 = 0 MF.

vLjfhL 3.52

a kW b vgd 3x - 4x + 1 = 0 vD rkgho _yf v,

2
2
a kW b Matiw _yfshf bfhl Ugo rkghoid mikf.
a
b

2
3x - 4x + 1 = 0 vD rkgho _yf a, b v, a + b = 4 , ab = 1 .
3
3
njitahd rkghofhd _yf TLj

3

2
b
a +b
= e a + o =
a
b
ab

4 3
1 4
`3j - 3 # 3 # 3

=
=
= 28
1
9
ab
3
2
2
b m
a
c
c
m
nkY, _yf bgUfgy =
= ab = 1
a
3
b
2
2
Mfnt, njitahd rkghL x - 28 x + 1 = 0 (myJ) 9x - 28x + 3 = 0 MF.
9
3
^a + b h3 - 3ab^a + b h

g 3.18
1.

nH bfhLfgLs rkghLf _yf TLj kW bgUfgy

Matiw fhf.

(i)

(iii) 3x - 5x = 0

2.

bfhLfgLs _yfis bfhl Ugo rkghLfis mikf.

(i) 3 , 4
(ii) 3 + 7 , 3 - 7
(iii) 4 + 7 , 4 - 7
2
2

x - 6x + 5 = 0
2

(ii)

kx + rx + pk = 0
2

(iv) 8x - 25 = 0

3. afj

119

3.

3x - 5x + 2 = 0 vw rkgho _yf a, b v, tUtdt

kfis fhf.
2
2
b
b
(iii) a +
(i) a +
(ii) a - b
a
a
b
b
2

4.

a, b vgd 3x - 6x + 4 = 0 vD rkgho _yf v, a + b -

k fhf.

5.

a , b vgd 2x - 3x - 5 = 0- _yf v, a kW b
_yfshf bfhl Ugo rkghL xid mikf.

6.

x - 3x + 2 = 0- _yf a, b v, - a kW - b Matiw _yfshf

bfhl Ugo rkghL xid mikf.
2
a, b vgd x - 3x - 1 = 0- _yf v, 12 kW 12 Matiw
b
a
_yfshf bfhl Ugo rkghL xid mikf.

7.

Matiw

3x - 6x + 1 = 0 vw rkgho _yf a, b v, fhQ _yfis

bfhl rkghLfismikf
2
2
(iii) 2a + b, 2b + a
(i) 1 , 1
(ii)
a b, b a
a b

9.

4x - 3x - 1 = 0 vw rkgho _yf jiyfis _yfshf bfhl

8.

rkghL xid mikf.

10.

3x + kx - 81 = 0 vw rkgho xU _y kbwhU _y tfbk, k-

kig fhf.

11.

2x - ax + 64 = 0 vw rkgho xU _y kbwhU _y UklF v,

a- kig fhf.

12.

5x - px + 1 = 0 vw rkghod _yf a kW b vf. nkY a - b = 1

v, p- kig fhf.

g 3.19
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1.

6x 2y = 3, kx y = 2 vw bjhFF xnubahU cbl,

(A) k = 3

2.

U khf cs nea rkghLf bjhF xUfikahjJ v,

mt tiuglf

(A) x J xW bghUJ
(C) vj Y bto bfhshJ

(B) k ! 3

120 10M tF fzF

(C) k = 4

(D) k ! 4

(B) xU bto bfhS

(D) x-mir btL

3.

x 4y = 8 , 3x 12y =24 vD rkghLf bjhFF

(A) Ko vif f csd
(B) iy
(C) xnubahU kL cL
(D) xU Ufyh myJ yhkY Ufyh.

4.

p^ xh = (k +4) x +13x+3k vD gYWnfhit xU a kbwh

jiyahdh, k- k

(A) 2

(B) 3

(C) 4

(D) 5

5.

f^ xh = 2x + (p + 3) x + 5 vD gYWnfhit U af
TLj abk p- k.

(A) 3

6.

7.

(B) 4

(C) 3

(D) 4

x - 2x + 7 vgij x+4 M tFF nghJ ilF

(A) 28
(B) 29
(C) 30
(D) 31
3

x - 5x + 7x - 4 vgij x1M tFF nghJ ilF <

2

(B) x - 4x + 3 (C) x - 4x - 3

(A) x + 4x + 3

8.

^ x3 + 1h kW x4 - 1 Madt . bgh.t

(A) x - 1

9.

10.

x - 2xy + y kW x - y Madt . bgh.t

(A) 1
(B) x+y
(C) xy
3
3
2
x - a kW (x a) Madt . bgh.k

(A) (x - a ) ^ x + ah

(B) (x - a ) ^ x - ah2

2
2
(C) ^ x - ah2 ^ x + ax + a h

2
2
(D) ^ x + ah2 ^ x + ax + a h

11.

keN vDnghJ a , a

k+3

(D) x - 1

,a

k+5

(D) x - y

Mat . bgh.k

(C) a

(D) a

k+5

(A) a

12.

x + 5x + 6 vD jKW nfhit f RUa tot

2
x -x-6
(A) x - 3
(B) x + 3
(C) x + 2
(D) x - 3
x+3
x-3
x-3
x+2
3
3
a + b kW a - b Mad U jKW nfhitf v, mt
3
3
a-b
a +b
bgUfgy

13.

(B) a

k+6

x + 4x - 3

k+9

(C) x +1

(B) x + 1

(D)

(A) a2 + ab + b2 (B) a2 - ab + b2 (C) a2 - ab - b2 (D) a2 + ab + b2

a - ab + b
a + ab + b
a + ab + b
a - ab - b

14.

x - 25 vgij x + 5 M tFF nghJ ilF <

2
x+3
x -9
(A) (x 5)(x3)
(B) (x 5)(x+3)
(C) (x +5)(x3)
(D) (x +5)(x+3)

3. afj 121

15.

a
cl b
I Tl, ilF a nfhit
b-a
a-b

(A) a + ab + b

16.

49 (x - 2xy + y ) - tf_y
(A) 7 x - y
(B) 7^ x + yh^ x - yh

17.

x + y + z - 2xy + 2yz - 2zx - tf_y

(A) x + y - z
(B) x - y + z
(C) x + y + z

18.

121 x y z (l - m) - tf_y

(A) 11x y z l - m

2 4 4

(B) 11x y z (l - m)

(C) 11x y z l - m

2 4 6

(D) 11x y z (l - m)

19.

ax + bx + c = 0 vw rkgho _yfrk v, c- k
2
2
2
2
(A) b
(B) b
(C) - b
(D) - b
2a
4a
2a
4a

20.

21.

(B) a - ab + b

(C) a + b

(D) a - b

2 2

(C) 7 (x + y)

(D) 7 (x - y)

4 8 6

(D) x - y - z

4 4

2 4

x + 5kx + 16 = 0 vw rkghoF bkba _yf iyba,

(A) k 2 8
(B) k 2 - 8
(C) - 8 1 k 1 8 (D) 0 1 k 1 8
5
5
5
5
5
3 -I xU _ykhf bfhl Ugo rkghL
2

x - 6x - 5 = 0
2
x - 5x - 6 = 0

(B)
(D)

(A)
(C)

22.

x - bx + c = 0 kW x + bx - a = 0 Ma rkghLf bghJthd _y
(A) c + a
(B) c - a
(C) c + b
(D) a + b
2b
2b
2a
2c

x + 6x - 5 = 0
2
x - 5x + 6 = 0

23.

a=
Y 0, vd mikj rkghL ax + bx + c = 0 - _yf a kW b v,
tUtdtW vJ bkay?

2
2
(A) a + b = b -22ac
a
(C) a + b = b
a

(B) ab = c
a
1
1
(D)
+ =- b
a
c
b

24.

ax2 + bx + c = 0 vw Ugo rkgho _yf a kW b v,

1 kW 1 Madtiw _yfshf bfhl UgorkghL
a
b

(A) ax2 + bx + c = 0

(B) bx2 + ax + c = 0

(C) cx2 + bx + a = 0

(D) cx2 + ax + b = 0

25.

b = a + c v, ax2 + bx + c = 0 vw rkghoF
(A) bkba _yf cL

(B) _yf iy
(C) rk _yf cL
(D) _yf bkbaf my

122 10M tF fzF

id bfhf

x kW y Ma khf cs nea rkghLfis bfhl KoW

fz vgJ mj khf cs nea rkghLf bjhF vdgL.
bjhFigna xUfik rkghLf vngh.

U khf xiw Kj a rkghL bjhFF fhgJ

f Kiw vdgL.
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 vw rkghL bjhFig f,
FWF bgUF Kiwia gagLj f cjahfs mF gl

b1

b2

c1
c2

a1
a2

b1
b2

p(k) = 0 v, p(x) vw gYWnfhitF bkba k MdJ xU a

MF.
p(x) = ax2 + bx + c vw Ugo gYWnfhitf bfGf kW
afSF ilnaahd mogil bjhlf,

x- bfG
af TLj = - b = 2
a
x - bfG

af bgUfgy = c =
a

kh cW

x2 - bfG

(i) gYWnfhit p^ xh -F, x = a MdJ xU a v, v kLnk

p^ah = 0 MF.

(ii) x - a MdJ p^ xh -F xU fhu v, v kLnk p^ah = 0 MF.

uL myJ mjF nkgl afj nfhitf . bgh. t. vgJ

bfhLfgl xbthU nfhitia yhk tFf Toa fbga
goia bfhl nfhit MF.

uL myJ mjF nkgl afj nfhitf . bgh. k. vgJ

bfhLfgl xbthU nfhitdhY tFgl Toa f Fiwj
goia bfhl nfhit MF.

VnjD uL gYWnfhitf .bgh.t kW .bgh.k. Mat

bgUfgy, mU gYWnfhitf bgUfgyDF rk.

a ! R vgJ xU if bkba vf. a- tf_ykhdJ b = a vDkhW

mik bkba b MF.

a- tf_yid

a myJ

a vd

Ffyh.
3. afj 123

ax + bx + c = 0 vgJ kh x- cs xU Ugo rkgho bghJ tot

MF. F a, b kW c vgd bkbaf nkY a ! 0 .

xU Ugo rkghil (i) fhugLj Kiw (ii) tf Kiw

(iii) Nuij gagLJ Kiw Ma Kiwf f Ko.

b - 4ac $ 0 v, ax + bx + c = 0 vD Ugo rkgho _yf

-b !

2
b - 4ac MF.
2a

ax + bx + c = 0 vD UgorkghoF
2

(i)

b - 4ac 2 0 v, U btntwhd bkba _yf csd

(ii)

b - 4ac = 0 v, U rkkhd bkba_yf csd

(iii)

b - 4ac 1 0 v, bkahd _yf iy.

cfSF bjkh?
bgkho W njw (Fermats last theorem) :

x n + y n = z n vD nfhitF n 2 2 vD nghJ KGf iy.

ciknyna f wj Ugzij eh fL oJ nl. Mdh,
Ugzij KGikahf vGL msF j jh l yhk,
f Fiwthd gFna csJ vd bgkh vGdh. 1994- Mnya
fja mP MU it (Andrew Wiles) vgt jF fhQ
tiu 300 MLfshf njwF fhzKoaiy. caiyg
khztdhf UF nghJ, efu iya (City Library) j fzid
MU it bjJ bfhlh vgJ xU wghd brahF.

124 10M tF fzF

mKf
mf mik
mf tiff
mf Tl,
fj kW bgUf
m rkghLf

n# n#hr btl
(James Joseph Sylvester)
(1814-1897)
yhJ

m nfhghL, khwh
nfhghL, va nfhghL
kW nr fja Ma
tF btl mogil
bfhiffis mjh. bfhL
fgl xU ml gkhw
braToa midJ m
fis fljh. nkY,
discriminant mjhtJ jik
fho Kjyhd gy fja
fiy
brhfis
mKf
gLdh.
1880- Mo yl
uha brhiro,
ma
rhjidfhd f caa Ujhd
fh gjfij (Copley Medal)
tUF tHaJ. tik
1901- Mo fj Mfis
CFF bghUL t
idthf btl gjf
vD Uij WaJ.

mf
Number, place, and combination - the three intersecting but distinct spheres of
thought to which all mathematical ideas admit of being referred .- Sylvester

4.1

mKf

j maha m (Matrix) vw Kakhd

fj fUJ g fwnth. F mfis
mKfgL, mj afj mogilfis fngh.
18 kW 19 M whLf mf
flagL xU fj fUjhf tsailjJ.
Kj, toa cUtf cUkhw kW nea
rkghLf f Madt fhuzkhfnt,
mf ga fUJ tsailjJ. jnghJ
fja cs Kakhd fUf xwhf
mf sFwd. gy vfis bfhl tiria
xnu bghUshf fU, mjF xU FL, mjifa
FpLfis bfhL fzFfis f RUa to
brl ttif brtjh, mf gaDsitahf
Uwd. thW bgwgL fja
RUbfGjhd mf xU a kW tikahdJ
MF. m gy eilKiw fzFfis f cjwJ.
1850- n# n#hr btl vgt, vf
tir mikF Matrix (m) vw brhiy mKf
gLdh. Matrix vgJ fUtiwia FF y
bkh brhyhF. MyY nj bghU jh.
VjhtJ xiw VgLJ myJ cUthF l vw
bghU Tl Matrix vD brh gagLjgLwJ.

x kW y-f mikj fhQ nea

rkghLf bjhFid fUJnth.
(1)
3x - 2y = 4
(2)
2x + 5y = 9
f Kiwia (jid fha f Kiw
vd Flyh) gagL, j (2, 1)
vgij ekh v bgwKo. j f Kiw,
khfis gagLjhk eh bfGfis kL
gagLnwh. nkfl nea rkghLfSF
m afjij gagL, mnj f Kiw
it v fhzyh.
125

4.2 mfis mikj (Formation of matrices)

mf vthW mikwd
vLJfhLfis fUJnth.

vgij

mJ

bfhs

fl

Fkhl 10 ngdhf csd. j tuij (10) vd vGjyh. milF
( )-F cs v Fkhl cs ngdhf vifia FF.

Fkhl 10 ngdhf kW 7 bgf csd vf. j tuij
(10 7) vd vGjyh. milF ( )-F cs Kj v Fkhl cs ngdhf
vifia FF. mLj v, bgf vifia FF.

tU tufis fUJnth. Fkh kW mtUila egf uhR kW
nfh MnahlKs ngdh kW bgf tu :

Fkhl 10 ngdhfS 7 bgfS

uhRl 8 ngdhfS 4 bgfS
nfhl 6 ngdhfS 5 bgfS csd.

tUkhW tiw tirgL mltiz to vGjyh.

ngdhf

bgf

Fkh

10

uhR
nfh

8
6

4
5

nknys bghUf vifid brtf tir tUkhW

vGjyh. Ys
vf Kiwna m_t ngdh kW bgf
vifia FLwd.
10
7 ! Kj iu
(i)
4 p! ulh iu
f 8
6
5 ! _wh iu

ulh
Kj
u
u

nj tuij kbwhU KiwY flthW mltizgLjyh.

ngdhf
bgf

uhR
8
4

nfh
6
5

tiw brtf to tirahf tUkhW Flyh.

(ii)

Fkh
10
7

10
8
7
4
Kj 2-
u u

126 10M tF fzF

6 ! Kj iu
m
5 ! ulh iu
3-
u


nknys (i)- Kj FJ tirYs vf Kiwna Fkh, uhR,
nfhlKs ngdhf vif, ulh FJ tirYs vf
Kiwna mtflKs bgf vif Fwd.

mnjngh, (ii)- Kj iliy tirYs vf Kiwna Fkh, uhR,
nfh MnahlKs ngdhf vif, ulh iliy tir vf
mtflKs bgf vif Fwd.

nkny tjthW, vfis brtf to tirgL fhLjiy m
(MATRIX) vnwh,

tiuaiw
xU milFF brtf mik iufY, ufY tirahf
vfis bfhl mik, m (MATRIX) vdgL.

mfis A, B, X, Y,g nghw My bga vGJfis bfhL Fngh.
xbthU mY cs vf mj cWf (entries myJ elements) vdgL.
xbthU iliy tir m xU iu (row) vdgL. xbthU FJ
tir mt xU u (column) vdgL.
2
1
0 -1
1 2 3

A=c
9 H kW C = f 0 p vgd
m , B = >3 - 8
4 5 6
1
1
5 -1

mfSfhd y vLJfhLfshF.

4.2.1 m bghJ tot (General form of a matrix)

m iufis, n ufis bfhl m A- bghJtot
J a a ... a ... a N
1j
1n O
K 11 12
K a21 a22 ... a2j ... a2n O

A=K
h
h h h ... h O
K
O
K a a ... a ... a O
m
m
mj
mn
1
2
L
P

F a11, a12, a13, g, amn vgd m cWfshF.

j mia A = 6 aij @

m#n

myJ A = ^aijh

m#n

vW vGjyh.

F i = 1, 2, 3, ... , m kW j = 1, 2, 3, ... , n.
nkY, m A = ^aijh - a vgJ iMtJ iu kW jMtJ u rF
m#n

ij

lYs cWghF.
4 5 3
vLJfhlhf A = f6 2 1 p v, a23 = 1. mjhtJ, cW 1-MdJ ulhtJ
7 8 9

iu kW _whtJ u UF.
njngh, a11 = 4 , a12 = 5 , a13 = 3 , a21 = 6 , a22 = 2 , a31 = 7 , a32 = 8 kW a33 = 9 .

4.2.2 m tir (m) gkhz (Order or dimension of a matrix)

A vw xU m m iufS n ufS U, m A- tir m # n
MF. (ij m by n vd gof)
4. mf 127

cjhuzkhf,

1 2 3
m vw m 2 iufS 3 ufS csd.
4 5 6
vdnt, m A- tir 2 # 3 MF.

A=c

m # n tir bfhl m, Kj vGJ m vgJ iuf
vifia kW ulhtJ vGJ n vgJ uf vif
FF.

4.3

mf tiff (Types of matrices)

nghJ mf y tiffis fngh.

(i)

iu m (Row matrix)
xU m xnubahU iu Ujh, mt
mia iu btl (row vector) vd Twyh.

iu m vdgL. iu

vLJfhlhf, A = ^5 3 4 1h kW B = ( 3 0 5 ) vgd iu mf.

t tirf Kiwna 1 # 4 kW 1 # 3 MF.
bghJthf, A = ^aijh

1#n

(ii)

u m (Column matrix)
xU m xnubahU u Ujh, mt u m vdgL. u mia
u btl (column vector) vd Twyh.
1
0
vLJfhlhf, A = c m kW B = f 2 p vgd u mf. t
2
tirf Kiwna 2 # 1 kW 3 # 1 MF. 5
bghJthf, A = 6 aij @

m#1

(iii)

vgJ 1 # n tirs iu m MF.

vgJ tir m # 1 bfhl u m MF

rJu m (Square matrix)

X m iuf vifahdJ uf vifF rkkhf
U mt rJu m vdgL.
3 0 2
1 2
vLJfhlhf, A = c
m kW B = f 1 5 - 7 p vgd rJu mf.
3 4
7 6 1
t tirf Kiwna 2 kW 3 MF.
bghJthf,

A = 6 aij @

m#m

vgJ m tirs xU rJu mahF. F

a11, a22 , a33, g, amm vgd rJu m A- Kjik _iy l cWf (principal
or leading diagonal elements) vdgL.

(iv)

_iy l m (Diagonal matrix)

xU rJu m Kjik _iylF nkny nH cs midJ
cWfS af v, mt _iy l m vdgL.

128 10M tF fzF

vLJfhlhf,
3 0 0
5 0

A=c
m kW B = f 0 0 0 p vgd Kiwna 2 kW 3 tirila _iy
0 2
0 0 1
l mfshF. bghJthf, A = 6 aij @
vgJ _iyl m v, i ! j vwthW
m#m

cs midJ i, j -fSF aij = 0 MF.

_iyl mf Kjik _iy l cWf y cWf
afshf Ufyh.

(v)
ir m (Scalar matrix)

xU _iyl m, Kjik _iy l cWf midJ rkkhf
ayhj khahf U mj m, ir m vdgL. vLJfhlhf,
7 0 0
5 0

A=c
m kW B = f 0 7 0 p vgd Kiwna 2 kW 3 tirfis
0 5
0 0 7
bfhl ir mfshF.
0, i ! j vDnghJ

bghJthf,
xU ir m v, aij = )
A = 6 aij @
m#m
k, i = j vDnghJ
F k vgJ xU ir. mjhtJ, k xU kh v.
(vi) myF m (Unit matrix)

xU ir m Kjik _iy l cWf xbthW 1 v,
mj m myF m vdgL. n tirila myF mia I n vd Ffyh.
vLJfhlhf,
1 0 0
1 0
I2 = c
m kW I3 = f 0 1 0 p vgd Kiwna 2 kW 3 tirila myF mf.
0 1
0 0 1
1, i = j vDnghJ
bghJthf, rJu m A = ^aijh
vgJ myF m v aij = )0, i ! j vDnghJ
n#n

mf bgUfiy bghUJ myF mia rk m (identity matrix)
vd Flyh. vyh myF mfS ir mfshF. Mdh, xU
ir m myF mahf Uf ntoaJ iy. vf 1 vthW
bragLwnjh mnjngh mf myF m bragLwJ.

(vii) a m (Null matrix or Zero-matrix)

xU mYs xbthU cW a v, mj m a m
vdgL. j mia O vdFfyh. vLJfhlhf,
0 0 0
0 0

O=c
m kW O = c
m vgd Kiwna 2 # 3 kW 2 # 2 tir
0 0 0
0 0
bfhl a mf MF.

(i) a m xU rJu mahf Uf ntoa mtaiy. (ii) vf

a vthW bragLwnjh, mnjngh mf a m bragLwJ.
(iii) xU ml mnj tirs a mia Todhnyh myJ fjhnyh
mj m khwhJ.
4. mf 129

(viii)

iu u khW m (Transpose of a matrix)

tiuaiw : A vw m iufis ufshf, ufis iufsfh
khw ilF m A- iu u khW m vdgL. A- iu u khW mia
T
A (A transpose vdgof) vd Fngh. vLJfhlhf,
1 3
1 2 5
T
A=c
m v, A = f 2 4 p
3 4 6
5 6
bghJthf,
. F i = 1, 2, 3, g, m kW j = 1, 2, 3, g , n v,
A = 6 aij @
m#n
A = 8 b B . F bij = a ji, i = 1, 2, g, n kW j = 1, 2, g, m .
ij n # m
T

vLJfhL 4.1
mltiz 5 ehf caj
(H) btgiy kW Fiwj (L) btgiy
(ghuo) jugLsd.
5 ehf caj kW Fiwj
btgiyfis m tot Kiwna
Kj iu caj btgiyia, 2-M iu Fiwj btgiyia Fgjhf
mikf. mf btgiy cila ehis fhf.
bfhLfgl tufis bfhL m to tUkhW vGjyh.

br

bt
88 90 86 84 85
H 88
90 86 84 85 . mjhtJ, A = e
o
A= c
m
54 56 53 52 52
L 54
56 53 52 52
m Kj iu cs tufgo mf btgiy (H) cs eh
brthHik MF.
vLJfhL 4.2
ehF cz bghUf xbthY cs bfhG rJ,
fhnghiAonu kW uj rJ Mt msf (uh) flthW
mltizgLjgLsJ.
bghU 1

bghU 2

bghU 3

bghU 4

bfhG rJ

10

fhnghiAonu

15

uj rJ

nkfl tufis 3 # 4 kW 4 # 3 mfshf vGJf.

njitahd 3 # 4 tir bfhl mia tUkhW vGjyh.

5 0 1 10
A = f 0 15 6 9 p. F uf cz bghUfis Fwd.
7 1 2 8
vdnt, xbthU uY xbthU cz bghU cs _W cz
rJf msfis FwJ.
130 10M tF fzF

J 5 0 7N
K
O
0 15 1 O
K
nkY, njitahd 4 # 3 tir m B =
K 1 6 2 O MF.
K
O
L10 9 8 P
Ys xbthU iu xbthU cz bghUYs _W cz
rJf msfis FwJ.

vLJfhL 4.3

J1 4 8 N
K
O
6 2 5O
K
v, (i) m tir (ii) a13 kW a42 cWf
A = 6 aij @ = K
3 7 0O
K
O
L9 - 2 - 1 P
(iii) 2 vw cW mikJs iy Madtiw fhf.

(i) m A- 4 iufS 3 ufS csd. vdnt A- tir 4 # 3 .

(ii) a13 vw cW Kj iu 3-MtJ u csJ. vdnt a13 = 8.

a42 vw cW 4-MtJ iu 2-MtJ u csJ. vdnt a42 =- 2

(iii) cW 2 vgJ 2-MtJ iu kW 2-MtJ u csJ. mjhtJ a22 = 2.

vLJfhL 4.4

aij = 2i - 3j vw cWfis bfhl, tir 2 # 3 cs m A = 6 aij @ -id
mikf.
a12 = 2 (1) - 3 (2) = 4
bghJthf 2 # 3 tirs m

a
a
a
A = e a11 a12 a13 o vw to UF.
21
22
23

aij = 2i - 3j , i = 1, 2 kW j = 1, 2, 3 vdbfhLfgLsjh

a11 = 2 (1) - 3 (1) = - 1 = 1 , a12 = 2 (1) - 3 (2) = 4 ,

a13 = 2 (1) - 3 (3) = 7

a21 = 62 (2) - 3 @ = 1 ,

a23 = 2 (2) - 9 = 5

Mfnt, njitahd m A = c

vLJfhL 4.5
8
5

A=e
1 -3

a22 = 2 (2) - 3 (2) = 2 ,

1 4 7
m MF.
1 2 5

2
T
T T
o v, A kW (A ) Matiw fhf.
4

8
5 2
T
o . A- iu u khW m (transpose) A vgJ A-
1 -3 4
iufis ufshf, ufis iufshf kh vGj ilF.
8
1
T
T T
vdnt,
A = f 5 - 3 p. njngh (A ) mahdJ,
2
4
T
m A - iufis ufshf, ufis iufshf khw ilF.
8
5 2
T T
Mfnt, (A ) = e
o.
1 -3 4

A = e

4. mf 131

T T

nkfl vLJfhoUJ, (A ) = A vd ma KowJ. vj xU m
T T
T
T
B-F (B ) = B vgJ cik. nkY vj xU kh k-F (kA) = kA MF.
g 4.1

1.

xU bghGJ nghF isahL fh flz j tUkhW.

thu ehf flz
(`)
400
200
300

taJ tnjh
Wt
_j Fokf

LKiw ehf flz

(`)
500
250
400

taJ tnjh, Wt kW _jFokfDfhd flz jfSfhd

mfis vGJf. nkY mt tirfis vGJf.

2.

xU efu 6 nkiy gf, 8 caiy gf kW 13 bjhlf

gf csd. j tufis 3 # 1 kW 1 # 3 tirfis bfhl
mfshf Ff.

3.

tU mf tirfis fhf.
7
3 -2
1 -1 5
(i) e
o (ii) f 8 p (iii) f 6 - 1
3 4
-2
9
2
4

4.

J 1
K
-2
p (iv) ^3 4 5h (v) KK 9
K
L 6
8 cWf bfhl xU mF vtif tirf Uf aY?

5.

30 cWf bfhl mF vtif tirf Uf aY?

6.

tUtdtiw bfhL 2 # 2 tirila m A = 6 aij @ -ia fhf

7.

8.

9.

10.

6
1
5

2N
O
3O
7O
O
4P

i-j
i+j
tUtdtiw bfhL 3 # 2 tiria bfhl m A = 6 a @-id fhf.
ij
(i) aij = ij

(ii) aij = 2i - j

(i) aij = i
j

(ii) aij =

(iii) aij =

(i - 2j)

2

(iii) aij =

2i - 3j
2

1 -1 3 2
A = f 5 - 4 7 4 p v, (i) m tiria fhf. (ii) a24 kW a32
6 0 9 8
Ma cWfis vGJf (iii) cW 7 mikJs iu kW uiy fhf.
2
A=f4
5
1
A=f2
3

3
1
0

p v, A- iu u khW mia fhf.

2 3
4 -5
-5 6

p v, (A

132 10M tF fzF

T T

) = A vgjid rghf.

4.4

mf jhd braf (Operation on matrices)

gF mf rkjik, xU mia xU irah bgUf,
mf Tl, mf fj kW mf bgUf Matiw
fhngh.

mf rkjik (Equality of matrices)

U mf A = 6 aij @

m#n

kW B = 6 bij @

m#n

vgd rkbk,

(i) mit rktir csdthf,

(ii) A kW B mf xj cWf midJ rkkhf UF.

mjhtJ, midJ i, j-fSF aij = bij vd UF.
6 3
6 0 1
vLJfhlhf, mf f 0 9 p kW c
m rkiy. Vbd,
3 9 5
1 5
mtf tirf rkiy.
1 2
1 8
nkY, c
m!c
m . Vbd, y xj cWf rkkhf iy.
8 5
2 5

vLJfhL 4.6

3 5 z
x 5 4
m=c
m v, x, y kW z Madt kfis fhf.
5 y 1
5 9 1

bfhLfgLs mf rk. Mfnt, xj cWf rkkhf Uf ntL.

xj cWfis xLnghJ, ekF x = 3, y = 9 kW z = 4 vd ilF.
vLJfhL 4.7

6 - 2x
y
fh : c m = e
o
31 + 4y
3x

mf rkkhf Ugjh, xj cWf rkkhf UF. xj cWfis

xL nghJ,
y = 6 - 2x ; 3x = 31 + 4y vd ilF.

y = 6 2x vgij 3x = 31 + 4y ul, 3x = 31 + 4 (6 - 2x)

3x = 31 + 24 - 8x vd ilF. UJ x = 5 MF.
x = 5 v, y = 6 - 2 (5) = - 4 .

Mfnt,

x = 5 kW y =- 4 .

xU mia irah bgUFj (Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar)

tiuaiw
m A = 6 aij @

m#n

a m B = 6 bij @

kW k vgJ xU ir (bkba) Mad jugLsd.

m#n

I vyh i, j-fSF bij = kaij vd tiuaWjh, m B-ia

m A- ir bgUf vngh.
4. mf 133


Mfnt, m A-Ys xbthU cWig ir k M bgUfilgJ
m B MF. nkY, B = kA vd vGjyh. jifa bgUfiyna eh ir
bgUf vnwh.
vLJfhlhf, A = c a b c m kW k xU bkba v,
d e f
a b c
ka kb kc

kA = k c
m=c
m.
d e f
kd ke kf
vLJfhL 4.8
4
-1 2

A=e
o v, 3A-I fhf
3 6 -5

m A- xbthU cWig 3 M bgUf ilF m 3A MF.

4
3 (- 1) 3 (2)
3 (4)
6
12
-1 2
-3

3A = 3 e
o = e
o=e
o
3 6 -5
3 (3)
3 (6)
3 (- 5)
9 18 - 15
mf Tl (Addition of matrices)

fj kW ma ghlf 3 khztfS, 3 khzfS bgw
kbgfis Kiwna tU mf A kW B Mad fhLwd.

fj

ma
khztf
45 72 81
51 80 90 khztf

A=c
B =c
m
m
30 90 65 khzf
42 85 70 khzf

xbthU khztD U ghlfY bgw bkhj kbgfis fhz xj

cWfis Tl ntL.
45 72 81
51 80 90

A+B =c
m+c
m
30 90 65
42 85 70

=e

45 + 51
30 + 42

72 + 80
90 + 85

81 + 90
96
o =c
65 + 70
72

152
175

171
m
135

Kj khzt fjY maY nrJ bkhj 96 kbgf
bgWwh. mnjngh _whtJ khz fjY maY nrJ bkhj 135
kbgf bgWwh vgij Wahf bgwgl m fhLwJ.

Mfnt, xnu tirs U mf TLj, bfhLfgLs U mf
xj cWf TLjf bfhl xU mahF.
tiuaiw

A = 6 aij @

m#n

kW B = 6 bij @

m#n

Mad rk tir bfhl U mfshdh,

A kW B Madt TLj m C = 6 cij @ v, midJ i kW

mxn
j-fSF cij = aij + bij MF.

mf Tl bra, vf Tliy nghynt mikJsJ vd
mayh. A kW B mf TLj A+B vd FfgL. btntW tir
bfhl mf TLjiy tiuaWf ayhJ.
134 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 4.9
8 3 2
1 -1

A=c
m kW B = c
m v, A+B UFkhdh, mjid fhf.
5 9 1
3
0
m A- tir 2 # 3 kW B- tir 2 # 2 . mf tir btntwhf
Ugjh, A kW B Madtiw Tl ayhJ.
vLJfhL 4.10
5 6 -2 3
3 -1 4 7

A=c
m kW B = c
m v, A + B I fhf.
1 0 4 2
2 8 2 3
mf A kW B- tirf rkkhf 2 # 4 vd Ugjh, A + B-I fhz
aY.
5 6 -2 3
3 -1 4 7

A + B = c
m+c
m
1 0 4 2
2 8 2 3
5+3
1+2
8 5
vdnt, A + B = c
3 8

=e

6-1 -2+4
0+8
4+2
2 10
m
6 5

3+7
8 5 2 10
m
o =c
2+3
3 8 6 5

v m (Negative of a matrix)
m A = 6 aij @mxn - v m - A vd FfgLwJ. nkY, - A = (- 1) A
vd tiuaWfgLwJ. mjhtJ, midJ i kW j-fSF bij =- aij
mik.
vwthW - A = 6 bij @
mxn

mf fj (Subtraction of matrices)

kW B = 6 bij @
vgd xnu tirs U mf v,
A = 6 aij @
m#n

m#n

mitf fj A - B = A + (- 1) B vd tiuaWfgLwJ.

mjhtJ, A - B = 6 cij @ v, midJ i kW j-fSF cij = aij - bij MF.

vLJfhL 4.11

vil Fiwfhd cz fLghL l bjhlf 4 khztf
kW 4 khzf vil (.. ) Kiwna m A- Kj iu kW ulh
iuahf bfhLfgLsJ. j cz fLghL lF mtfSila
vil m B- bfhLfgLsJ.
32 35 27 41 khztf
35 40 28 45 khztf
kW B = c
m
A=c
m
40 30 34 27 khzf
42 38 41 30 khzf
khztf kW khzfSila Fiwfgl vil msid m fhf.

vil Fiw m

35
42
3
=c
2

A-B =c

40
38
5 1
8 7

28 45
32 35 27 41
m-c
m
41 30
40 30 34 27
4
m.
3
4. mf 135

4.5 mf Tl gf (Properties of matrix addition)

(i)

mf Tl gkhW g cilaJ (Matrix addition is commutative)

A kW B Mad xnu tirila U mf v, A+B = B+A MF.

(ii)

mf Tl nr g cilaJ (Matrix addition is associative)

A, B kW C Mad xnu tirila _W mf v,
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

(iii)

Tl rk (Additive identity)

mf Tl a mahdJ Tl rkahF. mjhtJ, m # n vw

tirila m A v, A + O = O + A = A MF. F O vgJ m # n vw
tirila a mahF.

(iv)

m TlYfhd nekhW (Additive inverse)

m B MdJ A vw mF TlYfhd nekhW m v, A + B = B + A = O .
nkY, A + (- A) = (- A) + A = O vgjh - A vgJ A- TlYfhd
nekhW vdgL.

F
xU m TlYfhd nekhW m mj v m MF. nkY, xU mF
TlYfhd nekhW m xnw xW jh (unique) UF.

g 4.2
1.

tU mrkghoUJ x, y kW z-f kfis fhf.

5x + 2
y-4
12 - 8
m
e
o=c
0
4z + 6
0
2

2x + y
5
m v, x kW y-f fis fhf.
o=c
x - 3y
13

2.

3.

2 3
1 5
A=e
o-e
o v, A- Tl nekhW mia fhf.
7 -1
-9 5

4.

A=c

3 2
8 -1
m kW B = c
m v, C = 2A + B vw mia fhf.
5 1
4 3

5.

A=e

4 -2
8 2
o kW B = e
o v, 6A - 3B vw mia fhf.
5 -9
-1 -3

6.

2
10
-1
m+ b c
m=c
m v, a kW b Madt kfis fhf.
3
1
5
2 -2
2 3
2X + 3Y = c
m kW 3X + 2Y = e
o v, X kW Y Ma
5
4 0
-1
mfis fhf.

7.

8.

ac

2
2x
-9
f : e x2 o + 3 e
m.
o=c
4
-y
y

136 10M tF fzF

9.

10.

11.

3 2
1 -2
0 0
m, B = c
m kW O = c
m v, tUtdtiw
5 1
2 3
0 0
rghf : (i) A + B = B + A (ii) A + (- A) = O = (- A) + A .
A=c

4 1 2
2 0 4
A = f 1 - 2 3 p, B = f 6 2 8
0 3 2
2 4 6

1 2 -3
p kW C = f 5 0 2
1 -1 1
v, A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C vgjid rghf.

xU dQ FGk jdJ gidfhf thF dQ bghUfis

ffhF bghUL jdJ _W gid Tlf gid bragL
bghGJnghF rhjdf ga tufis g brjJ. uL thuf
eilbgw gid tuf tU mltid FlgLsd.

thu I

thu II

fil I
fil II
fil III
fil I
fil II
fil III

T.V.
30
40
25
25
32
22

DVD
15
20
18
12
10
15

Videogames
12
15
10
8
10
8

CD Players
10
15
12
6
12
10

mf Tliy gagL uL thuf gid bragl

rhjdf TLjiy fhf.

12.

xU r FsF xU ehSfhd EiH flz tUkhW

xU ehSfhd EiH flz ( ` )

cWd
gf 2 kF K

Wt
20

bgat
30

gf 2 kF

30

40

gf 2 kF K

25

35

gf 2 kF

40

50

cWd myhjt

cWd myhjtfSF VgL TLj flzij FF mia fhf.

4.6 mf bgUf (Multiplication of matrices)

br vgt 3 ngdhfis 2 bgfis thf Uwh vf. dh
vgtUF 4 ngdhfS, 5 bgfS njitgLwJ. xU ngdh kW xU bg
Mat iy Kiwna ` 10 kW ` 5 v, xbthUtUF bghUfis thf
njitgL bjhif vts?

3 # 10 + 2 # 5 = 40 . vdnt, brF ` 40 njit.

4 # 10 + 5 # 5 = 65 . vdnt, dhF ` 65 njit.
4. mf 137


mf bgUfiy gagL nkfl njitgL bjhiffis fhzyh.
nkfl jftfis tUkhW vGjyh.
njitgL bjhif ( ` )

njitahdit
iy ( ` )
br 3 2
3 # 10 + 2 # 5
40
10

c
m
c m
m
e
o=c
dh 4 5
4
10
5
5
65
5
# + #

kbwhU fil xU ngdh kW xU bg iyf Kiwna
`8 kW `4 vdbfhnth. nghJ brF dhF njitgL
bjhiff (`-) Kiwna 3 # 8 + 2 # 4 = 32 kW 4 # 8 + 5 # 4 = 52 MF.
nkfl jftfis tUkhW vGjyh.

njitahdit

iy ( ` )

njitgL bjhif ( ` )

br 3 2
3#8+2#4
8
32
c
m
c m
m
e
o=c
dh 4 5
4#8+5#4
4
52

UtU uL filfY jfSF njitgL ngdhf kW
bgfis thF jftfis tUkhW fhzyh.

njitahdit
iy ( ` )
njitgL bjhif ( ` )
br 3 2
3 # 10 + 2 # 5 3 # 8 + 2 # 4
10 8
40 32
c
m
c
m
m
e
o=c
dh 4 5
4 # 10 + 5 # 5 4 # 8 + 5 # 4
5 4
65 52

nknys vLJfhoUJ, Kj m uf vif ulhtJ
m iuf vifF rkkhf U, uL mf bgUfiy
fhz aY. nkY, U mf bgUfgy cs cWf ilf, Kj
m iu cs xbthU cWig Kiwna ulhtJ m u cs
xbthU cWl bgU Tl ntL.

vLJfhlhf,

2 -1
3 -9
m kW B = c
m v, bgUfgy m AB- ia fhz
3 4
5 7
aY. bgUfgy m
2 -1
3 -9

AB = c
mc
m -I fhz tU gof sFnth.
3 4
5 7

A=c

go 1 : A m Kj iu cWfis Kiwna B m Kj u cWfsh

bgU, bgUfgyfis TLf. To tU kid AB- Kj iu
kW Kj u vGJf.

2
c
3

2 (3) + (- 1) 5
-1 3 -9
m c
m=e
4 5
7

go 2: go 1- cs bgUf Kiwia g A- Kj iuYs cWfis

Kiwna B- ulh uYs cWfsh bgUFf. bgUfgyf
TLjiy, AB- Kj iuYs ulh u vGJf.

2
c
3

-1 3
m c
4 5

2 (3) + (- 1) 5
-9
m=e
7

138 10M tF fzF

2 (- 9) + (- 1) 7

go 3: mnj Kiwia g A- ulhtJ iuYs cWfis B- Kj

uYs cWfsh bgUFf. bgUfgyf TL bjhifia AB-
ulhtJ iu Kj u vGJf.

2
c
3

2 (3) + (- 1) 5
-9
m=e
3 (3) + 4 (5)
7

-1 3
m c
4 5

2 (- 9) + (- 1) 7

go 4: AB- ulh iuF, ulh uYF nj Kiwia gagLJf.

2 (3) + (- 1) 5
2 (- 9) + (- 1) 7
2
1 3
9
c - m c - m = e
o
3 (- 9) + 4 (7)
3 (3) + 4 (5)
3
4 5
7
go 5: bgwgl v kfis RU m AB-id fhf.

2 (3) + (- 1) 5
e
3 (3) + 4 (5)

tiuaiw

A = 6 aij @

m#n

2 (- 9) + (- 1) 7
1
o=c
3 (- 9) + 4 (7)
29

kW B = 6 bij @

n#p

- 25
m
1

v, U mf bgUfgy m

AB tiuaWfgLwJ. nkY AB- tir m # p MF. ik tU

gl sfgLsJ.

Am # n

xnu v

n# p

bgUfgy m AB- tir m # p

vLJfhL 4.12
tUtdtF mf bgUfgy tiuaWfgLsjh vd

khf. mthW tiuaWfgo, bgU tU m tiria fhf.

(i) A2 # 5 kW B5 # 4

(ii) A1 # 3 kW B4 # 3

(i) A- uf vif, B- iuf vif rkkhf Ugjh

bgUfgy m AB tiuaWfgLwJ.

nkY, AB- tir 2 # 4 MF.

(ii)

F A- tir 1 # 3 kW B- tir 4 # 3

m A- uf vif B- iuf vif rkkhf
iy vgjh, U mf bgUfiy tiuaWf ayhJ.
vLJfhL 4.13

fhf : c

x
3 2
8
m c m=c m
y
4 5
13

x
3 2
8
m c m=c m
y
4 5
13

3x + 2y
8
m
o=c
4x + 5y
13
4. mf 139

UwK xj cWfis xL nghJ,

3x + 2y = 8
kW

4x + 5y = 13
( 3x + 2y - 8 = 0
kW 4x + 5y - 13 = 0.

FWF bgUf Kiw rkghLfis ngh.


x
y
1

2
8
3
2

5
13
4
5
y
x
x = y = 1
1
=
=

(
(
7
14
15 - 8
7
- 32 + 39
- 26 + 40

Mfnt,
x = 2 kW y = 1

vLJfhL 4.14
a b
1 0
2

A=c
m kW I2 = c
m v, A - (a + d) A = (bc - ad) I2 vd Wf.
c d
0 1
m A MdJ xU rJu m vgjh A2 tiuaWfgLwJ.
2

vdnt, A = A # A
2
a b
a b
a + bc
ab + bd
= c

mc
m=e
2o
c d
c d
ac + cd
bc + d
a b
jnghJ,

(a + d) A = (a + d) c
m
c d
2
a + ad
ab + bd



=e
2 o
ac + cd
ad + d

(1) kW (2) MaitfUJ,
2
2
2
a
bc
ab + bd
a + ad

A - (a + d) A = e +
o
e
2
ac + cd
bc + d
ac + cd

(1)

(2)

ab + bd
2 o
ad + d

bc - ad
0
1 0
m
o = (bc - ad) c
0
bc - ad
0 1
2
vdnt, A - (a + d) A = (bc - ad) I2

=e

4.7 mf bgUf gf (Properties of matrix multiplication)

bkbafSfhd bgUf gf y Kakhd gf, mf
bgUfgy bkahf UfhJ. mjifa y gfshtd :

(i) bghJthf AB ! BA .nkY, AB fhz Kojh BA fhz Ko vW Tw ayhJ.

(ii) A myJ B a mahf yhkUjhY AB = 0 Mf Ufyh.

mjhtJ, AB = 0 v, A = 0 myJ B = 0 vd fUj ayhJ.

(iii) A xU a kw m kW AB = AC vg B = C vnghJ fUj ayhJ.
0 0
1 2
5 6
1 0
vLJfhlhf, A = c
m, B = c
m,C = c
m kW D = c
m Ma
0 1
3 4
3 4
0 0
mfUJ tUtdtiw mayh.

(i) AB ! BA (ii) A kW D a mf my. Mdh, AD = 0

(iii) AB = AC, Mdh B ! C.

m bgUf y gfis tU vLJfhLf _y fhngh.
140 10M tF fzF

(i)
bghJthf mf bgUf gkhW g cilajy
(Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general)


A kW B vgd U mf. AB kW BA Mad tiuaWfgLsd
v AB = BA-thf Uf ntoamtaiy.
vLJfhL 4.15
8 -7
9 -3 2

A = f - 2 4 p kW B = e
o v, AB kW BA Ma
6 -1 -5
0 3
mfis fhf. (mitf U)
m A- tir 3 # 2 kW B- tir 2 # 3 . vdnt AB kW BA-
bgUfgyf tiuaWfgLsJ.
8 -7
9 -3 2

jnghJ, AB = f - 2
4 pe
o
6 -1 -5
0
3
72 - 42 - 24 + 7
30 - 17 51
16 + 35

6-4
2 - 24 p
= f - 18 + 24
- 4 - 20 p = f 6
0 + 18
18 - 3 - 15
0-3
0 - 15
8 -7
9 -3 2
78 - 69
thnw, BA = e
o f -2 4 p = e
o . (F AB ! BA vgij
6 -1 -5
50 - 61
0 3
ftf)

xnu tir bfhl _iy l mf bgUf gkhW g cL.

nkY myF m, mnj tirs vjbthU rJu mlD bgUfiy
bghUJ gkhW g bfhoUF.
(ii)
vnghJ m bgUf nr g cilaJ

(Matrix multiplication is always associative)

A, B kW C vgd VnjD _W mf, UwfYs bgUfgyf
tiuaWfgo, (AB)C = A(BC) vgJ bkahF.
(iii)

mf bgUfyhdJ, Tl gL g cilaJ
(Matrix multiplication is distributive over addition)

A, B kW C vgd VnjD _W mf v, tUtdt
UwfYs bgUfgyf tiuaWfgLnghJ,

(i) A (B + C) = AB + AC

(ii) (A + B) C = AC + BC .

vLJfhL 4.16
3 2
1 1
-2 5
A=e
m kW C = e
o, B = c
o
6 7
-1 4
-5 3
vgij rghf.

v,

A (B + C) = AB + AC

4. mf 141

-2
B+C =c
6
3
A (B + C) = e
-1

1 1
5
-1 6
m+e
m
o =c
7
1 10
-5 3
2 -1 6
- 1 38
m =c
m
oc
4
1 10
5 34

3 2 -2 5
3 2
1 1
AB + AC = e
m+e
oc
oe
o
6 7
-1 4
-1 4 -5 3
15 + 14
3 - 10
3+6
- 6 + 12

o+e
o
=e
2 + 24
- 5 + 28
- 1 - 20 - 1 + 12
6 29
-7 9

=c
m+e
o
26 23
- 21 11
- 1 38

m
=c
5 34

(1) kW (2) MatUJ, A (B + C) = AB + AC

(1)

(2)

(iv) mf bgUfYfhd rk m (Multiplicative identity)

vj xU viz 1 M bgUFnghJ, mnj v ilF. g bfhl
v 1-I nghy mf afjY jifa gid bfhl mid
mKfgLJnth.

n tir bfhl rJu m A-F AI = IA = A vgJ bkahF. F I vgJ
n tir bfhl myF mahF. vdnt, I vgJ bgUf rk (identity matrix under
multiplication) vdgL.
vLJfhL 4.17
1 3
o v, AI = IA = A vgij rghf. F I vgJ tir 2
9 -6
bfhl myF m.

A=e

1+0
1
3
1 0
m=e
oc
9+0
9 -6
0 1

0+3
1
3
o= e
o=A
0-6
9 -6

1+0
1
3
1 0
me
o=e
0+9
9 -6
0 1
vdnt, AI = IA = A .

3+0
1
3
o= e
o=A
0-6
9 -6

AI = e

IA = c

(v)
m bgUf nekhW (Multiplicative inverse of a Matrix)

n tir bfhl rJu m A kW mnj n tir bfhl kbwhU rJu m
B Ma U mf AB = BA = I , I vgJ n tir bfhl myF m, vwthW
-1
U, B vgJ A- bgUf nekhW m vdgL. A- nekhW mia A
vd FfgLwJ.

2 3
m nghw xU y rJu mfSF bgUf nekhW iy.
4 6
(ii) B vgJ A- bgUf nekhW mahdh,
vgJ B- bgUf
nekhW MF.
(iii) mf bgUf nekhW xUik jik (uniqueness) cilaJ.
(i) c

142 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 4.18
2 -5
3 5

c
m kW e
o Mad m bgUfiy bghUJ xWbfhW
3
1 2
-1
nekhW m vd Wf.
6-5
2 -5
3 5
me
o=e
2-2
3
1 2
-1

1 0
- 15 + 15
m=I
o=c
0 1
-5 + 6

6-5
2 -5
3 5
m=e
e
oc
3
1 2
-3 + 3
-1

10 - 10
1 0
m=I
o=c
0 1
-5 + 6

jnghJ, c
nkY,

vdnt, bfhLfgl mf mbgUf xWbfhW nekhW

mfshf mikwd.

(vi)

iu u khW m -Uif (Reversal law for transpose of matrices)

A kW B vgd U mf kW AB tiuaWfgLsJ v,
T
T T
(AB) = B A .
vLJfhL 4.19
-2
T
T T
A = f 4 p kW B = ^ 1 3 - 6 h vw mfSF (AB) = B A vgij
5
rghf.
12
-2
-2 - 6
jnghJ, AB = f 4 p ^1 3 - 6h = f 4 12 - 24 p
5
5 15 - 30
2
4
5

Mfnt , ^ ABhT = f- 6
(1)
12
15 p
12 - 24 - 30

1
thnw, B A = f 3 p ^- 2 4 5 h
-6
T

4
5
-2
= f- 6
12
15
12 - 24 - 30

p
T

(2)

(1) kW (2) MatUJ (AB) = B A vgJ rghfglJ.

g 4.3

1.

tUtdtW xbthY mf bgUf gy tiuaWfgLsjh

vd khf. mthU, bgUfgy tiria vGJf.

(i) AB, F A = 6 aij @

4x 3

(iii) MN, F M = 6 mij @

, B = 6 bij @

3x 1

3x 2

, N = 6 nij @

1 x5

(ii) PQ, F P = 6 pij @

4x 3

(iv) RS, F R = 6 rij @

2x2

, Q = 6 qij @

4x 3

, S = 6 sij @

2x2

4. mf 143

2.


3.

tUtdtF mf bgUf tiuaWfgLkhdh, mtiw fhf.

5
3 -2
4 1
(i) ^ 2 - 1h c m
(ii) c
m c
m
4
5
1
2 7
4 2
2
9 -3
6
(iii) e
(iv) e
o f- 6 7 p
o^ 2 - 7 h
4 -1
0
-3
-2 1
xU gH ahgh jDila fil gHfis gid brwh. M, khgH
kW MuR Mat xbth gid iy Kiwna ` 20, ` 10 kW
` 5 MF. 3 ehf gidahF gHf viff tuf nH
jugLsd.
eh
1
2
3

M
50
40
60

khgH
60
70
40

MuR
30
20
10

xbthU ehY ilj bkhj gid bjhifia FL xU mia

vGJf. UJ gHf gid ilj bkhj bjhifia fzLf.

4.

x 0
1 2
x 0
mc
m=c
m v, x kW y-f kfis fhf.
0 y
9 0
3 3
x
5 3
-5
A=c
m , X = c m kW C = e
o kW AX = C v, x kW y-f
y
7 5
- 11
kfis fhf.
1 -1
2
A=c
m v, A - 4A + 5I2 = O vd Wf.
2 3
3 2
3 0
A=c
m kW B = c
m v, AB kW BA Matiw fhf. mit
4 0
3 2
rkkhf UFkh?
0
-1 2 1
A=c
,
B
1
m
= f p kW C = ^2 1h v, (AB) C = A (BC) vgij
1 2 3
2
rghf.

5.
6.
7.

8.

2 -1
5 2
T
T T
m kW B = e
o v, (AB) = B A vgij rghf.
7 3
-1 1

9.

A=c

10.

3 -2
5 2
m kW B = e
o vw mf xWbfhW bgUf
7
5
7 3
nekhW m vd Wf.

11.

f : ^ x

12.

A=e

13.

3 3
8 7
2 -3
m, B = c
m kW C = c
m v, (A + B) C kW AC + BC
7 6
0 9
4 6
vw mfis fhf. nkY, (A + B) C = AC + BC vgJ bkahFkh?

A=c

1 0
x
1h e
o c m = ^ 0 h.
5
-2 -3

1 -4
-1 6
2
2
2
o kW B = e
o v, (A + B) ! A + 2AB + B vd Wf.
3 -2
-2 3

A=c

144 10M tF fzF

g 4.4
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1.

tUtdtW vjTW bkahdjy?

(A) ir mahdJ xU rJu mahF.

(B) _iy l mahdJ xU rJu mahF.

(C) ir mahdJ xU _iy l mahF.

(D) _iy l mahdJ xU ir mahF.

2.

A = 6 aij @

m#n

(A) m 1 n

3.

(A) 2 , 7

4.

3x + 7
y+1

vgJ xU rJu m v,

(C) m = 1

(B) m 2 n
5
1
o=e
2 - 3x
8

(D) m = n

y-2
o v, x kW y-f kf Kiwna
8

(B) - 1 , 7
3
-1
A = ^ 1 - 2 3 h kW B = f 2
-3

(C) - 1 , - 2
3
3

(D) 2 , 7

v, A + B =

0
(b) f 0 p
0
(d) tiuaWfgliy

(a) ^0 0 0h

(c) ^ - 14 h

5.

xU m tir 2 # 3 v, mt cs cWf vif

(a)
8
c
x
(a)

6.

5
(b) 6
(c) 2
4
2 1
m = 4c
m v, x- k
8
1 2
1
(b) 2
(c) 1
4

(d) 3

(d) 4

A- tir 3 # 4 kW B- tir 4 # 3 v, BA- tir

(b) 4 # 4
(c) 4 # 3
(d) tiuaWfgliy
(a) 3 # 3
1 1
A #c
m = ^ 1 2 h v, A- tir
0 2
(d) 3 # 2
(b) 2 # 2
(c) 1 # 2
(a) 2 # 1

9.

A kW B vgd rJu mf. nkY AB = I kW BA = I v, B vgJ

(A) myF m
(C) A- bgUf nekhW m

10.

x
1 2
2
m c m = c m v, x kW y-f kf Kiwna
y
2 1
4
(d) 1 , 1
(a) 2 , 0
(b) 0 , 2
(c) 0 , - 2

7.

8.

(B) a m
(D) - A

4. mf 145

1 -2
o kW A + B = O v, B =
-3 4

11.

A=e

(a) e

12.

A=e

(a) c

13.

A- tir m # n kW B- tir p # q vf. nkY, A kW B Madt

TLj fhz aYbk,
(B) n = q
(C) n = p
(D) m = p, n = q
(A) m = p

1 -2
o
-3 4

(b) e

-1 2
o
3 -4

(c) e

-1 -2
o
-3 -4

(d) c

1 0
m
0 1

(c) e

-4 2
o
-6 3

(d) e

4 -2
o
6 -3

4 -2
o v, A2 =
6 -3

16 4
m
36 9

(b) e

8 -4
o
12 - 6

2
a 3
5
m e o = c m v, a- k
1 2 -1
0
(A) 8
(B) 4
(C) 2

15.

A=e

(A) 1 + a + bc = 0

(C) 1 - a - bc = 0

16.

A = 6 aij @

(A) c

17.

(A) - 1, 0, 0, - 1

18.

A=c

7 2
-1 0
m kW A + B = e
o v, m B =
2 -4
1 3

(A) c

1 0
m
0 1

14.

19.

20.

(D) 11

a b
o kW A2 = I v,
c -a
2

(B) 1 - a + bc = 0

(D) 1 + a - bc = 0

2#2

kW aij = i + j v, A =

1 2
m
3 4

(B) c

2 3
m
3 4

(C) c

2 3
m
4 5

(D) c

4 5
m
6 7

1 0
a b
-1 0
mc
m=e
o v, a, b, c kW d Madt kf Kiwna
0 -1
c d
0 1
(B) 1, 0, 0, 1

(B) e

(C) - 1, 0, 1, 0

6 2
o
3 -1

(C) e

-8 - 2
o
1 -7

(d) 1, 0, 0, 0

(D) e

8 2
o
-1 7

2
^ 5 x 1 h f - 1 p = ^ 20 h v, x- k
3
(C) 1
(D) 0
(A) 7
(B) - 7
7
A kW B vgd xnu tirila rJu mf v, flitf vJ
bkahF?
T

(a) (AB) = A B (b) (A B) = A B

146 10M tF fzF

(c) (AB) T = BA (d) (AB) = B A

id bfhf

xU m vgJ brtf to mikfgl vf mikghF.

xU m m iufS n ufS csJ v, mj tir m # n MF.

m = 1 v, A = 6 aij @
n = 1 v, A = 6 aij @

m#n

m#n

m = n v, A = 6 aij @

vgJ xU iu mahF.
vgJ xU u mahF.

vgJ xU rJu mahF.

i ! j vDnghJ, aij = 0 v, A = 6 aij @n # n xU _iy l mahF.
m#n

xU
i = j vDnghJ aij = k kW i ! j vDnghJ aij = 0 v, A = 6 a @
ij n # n
ir mahF. (k vgJ akw xU kh).

i = j vDnghJ aij = 1 kW i ! j vDnghJ aij = 0 v, A = 6 aij @ vgJ xU

myF mahF.

xU m vyh cWfS af v, mj m a m vdgL.

A kW B mf xnu tir bfhljhf mt xj cWf rkkhf

U, mf A kW B rkkhF.
uL mf tirf rkkhf U mj mfis Tlnth
(m) ffnth aY.
mf Tl gkhW g cilaJ. mjhtJ A kW B mf xnu
tir bfhlitahf U A + B = B + A .
mf Tl nr g cilaJ. mjhtJ, A, B kW C mf xnu
tir csitahf U (A + B) + C = A + (B + C),
m A- tir m # n kW B- tir n # p v, bgUfgy m AB
tiuaWfgL. nkY mj tir m # p MF.

bghJthf mf bgUf gkhW g cilajy. mjhtJ, AB ! BA .

mf bgUf nr g cilaJ. mjhtJ, (AB)C = A(BC) MF.

(UwK tiuaWfgo)

(A ) = A, (A + B) = A + B kW (AB) = B A .

AB = BA = I v, mf A kW B Mad xWbfhW bgUf nekhW

vdgL.
AB = O v, A = O Mfnth myJ B = O Mfnth Uf ntoa mtaiy.
vdnt, akyhj U mf bgUfgy, a mahf Ufyh.

T T

cfSF bjkh?
KjKj, 2003 M ML tHfgl grhd mbg gR' (Abel Prize)
1 a mbkf lhyfis bfhlJ. J xU rtnjr UjhF. ehnt
ma mfhldh xbthU ML ehnt eho muruh xW myJ
xWF nkgl fja tYefSF gR tHfgLwJ.
brid wJ, mbkfh thG S.R. thr tuj mtfSF
2007- mbg gR tHfglJ. fjfa Fghf mf yff
csitfis xizJ mt cUtha fUaYfhf mbg gR
tHfglJ.
4. mf 147

5
mKf
Nu
Knfhz kW

ehfu gu
nenfhLf

a o bgkh
(Pierre De Fermat)
(1601-1665)

uh
17M who
KgF thj U
Ka fja mPf
bu blfho kW
bgkh
Mt.
gFKiw
toa
mog i l
b f h i f f i s , tis
nfhLf fbga kW
fa Mabjhiy fis bgkh fljh.
t Mabjhiy toa
Fljf gfhdh.
blfho f bgw
``yh nah vD
btLtjF
Kng,
1636- ifu to
gFKiw toa a o
bgkho Ka Mf
btlgld.

Mabjhiy toa
No human investigation can be called real science if it cannot be
demonstrated mathematically - Leonardo de Vinci

5.1 mKf

Mabjhiy toa (Coordinate Geometry) myJ
gFKiw toa (Analytical Geometry) vgJ mR bjhiy
Kiw, afj kW gFa Madtiw
gagL toaiy fgjhF. J afj
Kofis toa thyhf ff JizwJ.

Mabjhiy
toayhdJ
afjij
toaiy izF ghykhf mikJsJ. a
fjij gagL toaiy fF Kiwid
uRjJt nkij fja mPUkhd bu
blfho (Rene Descartes) mKfgLdh. blfho
Mabjhiyfis mKfgLa _y mt
fjF msga gfhsh. J toaiy
fg uia VgLaJ. t 1637 - yh
nah (La Gemetry) vw iy btlh.
toa fzFfis afj rkghLfshf kh,
vjha d toa Kiw mt fis
flh. mnj fhyfl uR fj nkij a o
bgkh (Pierre De Fermat) vghU Mabjhiy toaiy
cUth mij btL fjF bgU
gfhdh. 1692 by (Gottfried Wilhelm Von
Leibnitz) vw b#kha fj nkij, ilaR u
(abscissa) kW FjR u (ordinate) Ma ed
brhfis Mabjhiy toa mKfgLdh.
nfhy Knu gy (Nicholas Murray Butler)
TWgo, blfho gFKiw totfj, l
kW byg Mnah Efj Mad
ajF fj Kiwfshf tiljd.

xgjh tF, Mabjhiy toa
mogil fUJfshd mRf, js, js
fis Fj, UfSF ilnas
bjhiyid fhz nghwtiw eh fWnsh.
j maha Nu, Knfhz kW
ehfu gu, nenfho rh kW rkghL
Matiw fngh.
148

5.2 Nu (Section Formula)

tU fzid Muhnth. A kW B vgd U efufis FfL.
A-UJ 60 . Hnf d 30 . tlnf brwh B-I milayh. xU
bjhiyng FGk P vw l X miygu nfhuij Wtjhf bfhnth.
P vw l A, B Matiw izF nfhil 1 : 2 vw j cwkhf
wJ vf. mj miygu nfhu mika cs P vw lij vthW mtJ
vgij fhngh.

A-I Mahf bfhnth. P^ x, yh kW B vw
fUJ x-mRF brFJ nfhLfis
tiuf. mit x-mir rF f Kiwna C,
D vf. nkY P-UJ, BD I E- btLkhW xU
brFJ nfhL tiuf.
jnghJ AP : PB = 1 : 2 vd bfhLfgLsJ

T PAC kW TBPE vgd tobthj Knfhzf.

(maha 6, 6.3I fhf)

Mjyh, AC = PC = AP = 1
PE BE
PB
2
AC = 1
PC =
mjhtJ,
PE
BE
2
y
x = 1
=
(
(
60 - x
2
30 - y

2x = 60 - x

x = 20.

gl. 5.1

1
2
1
2

2y = 30 - y
y = 10.

Mfnt, mj miygu nfhu P^20, 10h vD l mikJsJ.

nkfl fzif khahf bfhL Nuij tUngh.

A (x1, y1) kW B^ x2, y2h vgd btntwhd U f vf.

P^ x, yh MdJ, AB- I cwkhf l : m vw j gjhf bfhnth.
mjhtJ, AP = l vf. gl 5.2-UJ, eh tUtdtiw bgwyh.
PB m

AF = CD = OD - OC = x - x1

PG = DE = OE - OD = x2 - x

B(x2,y2)

nkY, PF = PD - FD = y - y1

BG = BE - GE = y2 - y

y)

,
(x

(maha 6, 6.3I fhf)

vdnt,

AF = PF = AP = l
PG
BG
PB
m

A(
x

,y

T AFP kW TPGB Mad tobthj

Knfhzf MF.

F
D

gl. 5.2

5. Mabjhiy toa 149

AF = l kW
PG
m
x - x1
(
= l
m
x2 - x
( mx - mx1 = lx2 - lx

Mfnt,

PF = l
BG
m
y - y1
(
= l
y2 - y
m
( my - my1 = ly2 - ly
ly + my = ly2 + my1

lx + mx = lx2 + mx1
(

x =

lx2 + mx1
l+m

y =

ly2 + my1
l+m

A^ x1 , y1h , B^ x2 , y2h vw Ufis izF nfhLJil cwkhf

l : m vw j F
lx + mx1 ly2 + my1
m MF.
Pc 2
,
l+m
l+m
j Nuij Nu (Section formula) vg.
jugl _W fS xnu nenfho mikjh kLnk
Nuij gagLj ntL vgJ bjthwJ.

Kof
(i)

(ii)

A^ x1 , y1h kW B^ x2 , y2h Ma U fis izF nfhL Jil P vw

btwkhf l : m vw j jh, m P c lx2 - mx1 , ly2 - my1 m
l-m
l-m
MF. F l Fiw vzhf (negative sign) UF.
m
AB- eL (Midpoint of AB)
M vgJ AB- eL v, M MdJ AB-I cwkhf 1:1 vw j
F.
vdnt, l = 1, m = 1 vgij Nu ul, AB- eL
x + x1 y2 + y1
m vd ilF.
Mc 2
,
2
2
A^ x1, y1h kW B^ x2 , y2 h vw fis izF nfhL Jo
x + x2 y1 + y2
m MF.
eL c 1
,
2
2

(iii)

Knfhz eLnfhL ika (Centroid of a triangle)

TABC - Kid f A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2, y2h , C^ x3, y3h vf.

AD, BE, CF vgd TABC - eLnfhLf (medians) vf.
Knfhz eLnfhL ika vgJ
eLnfhLf rF ahF.

G(x , y) vgJ TABC eLnfhL ika vf.

x + x3 y2 + y3
m MF.
BC- eL D c 2
,
2
2
150 10M tF fj

F
G
1
B

gl. 5.3


Knfhz ggo, eLnfhL ika G MdJ eLnfhL AD- I
cwkhf 2 : 1 vw j F.

` Nugo, eLnfhL ika

^ x2 + x3h
^ y2 + y3h
2
1
x
2
+ 1^ y1h p
+
^
h
1
f
2
2

G(x , y) = G
,
2+1
2+1
x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
m
= G c 1
,
3
3
Mfnt, ^ x1 , y1h , ^ x2 , y2h kW ^ x3 , y3h Ma fis cfshf bfhl
x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
m.
Knfhz eLnfhL ika c 1
,
3
3

vLJfhL 5.1
^3, 0h , ^- 1 , 4h Ma fis izF nfhL Jo eLia fhf.

^ x1, y1h , ^ x2, y2h vw fis izF nfhL Jo eL

x + x2 y1 + y2
m
M(x , y) = M c 1
,
M(x, y)
2
2
gl. 5.4

` ^3, 0h , ^- 1 , 4h vw fis


izF nfhL Jo eL
M(x , y ) = M` 3 - 1 , 0 + 4 j = M^1, 2h .
2
2
vLJfhL 5.2

(3 , 5), (8 , 10) Ma fis izF nfhL Jil cwkhf 2 : 3 vw
j F ia fhf.
2
A^3 , 5h , B^8 , 10h Ma fis
izF nfhL Jil cwkhf
2 : 3 vw j F P(x,y)
vf.
lx + mx1 ly2 + my1
m

Nu go, P(x , y) = P c 2
,
l+m
l+m

F, x1 = 3, y1 = 5, x2 = 8 , y2 = 10 kW l = 2, m = 3

Mfnt,

P(x , y) = P c

3
gl. 5.5

2^8 h + 3^3 h 2^10h + 3^5h

,
m = P(5, 7)
2+3
2+3

vLJfhL 5.3

A(3, 5) kW B(4, 9) Ma fis izF nfhL Jil P(2 , 3)
vw cwkhf vj j F?
bfhLfgLs f : A^- 3 , 5h , B^4 , - 9h .

P (- 2 , 3) vw AB-I l : m vw j cwkhf wJ vf.

5. Mabjhiy toa 151

lx2 + mx1 ly2 + my1

m = P(2, 3)
,
l+m
l+m
F, x1 =- 3, y1 = 5, x2 = 4, y2 =- 9 .
Nugo, P c

(1)

l^4h + m^- 3h l^- 9h + m^5h

,
m = (2, 3)
l+m
l+m
l
m

x-mR bjhiyfis UwK rkgLj
B(4,-9)
A(-3,5)
P (-2,3)
4l - 3m = - 2 ( 6l = m

l+m
gl. 5.6
l
1
=

m
6

mjhtJ,
l : m = 1 : 6

vdnt, P vw AB -I cwkhf 1 : 6 vw j wJ.
F
(i) nkfl vLJfho, y-mR bjhiyfis rkgL jij
fhzyh.
(ii) bjhlila _W fS xnu nenfho Ujh kLnk,
x-mR bjhiyfis rk brJ bgW jK, y-mR
bjhiyfis rk brJ bgW jK xnu jkhf UF.
(iii) nfhL Jil xU cwkhf l : m vw j jh, l vgJ
m
if vzhf UF.
(iv) nfhL Jil xU btwkhf l : m vw j jh, l
m
vgJ xU Fiw vzhf UF.
(1) ( c

vLJfhL 5.4

^4, - 1h , ^- 2, - 3h Ma fis izF nfhL Jil _W rk
ghffshf F fis fhf.
A(4,1), B(2,3) vgd bfhLfgl f vf.
P(x,y), Q(a,b) vgd AB-I Krk TL f vf. vdnt AP = PQ = QB

mjhtJ, P vw AB-I 1 : 2 vw
j cwkhf wJ.

Q vw AB-I 2 : 1 j wJ

Nugo,

Pc

A(4, 1)

A(4, 1)

1^- 2h + 2^4h 1^- 3h + 2^- 1h

,
m kW
1+2
1+2
2^- 2h + 1^4h 2^- 3h + 1^- 1h
,
m
2+1
2+1

A(4, 1)

gl. 5.7

gl. 5.8

Qc

( P (x, y) = P` - 2 + 8 , - 3 - 2 j kW Q (a, b) = Q` - 4 + 4 , - 6 - 1 j
3
3
3
3
= P`2 , - 5 j
kW = Q `0, - 7 j .
3
3
F, Q vgJ PB- ika kW P vgJ AQ- ika vd mayh.

152 10M tF fj

gl. 5.9

vLJfhL 5.5

A(4, - 6), B(3,- 2) kW C(5, 2) Matiw cfshf bfhl Knfhz
eLnfhL ika fhf.
^ x1, y1h, ^ x2, y2h kW ^ x3, y3h Ma fis cfshf bfhl Knfhz
eLnfhL ika G(x, y) vf.
A(4,-6)

x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
m.
,
3
3
F, (x1 , y1) = (4, - 6) ,

vdnt, G(x , y) = G c

^ x2, y2h = (3, - 2), (x3, y3) = (5 , 2)

vdnt, ^4, - 6h, ^3 , - 2h kW (5, 2) Matiw

cfshf cila Knfhz eLnfhL ika

G(x , y) = G` 4 + 3 + 5 , - 6 - 2 + 2 j
3
3

= G^4, - 2h .

B(3,-2)

C(5,2)

gl. 5.10

vLJfhL 5.6
^7, 3h, ^6, 1h, ^8, 2h kW ^ p, 4h vgd X izfu tirgo mikj

cf v, p- kig fhf.

izfu cf A^7, 3h , B^6, 1h , C^8, 2h kW D^ p, 4h vf.

X izfu _iy lf xiwbahW Urk TL vgij eh
mnth.
vdnt, _iy lf AC kW BD Madt eLf x J
xW bghUJwd. mjhtJ AC kW BD-f eLf rkkhf UF.

vdnt,

7 8 , 3 + 2 =
` +
2
2 j
6+p 5
, m =
c
2 2

6+p 1+4
,
m
2
2
15 5
` 2 ,2j

x-mR bjhiyfis UwK rkgLj,

6+p
= 15

2
2
p = 9

vdnt,

D(p,4)

gl. 5.11

vLJfhL 5.7

A(4 , 0), B(0 , 6) Ma fis izF nfhL Jo eL C kW
O vgJ M v, C MdJ 3 OAB- cfUJ rk bjhiy mik vd
fhLf.
5. Mabjhiy toa 153

AB- eL C` 4 + 0 , 0 + 6 j = C^2, 3h
2
2

P (x1, y1) kW Q (x2, y2) Ma U fSF
ilnas bjhiy =

B (0,6)

(x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2) .

vdnt, O^0, 0h kW C^2, 3h Ma U fSF

OC =

gl. 5.12

ilnas bjhiy,

A(4,0)

^2 - 0h2 + ^3 - 0h2 =

13

nkY, A^4, 0h , C^2, 3h Ma fSF ilnas bjhiy

AC =

^2 - 4h2 + ^3 - 0h2 =

4 + 9 = 13

B ^0, 6h , C^2, 3h Ma fSF ilnas bjhiy

BC =

^2 - 0h2 + ^3 - 6h2 =

4 + 9 = 13

vdnt, OC = AC = BC

Mfnt, C vw 3 OAB - vyh cfUJ rk bjhiy csJ.

F
xU brnfhz Knfhz fz ika, mKnfhz
RWtlikakhf (circumcentre) mik.

g 5.1
1.

tU fis izF nfhL JLf eLfis fhf.

(i) ^1, - 1h , ^- 5, 3h

(ii) ^0, 0h , ^0, 4h

2.

tU fis Kidfshf bfhl Knfhzf eLnfhL

ikafis fhf.

(i) ^1, 3h,^2, 7h kW ^12 , - 16h

3.

xU tl ika (- 6, 4). mtl xU l xU Kid, M

v, kbwhU Kidia fhf.

4.

(1, 3)- I eLnfhL ikakhf bfhl Knfhz U Kidf

(- 7, 6) kW (8, 5) v, Knfhz _whtJ Kidia fhf.

5.

Nuij gagL, A(1,0), B(5,3), C(2,7) kW D(2, 4) vw tir

vLJbfhsgl f xU izfu cfshF vd Wf.

6.

(3, 4) kW (6, 2) Ma fis izF nfhL Joid btwkhf

3 : 2 vw j F mR bjhiyfis fhf.

7.

(3, 5) kW (4, 9) Ma fis izF nfhL Joid cwkhf

1 : 6 vw j F mR bjhiyfis fhf.

8.

A (6,5), B (6, 4) vgd U f vf. nfhLJL AB- nk

AP = 2 AB vwthW mikJs P-ia fhf.
9

154 10M tF fj

(ii) ^3, - 5h,^- 7, 4h kW ^10, - 2h

9.

A(2, 2) kW B(7, 4) vw fis izF nfhL Jil _W rk

ghffshf F fis fhf.

10.

A(4, 0) kW B(0, 6) vw fis izF nfhL Jil ehF

rkghffshf F fis fhf.

11.

(6, 4) kW (1, 7) vw fis izF nfhL Joid x-mR F

jij fhf.

12.

(5, 1) kW (2, 3) vw fis izF nfhL Joid y-mR F

jij kW F ia fhf.

13.

xU Knfhz Kidf (1, 1), (0, 4) kW (5, 3) v, mKnfhz

eLnfhLf (medians) sfis fzl.

5.3 Knfhz gu (Area of a Triangle)

xU Knfhz y msf bfhLfglh mj guig fhQ Kiwia
K tFf fWnsh. bghGJ xU Knfhz Kid f mjhtJ
c f bfhLfglh mj guig fhngh.
y

TABC - c f A^ x1, y1h, B^ x2, y2h

kW C^ x3, y3h vf.

A(x1,y1)
C(x3,y3)

AD, BE kW CF Matiw x-mRF

brFjhf tiua.

y2

y1

y3

x2

gl 5.13-UJ,

ED = x1 - x2 , DF = x3 - x1 , EF = x3 - x2 .

Knfhz ABC- gugs

= rtf ABED- gu + rtf ADFC- gu rtf BEFC- gu

= 1 ^ BE + ADh ED + 1 ^ AD + CF h DF - 1 ^ BE + CF h EF
2
2
2
= 1 ^ y2 + y1h^ x1 - x2h + 1 ^ y1 + y3h^ x3 - x1h - 1 ^ y2 + y3h^ x3 - x2h
2
2
2
= 1 " x1 y2 - x2 y2 + x1y1 - x2 y1 + x3 y1 - x1 y1 + x3 y3 - x1 y3 - x3 y2 + x2 y2 - x3 y3 + x2 y3}
2
vdnt, TABC - gu = 1 " x1 ^ y2 - y3h + x2 ^ y3 - y1h + x3 ^ y1 - y2h, r.myFf
2

E
x1

x3
gl. 5.13

Mfnt, A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2, y2h kW C^ x3, y3h Matiw Kidfshf bfhl

TABC - gu 1 " x1 ^ y2 - y3h + x2 ^ y3 - y1h + x3 ^ y1 - y2h, r.myFf.

2

5. Mabjhiy toa 155

F

Knfhz cfis flthW vG guid fzlyh.
1 x y - x y + x y - x y + x y - x y r.myFf.


1 3
2 3
2 1
3 1
3 2,
2" 1 2


myJ 1 $(x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1) - ^ x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3h. r.myFf.
2

tU gl sf _y nkfl Nuij f v bgwyh.

TABC - Kidf A^ x1 , y1h , B^ x2, y2 h kW C^ x3, y3h vf. c fis
fofhu Knshl v irgo tirgL bfhs ntL. mitfis
tUkhW vGj.
x
x2
x3
x1
1 ) 1
y2
y3
y1 3
2 y1
nkUJ Hhf cs _iy l bgUf gyfis (dark arrows) Tl.

UJ nkyhf cs _iy l bgUf gyfis (dotted arrows) Tl. Kj
bgwgl Tl gyUJ ulh Tl gyid ff.

thW, 1 $(x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1) - ^ x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3h. vgij bgwyh.
2
F
xU Knfhz guid fhz tU gofis gwyh.

(i) xU cj gl bfhLfgLs fis Ff.

(ii) fofhu Knshl v ir (counter clockwise) mikgo Kid
fis tir gL bfhf. iyba, Nu Fiw viz
gughf jU.
(iii) TABC - gu = 1 $(x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1) - ^ x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3h. vw Nuij
2
gagL Knfhz guig fhz.

5.4 xnu nenfhoyik _W f (Collinearity of three points)

xU js _W myJ mjF nkgl f xnu nenfho mikjh,
mit xU nfhlik f (Collinear points) MF. A^ x1, y1h, B^ x2, y2h kW C^ x3 , y3h
Ma f VnjD xU kw U fis izF nfhoJ
mikjh, mit xU nfhlik fshF (Collinear points).

A^ x1, y1h, B^ x2, y2h kW C^ x3 , y3h vgd xU nfhlik f vf. f
xnu nfho miktjh xU Knfhzij mikfhJ. vdnt, 3 ABC - gu
akhF.
1 x y +x y +x y - x y +x y +x y = 0

mjhtJ,
^ 2 1
2 3
3 1h
3 2
1 3h,
2 "^ 1 2

x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 = x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3
(

j kWjiy cikahF. jfhd %gzij v fhzyh.

vdnt, 3 ABC - gu a v, v kLnk A, B, C vw f xU

nfhliktdthF.
156 10M tF fj

5.5 ehfu gu (Area of a quadrilateral)

A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2 , y2h, C^ x3, y3h kW D^ x4 , y4h vgd

ehfu ABCD- Kid f vf.

ehfu ABCD- gu

A(x1,y1)

C(x3,y3)

= TABD - gu + TBCD - gu

gl. 5.14
= 1 "^ x1 y2 + x2 y4 + x4 y1h - ^ x2 y1 + x4 y2 + x1 y4h,
2

+ 1 "(x2 y3 + x3 y4 + x4 y2) - ^ x3 y2 + x4 y3 + x2 y4h,
2

ehfu ABCD- gu

= 1 "^ x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y4 + x4 y1h - ^ x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x4 y3 + x1 y4h,

2
1 x - x y - y - x - x y - y r. myFf
^ 2
3h^ 2
4h
4h^ 1
3h,
2 "^ 1

(myJ)

nkfl Nuij tU glsf _y v id bfhsyh.

A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2 , y2h, C^ x3, y3h kW D^ x4 , y4h vw fis fofhu Knshl

v ir mikkhW vLJbfhL mtiw tUkhW vGJf.

1 ) x1
2 y1

x2
y2

x3
y3

x4
y4

x1
.
y1 3

(Knfhz guig fhz gagLa mnj Kiwia gagLj)

vdnt, ehfu gu

= 1 "^ x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y4 + x4 y1h - ^ x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x4 y3 + x1 y4h, r. myFf.
2

vLJfhL 5.8

(1, 2), (- 3 , 4) kW (- 5 ,- 6) Matiw Kidfshf
bfhl Knfhz guig fhf.
cj gl fis Ff. tiw
fofhu Knshl v ir mikgo tirahf
vLJ bfhs.

Knfhz Kidf A(1 , 2), B(- 3 , 4), C (5, 6) vf.

3 ABC- gu

= 1 $(x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1) - ^ x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3h.

2

= 1 "^4 + 18 - 10h - ^- 6 - 20 - 6h,

2
= 1 "12 + 32 , = 22 r. myFf
2

gl. 5.15

1
F : 1 )
2 2

-3
4

-5
-6

1
3
2

5. Mabjhiy toa 157

vLJfhL 5.9
A(6 ,7), B(4 , 1) kW C(a , 9) Matiw Kidfshf bfhl TABC -
gu 68 r. myFf v, a- kig fhf.
3 ABC- gu

1 "^6 + 36 + 7ah - ^- 28 + a - 54h, = 68

2
( ^42 + 7ah - ^a - 82h = 136

( 6a = 12

6
F : 1 )
2 7

-4
1

a
-9

6
3
7

` a=2

vLJfhL 5.10

A(2 , 3), B(4 , 0) kW C(6, - 3) Ma f xnu nenfho mikJsd
vd %.
DABC - gu
2
4
= 1 "^0 - 12 + 18h - ^12 + 0 - 6h,
F: 1 )
2 3
2
0
1
= "6 - 6 , = 0.
2
vdnt, bfhLfgl f xnu nenfho mikJsd.

6
-3

2
3
3

vLJfhL 5.11
^a , 0h , ^0, bh Ma fis izF nenfhL Jo nk

y
mikJs VnjD xU P^ x , yh v, x + = 1 vd Wf. F a kW b ! 0 .
a b
^ x , yh , ^a , 0h , ^0, bh vgd xU nenfho mik fshF.

Mfnt, fis Kidfshf bfhl Knfhz gu akhF.

0
x
a
a
F: 1 '
ab bx ay = 0

(
1
2 0
b
y
0
(
bx + ay = ab

F a kW b ! 0 . vdnt, UwK ab M tFf,

x + y = 1.

a b

vLJfhL 5.12

(- 4, - 2), (- 3, - 5), (3, - 2) kW (2, 3) Ma
fis Kidfshf bfhl ehfu guig
fhf.
)

cj gl fis Fngh. wF
fofhu

Knshl

ir

2
,

mik A(

158 10M tF fj

O
C(3, 2)

tif A(4, 2), B(3, 5), C(3, 2) kW D(2, 3)

Matiw Kidfshf vLJ bfhnth.

D(2, 3)

B(3, 5)

gl. 5.16

ehfu ABCD- gu

= "^ x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y4 + x4 y1h - ^ x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x4 y3 + x1 y4h,

-4
= 1 "^20 + 6 + 9 - 4h - ^6 - 15 - 4 - 12h, ; 1 )
2 -2
2
= 1 "31 + 25 , = 28 r.myFf.
2

-3
-5

3
-2

2
3

-4
3
-2

g 5.2
1.

fl fis Kidfshf bfhl Knfhzf gufis fhf.

(i) (0, 0), (3, 0) kW (0, 2)

(iii) (-4, -5), (4, 5) kW (-1, -6)

2.

tir mikj Knfhz KidfS mit mikF Knfhz

gugsfS nH bfhLfgLsd. xbthY a- kig fhf.
cf


gu (rJu myFf)

(ii) (5, 2), (3, -5) kW (-5, -1)

(i) (0 , 0) , (4, a) kW (6, 4)

17

(ii) (a, a), (4, 5) kW (6,-1)

(iii) (a, -3), (3, a) kW (-1,5)

12

3.

tU f xnu nenfho mik fsh vd Muhf.

4.

bfhLfgoUF f xU nfhliktd v, xbthY k-

(i) (4, 3), (1, 2) kW (-2, 1)

(iii) `- 3 , 3j ,(6, -2) kW (-3, 4)
2

(ii)

(-2, -2), (-6, -2) kW (-2, 2)

kig fhf.

(i) (k, -1), (2, 1) kW (4, 5)

(ii)

(iii) ^k, kh, ^2, 3h kW ^4, - 1h

5.

tUtdtiw Kidfshf bfhl ehfuf gugsfis fhf.

6.

^h, 0h, (a, b) kW ^0, kh vgd xU nenfho mik f v,

^2, - 5h, ^3, - 4 h kW ^9, kh

(i) ^6, 9h, ^7, 4h, ^4, 2h kW ^3, 7h

(ii) ^- 3, 4h, ^- 5, - 6h, ^4, - 1h kW ^1, 2h
(iii) ^- 4, 5h, ^0, 7h, ^5, - 5h kW ^- 4, - 2h
Knfhz gufhd Nuij gagL a + b = 1 vd Wf.
h k
F h kW k ! 0 .

7.

xU Knfhz Kidf ^0, - 1h, ^2, 1h kW ^0, 3h v, j gff

eLfis izJ cUthF Knfhz gugsit fhf.
nkY, a Knfhz gugsF, bfhLfgl Knfhz
gugsF cs jij fhf.
5. Mabjhiy toa 159

5.6 nenfhLf (Straight lines)

y

5.6.1 rh nfhz (Angle of Inclination)

if x-mF nenfhL l-F ilna mikj nfhz
nenfhL l- rh nfhz (Angle of Inclination) vdgL.
(nfhzid fofhu Knshl v ir msf ntL.)

gl. 5.17

Fiu

l vw nenfho rh nfhz i v,

(i) 0c # i # 180c
(ii) iliy nenfhLfSF i = 0c myJ i = 180c MF. nkY
neFJ nfhLfSF i = 90% MF.

(iii) bjhlf x-m J mikJs xU nfhL, x-m cs A-ia
bghUJ fofhu v ir RHW W x-mRl bghUdh,
nfho Mug rh nfhz 0c kW W rh nfhz 180c MF.
(iv) x-mF brFjhd nenfhLfis neFJ nfhLf vngh. mthW
brFjhf mikahj nenfhLfis neFjw nenfhLf vngh.
5.6.2 nenfho rh (Slope of a straight line)
tiuaiw

neFjw nenfhL (Non-vertical line) l- rh nfhz i v,

tani vgJ mnfho rh MF. ij m vd Fngh. vdnt,
%
%
nenfho rh (Slope of straight line), m = tan i , 0 # i # 180 , i ! 90c, MF.
Fiu

(i) x-mR myJ x-mF izahd nenfhLf rh akhF.

(ii) tan 900 I tiuaWf ayhJ vgjh y-mR myJ y-mF izahd
nenfhLf rhit tiuaiw bra ayhJ. Mfnt, xU nenfho
rh vd Tdh, mnfhoid xU neFjw nenfhL vd fUj
ntL.
(iii) i xU FWnfhzbk, rh if vzhf UF.
i xU nfhzbk, rh Fiw vzhf UF.

5.6.3 xU nenfho mikJs U f bfhLfglh mnfho rh

(Slope of a straight line when any two points on the line are given)
A^ x1, y1 h kW B^ x2, y2h Ma U f nenfhL l - J mikJsd
%

vf. nfho rh nfhz i v, 0 # i # 180 kW i ! 90c MF.

nenfhL AB MdJ x-mir C- btlL.

nenfhL l - rh m = tan i
160 10M tF fj

(1)

x-mF brFjhf AD kW BE tiuf.

Y
l

A-UJ BE-F AF vw brFJ nfhL

tiuf.

)
,y 2
2
x
(

glUJ,

BF = BE - EF = BE - AD = y2 - y1
nkY +DCA = +FAB = i

brnfhz TABF -

(1) kW (2)-UJ rh m =

C
x1

y1
D

y2

F
X

E
gl. 5.18

x2

y - y1
x1 ! x2 v, tan i = BF = 2
AF
x2 - x1

A(

AF = DE = OE - OD = x2 - x1

y 1)
x 1,

(2)

y2 - y1
vd ilwJ.
x2 - x1

^ x1, y1h kW ^ x2, y2h vw fis izF nenfho

rh, m =

y2 - y1
y - y2
. F i ! 90c vgjh x1 ! x2 MF.
= 1
x2 - x1
x1 - x2

^ x1, y1h kW ^ x2, y2h vw fis izF nenfho rhid
tUkhW fUjyh.
y-Mabjhiyf ahr
y - y1
=
.
rh m = 2
x-Mabjhiyf ahr
x2 - x1

5.6.4 rhf neFjw iz nfhLfSfhd gjid

(Condition for parallel lines in terms of their slopes)

l1 kW l2 vw iznfhLf rh nfhzf

y
l1

l2

i1 kW i2 vf. t rhf m1 kW m2 vf.

l1 kW l2 vgd iz nfhLf vgjh, rh

nfhzf i1 kW i2 rkkhwd.

i1

i2

gl. 5.19

vdnt, tan i1 = tan i2 ( m1 = m2 . Mfnt,

U neFjw nenfhLf iz v, mt rhf rk.

j kWjiy cikahF. mjhtJ, U nenfhLf rhf

rkbk, mnfhLf izahF.
5. Mabjhiy toa 161

5.6.5 rhf neFjw brFJ nfhLfSFa gjid

(Condition for perpendicular lines in terms of their slopes )

l1 kW l2 Ma neFjw brFJ nfhLf

l2

Kiwna A^ x1, y1h kW B^ x2, y2h Ma f

tna brwd vngh. mitf btL

B(x2, y2)

C^ x3, y3h vf.

l1
A(x1, y1)
C(x3, y3)

nkY, m 1 kW m 2 vgd Kiwna l 1, l 2 Ma

nenfhLf rhf vf.

gl. 5.20

y - y1
nenfhL l1 - rh m1 = 3
x3 - x1

nenfhL l2 - rh m2 =

brnfhz 3 ABC- AB = AC + BC

y3 - y2
x3 - x2
2

( ^ x2 - x1h2 + ^ y2 - y1h2 = ^ x3 - x1h2 + ^ y3 - y1h2 + ^ x3 - x2h2 + ^ y3 - y2h2

( ^ x2 - x3 + x3 - x1h2 + ^ y2 - y3 + y3 - y1h2 = ^ x3 - x1h2 + ^ y3 - y1h2 + ^ x3 - x2h2 + ^ y3 - y2h2
2

( ` x2 - x3) + (x3 - x1j + 2^ x2 - x3) (x3 - x1h + (y2 - y3) + (y3 - y1) + 2 (y2 - y3) (y3 - y1)
= ^ x3 - x1h2 + ^ y3 - y1h2 + ^ x3 - x2h2 + ^ y3 - y2h2
( 2^ x2 - x3) (x3 - x1h + 2 (y2 - y3) (y3 - y1) = 0

^ y2 - y3h^ y3 - y1h = - ^ x2 - x3h^ x3 - x1h

y3 - y1 y3 - y2
oe
o
x3 - x1 x3 - x2 =- 1

m1 m2 =- 1 or m1 =- 1
m2

Mfnt, m1 kW m2 Matiw rhfshf bfhl neFjw U

nenfhLf xWF xW brFJ v, m1m2 = 1 MF.
kWjiyahf, m1m2 = 1 v, muL nenfhLfS xWF xW

brFjhdit.

F
x-mR kW y-mR Mad xWF xW brFjhd nenfhLf MF.

x-m rh a kW y-m rh tiuaiw bragliy vgjh,

m1 m2 =- 1 vw gjid x, y-mRfSF bghUjhJ.
162 10M tF fj

vLJfhL 5.13
nenfho rh 1 v, mnfho rh nfhz fhf.
3
i vgJ nenfho rh nfhzbk, j rh

m = tan i , 0c # i # 180c kW i ! 90c MF.

` tan i = 1
3

( i = 30c

vLJfhL 5.14

nenfho rh nfhz 45c v, mnfho rhit fhf.

rh nfhz i v, nenfho rh m = tan i

vdnt, m = tan 45c

m = 1.

vLJfhL 5.15

(3, 2) kW (1, 4) Ma fis izF nenfho rhit fhf.

^ x1 , y1h kW ^ x2 , y2h Ma fis izF nenfho rh

y - y1

MF.
m= 2
x2 - x1

vdnt, (3 , -2) kW (-1 , 4) Ma fis izF nenfho rh

m=

4+2 = -3 .
2
-1 - 3

vLJfhL 5.16
nenfho rhid gagL, A(5, - 2), B(4, - 1) kW C(1, 2) Mad

xnu nenfho mikj f vd Wf.

^ x1, y1h kW ^ x2, y2h vw fis izF nenfho rh

y - y1
MF.

m= 2
x2 - x1

vdnt, A^5, - 2h kW B^4, - 1h Ma fis izF nenfho rh

m1 = - 1 + 2 = 1
4-5

nkY, B(4,1) kW C(1, 2) Ma fis izF nenfho rh

m2 = 2 + 1 = 1
1-4

vdnt, AB vw nenfho rh = BC vw nenfho rh.

nkY, B vgJ bghJ .

Mfnt, A, B, C Ma f xnu nenfho mikJsd.

5. Mabjhiy toa 163

vLJfhL 5.17

(- 2, - 1), (4, 0), (3, 3) kW (- 3, 2) Ma fis tirahf vLJ
bfhL rhid gagL mit X izfuij mikF vd fhLf.
A(- 2 , - 1), B(4 , 0), C(3 , 3) kW D(- 3 , 2)

vgd bfhLfgl f vf.

AB- rh = 0 + 1
4+2

= 1
6

Y
C(3, 3)

)
D(3, 2

2-3 = 1
6
-3 - 3
vdnt, AB- rh = CD- rh

vdnt, gf AB MdJ gf CD-F izahF.

CD- rh =

X
B(4, 0)

O
A(2, 1)

gl. 5.21

(1)

BC- rh = 3 - 0 = - 3
3-4

2 + 1 =- 3
-3 + 2
vdnt, BC- rh = AD- rh

mjhtJ, gf BC MdJ gf AD-F izahF.

(1), (2)-fUJ ehfu ABCD- v gff izahf csd.

Mfnt, ABCD vgJ izfu MF.

AD- rh =

(2)

vLJfhL 5.18

A(1 , 2), B(-4 , 5) kW C(0 , 1) Mad 3 ABC- Kidf. Knfhz
xbthU KidUJ mj v gfF tiuagL FJnfhLf
(altitudes) rhfis fhf.
AD, BE, CF vgd 3 ABC- FJnfhLf vf.

vdnt, BC- rh = 1 - 5 = - 1
0+4

FJnfhL AD MdJ gf BC F brFJ MF.

vdnt, AD- rh = 1

nkY, AC- rh = 1 - 2 = 1
0-1

Mfnt, BE- rh = - 1

nkY, AB- rh =

5 - 2 =- 3
5
-4 - 1
Mfnt, CF- rh = 5

3

164 10M tF fj

gl. 5.22

(a

m1 m2 = - 1)

(a

BE = AC )

(a

CF = AB )

g 5.3
1.

tU rhfis bfhl nenfhLf rh nfhzfis fhf.

(i) 1

2.

tU rh nfhzfis bfhl nenfhLf rhfis fhf.

(i) 30c

3.

bfhLfgl f tna brY nenfho rhfis fhf.

(iii) ^1 + 3 , 2h , ^3 + 3 , 4h

4.

bfhLfgl f t brY nenfhLf rh nfhzfis

fhf.

(i) ^1 , 2h , ^2 , 3h

5.

M tahf, ^0 , - 4h kW (8 , 0) Ma fis izF

nfhLJo eL tahf brY nfho rhit fhf.

6.

rJu ABCD- gf AB MdJ x-mRF izahf csJ v,

tUtdtiw fhf.
(i) AB- rh
(ii) BC- rh
(iii) _iyl AC- rh

(ii)

(iii) 0

(ii) 60c

(i) (3 , - 2), (7 , 2)

(iii) 90c
(ii) (2 , - 4) kW M

(ii) ^3 , 3 h , ^0 , 0h

(iii) (a , b), (- a , - b)

7.

rkgf Knfhz ABC- gf BC MdJ x-mF iz v, AB kW BC

Mat rhfis fhf.

8.

rhid gagL, fl f xnu nenfho mik vd

Wf.
(i) (2 , 3), (3 , - 1) kW (4 , - 5)
(ii) (4 , 1), (- 2 , - 3) kW (- 5 , - 5)
(iii) (4 , 4), (- 2 , 6) kW (1 , 5)

9.
1 0 .

(a, 1), (1, 2) kW (0, b+1) vgd xnu nenfho mik f v,

1 + 1 = 1 vd Wf.
a b
A(2, 3), B(a, 5) Ma fis izF nenfhL kW C(0, 5), D(2, 1)
Ma fis izF nenfhL Mad iz nfhLf v, a-
kig fhf.

11.

A(0, 5), B(4, 2) vw fis izF nenfhlhdJ, C(- 1, - 2), D(5, b) Ma

fis izF nenfhoF brFJ v, b- kig fhf.

12.

3 ABC- Kidf A(1, 8), B(- 2, 4), C(8, - 5). nkY, M, N vgd Kiwna AB,
AC t eLf v, MN- rhit fhf. ij bfhL MN
kW BC Ma nenfhLf iz vd fhLf.

13.

(6, 7), (2, - 9) kW (- 4, 1) Mad xU Knfhz Kidf v,

Knfhz eLnfhLf rhfis fhf.

14.

A(- 5, 7), B(- 4, - 5) kW C(4, 5) Mad 3 ABC- Kidf v,

Knfhz FJauf rhfis fhf.
5. Mabjhiy toa 165

15.

rhid gagL (1, 2), (2 , 2), (4 , 3) kW (1, 3) vgd mnj tir

X izfuij mikF vd Wf.

16.

ABCD vw ehfu Kidf Kiwna A(2 ,4), B(5 , 1), C(6 , 4) kW

D(1, 1) v, j v gff iz vd fhLf.

5.6.6 nenfho rkghL (Equation of a straight line)

L vgJ js cs xU nenfhL vf. x, y vD khf mikj xUgo
rkghL px + qy + r = 0 -I fUJf. L- cs vj xU x Ma bjhiy kW
y Ma bjhiy Matwh rkghL iw bragL vf. rkghoid
iw br x, y- kf, L- nk mikj xU Mabjhiyfshf
mik. vdnt, px + qy + r = 0 MdJ xU nenfhL rkghL vdgLwJ.
thW nenfhL L-I afj rkgho thyhf tngh. js L vw
nenfhL tU tiff xwhf mik.
(i) iliy nfhL (Horizontal line)

(ii) neFJ nfhL (Vertical line)

(iii) iliyahfnth kW neFjhfnth mikahj nfhL

(Neither vertical nor Horizontal)
(i)

iliy nfhL (Horizontal line)

L vgJ xU iliy nfhL vf.

bghGJ L MdJ x- mrhfnth myJ x- mR myhj xU iliy
nfhlhfnth mik.

tif (m) L vgJ x-mir FF vf. js cs (x, y) vw L- nk

Ujh, Ujh kLnk y = 0 kW x VnjD xU bkbazhF.
vdnt, y = 0 vw rkghL x-mir FF. Mfnt, x-mR vw
nenfho rkghL y = 0 MF.
tif (M) x-mR myhj VnjD xU iliy nfhL L
vf. vdnt, L MdJ x-mRF izahF.

(x, y) vw y- mR bjhiy
xU khahf, x vgJ VnjD xU
bkbazhf mikjh, mikjh
kLnk nenfhL L- J m mik.
Mfnt, x- mRF izahd nenfho
rkghL y = k (k xU kh) MF.

y=k

y=0

y = k

Ll

gl. 5.23

k > 0 v, L MdJ x-mF nkwK, k < 0 v, L MdJ x-mF

wK mik. nkY, k = 0 v, L vgJ x-mrhF.

166 10M tF fj

neFJ nfhL (Vertical Line)

L vgJ xU neFJ nfhL vf. Mfnt, L MdJ y-mR myJ y-mR
myhj neFJ nfhlhF.
L

tif (M) L vgJ y-mR myhj neFJ nfhL v,

L MdJ y-mRF izahf mik.

x=c

x = c

tif (m) L vgJ y-mR v, js cs (x, y) vw Ll

ahdJ L- J mikjh, mikjh kLnk
x = 0 kW y MdJ VnjD xU bkbazhF.
vdnt, rkghL x = 0 vgJ y-mid FF.

Mjyh, y-m rkghL x = 0 MF.

x=0

(ii)

gl. 5.24

(x, y) vw x-mR bjhiy xU khahf, y-mR bjhiy

xU bkbazhf mikjh, mikjh kLnk m L- J
mik. vdnt, y-mRF izahd nenfho rkghL x = c MF.
(c xU khahF ). F,

c > 0 v, L MdJ y-m tygf mik.

c < 0 v, nfhL L MdJ, y-m lgf mik.

c = 0 v, L vgJ y-mrhF.

(iii) iliyahfnth kW neFjhfnth mikahj nenfhL

(Neither Horizontal nor Vertical)

L vgJ iliyahfnth kW neFjhfnth iy vf. iy

nenfhL L-I xU rkghlh vthW Flyh?

i vgJ mnfho rh nfhz vf. nfhz i -, L- Js xU

bjjh L- rkghil fhz aY.
neFjw nenfho rh m- kid tUkhW fhzyh.

(i)

rh nfhz i bfhLfglh, m = tan i

(ii) L- J mikj U f ^ x1 , y1h , ^ x2 , y2h

y - y1
bfhLfglh, m = 2
x2 - x1
(iii) L vgJ iliy nenfhL v, v kLnk m = 0 MF.
L vgJ neFjw nenfhL v, mj rkghil tU mikf
fhzyh:

(m) rh- mik (Slope-Point form)

(M) uL f mik (Two-Points form)

() rh-btLJL mik (Slope-Intercept form)

(<) btLJL mik (Intercept form)

5. Mabjhiy toa 167

(m) rh- mik (Slope-Point form)

L- rh m vf. kW Q^ x1 , y1h vgJ L- J

mikj xU vf.

P(x, y)
Q(x1, y1)

P^ x , yh vgJ L- J mikj Q it ju VnjD

xU vf.
y - y1
bghGJ m =
+ m^ x - x1h = y - y1
x - x1

gl. 5.25

vdnt, rh m cila kW ^ x1 , y1h vw tna brY nenfho

rkghL

y - y1 = m^ x - x1h ,

6 (x, y) ! L

(1)

Fiu

(i) x, y Ma khf mikj xUgo rkghL (1)-I L- J mikj VnjD xU

x-mR bjhiy kW y-mR bjhiy Mad iw brwd.
nkY, rkghil iw br x, y-f kf nenfhL L- J
mikj xU mRbjhiyfshF. vdnt, rkghL (1) MdJ
nenfhL L- rkghL vwiHfgLwJ.
(ii) L- f y-mRbjhiy VgL khWj, x-mRbjhiy VgL
khWjYF ne j mik vgij rkghL (1) fhLwJ. j
jrk kh m vgJ nenfho rhthF.
(M) uL f mik (Two-Points form)

y
L

^ x1 , y1h , ^ x2 , y2h Mad neFjw nenfhL

L- J mikj U btntW f vf.

A(x1, y1)
P(x,y)

vdnt, x2 ! x1 MF.

L- rkghoid mikf, Kj L- rhit

fhngh. mj wF (1) I gagLJnth.

L- rh

B(x2, y2)

x
gl. 5.26

y2 - y1
, F x2 ! x1 .
x2 - x1
y - y1
rkghL (1)-UJ, y - y1 = e 2
o x - x1h
x2 - x1 ^
y - y1
x - x1
=
(
y2 - y1
x2 - x1
y - y1
x - x1
Mfnt, nenfhL L- rkghL
=
, 6 (x, y) ! L
y2 - y1 x2 - x1

m =

(2)

F

L- rkghil bgw ^ x1 , y1h vw F gyhf ^ x2 , y2h vw ia
gagLjyh.
168 10M tF fj

() rh-btLJL mik (Slope-Intercept form)

L vw nenfho rh m kW y-btLJL
c vf.

y-btLJL c vgjh, ^0 , ch vw L-
J mik.

(o,c)
c

rkghL (1)- ^ x1 , y1h = ^0 , ch vd ul,

y c = m(x 0)
( y = mx + c , 6 (x, y) ! L
Mfnt,

O
gl. 5.27

(3)

y = mx + c vgJ rh-btLJL mik nenfho

rkghlhF.

(<) btLJL mik (Intercept form)

L MdJ x, y- mRf VgLJ

akyhj btLJLf Kiwna a, b vf.

nenfhL

vdnt, nfhL x- mir A(a, 0) vw Y,

B(0, b)
b

y-mir B(0, b) vw Y btLwJ.

Mfnt, AB- rh m =- b .
a
(1)- go,
y 0 = - b (x - a)
a
(
ay = - bx + ab

A(a, 0)

gl. 5.28

bx + ay = ab
y

UwK ab M tFf x + = 1
( a ! 0, b ! 0 )
a b
vdnt, x- btLJL a kW y- btLJL b bfhl nenfho
rkghL
x + y = 1,

(4)
6 (x, y) ! L
a b
F
(i) nenfhL L- rh m kW x-btLJL d v, nenfho
rkghL y = m^ x - d h .
(ii) y = mx , m ! 0 vw nenfhL M t brY.
(F x kW y-btLJLf uL afshF)
(iii) (1), (2), (4) Ma rkghLfis RU, rh-btLJL mikghd
(3)- csthW jUfyh.
(iv) (1), (2), (3), (4) Ma rkghLfis px + qy + r = 0 vw to vGj
aY. L- jikj ^ x , yh vw midJ fSF J bghUJ.
rkghL nenfho bghJ tot rkghlhF.
5. Mabjhiy toa 169

vLJfhL 5.19

^3, - 4h vw t brW x-mRF

izahf kW y-mRF izahf
cs nenfhLf Kiwna L kW Ll vf.

Ll

x=3

^3, - 4h vw t brY kW Ma
mRfSF
izahf
mikj
nenfhLf
rkghLfis fhf.

O
y = 4

(3, -4)

L- vyh f y-mRbjhiy 4 MF.

gl. 5.29

vdnt, nenfhL L- rkghL y =- 4

thnw, Ll Js vyh f x-mR bjhiy 3 MF.

vdnt, Ll - rkghL x = 3

vLJfhL 5.20
rh nfhz 45c kW y- btLJL

nenfho rkghil fhf.

2
5

Matiw bfhl

njitahd nenfho rh m = tan i

= tan 45c = 1

y- btLJL c = 2
5

rh-btLJL mik cs nenfho rkghL

y = mx + c

(
y = x + 2
5
5
x
2
+

(
y =
5

vdnt, njitahd nenfho rkghL 5x - 5y + 2 = 0 MF.

vLJfhL 5.21

^- 2, 3h vw t brtJ, rh 1
3
rkghil fhf.

cilaJkhd nenfho

bfhLfgLsit : rh m = 1 , xU ^ x1 , y1h = ^- 2, 3h
3

rh- mik cs nenfho rkghL

y - y1 = m^ x - x1h

y - 3 = 1 ^ x + 2h
3
njitahd nenfho rkghL x - 3y + 11 = 0 MF.
(

170 10M tF fj

vLJfhL 5.22

^- 1, 1h , ^2, - 4h Ma f t brY nenfho rkghil
fhf.
A^ x1 , y1h , B^ x2 , y2h vgd bfhLfgLs f vf.

F x1 =- 1 , y1 = 1 kW x2 = 2 , y2 =- 4 .

uL f-mik nenfho rkghL

y - y1
x - x1

=
y2 - y1
x2 - x1

y-1
= x+1
2+1
-4 - 1
3y - 3 = - 5x - 5

njitahd nenfho rkghL 5x + 3y + 2 = 0 MF.

vLJfhL 5.23

A(2, 1), B(-2, 3), C(4, 5) vgd 3 ABC- cf. c A-UJ tiuagL
eLnfho (median) rkghil fhf.
Knfhz X Kidia, mj v gf
eLia izF nfhL eLnfhlhF.

BC- eL D vf.

Mfnt, BC- eL D` - 2 + 4 , 3 + 5 j = D(1, 4)

2
2
eLnfhL AD rkghL
y-1
= x - 2
( a (x1, y1) = (2, 1) , (x2, y2) = (1, 4) )
4-1
1-2
B (2,3)
y-1
x
2
=

3
-1
vdnt, njitahd eLnfho rkghL 3x + y - 7 = 0.

vLJfhL 5.24

xU nenfho x-btLJL
mnfho rkghil fhf.

2
3

A (2,1)

C(4,5)

D
gl. 5.30

kW y-btLJL

3
4

v,

bfhLfgLsit : nenfho x-btLJL a = 2

3


y-btLJL b = 3
4

btLJL mik nenfho rkghL
x + y = 1 ( x + y = 1 ( 3x + 4y = 1

2
3
2
3
a b
3
4
vdnt, njitahd rkghL 9x + 8y - 6 = 0 MF.

5. Mabjhiy toa 171

vLJfhL 5.25

(6, - 2) vD t brtJ kW btLJLf TLj 5
bfhlJkhd nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.
njitahd nenfhLf x-btLJL a kW y-btLJL b vf.

vdnt, a + b = 5

(bfhLfgLsJ)

b = 5-a

btLJL mik nenfho rkghL

x + y = 1 ( x + y = 1

a b
a 5-a
^5 - ah x + ay

= 1
(
a^5 - ah
^5 - ah x + ay = a^5 - ah

(1)

nfhL (6,- 2) vw t brtjh,

(1) (

^5 - ah 6 + a (- 2) = a^5 - ah

a2 - 13a + 30 = 0.

vdnt,

^a - 3h^a - 10h = 0

a = 3 myJ a = 10

a = 3 v,

(1) ( ^5 - 3h x + 3y = 3^5 - 3h

2x + 3y - 6 = 0

(2)

a = 10 v, (1) ( ^5 - 10h x + 10y = 10^5 - 10h

- 5x + 10y = - 50
x - 2y - 10 = 0.

(3)

njitahd nenfhLf rkghLf 2x + 3y = 6 kW x - 2y - 10 = 0.

g 5.4
1.

x-mUJ 5 myFf bjhiy csJ x-mRF izahdJkhd

nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.

2.

(-5,-2)

vw

brtJ

MamRfSF

izahdJkhd

nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.

3.

nH bfhLfgLs tufSF nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.

(i)

(ii) rhnfhz 600 , y-btLJL 3.

rh -3;

y-btLJL 4.

172 10M tF fj

4.

xU nenfhL y-mir MF nkyhf 3 myFf u btLwJ

kW tan i = 1 (i vgJ nenfho rh nfhz ) v, mj
2
nenfho rkghil fhf.

5.

tU nenfhLf rh kW y btLJL Madtiw fhf.

6.

tU tufSF, nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.

(i) rh -4 ; (1, 2) vw t brwJ.

(ii) rh 2 ; (5, -4) vw t brwJ.
3

7.

(i) y = x + 1

(ii) 5x = 3y (iii) 4x - 2y + 1 = 0

(iv) 10x + 15y + 6 = 0

rh nfhz 300 bfhl kW (4, 2), (3, 1) Ma fis izF

nenfhL Jo eL t brY nenfho rkghil fhf.

8.

tU f t brY nenfho rkghil fhf.

(i) (-2, 5), (3, 6)

9.

P(1, -3), Q(-2, 5), R(-3, 4) Ma Kidfis bfhl 3 PQR- Kid R-UJ
tiuagL eLnfho rkghil fhf.

10.

nenfho rkghL fhQ Kiwia gagL, tU f xnu

nenfho mik vd fhLf.

(i) (4, 2), (7, 5), (9, 7)

11.

nH bfhLfgLs x, y-btLJLfis bfhl nenfhLf

rkghLfis fhf.

(i) 2, 3

12.

nH bfhLfgLs nenfhLf rkghLfUJ x, y-btL

JLfis fhf.
(i) 5x + 3y - 15 = 0
(ii) 2x - y + 16 = 0
(iii) 3x + 10y + 4 = 0

(ii) (0, -6), (-8, 2)

(ii) - 1 , 3
3 2

(ii) (1, 4), (3, -2), (-3, 16)

(iii) 2 , - 3
5
4

13.

(3, 4) vw t brtJ, btLJLf j 3 : 2 vd csJkhd

nenfho rkghil fhf.

14.

(2, 2) vw t brtJ, btLJLf TLj 9 Mf bfhl

nenfhLf rkghLfis fhf.

15.

(5, -3) vw tahf brY, ms rkkhf, Mdh F btntwhf

cs btL JLfis bfhl nenfho rkghoid fhf.

16.

(9, -1) vw t brtJ x-btLJlhdJ, y-btLJo

msit ngh KklF bfhlJkhd nenfho rkghil fhf.
5. Mabjhiy toa 173

17.

xU nenfhL MamRfis A kW B Ma f btLwJ. AB-

eL (3, 2) v, AB- rkghil fhf.

18.

x-btLJlhdJ y-btLJo msit l 5 myFf mfkhf

bfhl xU nenfhlhdJ (22, -6) vw t brwJ v,
mnfho rkghil fhf.

19.

ABCD vw rhrJu U Kidf A(3, 6) kW C(-1, 2) v, mj _iy

l BD tahf brY nenfho rkghil fhf.

20.

A(-2, 6), B (3, -4) Ma fis izF nenfhL Jil P vw

cwkhf 2 : 3 vw j wJ. P tahf brY
rh 3 cila, nenfho rkghil fhf.
2

5.7 nenfhL rkgho bghJ mik

(General Form of Equation of a straight line)

gntW totf mikj nenfhLf rkghLfis ax + by + c = 0 ,
(a , b , c vgd a ! 0 myJ b ! 0 vd bfhl bkba khf)
vw bghJ mikF khwyh vd Vfdnt FLnsh. nghJ
tUtdtiw fhngh.

(i) ax + by + c = 0 vw nenfho rh kW y-btLJL.

(ii) ax + by + c = 0 vw nfhoF izahd nenfho rkghL.

(iii) ax + by + c = 0 vw nfhoF brFjhd nenfho rkghL.

(iv) U btL nenfhLf rF .

(i)

ax + by + c = 0 vw nenfho rh kW y-btLJL
(The slope and y-intercept of the straight line ax + by + c = 0 )
ax + by + c = 0 vgij y =- a x - c , b ! 0 vd kh mikfyh. (1)
b
b
(1) - I rh-btLJL mik cs y = mx + k vw rkghLl xl,
rh m = - a , y-btLJL = - c MF.
b
b

rh m =

(ii)

ax + by + c = 0 vw nfhoF izahd nenfho rkghL

(Equation of a line parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 )

ax + by + c = 0 vw rkghoUJ,
kh cW
x- bfG
, y-btLJL =
vd bgWnwh.
y- bfG
y- bfG

U nenfhLf rhf rk v, v kLnk mit izahF. vdnt,

ax + by + c = 0 vw nfhoF izahd nfhLf rkghL ax + by + k = 0

vw to mik. J k- midJ kfSF bghUJ.
174 10M tF fj

(iii)

ax + by + c = 0 vw nenfhoF brFjhd nfho rkghL

(Equation of a line perpendicular to the line ax + by + c = 0 )
MamRfSF izahf mikahj U nenfhLf xWbfhW
brFJ v, v kLnk mt rhf bgUfgy 1 MF.

ax + by + c = 0 vw nfhoF brFjhf mik vyh

nenfhLf rkghL bx - ay + k = 0 , k xU kh MF.

vdnt,

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 ; a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 vw U nenfhLf
(i) a1 = b1 v, v kLnk izahf mik.
a2
b2
(ii) a1 a2 + b1 b2 = 0 v, v kLnk brFjhf mik.

F nenfhLf rkghLf bfGf akwit.

(iv) U btL nfhLf btL

(The point of intersection of two intersecting straight lines)
U nenfhLf izahf iyba, mit xU bto
bfhS. m uL nfhLf J mik. vdnt, mitf
U rkghLfis g _y btL ia fhzyh.

vLJfhL 5.26

3x + 2y - 12 = 0 , 6x + 4y + 8 = 0 Ma nenfhLf iz vd Wf.
3x + 2y - 12 = 0 - rh m1 =

x- bfG
=-3
y- bfG
2

thnw, 6x + 4y + 8 = 0 - rh m2 = - 6 = - 3
4
2
` m1 = m2 . Mfnt, U nenfhLfS izahF.

vLJfhL 5.27
x + 2y + 1 = 0 , 2x - y + 5 = 0 Ma nenfhLf xWF xW brFjhdit
vd Wf.
x- bfG
x + 2y + 1 = 0 - rh m1 =
= -1
y- bfG
2

x- bfG
= -2 = 2
y- bfG
-1
vdnt, rhf bgUf gy m1 m2 = - 1 # 2 = 1
2
Mfnt, U nenfhLf xWbfhW brFjhdit.
2x - y + 5 = 0 - rh m2 =

vLJfhL 5.28

x - 8y + 13 = 0 vw nfhoF izahdJ (2, 5) vw t brtJkhd
nenfho rkghil fhf.
5. Mabjhiy toa 175

 x - 8y + 13 = 0 vw nenfhoF izahd
x - 8y + k = 0 . J (2, 5) vw t brtjh,

2 - 8 (5) + k = 0 ( k = 38.

nenfho

tot

njitahd nenfho rkghL x - 8y + 38 = 0 MF.

vLJfhL 5.29

3 ABC - Kidf A(2, 1), B(6, 1), C(4, 11) vf. A-UJ tiuagL
FJnfho rkghil fhf.
BC- rh = 11 + 1 = 6
4-6
AD vgJ BC-F brFJ. vdnt AD- rh = 1
6
` AD- rkghL y - y1 = m^ x - x1h

y - 1 = 1 ^ x - 2h ( 6y - 6 = x - 2
6

gl. 5.31

` njitahd nenfho rkghL x - 6y + 4 = 0 MF.

g 5.5
1.

tU nenfhLf rhfis fhf.

2.

x + 2y + 1 = 0 , 3x + 6y + 2 = 0 Ma nenfhLf iz vd Wf.

3.

3x - 5y + 7 = 0 , 15x + 9y + 4 = 0 Ma nenfhLf xWF xW brFJ

vd Wf.
y
= x - p kW ax + 5 = 3y vgd iz v, a - kig fhf.
2
5x - 2y - 9 = 0 , ay + 2x - 11 = 0 Ma nenfhLf xWF xW brFJ
v, a - kig fhf.

4.
5.

(i) 3x + 4y - 6 = 0

(ii) y = 7x + 6

(iii) 4x = 5y + 3 .

6.

8px + ^2 - 3ph y + 1 = 0 , px + 8y - 7 = 0 Mad brFJ nenfhLf v,

p - kfis fhf.

7.

^h, 3h , (4, 1) Ma fis izF nenfhL, 7x - 9y - 19 = 0 vw

nenfhL brFjhf bto bfhwd v, h - kig fhf.

8.

3x - y + 7 = 0 vw nenfhoF izahdJ (1, - 2) vw t

brtJkhd nenfho rkghil fhf.

9.

x - 2y + 3 = 0 vw nenfhoF brFjhdJ (1, - 2) vw t

brtJkhd nenfho rkghil fhf.

10.

(3, 4), (- 1, 2) vw fis izF nenfhLJo ika

FJnfho (perpendicular bisector) rkghil fhf.

176 10M tF fj

11.

2x + y - 3 = 0 , 5x + y - 6 = 0 Ma nenfhLf rF tahf,
(1, 2), (2, 1) Ma fis izF nenfhoF izahf cs
nenfho rkghil fhf.

12.

5x - 6y = 1 , 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 Ma nenfhLf rF tahf,
3x - 5y + 11 = 0 vw nenfhoF brFjhf mik nenfho
rkghil fhf.

13.

3x - y + 9 = 0 , x + 2y = 4 Ma nenfhLf btL l, 2x + y - 4 = 0 ,
x - 2y + 3 = 0 Ma nenfhLf btL ia izF nenfho
rkghil fhf.

14.

3 ABC- Kidf A(2, - 4), B(3, 3), C(- 1, 5) v, B-UJ tiuagL

FJnfhL t brY nenfho rkghil fhf.

15.

3 ABC- Kidf A(- 4,4 ), B(8 ,4), C(8,10) v, A-UJ tiuagL

eLnfhL t brY nenfho rkghil fhf.

16.

MUJ 3x + 2y = 13 vw nenfhoF tiuagL brFJ

nfho moia (foot of the perpendicular) fhf.

17.

xU tl U lf rkghLf x + 2y = 7 , 2x + y = 8 kW
tl J mikJs xU (0, - 2) v, tl Muij fhf.

18.

2x - 3y + 4 = 0 , x - 2y + 3 = 0 Ma nenfhLf rF ia,
(3, - 2), (- 5, 8) M a f i s i z F n e n f h L J o
eLia, izF nfhLJo rkghil fhf.

19.

Urkgf Knfhz 3PQR- PQ = PR kW mogf QR vgJ x-m J

mikwJ vf. nkY, Kid P MdJ y-m J mikwJ. PQ- rkghL
2x - 3y + 9 = 0 v, PR tahf brY nenfho rkghil fhf.
g 5.6

rahd ilia njbjLf.

1.

2.

3.

^a, - bh , ^3a, 5bh Ma fis izF nenfhL Jo eL

(a) ^- a, 2bh
(b) ^2a, 4bh
(c) ^2a, 2bh
(d) ^- a, - 3bh
A^1, - 3h , B^- 3, 9h Ma fis izF nenfhL Jil 1:3 vw
j F P
(a) ^2, 1h
(b) ^0, 0h
(c) ` 5 , 2j
(d) ^1, - 2h
3
A^3, 4h , B^14, - 3h Matiw izF nenfhLJL x-mir P
rwJ v, mnfhLJil P F j
(a) 4 : 3
(b) 3 : 4
(c) 2 : 3
(d) 4 : 1
5. Mabjhiy toa 177

4.

(2, 5), (2, 12), (10, 1) Ma fis Kidfshf bfhl Knfhz

eLnfhL ika (centroid)
(a) ^6, 6h
(b) ^4, 4h
(c) ^3, 3h
(d) ^2, 2h

5.

^1, 2h , ^4, 6h , ^ x, 6h , ^3, 2h vgd tir X izfu Kidf v,

x - k
(a) 6

6.

(b) 2

(c) 1

(d) 3

(0,0), ^2, 0h , ^0, 2h Ma fsh mik Knfhz gu

(a) 1 r. myFf
(B) 2 r. myFf (C) 4 r. myFf (D) 8 r. myFf

7.

^1, 1h , ^0, 1h , ^0, 0h , ^1, 0h Ma fsh mik ehfu gu

(A) 3 r. myFf

8.

x-mRF izahd nenfho rh nfhz

9.

(a) 0c
(b) 60c
(c) 45c
(d) 90c
^3, - 2h , ^- 1, ah Ma fis izF nenfho rh - 3 v,
2
a - k
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

10.

^- 2, 6h , ^4, 8h Ma fis izF nenfhoF brFjhd

(B) 2 r. myFf

(C) 4 r. myFf

(D) 1 r. myFf

11.

nenfho rh
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) - 3
(d) - 1
3
3
9x - y - 2 = 0 , 2x + y - 9 = 0 Ma nenfhLf rF
(A) ^- 1, 7h
(B) ^7, 1h
(C) ^1, 7h
(D) ^- 1, - 7h

12.

4x + 3y - 12 = 0 vw nenfhL y-mir btL

(A) ^3, 0h
(B) ^0, 4h
(C) ^3, 4h

(D) ^0, - 4h

13.

7y - 2x = 11 vw nenfho rh
(a) - 7
(b) 7
2
2

(d) - 2
7

(c) 2
7

14.

(2 , 7) vw t brtJ, x-mF izahdJkhd nenfho

rkghL

(a) x = 2

15.

2x - 3y + 6 = 0 vw nenfho x, y-btLJLf Kiwna

(a) 2, 3

16.

xU tl ika (- 6, 4). xU l xU Kid (- 12, 8) v, mj

(b) x =- 7
(b) 3, 2

(c) y =- 7
(c) - 3, 2

(d) y = 2
(d) 3, - 2

kW Kid

(a) (- 18, 12)

178 10M tF fj

(b) (- 9, 6)

(c) (- 3, 2)

(d) (0, 0)

17.

M t brtJ 2x + 3y - 7 = 0 vw nfhoF brFJkhd

nenfho rkghL

(a) 2x + 3y = 0

18.

y-mF izahdJ ^- 2, 5h vw t brtJkhd nenfho

rkghL

(a) x - 2 = 0

19.

(2, 5), (4, 6), ^a, ah Ma f xnu nenfho mikwd v, a- k

(a) - 8
(b) 4
(c) - 4
(d) 8

20.

y = 2x + k vw nenfhL (1, 2) vw t brwJ v, k- k

(a) 0
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) - 3

(b) 3x - 2y = 0

(b) x + 2 = 0

(c) y + 5 = 0

(c) y + 5 = 0

(d) y - 5 = 0

(d) y - 5 = 0

21.

rh 3 Mf, y btLJL - 4 Mf cs nenfho rkghL

22.

y = 0 kW x =- 4 Ma nenfhLf btL
(a) ^0, - 4h
(b) ^- 4, 0h
(c) ^0, 4h

23.

3x + 6y + 7 = 0 kW 2x + ky = 5 Ma nenfhLf brFjhdit v, k-
k
(A) 1
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 1
2

(a) 3x - y - 4 = 0
(c) 3x - y + 4 = 0

(b) 3x + y - 4 = 0
(d) 3x + y + 4 = 0
(d) ^4, 0h

id bfhf
P (x1, y1) , Q^ x2, y2h Ma fSF ilnas bjhiy

^ x2 - x1h2 + ^ y2 - y1h2

A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2, y2h Ma fis izF nenfhL Joid cwkhf

lx2 + mx1 ly2 + my1
m MF.
,
l+m
l+m
js A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2, y2h Ma fis izF nenfhL Joid
lx - mx1 ly2 - my1
m MF.
btwkhf l : m vw j F Q c 2
,
l-m
l-m
l : m vw j F P c

^ x1, y1h , ^ x2, y2h Ma fis izF nenfhLJo eL

x + x2 y1 + y2
c 1
m.

,
2
2
^ x1, y1h , ^ x2, y2h ^ x3, y3h Ma fis cfshf bfhl Knfhz gu
= 1 / x1 (y2 - y3) = 1 " x1 ^ y2 - y3h + x2 ^ y3 - y1h + x3 ^ y1 - y2h,
2
2

= 1 "^ x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1h - ^ x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3h, .
2
5. Mabjhiy toa 179

A^ x1, y1h , B^ x2, y2h , C^ x3, y3h Ma _W f xnu nenfho mika

gjid
(i) x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 = x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3

(myJ)

(ii) AB- rh = AC- rh (m) BC- rh.

xU nenfhL if x-mRl i ms nfhz clhdh, mnfho

rh m = tan i MF.

^ x1, y1h , ^ x2, y2h Ma fis izF neFjw nenfho rh

m=

y2 - y1
y y
= 1- 2.
x2 - x1
x1 - x2

x- bfG
= -a, b ! 0
y- bfG
b

ax + by + c = 0 vw nenfho rh m =

iliy nfho rh akhF. neFJ nfho rhit

tiuaWf ayhJ.

U nfhLf rhf rkkhf Ujh, Ujh kLnk mit izahF.

neFjw U nenfhLf rhf bgUf gy - 1 (mjhtJ,

m1 m2 = - 1) Mf Ujh, Ujh kLnk mit brFJ nfhLfshF.

nenfho rkghLf

t. v
1.
x-mR
2.
y-mR

nenfhL

rkghL
y=0
x=0

3.

x-mF iz

y=k

4.

y-mF iz

x=k

5.

ax+by+c =0 F iz

ax + by + k = 0

6.
1.

ax+by+c =0 F brFJ
bfhLfglit
M t brY nenfhL

bx ay +k = 0
rkghL
y = mx

2.

rh m kW y-btLJL c

3.

rh m kW xU (x1 , y1)

y y1 = m(xx1)

4.

(x1 , y1), (x2 , y2) Ma U f t

brY nenfhL

y - y1
x - x1
=
y2 - y1
x2 - x1

5.

x-btLJL a kW
y- btLJL b

180 10M tF fj

y = mx + c

x+ y =1
a b

toa
There is geometry in the humming of the strings, there is music
in the spacing of spheres - Pythagoras

6.1 mKf

mKf

gntW toa cUtf gfis Muh
fj X nt toa (Geometry) MF.
Jakhd msf cj gtifahd toa
nfhz Urkbto
totf gfis wafis vLnfhf

njw
(Axioms) kW njwfSl (Theorems) fwtnj
tobthj mKiw
toa (Theoretical Geometry) vnwh.

Knfhzf
toa fgdh, xUtUila jUf mogil
njhLnfhL - eh F w tsU.

njw

.K. 300- thj
(Euclid) toa
jij vd fUjgLwh. %gz njitaw
jhfu njw
btgil
cikfshd
vLnfhf
myJ
monfhf kW Vfdnt %fgl Kof
Madtiw mogilahf bfhL jUF
Kiw toa Kofis Muht a t
F Kiwia Fdh.
mogil jrk

njw

(Euclid)
( .K 300)

Elements

vD , fj tuyh
midtlK bgUjhfij
VgLa xU f wj
gilghF. fjij
Fghf m xU thd
toaiy fg Ka
ghlyhf sFwJ. bgU
bghJ

tFviz

(GCD)

fzl o tKiw
xU wj gaDs KiwahF.

fllfiy kW bgha nghw Jiwf
toa Ka gF twJ. vLJfhlhf, e
th Kakhf sF gy ghyf, rtrk kW
tobthj Knfhzf Matiw gagL
mikfglit. cWahf, mf Rik kW
mGj Matiw jhF w bfhlitahf
cs ghyfis fLtjF, tobthj kW rtrk
Knfhzf gf cjwd. fllfis
fLnghJ toa U tiff gadhwJ. xW
fllfis nkY cWahFwJ. kbwhW mj
mHid nkY TLwJ. toa totfis
neahf gagLJnghJ mit, fllf kW
jh{kfh nghw flikf Mad midtU
UggLw milahs dfshf khW.
fj gy f thfY, mtiw
J bfhSjY toa %gzf Ka
gF twd.

mogil jrk njw ff nuf
fj nkij nj (Thales) vgtuh mfglJ. J
mt bgauh nj njw vW miHfgLwJ.
181

njwij fl braghL _y J bfhsyh.

brJ gh
+ XAY vw VnjD xU nfhzij tiuf. P1, P2, D, P3 kW B
Ma fis (5 f) AX vw vw f J

AP1 = P1 P2 = P2 D = DP3 = P3 B = 1 (myF) vUFkhW Ff.

B- tahf VjhtJ xU nfhoid f AY I C- btLkhW tiuf. L
D- tna BC-F izahf AC -I E- btLkhW xU nfhL tiuf.
Y

bghJ, AD = AP1 + P1 P2 + P2 D = 3 myFf.

nkY,

DB = DP3 + P3 B = 2 myFf.

AD = 3
DB
2
AE kW EC- sfis msf.
`

AE = 3 vd mayh.
2
EC
nj ngh, DABC - DE < BC v,
AD = AE vd mayh.
A
P2
D
P3
B
X
P1
DB
EC
gl 6.1
j Koid mogil jrk njw myJ nj njwkhf %fyh.
njw tUkhW:

6.2

mogil jrk kW nfhz Urkbto njwf

(Basic proportionality and Angle Bisector theorems)

njw 6.1

mogil jrk njw myJ nj njw

(Basic Proportionality theorem or Thales Theorem)

xU nenfhL xU Knfhz xU gfF

izahf kw uL gffis btLkhW
tiuaglh mnfhL mU gffis
rkj F.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC - BC-F izahf
cs l vw nenfhL ABI D-Y ACI E-Y
btLwJ.
AD = AE
%f :
B
DB
EC
mik :
BE, CD I nr.

A
F

G
E

gl 6.2

EF = AB kW DG = CA tiuf.
%gz
EF = AB . vdnt Knfhzf ADE kW DBE MaitfSF EF
FJaukhfmikwJ.
= 1 # mogf # cau = 1 AD # EF
DADE - gu
2
2
= 1 # mogf # cau = 1 DB # EF
DDBE - gu
2
2
182 10M tF fj

1 AD EF
#
DADE - gugs
AD
= 2
`
=
DDBE - gugs
DB
1 DB EF
#
2
thnw,
1 AE DG
#
#
DADE - gugs
AE
= 2
=
DDCE - gugs
EC
1 EC DG
#
#
2

(1)

(2)

Mdh, DDBE , DDCE vgd DE vw xnu mogfij bfhL BC kW

DE Ma iz nenfhLfSF ilY mikJsd.

`
DDBE - gugs = DDCE - gugs

(3)

(1), (2) , (3)-UJ AD = AE vd bgWnwh. Mfnt, njw %fglJ.

DB
EC
isnjw (Corollary)
DABC - BC- iznfhL DE MdJ AB-I D-Y AC -I E-Y btLwJ v,
(i) AB = AC
(ii) AB = AC
AD
AE
DB
EC
kh?
%gz:
bj
(i) nj njwUJ

(
( 1+
(

cf

SF

AD = AE
DB
EC
DB = EC
AD
AE
DB = 1 + EC
AD
AE

AD + DB = AE + EC
AD
AE

a = c v, a + b = c + d .
b
d
b
d

J Tl jrk vdgL.

DB = EC
AD
AE
Tl jrk go
F,

AD + DB = AE + EC
AD
AE

Mfnt, AB = AC
AD
AE

(ii)

thnw,

AB = AC vd %fyh.
DB
EC
j kWjiy njwK cikahFkh? jid nrhJ ghf, tU
braghoid brJ ghngh.
brJ gh
AX vw f J + XAY tiuf. mf nk P1, P2, P3, P4 kW B vw
fis AP1 = P1 P2 = P2 P3 = P3 P4 = P4 B = 1 myF, vwthW Ff.
ij nghnw, f AY- nk Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 kW C fis

AQ1 = Q1 Q2 = Q2 Q3 = Q3 Q4 = Q4 C = 2 myFf, vwthW Ff.

6. toa 183

nghJ P1 Q1 kW BC Matiw izf.

nghJ

AP1 = 1 .
P1 B
4
Q2

AQ1
= 2 = 1.
Q1 C
8
4
AP1 = AQ1 .
vdnt,
P1 B
Q1 C

nkY,

Q4

Q3

Q1
A

P2

P1

P1 Q1 kW BC vgd iznfhLf vgjid fhnwh.

mjhtJ, P1 Q1 < BC .

P3

P4

gl 6.3

(1)

ijnghnw, P2 Q2, P3 Q3 P4 Q4 vgdtiw izg _y

AP2 = AQ2 = 2 kW P Q < BC

(2)
2
2
P2 B
Q2 C
3
AP3 = AQ3 = 3 kW P Q < BC
(3)
3
3
Q3 C
P3 B
2
AP4 = AQ4 = 4 kW P Q < BC
(4)
4
4
P4 B
Q4 C
1
(1), (2), (3), (4)-UJ, xU Knfhz xU nenfhL U gffis xnu
j F v, mnfhL _whtJ gfF izahf UF
vd mayh.
nj nghW, nj njw kWjiyia T %ngh.
njw 6.2
mogil rkj njw kWjiy (nj njw kWjiy)
Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem ( Converse of Thales Theorem)

xU nenfhL xU Knfhz U gffis

xnu j Fkhdh, mnfhL _whtJ gfF
izahf UF.

bfhLfgLsit: l vw nfhL, Knfhz T ABC-

gff AB, AC Matiw Kiwna D, E-
AD = AE vUFkhW btLwJ.
(1)
DB
EC
%f: DE < BC

F
l

B
gl 6.4

mik: DE MdJ BC-F izahf iyba, DF < BC vUFkhW DFI tiuf.

DF < BC . vdnt, nj njwgo,

AD = AF
(2)
DB
FC
(1), (2) MaitfUJ AF = AE ( AF + FC = AE + EC
FC
EC
FC
EC

%gz

AC = AC
FC
EC

` FC = EC

F kW E vgd xnu ahf mikjh kLnk FC = EC bkahF.

vdnt, DE < BC
184 10M tF fj

njw 6.3

nfhz Urkbto njw (Angle

Bisector Theorem)

xU Knfhz xU nfhz cw (btw) UrkbtoahdJ

mnfhz v gfij cwkhf (btwkhf), mnfhzid mla
gff j F.
iy( i ) (cw nfhz Urkbto)

bfhLfgLsit : 3 ABC - +BAC - cw Urkbto AD .

mJ BC -I D - rwJ.

>

mik : DA-F izahf C- tahf xU

>

BD = AB
DC
AC

%f:

iznfhL tiuf.mnfhL BA- ia E-

rfL. vdnt, CE < DA

CE < DA kW AC xU FWFbto (Transversal).

%gz

vdnt, +DAC = +ACE

D
gl 6.5

(xWl nfhzf)

(1)

kW +BAD = +AEC

(xj nfhzf)
+A - cw nfhz Urkbto AD. Mjyh,

(2)

+BAD = +DAC

(3)

(1), (2) ,(3)-UJ +ACE = +AEC vd bgWnwh.

vdnt, 3 ACE - AE = AC (rk nfhzfSF vnu cs gff rk)

3 BCE - CE < DA . vdnt,

BD = BA (nj njw)
DC
AE
BD = AB
(a AE = AC )
DC
AC

Mfnt, njw %f glJ.

f (ii) (btw nfhz Urkbto) (njF mW)

bfhLfgLsit: 3 ABC - AD vgJ +BAC -

btw nfhz Urkbto kW BC id

D- btLwJ.
%f :

BD = AB
DC
AC

gl 6.6

mik :

DA-F izahf C- tahf xU nenfhL tiuf. mnfhL BA-it

rF E vf. vdnt, CE < DA .

%gz

CE < DA kW AC xU FWF bto,

+ECA = +CAD

(xW l nfhzf)

(1)
6. toa 185

nkY, CE < DA kW BP xU FWFbto vgjh,

+CEA = +DAP

(xj nfhzf)

(2)

Mdh, AD vgJ +CAP - nfhz Urkbto vgjh,

+CAD = +DAP

(3)

(1), (2), (3)-UJ,

+CEA = +ECA
vdnt, 3 ECA - AC = AE (rknfhzfSF vnu mikj gff rk)

3 BDA - EC < AD .
BD = BA
DC
AE

BD = BA
DC
AC
njw %fglJ.
(

njw 6.4

(nj njw)
(a AE = AC )

nfhz Urkbto njw kWjiy (Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem)

xU Knfhz xU c t brY xU nenfhL, mj

vgfid cwkhf (btwkhf), kw U gff j Fkhdh,
mnfhL c mikj nfhzid cwkhf (btwkhf) U rkghffshf
F.
iy (i ) : (cwkhf)
bfhLfgLsit : 3 ABC -, AD vw nenfhL, vgf BC -I cwkhf

BD = AB vwthW wJ.
DC
AC

(1)
A

%f : +BAC - cw Urkbto AD .
mjhtJ, +BAD = +DAC vd %f ntL
mik :

gl 6.7

C- tahf DA-F izahf nenfhL tiuf. mnfhL BA- id

rF E vf. Mfnt, CE < AD

CE < AD vgjh, nj njwgo, BD = BA

DC
AE
AB
BA
(1), (2)-UJ,
=
AC
AE

%gz

AE = AC

nghJ, 3 ACE - +ACE = +AEC

( a AE = AC )

iznfhLf AD kW CE- FWF bto AC.

186 10M tF fj

(2)

(3)

vdnt, +DAC = +ACE

(xW lnfhzf rk)

(4)

nkY, iznfhLf AD kWCE Mat FWF bto BE.

vdnt, +BAD = +AEC

(xjnfhzf rk )

(3), (4) ,(5)-UJ ilgJ,

(5)

+BAD = +DAC

AD vgJ +BAC - Urkbto MF.

njw %fglJ.
iy (ii

btwkhf (njF mW)

bfhLfgsit : 3 ABC - nfhL AD MdJ

BD = AB
DC
AC

(1)

vd mikkhW vgf BC- id btwkhf D- wJ.

%f : +PAC - Urkbto AD.

A

mjhtJ, +PAD = +DAC vd %f ntL.

E

mik : C- tahf DA-F izahf nenfhL

tiuf. mnfhL BA-it rF id E-vd
Ff. vdnt, CE < DA

C
gl 6.8

CE < DA . vdnt, nj njwgo, BD = BA

DC
EA

%gz

(1), (2)-UJ,

AB = AB
AE
AC

3 ACE - +ACE = +AEC

(2)

` AE = AC
(a AE = AC )

(3)

iznfhLf AD kW CE Madt FWFbto AC MF.

vdnt, +ACE = +DAC (xW l nfhzf)

(4)

iznfhLf AD kW CE- FWF bto BA.

vdnt, +PAD = +AEC (xj nfhzf)

(3) , (4), (5)-UJ,

(5)

+PAD = +DAC

+PAC - Urkbto AD. Mfnt, +BAC - btw Urkbto AD

MF.
njw %fglJ.

vLJfhL 6.1

3 ABC - DE < BC kW AD = 2 . AE = 3.7 br. v, EC-I fhf.

DB
3
3 ABC -, DE < BC .
6. toa 187

AD = AE
(nj njw)
DB
EC
(
EC = AE # DB
AD
thwhf, EC = 3.7 # 3 = 5.55 br. .
2
`

3.7 br.
E

gl 6.9

vLJfhL 6.2

3 PQR - gff PQ kW PR- f J mikj f S kW T
vf. nkY, ST < QR , PR = 5.6 br. kW PS = 3 v, PT-I fhf.

SQ

3 PQR - ST < QR . nj njwgo,

(1)-UJ PT = TR c PS m

SQ

x = (5.6 - x)` 3 j
5
5x = 16.8 - 3x
x = 16.8 = 2.1. Mfnt, PT = 2.1 br.
8

br.

PS = PT
(1)
SQ
TR
PT = x vf. ` TR = PR PT = 5.6 x

5.6

vdnt,

R
gl 6.10

vLJfhL 6.3

3 ABC - gff AB kW AC- Mat nk mikj f D kW

E vf. nkY, AD = AE kW +ADE = +DEA v, 3 ABC xU Urkgf

DB

Knfhz vd Wf.

EC

AD = AE vd bfhLfgLsJ.
DB
EC

Mjyh, nj njw kWjiy go DE < BC .

` +ADE = +ABC

(1)

kW +DEA = +BCA

(2)

nkY, +ADE = +DEA

(3)

(1), (2) , (3)-UJ

` AC = AB ( rk nfhzfSF vnu mikj gff rk)

vdnt 3 ABC xU U rkgfKnfhz MF.

(bfhLfgLsJ)

+ABC = +BCA

gl 6.11

vLJfhL 6.4
3 ABC - gff AB, BC kW CA Mat mikj f D, E kW F
vf. nkY, DE < AC kW FE < AB v, AB = AC vd Wf.
AD
FC

188 10M tF fj

3 ABC - DE < AC .
` BD = BE (nj njw)
DA
EC
nkY, FE < AB vd bfhLfgLsJ.

(1)

BE = AF (nj njw)
(2)
EC
FC
E
B
(1), (2)-UJ, BD = AF
gl
6.12
AD
FC
(Tl jrk )
( BD + AD = AF + FC
AD
FC
AB = AC .
vdnt,
AD
FC

vLJfhL 6.5

3 ABC - +A vw nfhz cw Urkbto AD MdJ, gf BCI D-
rwJ. BD = 2.5 br. , AB = 5 br. kW AC = 4.2 br. v, DC-I fhf.
A

3 ABC -, AD vgJ +A - cw Urkbto.

`

BD = AB
DC
AC

DC = BD # AC

Mfnt,

4.2

(nfhz Urkbto njw)

5b
r.

br.

AB
DC = 2.5 # 4.2 = 2.1br..
5

2.5br. D
gl 6.13

vLJfhL 6.6

3 ABC -, +A - btw Urkbto MdJ BC- id E- rwJ.
AB = 10 br. , AC = 6 br. kW BC = 12 br. v, CE-I fhf.
3 ABC - +A - btw Urkbto AE vf. nkY AE MdJ BC-
id E- rwJ.
CE = x br.. vf. nfhz Urkbto njw go,
BE = AB ( 12 + x = 10
A
.
AC
6
CE
x
br

3^12 + xh = 5x. vdnt, x = 18.

Mjyh, CE = 18 br. .

10

12 br.

vLJfhL 6.7

D
6 br.
C

gl 6.14

3 ABC - gf BC- eL D vf. P kW Q vgd AB kW AC-f

nk mikj f MF. nkY, +BDA kW +ADC Ma nfhzfis Kiwna
DP kW DQ vgd U rkghffshf F v, PQ < BC vd Wf.

3 ABD - +BDA - nfhz Urkbto DP vf.

6. toa 189

AP = AD (nfhz Urkbto njw)

PB
BD

3 ADC - +ADC - nfhz Urkbto DQ vf.

AQ
= AD (nfhz Urkbto njw)
`
QC
DC

Mdh, BD = DC

nghJ, (2) (

Mfnt, PQ < BC .

(2)
B

(a D vgJ BC- eL)

AQ
= AD
QC
BD
AQ
AP
=
(1),(3)-UJ,
PB
QC

(1)

D
gl 6.15

(3)

(nj njw kWjiy)

g 6.1

1.

D kW E Ma f Kiwna DABC - gff AB kW AC-f DE < BC

vUFkhW mikJsd.

AD = 6 br. , DB = 9 br. kW AE = 8 br. v, AC-I fhf.

(i)

(ii) AD = 8 br. , AB = 12 br. kW AE = 12 br. v, CE-I fhf.

(iii) AD = 4x3, BD = 3x1, AE = 8x7 kW EC = 5x3 v, x- kig fhf.

2.

gl AP = 3 br. , AR = 4.5 br. , AQ = 6 br. , AB = 5 br.

kW AC = 10 br. . v, AD- kig fhf.

3.

E kW F vw f Kiwna 3 PQR - gff PQ kW PR Mat

J mikJsd. tUtdtF EF < QR vgjid rghf.

(i)

(ii) PE = 4 br. , QE = 4.5 br.., PF = 8 br. kW RF = 9 br. .

4.

gl AC < BD kW CE < DF .

PE = 3.9 br. ., EQ = 3 br.., PF = 3.6 br. kW FR = 2.4 br. .

E

OA =12 br. , AB = 9 br. , OC = 8 br. .

kW EF = 4.5 br. v, FO- it fhf.
5.

ABCD vw ehfu, AB-F iz CD vf. AB-F izahf tiuagl xU

BQ
vd Wf.
nenfhL AD-I P-Y BC-I Q-Y rwJ v, AP =
PD

6.

gl PC < QK kW BC < HK . AQ = 6 br. , QH = 4 br. ,

HP = 5 br., KC = 18 br. v, AK kW PB-fis fhf.

QC

Q
H
P
B

190 10M tF fj

K
C

7.

gl DE < AQ kW DF < AR

v, EF < QR vd Wf.

D
Q

8.

gl

DE < AB kW DF < AC
v, EF < BC vd Wf.

D
E

9.

AD vgJ 3 ABC - +A - cw nfhz Urkbto. mJ BCI D- rwJ.

(i) BD = 2 br., AB = 5 br., DC = 3 br. v, AC fhf.
(ii) AB = 5.6 br., AC = 6 br. kW DC = 3 br. v, BC fhf.

(iii) AB = x, AC = x 2, BD = x + 2 kW DC = x 1 v, x- kig fhf.

10.

tUtdtW AD vgJ 3 ABC - +A - nfhz Urkbto MFkh vd

nrhf.

(i) AB = 4 br. , AC = 6 br. , BD = 1.6 br. , kW CD = 2.4 br. ,

(ii) AB = 6 br. , AC = 8 br. , BD = 1.5 br. . kW CD = 3 br. .

11.

MP vgJ 3 MNO - +M - btw Urkbto.

nkY, J NO- id P- rwJ.

12.

MN = 10 br., MO = 6 br.,
NO = 12 br. v, OP-I fhf.

br

12 br.

6 br.

AB = AD vd Wf.
BC
DC

TABC - +A - cw Urkbto BC-I D-Y, +A - btw Urkbto

BC- id E-Y rwd v, BD = CD vd Wf.

BE

14.

10

ABCD vw ehfu +B kW +D Mat Urkbtof AC-I E-

btLwd v,

13.

CE

ABCD vw ehfu AB =AD. AE kW AF vgd Kiwna +BAC kW

+DAC Mat cw Urkbtof v, EF < BD vd Wf.

6.3 tobthj Knfhzf (Similar Triangles)

vlh tF rtrk Knfhzfis g thf fnwh. U toa
cUtf xnu ms kW xj tot bfhlitahf U mit rtrk
(Congruent) vd mnjh. gF tot xjitahf Mdh msf
ntWglitahf U mikj toa cUtfis g fngh. jifa
totfis eh tobthjit (Similar) vnwh.

eik Rs cUtfis fhQ nghJ, Xnu tot cs, rk myJ
khWgl msf bfhl gy bghUfis ghnwh. vLJfhlhf, xU
6. toa 191

kuYs iyf, xj totY xnu myJ

ntWgl msfis bfhlitahf csd.
ijnghnw, xnu glRUis bfhL vLfgL
gntW msfyhd bkahd Hglf ah
xj totfY Mdh ntWgl msfY
UF. itah
tobthj bghUf
vdgL.

nuf eho
toaiy
mKf
vyh
gLatuhf brhy
Knfhz
-fS to
gL nj, v
bth
cs
uLf
-jit
c a u f i s
mt Hfis,
tobthj Knfhz f gfis gagL
fljt vd fUjgLwh. thW tobthj
Knfhzf gaghL cauf, uf Ma
msLfis fzl VJthwd. t, Urkgf
Knfhz rkgffSF vnu cs nfhzf
rk vd flh. brKiw toa, tobthj
Knfhzf, brnfhz Knfhzf Mat
gfis gagLdh.

l nj
(Thales of Miletus)
(624-546 .K.)

jJt mP, Ph
kW fja z vd
magltfS, Kjik
ahdtuhf fgt nj
Mth.
fhuzfis
bfhL jUF Kiwia
Kj
Kj
toa
gagLatU
tnu.
nkY
t,
toa
gy njwfis bfhL
oJsh. fj gy
fzFfis f t
ifahl Kiw midt
ftdij <jJ. .K. 585-
Na ufzij KTona
bjj bgUik tiu
rhU.

rtrk tot glf, tobthjitahf
UF. Mdh j kWjiy bkahf Uf njitiy. j gF,
eh Knfhzf tobthj jikfis g mnth. nkY, mitfis
gagL fzFfSF fhngh. tU va braghL, tobthj
Knfhzfis kdjs ma ekF cj.
brJ gh
bka mil xU Knfhz totij bto vL.
jiuF nk 1 l cau j milia Na x fhl.
bjhltir Knfhz totfis jiu fhz VJthf j
milid jiuia neh efJ.
jiuia, mil beUf beUf, g ajh bfhL brwJ. jiuia
L nkneh yf yf, g bgajh bfhnl brwJ.
Knfhz tot ms khWglhY, mj Kidf mik nfhz
msf vnghJ xnu ms Ugij ghfyh.
192 10M tF fj

tiuaiw
U Knfhzf
(i)

xj nfhzf rk (myJ)

(ii)

xj gff sf rk j (myJ jrk) UF

v, mKnfhzfis tobthj Knfhzf vngh.

mjhtJ, xU Knfhz kbwh uhd thf v, uL

Knfhzf tobthjit (similar) MF.
Mfnt, 3 ABC kW 3 DEF Ma uL Knfhzf,

(i) +A = +D , +B = +E , +C = +F

(myJ)

(ii) AB = BC = CA vd Ujh,

mitf tobthj KnfhzfshF.

DE

EF

FD

gl 6.16

gl 6.17

F A, B, C Ma cf Kiwna D, E kW F Ma cfSF xjit
ahF. tobthj Knfhzfis Fplhf 3ABC + 3DEF vd vGJnwh.
+ vD FpL tobthjJ vgij FF.
Fiu

3 ABC, 3DEF Mat tobthj jikia bghUjkhd xj cfis

bfhl Fplhf 3 BCA + 3 EFD kW TCAB + TFDE vd Ffyh.

6.3.1 tobthj KnfhzfSfhd Kiwf

tU _W mogil Kiwf, Knfhzf tobthjit vgij

%f nghJkhdit.

(i) tobthj KnfhzfSfhd AA-Kiw (Angle-Angle similarity criterion)

xU Knfhz uL nfhzf Kiwna kbwhU Knfhz uL
nfhzfSF rkkhdh, mU Knfhzf tobthjit MF.
F

xU Knfhz uL nfhzf Kiwna kbwhU Knfhz
uL nfhzfSF rkkhdh, mt _whtJ nfhzfS Kiwna
rkkhF. vdnt tobthj KnfhzfSfhd AA-Kiwia, AAA-Kiw
vW Ffyh.

(ii)

tobthj KnfhzfSfhd SSS-Kiw (Side-Side-Side similarity criterion)

U Knfhzf, xj gff jf rkkhdh, mt xj
nfhzf rk. vdnt U Knfhzf tobthjit.
6. toa 193

(iii) tobthj KnfhzfSfhd SAS-Kiw (Side-Angle-Side similarity criterion)

xU Knfhz xU nfhz kbwhU Knfhz xU nfhzF
rkkhf, mU Knfhzf mnfhzfis csla xj gff
jrkY Ujh, mU Knfhzf tobthjit.

tobthj Knfhzf Kof ytiw %gz goaLnth.

(i)

U tobthj Knfhzf gugsf j mt xj gff

tff jF rk.

(ii)

xU brnfhz Knfhz brnfhzij

bfhl c tna fzF brFJnfhL
tiujh, mnfho U wK mik U
Knfhzf kW bga Knfhz Mad
xWbfhW tobthjitahf mik.
F, (m) T DBA + T ABC

TABC + TEFG v AB = BC = CA = AD
EF
FG
GE
EH

gl 6.18
E

(iii) U Knfhzf tobthjit v, xj

gff j mt xj FJauf
jF rk.

(M) 3 DAC + 3 ABC

() 3 DBA + 3 DAC

gl 6.19

gl 6.20

(iv) U Knfhzf tobthjitahf U, xj gff j xj

Rwsf jF rk. mjhtJ,

T ABC + T DEF v, AB = BC = CA = AB + BC + CA .
DE
EF
FD
DE + EF + FD

vLJfhL 6.8

A, B vgd TPQR - gff PQ, PR-f nk mikj f vf. nkY,
AB < QR , AB = 3 br. , PB = 2 br. kW PR = 6 br. v, QR- sid fhf.

AB = 3 br., PB = 2, br., PR = 6 br. kW AB < QR .

P

DPAB kW DPQR -

+PAB = +PQR

(xj nfhzf)
A

+P vgJ U KnfhzfSF bghJ.

` DPAB + DPQR

Mjyh, xj gff jf rk.

vdnt,

Mfnt,

AB = PB
QR
PR
QR = AB # PR = 3 # 6
PB
2
QR = 9 br. .

194 10M tF fj

6
B

(AA-Kiw)

R
gl 6.21

vLJfhL 6.9
1.8 cauKs xUt xU uo (Pyramid) mUnf W bfhoUwh.
xU Fl neu mtUila H s 2.7 kW uo H s 210
v, uo cau fhf.
A
AB, DE vgd Kiwna uL kW
kj cauf vf.
BC, EF vgd Kiwna uL kW
kj Hf sf vf.

DABC kW DDEF -

210
gl 6.22

+ABC = +DEF = 90o

+BCA = +EFD
(xU Fl neu Fl Vw nfhzf rk)
1.8

` DABC + DDEF

(AA-Kiw)

vdnt, AB = BC
DE
EF
( AB = 210 ( AB = 210 # 1.8 =140.
1.8
2.7
2.7
uo cau = 140 .

2.7

gl 6.23

vLJfhL 6.10
xU nfhu cid, xUt nfhuUJ 87.6 u jiu cs
xU fzho ghwh. fzho nk nehathW csJ. mt fzhoUJ
0.4 uY mt iliy ghit nfho kl jiuUJ 1.5
cauY csJ v, nfhu cau fhf. (kj mo, fzho kW
nfhu Mait xnu nenfho csd)
AB, ED vgd Kiwna kj cau, nfhu cau vf. C vgJ
fzho nfhu c gL (Point of incidence) vf.
DABC kW DEDC - +ABC = +EDC = 90 ,
+BCA = +DCE
(xU Fl neu Fl Vw nfhzf
rk. mjhtJ gLnfhz, vbuh nfhzF
rk)

1.5

` DABC + DEDC (AA-Kiw)

B
DC
ED
=
(xj gff rkj UF)
`
BC
AB
( ED = DC # AB = 87.6 # 1.5 = 328.5 .
BC
0.4
nfhu cau = 328.5 .

0.4

87.6

gl 6.24

6. toa 195

vLJfhL 6.11
xU Hgl fUYs gl RU xU ku g s 35 ..
byF glRUSF ilgl u 42 .. nkY, byUJ kuJF
cs u 6 v, Hgl
A
vLfgL ku gF s
F
fhf.
H

by

35.

AB, EF vgd Kiwna

Hgl
vLfgL
ku
gF s kW glRU
g s vf. C vD
byi[ FfL. CG,
CH vgd DACB kW DFEC -
FJauf MF.

E
42.

B
gl 6.25

AB || FE vgJ bj.
DACB kW DFEC - +BAC = +FEC
+ECF = +ACB

(Fbjnfhzf rk)
(AA-Kiw)

` DACB + DECF

vdnt, AB = CG
EF
CH
AB = CG # EF = 6 # 0.035 = 5
(
CH
0.042
H gl vLfgl ku gF s 5 MF.

g 6.2
1.

tU glf xbthY bjahjdt kfis fhf. vyh

sfS bro l bfhLfgLsd. (msf mslgo iy)

(i)

D 3 E

8
D

24

E
B

2.

(iii)

(ii)

4
x

6
9

6
y
D

xU Hgl fU glRU, 1.8 cauKs xU kj g s

1.5 br.. vf. fU byUJ glRU 3 br. u Ujh, mt
Hgl fUUJ vts u Ugh?

196 10M tF fj

3.

120 br.. cauKs xU W xU sF fg moUJ y,

mjF nebuuhf 0.6 ./ ntf elJ bfhoUwh. sF,
jiu klUJ 3.6 . cau csJ v, W H sij
4 dhofSF wF fhf.

4.

xU W flfiu mt jijl Uwh.

fl J xUt bjhlJ j Koahk

jjJ
bfhoUgij
flh.
mt clnd nk 50 bjhiy UF
j jijia cj brkhW TFulh.
tis l t jij xU glFF 10
mUUjh.
t
mglif
gagL
_ bfhoUgtid mila ntLbk, 126 mgl bry
ntL. mnj rka mW C x glUJ
98 u brY xUtid fhwh. C Ugt _
bfhoUgtUF H csh. mtiu fhghw C cst
vts bjhiy bry ntL? (glij ghf)

5.

DABC - gff AB kW AC- Kiwna P kW Q vw f csd.

AP = 3 br., PB = 6 br., AQ = 5 br. kW QC = 10 br. v, BC = 3 PQ vd
Wf.

6.

DABC -, AB = AC kW BC = 6 br. vf. nkY, AC- D vgJ AD = 5 br.

kW CD = 4 br. vW UFkhW xU v, DBCD + DACB vd Wf.
j _y DB-ia fhf.

7.

DABC - gff AB kW AC-f nk mikj f Kiwna D kW

E vf. nkY, DE || BC, AB = 3 AD kW DABC - gugs 72 br.2 v,
ehfu DBCE- gugsit fhf.

8.

3 ABC- gf sf 6 br., 4 br., 9 br. kW 3 PQR + 3 ABC . 3PQR-

xU gf 35 br. v, 3PQR- Rws f mfkhf vts Uf TL?

9.

gl DE || BC. nkY, AD = 3 v,
BD 5
DADE - gugs
,
(i)
DABC - gugs

10.

D
B

rtf BCED - gugs

(ii)
Madt kfis fhf.
DABC - gugs

E
C

muR, xU khef gagLjglhj ygF

x a bjhngilid Wt
lLwJ.
Hl
gF
ajhf
mikfgL
bjhngil
gF
gugsit FwJ. gF gugsit
fhf.
6. toa 197

11.

xU Wt itu FWF btL njhw to, gl

fhoathW xU gl brjh. F AE = 16 br., EC = 81 br..

mt BD vw FWF Fid gagLj Uwh.
mF s vts UfntL?

12.

xU khzt bfhofg cauid fzl Uwh.

bfhofg c vbuhig fzho fhQ tif, xU
W fzhoia jiu itwh. mfzho mtlUJ 0.5
bjhiy csJ. fzhoF bfhofgF ilna cs bjhiy
3 kW mtDila ilkl ghit nfhL jiuUJ 1.5 cau
csJ v, bfhofg cauij fhf. (khzt, fzho kW
bfho fg Mad xnu nenfho csd.)
Y

xU nkTiu gl fhoathW FWF btL

8

njhwij bfhLsJ.

(i) tobthj Knfhzfis bjbjLf.

(ii) Tiu cau h-I fhf.

njw 6.6

13.

Z
10

jhfu njw (ghja njw)

(Pythagoras theorem (Bandhayan theorem))

xU brnfhz Knfhz fz tf kw U gff
tff TLjYF rk.
bfhLfgLsit :
%f :
mik :

brnfhz 3 ABC-, +A = 90c.

BC = AB + AC
AD = BC tiuf.

%gz
Knfhzf ABC kW DBA-f, +B bghJthd nfhz.
A

nkY, +BAC = +ADB = 90c.

` 3 ABC + 3 DBA

(AA - Kiw)

vdnt, mt xj gff jf rk.

Mfnt, AB = BC
DB
BA
2
( AB = DB # BC

gl 6.26

(1)

ij nghnw, 3 ABC + 3 DAC .

vdbt, BC = AC
AC
DC
2

AC = BC # DC

(1) kW (2) Matiw Tl,

2

AB + AC = BD # BC + BC # DC
198 10M tF fj

(2)

= BC^ BD + DC h
2

= BC # BC = BC
2
2
2
Mfnt, BC = AB + AC . jhfu njw %fglJ.
Fiu
jhfu njw uL mogil fUJfis bfhLsJ. xW
gugsfis gaJ. kbwhW sfis gaJ. vdnt, j wg njw
toaiy, afjij izwJ. jhfu njw kWjiy
bkahF. njw KjKj vgtuh FlgL %fglJ.

jhfu njw kWjiy TW nH bfhLfgLsJ. (%gz gfhf

lgLsJ)

njw 6.7

jhfu njw kWjiy (Converse of Pythagoras theorem)

xU Knfhz, xU gf tf, kw U gff tff

TLjYF rk v, Kj gfF vnu cs nfhz brnfhz.

6.4 tlf kW bjhLnfhLf (Circles and Tangents)

tlJl bjhls xU nenfhL mtlid xnubahU
kL bjhLkhdh, mnfhL tlF xU bjhLnfhL (Tangent) vdgL.
toa tl bjhLnfhLf, toa mikf kW UgzfY
Ka gfhWwd. j ghlgFa tlf, bjhLnfhLf Matiw
mogilahf bfhl y Kofis sFnth. mt _y, bjhLnfhLeh njw (Tangent-Chord Theorem) vdgL Ka njwid %ngh. xU
nenfhL kW xU tl Matiw xU js vLJ bfhlh, mit _W
tiff mik. mit xid kbwhW btlhk nghfyh; mit uL
f btlyh. Wahf, xiw kbwhW xnu xU kL bjhlyh.
P

P
B

A
Q

gl 6.27

gl 6.28

gl 6.29

gl. 6.27-, tlF nenfhL PQ-F bghJ iy.

gl. 6.28-, nenfhL PQ vgJ tlid A, B vw U btntW f
btLwJ. iy PQ MdJ tlF xU btLnfhL (Secant)MF.
gl. 6.29-, nenfhL PQ- tlK xnu xU bghJ ia bfhLsd.
mjhtJ, nenfhL tlid xnu xU bjhLwJ. nenfhL PQ MdJ
tlF A- bjhLnfhL (Tangent) vdgL.
6. toa 199

tiuaiw:
xU nenfhL tlid xnu xU kL bjhLkhdh mnfhL
tlF bjhLnfhL vdgL. m bjhL (Point of Contact) vdgL.
tlf kW bjhLnfhLfis mogilahf bfhl njwf ( %gz )

1.

tl VnjD xU tiuagl bjhLnfhL, bjhL t

brY MuF brFjhF.

2.
3.

tl xU xnu xU bjhLnfhL kLnk tiua Ko.

4.
5.

tlF btYs tiuagl U bjhLnfhLf sf rk.

6.

U tlf btwkhf bjhLkhdh, tl ikafSF ilna cs

ukhdJ mt Muf TLjYF rkkhF.
U tlf cwkhf bjhLkhdh, tl ikafSF ilna cs
ukhdJ mt Muf ahrF rkkhF.

7.

tlF btna cs xU UJ, mtlF U bjhLnfhLf

tiuaKo.
U tlf xiwbahW bjhLkhdh bjhL ahdJ tlf
ikafis izF nenfho mik.

njw 6.8

bjhLnfhL - eh njw (Tangent-Chord theorem)

tl bjhLnfho bjhL tna xU eh tiuaglh, mj eh

bjhLnfhLl VgLJ nfhzf Kiwna xbthW jjahf khW
tl JLf mikj nfhzfSF rk.

bfhLfgLsit : O-it ikakhf cila tl A vD ST xU

bjhLnfhL, AB xU eh.
P, Q vgd AB vw eh vbu gff cs VnjD U f.
%f : (i) +BAT = +BPA
mik :

(ii) +BAS = +AQB

tl AC vw lid tiuf.
P

B, C Matiw izf.
%gz
TW

+ABC = 90c
+CAB + +BCA = 90c
+CAT = 90c

fhuz

gl 6.30

miu tl c mik nfhz 90c

brnfhz T ABC- Knfhz U

FWnfhzf TLj.

(1)

bjhL l bjhLnfhoF brFjhF.

(2)

( +CAB + +BAT = 90c

+CAB + +BCA = +CAB + +BAT
200 10M tF fj

(1) , (2)-UJ

+BCA = +BAT

(3)

+BCA = +BPA

xnu tlJoYs c miknfhzf rk (4)

+BAT = +BPA .

(5)

(3), (4)-UJ

Mfnt, (i) %fglJ.

nkY, + BPA + +AQB = 180c

+BAT + +AQB = 180c

nkY, +BAT + +BAS = 180c

tl ehfu vbu nfhzf.

(5)-UJ

(6)

nenfho mikj nfhzf.

(7)

+BAT+ +AQB = +BAT + +BAS (6), (7)-UJ

+ BAS = + AQB. vdnt, (ii) %fglJ.
Mfnt, njw %fglJ.

njw 6.9

bjhLnfhL - eh njw kWjiy

(Converse of Tangent-Chord Theorem)

xU tl xU eh xU Kid tna tiuagl nenfhL mehQl

clhF nfhzkhdJ kW tl JoYs nfhzF rkkhdh, m nenfhL
tlF xU bjhLnfhlhF.
tiuaiw

AB vw nfhL Jo P vgJ xU . PA # PB A
P
B
vgJ PA, PB-I gffshf bfhl brtf
gugsitFwJ. jbgUfgyvgJABvwnfhLJogFfsha
PA kW PB M mikfgl brtf gugs vW miHfgLwJ.

njw 6.10
A

C
xU tl U ehf
P
xiwbahW cwkhf (btwkhf)
P
B
D
O
bto bfhlh xU eh btL D
O
JLfsh mikfgL brtf
C
gugs kbwhU eh btL
JLfsh mikfgL brtf
gl 6.31
gl 6.32
gugsF rk.
gl.6.31-, O-it ikakhf cila tl AB kW CD vw uL ehf,
xiwbahW cwkhf P vw btLwd. vdnt, PA # PB = PC # PD.
gl 6.32-, O-it ikakhf cila tl AB kW CD vw uL ehf,
xiwbahW btwkhf P vw btLwd. vdnt, PA # PB = PC # PD.

vLJfhL 6.12
xU tl A- tiuagL bjhLnfhL PQ vf. AB vgJ tl
eh vf. nkY, +BAC = 54c kW +BAQ = 62c vW mikkhW tl nk
cs C v, +ABC -I fhf.
6. toa 201

: A- PQ xU bjhLnfhL kW AB xU eh.

vdnt, +BAQ = +ACB = 62c. (bjhLnfhL - eh njw)

nkY, +BAC + +ACB + +ABC = 180c.

54c

(xU Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj 180c)

+ABC = 180c - (+BAC + +ACB)

= 180c (54c+ 62c) = 64c.
vLJfhL 6.13

fhQ xbthU glY x- kig fhf.
A

(i)
(ii)
A
D

3 P

62c
Q

A
gl 6.33

C
B

62c

D 2

gl 6.35

gl 6.34

(i) F PA PB = PC PD
(ii) F PA PB = PC PD
9 # 4 = (2+x) 2
( PB = PC.PD
(
PA
vdnt,
x = 8 # 3 = 6.
x + 2 = 18 vdnt, x = 16.

4
vLJfhL 6.14

gl PA, PB vgd O-it ikakhf bfhl tlF bt
P-UJ tiuagl bjhLnfhLfshF. CD vgJ tlF
A
E vD tiuagl bjhLnfhL. AP = 15 br. v, T
C
PCD - Rwsit fLo.
O

btna cs UJ tlF tiuagl

bjhLnfhLf sf rk vgjid eh mnth.
PA = PB.

` CA = CE, DB = DE,

` T PCD - Rws = PC + CD + DP

= PC + CE + ED + DP

= PC + CA + DB + DP

= PA + PB = 2 PA
(a PB = PA )

Mfnt, T PCD - Rws = 2 # 15 = 30 br..

E
B

gl 6.36

vLJfhL 6.15

ABCD vw ehfu, mj vyh gffS xU tlij bjhLkhW mikJsJ.
AB = 6 br., BC = 6.5 br. kW CD = 7 br. v, AD- sij fhf.
ehfukhdJ tlij bjhL f P, Q, R kW S vf.

AP = AS (1),

202 10M tF fj

BP = BQ (2),

CR = CQ (3),

DR = DS (4).

(1), (2), (3) kW (4) Matiw TlilgJ,

AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS
= AS + DS + BQ + CQ

AB + CD = AD + BC.
(

AD = AB + CD BC = 6 + 7 6.5 =6.5

Mfnt, AD = 6.5 br..

7 br.

P
B

6 br.

gl 6.37
B

gl TP xU bjhLnfhL. A, B vgd tl Js
f. + BTP = 72c kW + ATB = 43c v + ABT-I

43c

72c

fhf.

2.

g 6.3
1.

6.5br.

xU tl AB, CD vD U ehf xiwbahW cwkhf P-

bto bfhwd.

(i) CP = 4 br., AP = 8 br.., PB = 2 br. v, PD-I fhf.

(ii) AP = 12 br., AB = 15 br., CP = PD v, CD-I fhf.

3.

AB kW CD vw U ehf tlF btna P vD bto

bfhwd.

4.

5.
6.

7.

(i) AB = 4 br., BP = 5 br. kW PD = 3 br. v, CD-I fhf.

(ii) BP = 3 br., CP = 6 br. kW CD = 2 br. v, AB-I fhf.
xU tl, TABC- gf BC-I P- bjhLwJ. mtl AB kW AC-f
fis Kiwna Q kW R- bjhLwJ v, AQ = AR = 1 (TABC- Rws)
2
vd Wf.
xU izfu vyh gffS xU tlid bjhLkhdh
mizfu xU rhrJukhF vd Wf.
xU jhkiu thdJ j klF nk 20 br. cau csJ. jo
gF j klF nH csJ. fhW RnghJ jL jsgL,
jhkiu thdJ jo Mug iyUJ 40 br. u jiu
bjhLwJ. Mug iy j klF nH css jo s fhf?
brtf ABCD- cw O-UJ brtf Kidf A, B, C, D
2

izfgLsd v, OA + OC = OB + OD vd Wf.

g 6.4
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1.

9 ABC- gff AB kW AC Matiw xU nenfhL Kiwna D kW

E-f btLwJ. nkY, mnfhL BC-F iz v AE =
AC
(A) AD
(B) AD
(C) DE
(D) AD
DB
AB
BC
EC
6. toa 203

2.

9ABC- AB kW AC-fYs f D kW E vgd DE < BC vwthW

csd. nkY, AD = 3 br., DB = 2 br. kW AE = 2.7 br. v, AC =

3.

(B) 4.5 br.

(C) 3.5 br.
(A) 6.5 br.
9 PQR- RS vgJ +R - nfhz cw Urkbto.
PQ = 6 br., QR = 8 br.,
RP = 4 br. v, PS =
(A) 2 br. (B) 4 br. (C) 3 br. (D) 6 br.

(D) 5.5 br.

P

8 br.

4.

gl AB = BD , +B = 40c kW +C = 60c v, +BAD =

AC
DC

(A) 30c

5.

gl x- kghdJ

(B) 50c

(C) 80c

56c

60c
D

E
10

(A) 4 $ 2 myFf
(C) 0 $ 8 myFf

6.

TABC kW TDEF -f +B = +E kW +C = +F v,

7.

(A) AB = CA
(B) BC = AB
(C) AB = BC
(D) CA = AB
DE
EF
EF
FD
DE
EF
FD
EF
A
bfhLfgl glF, bghUjhj Tid flf.

(A) TADB + TABC

(B) TABD + TABC

(C) TBDC + TABC

(D) TADB + TBDC

8.

(B) 3 $ 2 myFf
(D) 0 $ 4 myFf

8
B

56c

40c

(D) 40c
x

4 br.

r.
6b S

12 sKs xU neFjhd F, 8 sKs Hiy jiu VgLJwJ.

mnj neu xU nfhu 40 sKs Hiy jiu VgLJwJ v,
nfhu cau

(A) 40

(B) 50

(C) 75

(D) 60

9.

U tobthj Knfhzf gff j 2:3 v, mt

gugsf j

(A) 9 : 4

(B) 4 : 9

(C) 2 : 3

(D) 3 : 2

10.

Knfhzf ABC kW DEF tobthjit. mt gugsf Kiwna

100 br. 2, 49 br. 2 kW BC = 8.2 br. v, EF =

(A) 5.47 br.
(B) 5.74 br.
(C) 6.47 br.

11.

U tobthj Knfhzf Rwsf Kiwna 24 br., 18 br. vf. Kj

(D) 6.74 br.

Knfhz xU gf 8 br. v, kbwhU Knfhz mjF xj gf

(A) 4 br.
204 10M tF fj

(B) 3 br.

(C) 9 br.

(D) 6 br.

12.

AB, CD vgd xU tl U ehf. mit lgLnghJ P-

rwd kW AB = 5 br., AP = 8 br., CD = 2 br. v, PD =

(A) 12 br.

13.

gl ehf AB kW CD vgd P- btLwd

(B) 5 br.

(C) 6 br.

(D) 4 br.
D

AB = 16 br., PD = 8 br., PC = 6 kW AP >PB v, AP =

(A) 8 br.

(B) 4 br.

(C) 12 br.

(D) 6 br.

14.

P vD , tl ika O-UJ 26 br. bjhiy csJ. P-UJ

tlF tiuagl PT vw bjhLnfho s 10 br. v, OT =

(A) 36 br.

15.

gl, +PAB = 120c v, +BPT =

(A) 120o

(C) 40

16.

O-it ikakhf cila tlF PA, PB vgd bt P-UJ

tiuagl bjhLnfhLf. bjhLnfhLfSF il cs nfhz 40 o
v, +POA =
(A) 70o
(B) 80o
(C) 50o
(D) 60o

17.

(C) 18 br.
C

(D) 60

120
c

(D) 24 br.
B

(B) 30o

A
T

gl, PA, PB vgd tlF btnas

D
Q

P-UJ tiuagl bjhLnfhLf.

nkY CD vgJ Q vw tlF

(B) 5 br.

(C) 24 br.

brnfhz DABC - +B = 90c kW BD = AC .

v, CD =

C
B

bjhLnfhL. PA = 8 br., CQ = 3 br. v, PC =

(A) 11 br.
18.

(B) 20 br.

(D) 38 br.
BD = 8 br., AD = 4 br.

(A) 24 br.

19.

uL tobthj Knfhzf gugsf Kiwna 16 br. 2, 36 br. 2.

Kj Knfhz FJau 3 br. v, kbwhU Knfhz mjid
xj FJau

(A) 6.5 br.

20.

U tobthj Knfhzf DABC kW DDEF Mat Rwsf

Kiwna 36 br., 24 br.. nkY, DE = 10 br. v, AB =

(A) 12 br.

(B) 16 br.

(B) 6 br.

(B) 20 br.

(C) 32 br. (D) 8 br.

(C) 4 br.

(C) 15 br.

(D) 4.5 br.

(D) 18 br.
6. toa 205

Knfhza
There is perhaps nothing which so occupies the middle position of
mathematics as trigonometry J.F. Herbart

7.1 mKf
mKf
KbwhUikf
caufS ufS

ghr
(Hipparchus)

(190 - 120 .K.)

(Greece)

t Knfhzaiy
nkgLdh. Knfhz
a gagLjgL ml
tizfis cUthdh. nfhs
Knfhza gy fzF
fSF id flh.
Na kW ru ga
jkJ nfhghLfdhY kW
mt flj Knfhza
dhY, Na ufzij K
Tona mtjF egfkhd
Kiwia
Kj
Kj
ghr cUthdh.
th elF ffis
btWfzh TJ M
bra l fhykhf gagl
gy thda fUfis
ajhf
fLojJ
kL, jjifa gy
fUfis
nkgLa
bgUik tiu rhU.

tlf f msf kW mfis
tiugLJ ehf msf Ma tF ilna
cs bjhlid tgjfhf Knfhza
cUthfglJ. Knfhza, 15 M whoF
wF xU Knfhz nfhzf msfis mj
gff sfSl bjhlgLj gaLjglJ.
.K. 2M who thj nuf ehil nrj
ghr (Hipparchus) Knfhza gilghs vd
TwgLwJ. Knfhz msf vd bghUgL
Knfhza (Trigonometry) vD brhYFa
bgUik ghnjhnyhk of (Bartholomaus Pitiscus)
(1561-1613) vgtiu rhU.
xgjh tF, btntW Knfhza
jf, mtilnaahd j bjhlf kW
Knfhza mltizia gagL fzF
fSF fhQ Kiw Madtiw fwnjh.

Knfhza KbwhUikf g, kiyf,
fllf nghwt caufis, mitfSF
ilgl ufis neilahf msJ ghuhk,
Knfhza jfis kL gagL mtiw
fl Kiwfis g j maha eh
ff cnsh.

7.2 Knfhza KbwhUikf

(Trigonometric identities)

xU rkghlhdJ tiuaWfgl kh myJ
khf vyh kfSF bkahdh, mrkghL
xU KbwhUikahF vgjid eh mnth.
2
2
vLJfhlhf, ^a + bh2 = a + 2ab + b vw rkghL
xU KbwhUikahF. Vbd, midJ bkbaf
a, b fSF rkghL bkahF.

nj nghW xU nfhzkh, Knfhz
j fis bfhl rkghlhdJ, mYs
t i u aWfgl nfhzf vyh kfSF
bkahdh, mrkghL Knfhza KbwhUik
vdgL.
206


vLJfhlhf ^sin i + c osi h2 - ^sin i - cos i h2 = 4 sin i cos i vw rkghL
rkghL xU Knfhza
i - midJ kfSF bkahjyh,
2
KbwhUikahF. UD (sin i + cos i) = 1 vw rkghL KbwhUik
MfhJ. V b d , r k g h L i = 0c - F bkahwJ. Mdh, i = 45c v,
2
^sin 45c + cos 45ch2 = c 1 + 1 m = 2 ! 1 vgjh, rkghL bk MfhJ.
2
2
j maha, midJ Knfhza KbwhUikf kW
rkghLf Mad khf vbjj kfSF bghUSilajhf
mikwdnth, mkfSF mit eF tiuaWfgljhf fUjgLwd.

jhfu KbwhUikf (Pythagorean identities) vd miHfgL gaDs
_W KbwhUikfis jUJ, mtiw gagL ntW y KbwhUikfis
bgWnth.
2

brnfhz 3 ABC - AB + BC = AC

rkghL (1)- xbthU cWig AC M tFf ilgJ,

(1)

AB + BC = AC
2
2
2
AC
AC
AC

( AC ! 0 )
i

AB 2
BC 2
` AC j + ` AC j = 1

gl 7.1

vdnt,
cos A + sin A = 1
+A = i vf. 0c < i < 90c vd cs i - vyh kfSF

cos i + sin i = 1

(2)

nkY, cos 0c + sin 0c = 1 kW cos 90c + sin 90c = 1 vgJ bjthwJ.

2

vdnt, (2) MdJ 0c # i # 90c vw vyh i kF bkahF.

(1)-I AB M tFf ilgJ,

2

AB + BC = AC 2
` AB j
2
2
AB
AB

AB 2
BC 2
AC 2
` AB j + ` AB j = ` AB j

(a AB ! 0)
2

( 1 + tan i = sec i .

(3)

i = 90c vw kF tan i kW sec i tiuaWfglhjjh,

KbwhUik (3)MdJ 0c # i < 90c vw i - vyh kfSF bkahF.

L (1)- xbthU cWig BC2 M tFf ilgJ,

AB + BC = AC 2 (a BC ! 0)
` BC j
2
2
BC
BC
2
2
AB 2
BC 2
AC 2
` BC j + ` BC j = ` BC j ( cot i + 1 = cosec i .

(4)

i = 0cvw kF cot i kW cosec i tiuaWfglhjjh,

KbwhUik (4) MdJ 0c < i # 90cvw vyh i - kfSF bkahF.

7. Knfhza 207

nkfl KbwhUikfSF rkkhd y Kof nH jugLsd.

KbwhUik

rkkhd totf

(i) sin2 i + cos2 i = 1

sin2 i = 1 - cos2 i (myJ) cos2 i = 1 - sin2 i

(ii) 1 + tan2 i = sec2 i

sec2 i - tan2 i = 1 (myJ) tan2 i = sec2 i - 1

(iii) 1 + cot2 i = cosec2 i

cosec2 i - cot2 i = 1 (myJ) cot2 i = cosec2 i - 1

Fiu

nkny cs KbwhUikfis eh FWnfhz i - UJnsh.

Mdh KbwhUikf,
i - vkfSF Knfhza rhf
tiuaWfgLsnjh
mkfSF
KbwhUikf
bkahF.
ghl nfhz i - FWnfhz kfis kL vLJbfhnth.
bghJthf, Knfhza rhf cs KbwhUikfis %f xU bghJthd
tKiw VJ iy. UD nH jugLs y cf, Knfhza
KbwhUikfis %f gaDsjhf mik.

(i) bfhLfgLsit, %fgl ntoait Matiw ftd bfhL

KbwhUikfis ftdkhf gof.
(ii) va gFia vLJ thFtJ myJ RUFtijl KbwhUik
fyhd gFia vLJbfhL RUFtJ RygkhdJ.
(iii) y rkaf KbwhUik U gffY nfhitf fyhf U,
U gFfis jjahf vLJ RU, xnu nfhitahf jjahf
bgw ntL.
(iv) dfis xizFnghJ gYWnfhitf Tl gagL
afj cfis gagLj.
(v) njit v, xbthU cWig mjF rkkhd sine, cosine MadtF
kh RUFtjF Ka bra.
2
2
2
2
(vi) xU KbwhUik MdJ, tan i, cot i, cosec i, sec i MaitfSl Toa
2
2
2
2
cWfis bfhoUjh sec i = 1 + tan i kW cosec i = 1 + cot i
vgdtiw gagLJtJ eik gaF.
vLJfhL 7.1
sin i + cos i = 1 vw KbwhUikia Wf.
cosec i sec i

sin i + cos i = sin i + cos i

1
1
cosec i sec i
` sin i j ` cos i j

= sin i + cos i = 1.

208 10M tF fj

vLJfhL 7.2
1 - cos i = cosec i - cot i vw KbwhUikia Wf.
1 + cos i

^1 - cos i h ^1 - cos i h
#
^1 + cosih ^1 - cosih

1 - cos i =
1 + cos i

^1 - cos i h2

^1 - cos i h2
2

1 - cos i
sin i
= 1 - cos i = 1 - cos i
sin i
sin i
sin i
= cosec i - cot i .

(a 1 - cos i = sin i )

vLJfhL 7.3

6cosec ^90c - i h - sin ^90c - i h@ [cosec i - sin i] [tan i + cot i] = 1

vw KbwhUikia Wf.

6cosec ^90c - i h - sin ^90c - i h@ [cosec i - sin i] [tan i + cot i]

sin i
cos i

= ^sec i - cos i h^cosec i - sin i h c cos i + sin i m (a cosec (90c - i) = sec i,
sin (90c - i) = cos i )
2
2
1
1
sin
i
cos
i
+

=`
m
- cos i j`
- sin i jc
cos i
sin i
sin i cos i
2

1
= c 1 - cos i mc 1 - sin i m`
j
cos i
sin i
sin i cos i

1
= c sin i mc cos i m`
j = 1.
cos i
sin i sin i cos i

(sin2 i + cos2 i = 1)

vLJfhL 7.4
tan i + sec i - 1 = 1 + sin i vd Wf.
tan i - sec i + 1
cos i

tan i + sec i - 1
tan i - sec i + 1
^sec2 i - tan2 i h
tan
i
sec
i
+
=

tan i - sec i + 1

^a sec2 i - tan2 i = 1h

2
2
= ^tan i + sec ih - ^sec i + tan ih^sec i - tan ih ^ a a - b = ^a + bh (a - bh )

tan i - sec i + 1

= (tan i + sec i) 61 - ^sec i - tan i h@

tan i - sec i + 1
^tan i + sec i h^tan i - sec i + 1h
=
tan i - sec i + 1

= tan i + sec i = sin i + 1 = 1 + sin i .

cos i cos i
cos i
7. Knfhza 209

vLJfhL 7.5
tan i + cot i = 1 + tan i + cot i vw KbwhUikia Wf.
1 - cot i 1 - tan i

tan i + cot i
1 - cot i 1 - tan i

1
1
i
tan
tan
i
i
tan
tan
i
=
=
+
+
1
i
1
tan
tan
1
1
tan
i
i
1tan i
tan i
2

tan i +
1
1
= tan i +
tan i - 1 tan i^1 - tan i h
tan i - 1 ^- tan i h^tan i - 1h

tan i 1
tan i - 1
^tan i h^tan i - 1h

=
=

2
1
tan i - 1 j
`
tan i
^tan i - 1h

1
^tan i - 1h

^tan3 i - 1h

tan i

2
2
^tan i - 1h^tan i + tan i + 1 h

^a a3 b3 = ^a bh^a2 + ab + b2hh

(tan i - 1) tan i
2

= tan i + tan i + 1
tan i

= tan i + tan i + 1 =tan i + 1 + cot i

tan i
tan i tan i
= 1 + tan i + cot i .
vLJfhL 7.6
2

^sin i + cosec i h2 + ^cos i + sec i h2 = 7 + tan i + cot i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

^sin i + cosec i h2 + ^cos i + sec i h2

2

= sin i + cosec i + 2 sin i cosec i + cos i + sec i + 2 cos i sec i

2
2
2
2
= sin i + cos i + cosec i + sec i + 2 sin i 1 + 2 cos i 1
sin i
cos i
2
2
= 1 + ^1 + cot i h + ^1 + tan i h + 2 + 2

= 7 + tan i + cot i .

210 10M tF fj

vLJfhL 7.7

^sin6 i + cos6 i h = 1 - 3 sin2 i cos2 i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

sin i + cos i

= ^sin i h + ^cos i h
2

= ^sin i + cos i h - 3 sin i cos i ^sin i + cos i h

2

(a a + b = ^a + bh3 - 3ab^a + bh )

= 1 - 3 sin i cos i .

^a sin2 i + cos2 i = 1 h

vLJfhL 7.8
3
sin i - 2 sin i = tan i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

3
2 cos i - cos i

2
3
sin i - 2 sin i = sin i^1 - 2 sin i h
3
2
2 cos i - cos i
cos i^2 cos i - 1h
2

= c sin i me sin 2i + cos i2 - 2 sin 2 i o

cos i 2 cos i - ^sin i + cos i h

= ( tan i ) e cos2 i - sin2 i o = tan i .

cos i - sin i

^a sin2 i + cos2 i = 1h

vLJfhL 7.9

sec i - tan i = 1 - 2 sec i tan i + 2 tan2 i vw KbwhUikia Wf.

sec i + tan i

sec i - tan i
sec i + tan i

= c sec i - tan i m # c sec i - tan i m

sec i + tan i
sec i - tan i

= ^sec i - tan i h2 = sec i + tan i - 2 sec i tan i

= ^1 + tan i h + tan i - 2 sec i tan i

= 1 - 2 sec i tan i + 2 tan i.

^sec i - tan i h2
2

sec i - tan i
^sec i - tan i h2

^a sec2 i - tan2 i = 1h
2

^a sec2 i = 1 + tan2 i h

7. Knfhza

211

vLJfhL 7.10
2
1 + sec i = sin i vd Wf.

sec i
1 - cos i


1+ 1
(cos i + 1)
1 + sec i
cos i
(cos i)
=
=

1
sec i
cos i


cos i

= 1 + cos i

= (1 + cos i) #

= 1 - cos i
1 - cos i
2
= sin i .
1 - cos i

(1 - cos i)

(1 - cos i)

vLJfhL 7.11

^cosec i - sin i h^sec i - cos i h =

1
vw KbwhUikia Wf.
tan i + cot i

Kj, lJ gf csij vLJbfhnth.

^cosec i - sin i h^sec i - cos i h

= ` 1 - sin i j` 1 - cos i j
sin i
cos i

= c 1 - sin i mc 1 - cos i m
sin i
cos i

= cos i sin i = sin i cos i (1)

sin i cos i

mLjjhf, tyJ gf csij fUJnth.

1
1
tan i + cot i = sin i


+ cos i
cos i
sin i

(1) kW (2) MatUJ,

(cosec i - sin i)^sec i - cos i h =

212 10M tF fj

1

2
sin
i
cos
i
+
c
m
sin i cos i

sin i cos i

= sin i cos i

(2)

1
.
tan i + cot i

= sin i cos i
1
= sin i cos i
sin2 i + cos2 i
1
=
sin2 i + cos2 i
sin i cos i
1
=
sin2 i + cos2 i
sin i cos i sin i cos i
1
=
tan i + cot i

vLJfhL 7.12
2

tan i + sin i = m , tan i - sin i = n kW m ! n v, m - n = 4 mn vd fhLf.

m = tan i + sin i , n = tan i - sin i vgd bfhLfgLsd.
2

m - n = ^tan i + sin i h2 - ^tan i - sin i h2

= tan i + sin i + 2 sin i tan i - ^tan i + sin i - 2 sin i tan i h

= 4 sin i tan i

nkY,

(1)

(2)

4 mn = 4 ^tan i + sin i h^tan i - sin i h

2

= 4 tan i - sin i = 4
= 4

sin i c

sin i - sin2 i
o
2
cos i

1 -1
m
2
cos i

= 4 sin i (sec i - 1)
2

= 4 sin i tan i
= 4 sin i tan i.
2

(a sec2 i - 1 = tan2 i)

(1) kW (2)-UJ, m - n = 4 mn .

vLJfhL 7.13
tan2 a = cos2 b - sin2 b v, cos2 a - sin2 a = tan2 b vd Wf.

cos2 b - sin2 b = tan2 a vd bfhLfgLsJ.

2
cos2 b - sin2 b
= sin 2a
1
cos a
2
2
cos b - sin b
sin2 a
=
cos2 b + sin2 b
cos2 a

Tl fj jrk

a = c v, a + b = c + d
b
d
a-b
c-d

Tl fj jrk ia gagLj ilgJ,

2
2
(cos2 b - sin2 b) + (cos2 b + sin2 b)
= sin2 a + cos2 a
2
2
2
2
(cos b - sin b) - (cos b + sin b)
sin a - cos a

2 cos2 b
1
=
(
2
2
sin a - cos2 a

- 2 sin b

( -

sin2 b
= sin2 a - cos2 a
2
cos b

( tan2 b = cos2 a - sin2 a vd WtglJ.
F : Tl fj jrk ia gagLjhkY nkny cs fzF
fhzy.
7. Knfhza 213

g 7.1
1.

tUtd xbthW KbwhUik MFkh vd fhf.

(i) cos i + sec i = 2 +sin i

2.

tU KbwhUikfis Wf.

(i) sec i + cosec i = sec i cosec i

(iii)

(ii)

sin i = cosec i + cot i

1 - cos i

(iv)

cos i
= 1 + sin i
sec i - tan i
2

(vi) 1 + cos i - sin i = cot i

sin i ^1 + cos i h
sin i
(vii) sec i ^1 - sin i h^sec i + tan i h = 1 (viii)
= 1 - cos i
cosec i + cot i
tU KbwhUikfis Wf.
(v)

3.

1 - sin i = sec i - tan i

1 + sin i

(ii) cot i + cos i = sin i

sec i + cosec i = tan i + cot i

(i)

sin ^90c - i h
cos i
= 2sec i .
+
1 + sin i
1 - cos ^90c - i h

(ii)

tan i + cot i = 1 + sec i cosec i .

1 - cot i 1 - tan i

(iii)

0
0
sin ^90 - i h cos ^90 - i h
+
= cos i + sin i .
1 - tan i
1 - cot i

(iv)

0
tan ^90 - i h cosec i + 1
+
= 2 sec i.
cosec i + 1
cot i

(v) cot i + cosec i - 1 = cosec i + cot i.

cot i - cosec i + 1

(vi) ^1 + cot i - cosec i h^1 + tan i + sec i h = 2 .

1
(vii) sin i - cos i + 1 =
.
sin i + cos i - 1
sec i - tan i

(viii)

0
tan i = sin i sin ^90 - i h
2
2
0
1 - tan i
2 sin ^90 - i h - 1
1
1
(ix)
.
- 1 = 1 cosec i - cot i sin i
sin i cosec i + cot i

(x)

cot i + sec i = (sin i cos i)^tan i + cot i h .

2
2
tan i + cosec i
2

4.

x = a sec i + b tan i kW y = a tan i + b sec i v, x - y = a - b vd Wf.

5.

2
tan i = n tan a kW sin i = m sin a v, cos i = m2 - 1 , n ! +1, vd Wf.
n -1

6.

sin i, cos i kW tan i vgd bgUF bjhl (G.P.) U

cot i - cot i = 1 vd Wf.

214 10M tF fj

7.3 caufS ufS (Heights and Distances)

nfhfSFilnas u, vtbu fu

cau, f bjhiy cs Na, ru, ... nghwtF
ilnas u Mad vthW msfgLwd myJ
fzlgLwd vgJ ekF aghf csJ. tiw
ms ehlhit bfhL msl Kokh?

cik, mthW msj vgJ ayhJ.
Knfhza jfis bfhL j l ufis
fzl Ko vgJ ekF Mtij mwJ. nkY
Knfhza jf, njrglfis tiua kW
gl 7.2
mrnuif, fnuifia bfhL xU miklij fhz gagLwd.

nahliy (Theodolite) vw fU ( gl 7.2) xU bghUis cWnehFgt
iliy ghitnfhoF, mbghUSF ilgl nfhzij msf
gagLwJ. nahliy fU, msf Ff bgw xWbfhW
brFjhf cs uL rfufS, xU bjhiyneh csd. rfuf,
ilklnfhzf kW neFJ nfhzf Matiw msf cjwd.
njitahd nfhzij msgjF, bjhiynehia mia nehathW
itfntL. mnfhz msit bjhiyneh msnfh fhzyh.

e g bfhofg cauij neuoahf msJ ghfhk, mj
cauij fhngh.

bfho fg mo B-UJ 10 u jiu A vw xU
khzt W bfhoUwh vf. mt bfhofg c Dia 60c nfhz
ghwh. mtUila iliy ghit nfho kl E MdJ (Eye level) jiu
D
klUJ 1.2 cau csJ vdbfhnth. (gl.7.3I ghf)
brnfhz TDEC - +DEC = 60c

tan 60c = CD
EC

bghGJ,

CD = EC tan 60c

vdnt,

CD = 10 3 = 10 # 1.732

= 17.32

bfhofg cau, BD = BC + CD

= 1.2 + 17.32 = 18.52

60
1.2

10
10

C
B

gl 7.3

thW, neuoahf msJ ghfhknyna e g bfhofg

cauij ekh fhz KowJ. vdnt, xU brnfhz Knfhz xU gfK,
xU FWnfhzK bjjh, Knfhza jfis gagL kw gf
msfis fLof aY. caufis kW ufis fhg
mofo eh gagLJ y fiy brhfis nghGJ tiuaWngh.
7. Knfhza 215

ghit nfhL (Line of sight)

eh xU bghUis ghF nghJ, ekJ fUJ mbghUSF cs

nenfhL ghitnfhL vdgL. F fzL u myJ rkjgl u f
mfkhf csjh, bghUis xU ahf fUJnwh.
wf nfhz kW Vw nfhz (Angle of depression and angle of elevation)

iliy ghit nfhL

wf
nfhz
ghit

nfhL

gl 7.4

xU bghU e iliy
ghitnfhoF nkny Ujh, eh
jiyia ca mbghUis ghf
ntoUF.
j fnghJ
e ff xU nfhz nkyhf
efwd. thW VgL nfhz
Vw nfhz vdgL. mjhtJ,
iliy
ghit
nfhoF
nknys
ghit
nfhoF
ilnas nfhz Vw nfhz
vdgL. (gl 7.5).
F

xU bghU iliy ghit

nfhoF nH U, mbghUis
ghf eh e jiyia jhj ntL.
j f nghJ ekJ ff xU
nfhz Hhf efwd. thW
VgL nfhz wf nfhz
vdgL. mjhtJ, iliy ghit
nfhoF nH bghU UFnghJ
ghit nfhoF iliy ghit
nfhoF
ilnas
nfhz
wf nfhz vdgL. (gl 7.4).

ghi

tn

fhL

Vw nf

hz

iliy ghit nfhL

gl 7.5

(i) ghitahs cau juglho ghitahsiu xU ahf vLJ

bfhnth.
(ii) ghitahs xU bghUis ghF nghJ VgL Vw nfhzkhdJ,
mbghUUJ ghitahsiu ghF nghJ VgL wf nfhzF
rk.

cauf kW uf bjhlghd fzFfSF fhz tU
gof gagL.
(i) dhid ftdkhf gojmjnfwthW xU va kh glij tiuf.
(ii) gl jf milahsf bfhLJ jugl kfis Ff.
(iii) fzl ntoa cauij h vd bfhf. uij x vd bfhf.
(iv) fzF fhz cj Knfhza jij njbjLf.
(v) bfhLfgl kfis uL, njitahd kid fhf.
216 10M tF fj


tU braghL, kw Kiwfis l bghU cauij, va Kiw
fla cj.
brJ gh

xU cR FH (straw) ika xU xU
Kidia fl.
kbwhU Kidia fhj gW
fUl (paper clip) fLf.

cR FH

j cR FH ikaid xU nfhzkh
(protractor) mow Wfkhf xl. yhdJ vjj
jlf yhk bjh xU FJnfhil, VgLJjiy
cW brf.

neuoahf msf ayhj btnas xU caukhd bghUis
mjhtJ, TilgJ tisa, bfhofg myJ g
fll cau t VjhtJ xid nj brf.

fhjgW
fU

gl 7.6

cR FH _y mbghU cia ghf. yhdJ nfhzkh
msLfis bjhL l VgL nfhzij msf. Vw nfhz
fhz, mnfhz msid 90c- UJ ff. nfhzij i vf.

iliy ghit nfhoF, jiuklF cs uij msJ mij x
vf. c fhyoUJ mbghU mogFF cs bjhiyit msJ
mij y vd bfhs.

t msfis xU gl Ff.

bghU cau (h) fhz, h = x + y tan i vw rkghil gagLj.

vLJfhL 7.14

200 sKs dh xU fhwho flgL gwJ bfhoUwJ. mj
jiuklJl 300 nfhzij VgLdh, fhwho jiuklUJ vts
cau gwwJ vd fhf. (F xU nenfho csjhf fUJf)
jiuklUJ fhwhoF cs u h vf.

gl AC vgJ s vf.

+CAB = 30c kW AC = 200

vd bfhLfgLsJ.

brnfhz 3 CAB- sin 30c = h

200

h = 200 sin 30c

200

30
A

gl 7.7

h = 200 # 1 = 100
2
mjhtJ jiu klUJ fhwho u 100 .
`

7. Knfhza 217

vLJfhL 7.15

Rt rhJ itfgl xU VahdJ jiul 60c nfhzij VgLJwJ.

V mo RtUJ 3.5 u csJ v, V sij fhf.

AC vgJ Via, B vgJ Rt moia FfL.

V s ac = x vf.

+CAB = 60c kW AB = 3.5 vd bfhLfgLsJ.

brnfhz 3 CAB -, cos 60c = AB
AC
AC = AB

(
cos 60c

` x = 2 # 3.5 = 7

60
A

3.5

gl 7.8

vdnt, V s 7 MF.

vLJfhL 7.16

30

sKs xU fg H s 10 3 v,

Na Vw

nfhz (jiu klUJ Vw nfhz) msid fhf.

s vgJ Na iy vd Bc vgJ fg vd
bfhf.

S
C

AB = 10 3 vgJ fg H s vf. A-
Na Vwnfhz i vf.

BC = 30

brnfhz 3 CAB-, tan i = BC = 30 =

AB
10 3


tan i = 3
(

30

3
3

i = 60c

jiu klUJ Na Vw nfhz 60c.

10 3

vLJfhL 7.17

gl 7.9

xU nfhu moUJ 30 3 bjhiy F xU ghitahs,

mnfhu cid 30c Vw nfhz fhwh.

jiuklUJ

mtUila iliy ghitnfhoF cs u 1.5 v, nfhu

cauij fhf.

BD vgJ nfhu cau vf. AE vgJ jiuklF ghitahs

iliy ghitnfhoF ilna cs u vf.

218 10M tF fj

AB = EC vUFkhW AB-F izahf EC-I tiuf.

AB = EC = 30 3 kW

AE = BC = 1.5 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
brnfhz 3 DEC-,

tan 30c = CD
EC

30

1.5

30 3
B

30 3

gl 7.10

CD = EC tan 30c = 30 3
3
CD = 30

`
Mjyh, nfhu cau, BD = BC + CD
= 1.5 + 30 = 31.5
vLJfhL 7.18

neFjhd xU ku nkghf fhdh KJ, mKj gF nH
GJlhk, ku c jiul 30c nfhzij VgLJwJ. ku c mj
moUJ 30 bjhiy jiuia bjhLwJ v, ku KG cauij fhf.
(

C vw ku KJsJ
vd ku c jiuia bjhL
A vd bfhf. ku B mo vf.
AB = 30 kW +CAB = 30c vd
bfhLfgLsd.

brnfhz 3 CAB -,

tan 30c = BC
AB

BC = AB tan 30c
(

30
B
30
gl 7.11

BC = 30
3
= 10 3
bghGJ,

cos 30c = AB
AC
AB

( AC =
cos 30c

vdnt,
AC = 30 # 2 = 10 3 # 2 = 20 3 .
3

Mfnt, ku cau = BC + AC = 10 3 + 20 3

(1)

(2)

= 30 3 .
vLJfhL 7.19

X mntf ngh khd, jiu klUJ 3000 cau, kbwhU
mntf ngh khdij ne nkyhf flwJ. mthW flF nghJ jiu
kl xU Fl UJ mt Vw nfhzf Kiwna 60c
kW 45c v, mj neu ulhtJ ngh khd kW Kj ngh khd
MatF ilgl uij fzLf. ( 3 = 1.732 )
7. Knfhza 219

 O vw U ngh khdfis cW nehFtjhf

bfhnth.

Fl neu mntf ngh khdf uL
xF nkyhf kbwhW neFjhf gwF nghJ mt
iyf A, B vf.

AC = 3000 vd UFkhW jiu cs C vf.

A
h

jnghJ, +AOC = 60c kW +BOC = 45c.

mntf ngh khdfSF ilgl u h vf.

brnfhz 3 BOC -, tan 45c = BC
OC
%

(a tan 45 = 1)
( OC = BC

3000 - h

45 60
O

gl 7.12

OC = 3000 - h

brnfhz 3 AOC , tan 60c = AC
OC
AC
3000

( OC = tan 60% = 3
= 3000 # 3 = 1000 3
3
3

vdnt,

(1)

(2)

(1) kW (2)-UJ ekF ilgJ,

3000 h = 1000 3

( h = 3000 - 1000 # 1.732 = 1268

uL mntf ngh khdfSF ilgl u 1268 .
vLJfhL 7.20

xU nfhu moUJ xU F c Vwnfhz 60c vf.
F moUJ nfhu c Vwnfhz 30c kW nfhu cau
50 v, F cauij fhf.
AD vgJ nfhu cau kW BC vgJ F cau vf.
jnghJ, +CAB = 60c, +ABD = 30c kW AD = 50 vd bfhLfgLsd.

BC = h l vf.

brnfhz TDAB - tan 30c = AD

AB
( AB = AD
tan 30c

` AB = 50 3
nkY, brnfhz 3 CAB- tan 60c = BC
AB

(1)

( BC = AB tan 60c

h = BC = (50 3 ) 3 = 150 ( (1) - UJ )

vdnt, F cau 150 .

220 10M tF fj

h
D

50

60
A

30

gl 7.13

vLJfhL 7.21
xU brFjhd RtU, xU nfhuK xU Fl ilbt csd.

nfhu cUJ ghF nghJ, Rt c kW mo Mat wf
nfhzf Kiwna 45c kW 60c MF. nfhu cau 90 v, Rt
cauij fhf. ( 3 = 1.732 )

AE kW BD vgd Kiwna Rtiu nfhuij Fwd.

AB=EC vwthW AB-F izahf EC-I tiuf. vdnt, AE = BC.

AB = x kW AE = h vf.

BD = 90 , +DAB = 60c kW +DEC = 45c (bfhLfgLsJ)

vdnt, CD = BD - BC = 90 - h .

AE = BC = h

3 DAB-, tan 60c = BD = 90

AB
x

x = 90 = 30 3
(
3

brnfhz 3 DEC -, tan 45c = DC = 90 - h
EC
x



x = 90 - h

(1) kW (2) MatUJ, 90 - h = 30 3

brnfhz

Mfnt, Rt cau

(1)
gl 7.14

(2)

h = 90 - 30 3 = 38.04 .

vLJfhL 7.22
flfiu cs brFjhd ghiw x J flgLs xU fyfiu

sf WbfhoUF xU W, HFir U glFfis ghwh.
mglFf wfnfhzf Kiwna 30c, 60c kW U glFfSilnas
u 300 v, fl klUJ fyfiu sf c uij fhf.
( glFfS, fyfiu sfK xnu nenfho csd)

A kW D vgd Kiwna ghiw moghf kW fyfiu sf c

vf. B kW C vgd U glFf vf.

fl klUJ fyfiu sf cF cs u h vf.

+ABD = 60c, +ACD = 30c kW BC = 300 .

brnfhz TABD -, tan 60c = AD
AB
AB = AD
(
tan 60c
vdnt,
(1)
x = h
3

AB = x vf.
bfhLfgLsit :

D
30
60
h

60

30

300

gl 7.15
7. Knfhza 221

nkY, brnfhz 3 ACD -,

tan 30c = AD
AC

AC = AD ( x + 300 =
(
tan 30c

x + 300 = h 3

h
1
c
m
3

(1)-I (2)- ul ilgJ

fl klUJ fyfiu sf cF cs u = 150 3 .

(2)

h + 300 = h 3
3

h 3 - h = 300
3
2h = 300 3 .

vdnt, h = 150

3.

vLJfhL 7.23
xU Wt, jiuUJ 88.2 cau iliy nfho fh efU
xU gid 60c Vw nfhz ghwh. jiuF mtdJ iliy ghit
nfhoF ilna cs u 1.2 . J neu fJ, mnj lUJ mt
gid ghF nghJ Vwnfhz 30cMf FiwwJ v, fhy ilbt
g efj uij fhf.
A-UJ Wt gid ghgjhf

bfhnth.

E, D vgd gdhdJ A- Kiwna 60c, 30c Vw

nfhzij VgLJ g iyf vf.

B, C vgd BE = CD = 87 vd mik il-

iy ghit nfho cs f vf.

Al , Bl kW C l vgd Al A = Bl B = C l C = 1.2

vwthW mik, jiu cs f vf.

+EAB = 60c, +DAC = 30c

C l D = 88.2 .
vdnt, BE = CD = 87 .
nkY, brnfhz 3 EAB-,
tan 60c = BE
AB

AB =

87 = 87 = 29 3
tan 60c
3

brnfhz 3 DAC- tan 30c = DC

AC
222 10M tF fj

60c
30c

Cl

Al

Bl

gl 7.16

87 = 87 3 .
tan 30c
Mfnt, g efj u ED = BC = AC - AB


= 87 3 - 29 3 = 58 3

AC =

vdnt,

vLJfhL 7.24

xU fll nk xU bfho fg wJ. jiuYs xU UJ
bfhofg c kW mo Mat Vwnfhzf Kiwna 60c kW 45c
vf. nkY bfho fg cau 10 v, fll cauij fhf.

( 3 = 1.732 )

A vD UJ bfhofg c kW mo Mat Vw
nfhzf Kiwna 60c kW 45c vf.

B vgJ fll mo vf.

BC kW CD vgd Kiwna fll cau kW bfhofg cauij

Fwd.

bfhLfglit: +CAB = 45c , +DAB = 60c kW CD = 10

jnghJ, BC = h kW AB = x vf.

brnfhz 3 CAB-,

tan 45c = BC .
AB
vdnt, AB = BC mjhtJ, x = h MF.
nkY, brnfhz 3 DAB-,

tan 60c = BD
AB
AB = h + 10%
(
tan 60

(1)
gl 7.17

( x = h + 10
3

(2)

(1) kW (2)-UJ, h = h + 10
3



=
10
3h-h
(

h = c

10
3 + 1 = 10^ 3 + 1h
m
mc
3-1
3 -1
3 +1

= 5^2.732h = 13.66

vdnt, fll cau 13.66 .
vLJfhL 7.25
xUt flklUJ 14 cauKs cs xU fg nk js W

bfhL brFjhd xU ghiw Kfo cid 60c Vw nfhzY mj
moid 30c wf nfhzY fhwh v, brFjhd ghiw cau ahJ?
7. Knfhza 223

 BD vgJ brFjhd ghiw cau vf. A vgJ fg mo vf. fg

nk js E vD UJ ghiw ghfgLwJ vf. AE = 14 .
D

AB-F izahf AB = EC vwthW EC-I tiuf.

bfhLfglit: +ABE = 30c, +DEC = 60c kW AE =14 .

brnfhz 3 ABE -,

AB =

AE
tan 30c

( AB = 14 3

EC = 14 3
brnfhz 3 DEC -, tan 60c = CD
EC

( a AB = EC )

vdnt,

60

C
30

14

14

tan30c = AE
AB

30

gl 7.18

CD = EC tan 60c ( CD = (14 3 ) 3 = 42

Mfnt, ghiw cau BD =

BC + CD = 14 + 42 = 56 .

vLJfhL 7.26

iliy gwJ bfhoUF xU Mfha khdij A vD
UJ ghFnghJ mj Vw nfhz 60c. mkhd iliy 15
dhof gwj mnj UJ mj Mfha khd Vw nfhz 30c
Mf khWwJ. khd 200 / ntf gwJ bfhoUjh, khd gwJ
bfhoUF khwhj iliy cauij fhf.


A vD UJ Mfha khdij
ghgjhf bfhnth. mj Mugiy E vf.
15 ehofSF Mfha khd iy
D vf. BE kW CD vgd Mfha khd
gwF khwhj cau vf.

+DAC = 30c kW +EAB = 60c vd

bfhLfgLsJ.

BE = CD = h vf.

AB = x vf.

30

60

gl 7.19

15 dhof khd brw u,
ED = 200 # 15 = 3000 ( u = ntf # fhy )
BC = 3000 .

mjhtJ,

brnfhz 3 DAC -,

tan 30c = CD
AC

CD = AC tan 30c

224 10M tF fj

mjhtJ, h = (x + 3000) 1 .
3

brnfhz 3 EAB -,

tan 60c = BE
AB



BE = AB tan 60c ( h = 3 x
(
3 x = 1 ^ x + 3000h

(1) kW (2)-UJ
3

3x = x + 3000 ( x = 1500 .
(

(1)

(2)

h = 1500 3 .

(2)-UJ

Mfha khd gwF khwhj iliy cau = 1500 3 .

g 7.2
1.

xU Rik CUJ (truck) Rikia wf VJthf 30c Vw nfhz xU

rh js (ramp) csJ. rh js, c jiuUJ 0.9 cau
csJ v, rh js s ahJ?

2.

cau 150 br. cs xU W xU sF fg K wthW 150 3 br.

sKs Hiy VgLJwh v, sF fg c Vw
nfhzij fhf.

3.

A kW B vw fSF ilgl u 2 UF tiu, xW vG

xia kwJ nff aY. RtUJ 1 u jiuYs A MdJ
xU yah czgL iy cs B-ia Rt fhwJ.
A-UJ B-F Vw nfhz 30c Mf UFnghJ A MdJ B-F
vrif x Ljh, yF iu ilFkh myJ ilfhjh?
(A- vrif xia B nfFnghJ mJ jL vd bfhf)

4.

u neu xUt ml nkf_l jsid

(cloud ceiling) fhz ufhrkhd xU s xid
nkfij
neh
brFjhf
brYJwh.
msUJ
100
u,
jiuUJ
1.5 cau bghUjgl nahliy (Theodolite)
_y nkf_lij ghFnghJ Vwnfhz 60c
v, ml nkf_l js vts cau csJ?
(gl 7.20).

60

1.5

100

gl 7.20

(F: ml nkf_l js vgJ f Fiwj

cau ytToa ml nkf_lkhF. Mfha khd ghJfhghf nkny
cau, jiu wf nghJkhd cau ml nkf_ljs mika ntL.
u s xid brFjhf nk neh brY ml nkf_l
jsid xu brJ js cauij fhwhf).
7. Knfhza 225

5.

40 br. sKs xU CryhdJ (pendulum), xU KG miy nghJ, mj

c 60c nfhzij VgLJwJ. mj miy, Cr Fo Jtf
iyF, W iyF ilna cs f Fiwj uij fhf.

6.

xWbfhW nebuuhf cs U kuf J A, B vw U fhiff 15 kW

10 cauf mkJ bfhoUjd. mit jiuUF xU tilid
Kiwna 45c kW 60c wf nfhz ghwd. mit xnu neu s
Fiwthd sKs ghij rkntf gwJ, mtilia vLf Kajh
vj gwit bt bgW? (U kuf mo, til Mad xnu nenfho csd)

7.

tl to cs xU fh ika xU sF fg wJ.
tl g mikj P, Q vD U f sF fgdo 90c
nfhzij VgLJwd. nkY, P-UJ sF fg c
Vw nfhz 30c MF. PQ = 30 v, sF fg cauij fhf.

8.

700 cau gwJ bfhoUF xU bAfhlUJ xUt X M

U fiuf nebuuhf cs U bghUfis 30c, 45c wf nfhzf
fhwh v, M mfyij fhf. ( 3 = 1.732 )

9.

rkjs W bfhoUF X vgt, mtlUJ 100 u gwJ

bfhoUF xU gwitid 30c Vw nfhz ghwh. mnj neu,
Y vgt 20 cauKs xU fll c W bfhL mnj gwitia
45c Vw nfhz ghwh. UtU W bfhL mtfSilnas
gwitia vbuuhf ghwd v, Y-UJ gwit cs uij fhf.

10.

tFgiw mkJ bfhoUF xU khzt fUgyif iliy

ghit nfhoUJ 1.5 cau cs Xaij 30c Vw nfhz
fhwh. Xa mtDF bjthf bjahjjh neuhf fUgyifia
neh efJ L mj Xaij 45c Vw nfhz bjthf
fhwh v, mt efj uij fhf.

11.

xU Wt 30 cauKs fllF vnu Fl u wh.

mtDila iliy ghitnfhL jiuklUJ 1.5 cau csJ.
mt fllij neh elJ brY nghJ, mfll c Vw
nfhz 30c-UJ 60cMf cawJ. mt fllij neh elJ brw
uij fhf.

12.

200 mo cauKs fyfiu sf cUJ, mj fhghs xU

njh kW xU glF Matiw ghwh. fyfiu sf mo, njh
kW xU glF Mad xnu ir xnu nenfho mikwd. njh,
glF Mat wf nfhzf Kiwna 45c kW 30c vf. uL
ghJfhghf Uf ntLbk, mitfSF ilgl u FiwjJ 300
moahf Uf ntL. ilbt Fiwjh fhghs vrif x vGg
ntL. mt vrif x vGg ntLkh?

226 10M tF fj

13.

jiu WbfhoUF xU Wt fh, iliy nfho khwhj

cau efJ bfhoUF xU gid fhwh. xU Fl
iy Wt 60c Vw nfhz gid fhwh. 2 lf fj
d mnj iyUJ Wt L gid ghFnghJ Vwnfhz
30c Mf FiwwJ. fh ntf 29 3 /l v, jiuUJ g
cau fhf.

14.

xU neuhd beLrhiy xU nfhuij neh brwJ. nfhu c

W bfhoUF xUt uhd ntf tJbfhoUF xU Cia
30c wf nfhz fhwh. 6 lf fj d mj C
wf nfhz 60cv, nfhuij mila C nkY vjid lf
vLJ bfhS?

15.

xU braif nfhSF xnu ir mikJs U fLghL

iyafUJ mbraif nfh Vw nfhzf Kiwna 30c kW
60c vd csd. mU iyaf, braifnfh Ma it _W
xnu brFJ js mikwd. U iyafSF ilna cs
u 4000 . v, braifnfhSF, F ilna cs uij
fhf . ( 3 = 1.732 )

16.

60 cauKs xU nfhuUJ xU fll c kW mo Mat

wf nfhzf Kiwna 30c kW 60c v, fll cauij fhf.

17.

40 cauKs xU nfhu c kW mo MatUJ xU fyfiu

s c Vw nfhzf Kiwna 30ckW 60c v, fyfiu
s cauij fhf.
fyfiu s cUJ nfhu
moF cs uij fhf.

18.

xU V nkgu xU UJ fhQnghJ, 45 cau

gwJ bfhoUF xU bAfhl Vw nfhz 30c Mf csJ.
mUJ mnj neu j bAfhl H wf
nfhz 60c v, bAfhlUF V nkguF ilgl uij
fhf.

g 7.3
rahd ilia njbjLf.
^1 - sin2 i h sec2 i =
1.

(A) 0

2.

^1 + tan2 i h sin2 i =

(A) sin i

3.

^1 - cos2 i h^1 + cot2 i h =

(A) sin i

4.

sin ^90c - i h cos i + cos ^90c - i h sin i =

(A) 1

(B) 1
2

(B) cos i
(B) 0
(B) 0

(D) cos i

(C) tan i

(D) cot i

(C) 1

(D) tan i

(C) 2

(D) 1

(C) tan i

7. Knfhza 227

sin i =
1 + cos i
(A) cos i

(B) tan i

(C) cot i

(D) cosec i

6.

cos x - sin x =

(A) 2 sin x - 1

(C) 1 + 2 sin x

7.

tan i = a v,
x

5.

1-

(B) 2 cos x - 1

(D) 1 - 2 cos x.

x
- k
a + x2
(A) cos i

(B) sin i

(C) cosec i

(D) sec i

8.

9.

y
x2
x = a sec i , y = b tan i v, 2 - 2 - k
a
b
(A) 1
(B) 1
(C) tan2 i

(D) cosec2 i

sec i
=
cot i + tan i
(A) cot i

(C) sin i

(D) cot i

(C) 1

(D) sin i

(B) tan i

10.

sin ^90c - i h sin i cos ^90c - i h cos i

=
+
tan i
cot i

(A) tan i

11.

gl, AC =

(A) 25

(B) 25 3

(C) 25
3

(D) 25 2

(B) 1

60c
A

25

gl +ABC =

(A) 45c

(B) 30c

(C) 60c

(D) 50c

13.

xU nfhuUJ 28.5 u W bfhoUF xUt nfhu

100 3

12.

100

cia 45c Vw nfhz fhwh. mtUila iliy ghit nfhL

jiuUJ 1.5 cau csJ v, nfhu cau

(A) 30

(B) 27.5

(C) 28.5

(D) 27

228 10M tF fj

(C) 95
15.

16.

(D) 75

(C) sin2 i + cos2 i

(D) 0

^1 + cot2 i h^1 - cos i h^1 + cos i h =

(B) sin2 i - cos2 i

(D) cos2 i - sin2 i

^cos2 i - 1h^cot2 i + 1h + 1 =

(B) 1

(C) 2

(D) 0

(B) tan2 i

(C) sin2 i

(D) cot2 i

1 + tan2 i =
1 + cot2 i
sin2 i +

1
=
1 + tan2 i
(B) cosec2 i - cot2 i
(D) sin2 i - cos2 i

(A) cosec2 i + cot2 i

(C) cot2 i - cosec2 i
20.

(B) sin2 i - cos2 i

(A) cos2 i
19.

(A) cos2 i - sin2 i

(A) 1
18.

^1 + tan2 i h^1 - sin i h^1 + sin i h =

(A) tan2 i - sec2 i

(C) sec2 i - tan2 i
17.

gl, sin i = 15 v, BC =
17
(B) 65
(A) 85

85

14.

9 tan2 i - 9 sec2 i =
(A) 1

(B) 0

(C) 9

(D) 9

cfSF bjkh?
gh vnlh (Paul Erdos) (kh 26, 1913 brlg 20, 1996) vgt
Anf ehil nrj fja mP Mth. fja tuyh
mf vif M fLiufis btl mP bgUkf
Kjikahdtuhf t fUjgLwh. j tif fj nkij nahdhL
My (Leanhard Euler) vgt kLnk tUl xljft. vnlh 1475
Muh fLiufis, nahdhL My 800 Muh fLiufis
fj vGsd. vnlh j theh 511 fja mPfnshL
nrJ M brJsh. nkY, fj M brtij xU r_f
nritahf fUdh.

7. Knfhza 229

msa

Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so

8.1 mKf
KDiu
tisgu kW

fd ms
cUis
T
nfhs
izj fd cUtf

kW khwh fdmsf

-Galileo Galilei

nenfhL JLf sf, js totf

Rwsf
kW
guf,
kbghUf
tisguf kW fd msf Madtiw
g tF toa xU gFia msa
(Mensuration) vnwh. mwhl th gy iyfY
msa gagLtjh bghUf msfis g
fgJ f mtakhwJ. mogil toa js,
gKf wguf kW k cUtf (v.fh.
nfhsf) tisguf kW mitf fd
msf Madtiw fU bfhnwh.
wguF fdmsF cs j MdJ
ehndh ma (Nano Science) Ka nfhghLf
xwhf fUjgLwJ. Vbd, mj ehndh
ma ms kW bjh EQfij gagLJ
ms rhj gfis mJ bfhs mogilah
mikwJ.
eh j maha cUis, T, nfhs kW
izj fd cUtf wguf kW fdmsf
Madtiw vthW fhgJ vd ff cnsh.

8.2 wgu myJ nkgu (Surface Area)

Mbko
(Archimedes)

(287 .K. - 212 .K.)

gilfhy fja
mPf f f fj
nkijahf Mbko fUj
gLwh.
toa
jstotf,
mt gu kW Kgkhz
k bghUf wguf
kW fdmsf bjhlghf
mt Fljf tif
gfhsh.

uhf efuij rhj fwj

fja
mPuhd
Mbko
(Archimedes) vgt cUis xD
midJ wfis bjhLkhW f
rahf
csla
nfhs
fdmsthdJ, mj RW cUis
fdms _ uL gfhf
gl 8.1
UFbkd %jh. jid jDila f wj
rhjid vd fUdh. mt iw br Kiwia
gagL xU gutisa mikj gF
guig fljh.
xU k cUt wgu myJ nkgu
vgJ mjDila btw gu MF.
Mfnt, xU Kgkhz bghU
btgf guf nrJ ilgJ
mj wgu MF. y fd cUtf
wguid mU cs glf 8.1
gl 8.2
kW 8.2 Mad sFwd.
230

8.2.1 ne tl cUis (Right Circular Cylinder)

xnu tot kW xnu msit bfhl tltot jhfisnah myJ

milfisnah xU Fl vif vLJ bfhL brFjhf xJ
xW rahf bghUJgo mLF nghJ ilF fdcUt netl cUis vdgL.
tiw tltot mogfF brFjhf UFkhW itfgl ntL vgij
id bfhf. (ghf gl 8.3 )

gl 8.3

tiuaiw

xU brtfij mj VnjD xU gfij mrhf bfhL xU
KGRW RHWnghJ clhF k cUt ne tl cUis vdgL.
brJgh

ABCD xU brtf vf. brtfkhdJ
AB vw gfij bghUJ xU KGRW
RHwgLtjhf fUJnth RHahdJ gl
fhoaJ nghw X netl cUisia cUthFwJ.
F AB vgJ cUis mR vdgL. AB-
s cUis s (cau) vd AD(= BC)- s
cUis Mu vd miHfgL.

gl 8.4

F
m

mR

(i) cUis moghf tlto iyba,

mJ rh cUis (Oblique cylinder) vdgL.
(ii) cUis
mrhdJ
mj
tltot
moghfF brFjhf iyba, mJ
tl cUis (Circular cylinder) vdgL.
(iii) cUis
mrhdJ
mj
tl
tot
moghfF brFjhf U mJ netl
cUis (Right circular cylinder) vdgL.

gl 8.5

mR

(i) netl cUis tisgu (Curved Surface area of a right circular cylinder)

mUYs gl, netl cUis mo kW cyikj xnu msthd
tl gFf xWbfhW izahf csd. nkY,
cUis neFJ nkgu tisthf csjh, mj
gu cUis tisgu (lateral surface area or curved surh
face area (CSA) ) myJ wgu vdgL.
cUis tisgu = moRws # cau

CSA = 2rr # h = 2rrh r. myFf.
2rr
gl 8.6

8. msa 231

(ii) k netl cUis bkhj wgu

rr 2

(Total surface area of a solid right circular cylinder)

bkhj wgu (TSA) = tisgu + mogf gu + nk gf gu

= tisgu + 2 (mogf gu)

2rrh

= 2rrh + 2 # rr2

Mfnt, bkhj wgu = 2rr (h + r) r. myFf.

rr

gl 8.7

(iii) netl clw cUis (Right circular hollow cylinder)

U FHh, ugFHh nghw k cUtf clw netl cUis

to csd. h cau bfhl clw cUis bt Mu kW c Mu
Kiwna R kW r vf.

j tisgu = btw tisgu + cw tisgu

= 2rRh + 2rrh

Mfnt, tisgu = 2rh (R + r) r.myFf

bkhj wgu = tisgu + 2 # mogf gu

= 2rh (R + r) + 2 # [rR2 - rr2]

= 2rh (R + r) + 2r (R + r) (R - r)
vdnt, clw cUis bkhj wgu

= 2r (R + r) (R - r + h) r. myFf

gl 8.8

nkY, clw cUis jok, w = R - r MF.

F
ghlgF njitgLnghJ r - njhuha kghf 22 vd bfhnth.
7
vLJfhL 8.1

xU k ne tl cUis (solid right circular cylinder) Mu 7 br kW cau
20 br v, mj (i) tisgu (ii) bkhj wgu Matiw fhf.
( r = 22 vf).
7
r kW h vgd Kiwna netl k cUis Mu kW cau vf.

F,

r = 7 br. , h = 20 br.

jnghJ,

nkY, bkhj wgu = 2rr (h + r)

= 2 # 22 # 7 # [20 + 7] = 44 # 27
7

vdnt, bkhj wgu = 1188 r. br..
232 10M tF fzF

20 br.

tisgu = 2rrh

= 2 # 22 # 7 # 20
7
netl cUis tisgu = 880 r.br.

7 br.
gl 8.9

vLJfhL 8.2

xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu

880 br.2

880 r.br. kW mj Mu 10 br. v, mUis

tisguig fhf ( r = 22 vf).
7
r kW h vgd Kiwna k netl cUis
Mu kW cau vf. S vgJ k netl
cUis bkhj wgu vf.

10 br.

F, r =10 br.. nkY S = 880 r. br.

nghJ, S = 880 ( 2rr [h + r] = 880
( 2 # 22 # 10 [h + 10] = 880
7
h + 10 = 880 # 7
(
2 # 22 # 10

h + 10 = 14

vdnt, cUis cau, h = 4 br.

gl 8.10

nkY cUis tisgu,

2rrh = 2 # 22 # 10 # 4 = 1760
7
7
Mfnt, cUis tisgu = 251 3 r.br..
7
vLJfhL 8.3

khW Kiw :
tisgu

= bkhj wgu
2mogf gu

= 880 2 rr2

= 880 2 # 22 # 102
7
= 1760
7
= 251 3 r.br..
7

xU k ne tl cUis MuK cauK 2 : 5 vw j csd. mj

tisgu 3960 r.br. v, cUis Mu kW cau fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7
7
: r kW h vgd Kiwna xU k netl cUis Mu kW cau vf.

r : h = 2 : 5 ( r = 2 . vdnt, r = 2 h .
h
5
5
netl cUis tisgu = 2rrh

2 # 22 # 2 # h # h = 3960
7
7
5

(
h2 = 3960 # 7 # 5 = 225
2 # 22 # 2 # 7

h = 15 (
r = 2 h = 6.
5
Mfnt, cUis cau 15 br. kW Mu 6 br..
(

vLJfhL 8.4

120 br. sK, 84 br. lK bfhl xU rhiyia rkgLJ cUisia

(road roller) bfhL xU isahLl rkgLjgLwJ. isahL liy
rkgLj Uis 500 KG RWf RHy ntL. isahLliy rkgLj xU
r. lUF 75 igrh j, liy rkgLj MF bryit fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7
8. msa 233

: rhiyia rkgLJ cUis Mu r = 42 br. kW s h = 120 br..

cUis xU KGRdh

3 = cUis tisgu

rkgLjgL l gu

= 2rrh

84 br.

= 2 # 22 # 42 # 120
7
= 31680 br. 2.

500 KG RWf
rkgLjgL l gu 3 = 31680 # 500

120 br.

= 15840000 br. 2
= 15840000 = 1584 2
10000
1 r. lUF rkgLj MF bry = ` 75
100

gl 8.11

(10,000 br. 2 = 1 r.)

vdnt, isahLliy rkgLj MF bkhj bry = 1584 # 75 = ` 1188.

100
vLJfhL 8.5

xU clw cUis c kW bt Muf Kiwna 12 br.. kW
18br.. vf. nkY mj cau 14br. v mUis tisgu kW bkhj
wguig fhf. ( r = 22 vf.)
7
: r, R kW h vgd Kiwna clw cUis cMu, btMu kW
cau vf.
Mfnt, r = 12 br., R = 18 br., h = 14 br.,

12 br.

tisgu = 2r h(R+r)

14 br.

= 2 # 22 # 14 # ^18 + 12h
7
= 2640 r.br.
bkhj wgu = 2r (R + r) (R - r + h)

gl 8.12

18 br.

= 2 # 22 # (18 + 12) (18 - 12 + 14)

7
= 2 # 22 # 30 # 20 = 26400 .
7
7
M
fnt, bkhj wgu = 3771 3 r.br..
7

8.2.2 ne tl T (Right circular cone)

gT (ice cream) ua T tot TL, nfh nj cgF, rf
nfhkh bjh, kUjh itF T tot fy (mehandi container) nghw
kfis myJ bghUfis eh mwhl th ghnwh. nkfl
fdcUtf ah mnefkhf netl T to csd.
234 10M tF fzF


xU k bghU moghf rkjs tlgFahf UJ, mgF gu
uhf rhthf FiwJ bfhnl tUnghJ W xU Kokhdh,
m c vd mk bghU T vd miHfgL. netl T
vd TWnghJ T mogF tl to csJ vd, ne vgJ tl toyhd
mogf ika tna brY mR, mogf jsF brFjhf csJ
vd bghUgL. ghl gF, netl Tig tiuaWJ mj wguig
fhngh. fhQ bra_y xUt Tid neuoahf brJ ghfyh.

brJgh
B- brnfhzKila xU brnfhz 3 ABC- I joj xU jhUJ
btobaLf. xWbfhW brFjhd gff VnjD xU
gf bfoahd iy xLf. iy if oJ bfhL iy
mrhf bfhL Knfhzij VnjD xU ir RHWf.
vd fwJ?
K
nfhzij RHWtjh VgL
cUtij
fhz
Kowjh?
thW RHWnghJ cUthF
cUt xU netl T MF.
brnfhz 3 ABC MdJ,
brnfhzij csla AB
vw gfij mrhf bfhL
nghJ
VgL
360cRHY
fdcUt ne tl T
vdgL.

C D

gl 8.13

F AB- sij T cau (h) vd BC- sij

T Mu (r) vd AC- sij T rhau
l vd miHfgLwJ. glUJ (BC = BD = r) kW
(AD = AC = l) vd mayh.
brnfhz 3 ABC-

l =

h2 + r2

brFJau, h =

l2 - r2

rhau,

Mu,

r =

( jhfu njwgo)
D

l - h vd fhzyh.

gl 8.14

(i) T moghf tlto iy

v, mJ rh T (oblique cone) MF.
(ii) T mrhdJ mj tl tot
moghfF brFjhf iy v,
mJ tl T (circular cone) vdgL.
(iii) T tl tot moghf
ikaF brFjhf c mikjh
mJ ne tl T (right circular cone) vdgL.

gl 8.15

8. msa 235

clw T tisgu (Curved surface area of a hollow cone)

xU tl nfhzgF Mu l vd mj ika nfhz i vd bfhf.

L vgJ s vf. vdnt,

2rl = 360c ( L = 2rl # ic

(1)
L
360c
ic
nghJ, eh tl nfhzgF
Mufis xizJ xU netl
Tid bgWnth.
s L = 2rr . F r vgJ
T Mu.

(1)-UJ eh bgWtJ,

xUtl
nfhz
gF
Mufis
xizJ T cUthFnghJ

r = l c ic m
360c

fhQ khwf VgLwd.

tlnfhzgF

r = ic
c
m
l
360c

Mu (l)

" rhau (l)

s (L) " moRws 2rr

gu

" tisgu rrl

rl2 = 360c ( A = rl2 ic

c
m
A
360c
ic
T tisgu = tl nfhzgF gu = A

Fiu

A vgJ tl nfhzgF
gu v,

gl 8.16

2rr = 2rl # ic
360c

2 r
vdnt, T tisgu A = rl2 c ic m = rl ` j .
l
360c

(2)

(rk (2)-UJ)

Mfnt, T tisgu= rrl r. myFf.

(ii)

k ne tl T bkhj wgu
(Total surface area of a solid cone)

k T bkhj wgu =

T tisgu

+ tl mogF gu

= rrl + rr2

r rl

r r2
gl 8.17

k T bkhj wgu = rr^l + r h r. myFf.

vLJfhL 8.6
xU k ne tl T Mu kW rhau Kiwna 35 br. kW 37br..
v T tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7

236 10M tF fzF

 r kW l vgd Kiwna ne tl T Mu kW rhau vf.

vdnt, r = 35 br., l = 37 br.

Mfnt,

tisgu = rrl = r^35) (37h

37br.

= 4070 r.br.
nkY, bkhj wgu = rr [l + r]
= 22 # 35 # 637 + 35 @
7

Mfnt, bkhj wgu = 7920 r.br.

35br.
gl 8.18

vLJfhL 8.7

O kW C vgd Kiwna xU ne tl T mogF ika kW c vf.
B vgJ mogF tl RW VnjD xU vf. T mogF
Mu 6 br. kW +OBC = 60 o v, T cau kW tisguig fhf.
Mu OB = 6 br. kW +OBC = 60 o vd bfhLfgLsJ.
C

brnfhz 3 OBC-

cos 60 o = OB
BC
(
BC = OB
cos 60c

`
BC = 6 = 12 br.
(1 )
2
vdnt, T rhau l = 12 br.

60c

B
6br.

gl 8.19

nkY, brnfhz 3 OBC-

tan60 o = OC
OB

Mfnt, T cau OC = 6 3 br.

OC = OB tan 60c = 6 3

vdnt, T tisgu rrl = r # 6 # 12 = 72r r.br..

(F

oc = 6

3 -I OC 2 = BC 2 - OB 2 UJ bgwyh)

vLJfhL 8.8

21 br. MuKs xU tlUJ 120c ika nfhz bfhl xU tl
nfhzgFia btobaLJ, mj Mufis xizJ xU Tghdh,
ilF T tisguig fhf ( r = 22 ).
7
T Mu r vf

tl nfhzgF nfhz, i = 120c

tl nfhzgF Mu,

R = 21 br.
8. msa 237

tlnfhzgF Mufis xizJ mjid xU Tghf khwyh.

vdnt, T moRws = tl s
21br.
120c
c
i
21br.

( 2rr =
# 2rR
l
360c
h

r = ic # R
(
360c
r
vdnt, T Mu r = 120 # 21 = 7 br.
2rr
360
gl 8.20
nkY, T rhau = tl nfhzgF Mu
khW Kiw :
l = R ( l = 21 br.
T tisgu
= tl nfhzgF gu
vdnt, T tisgu = rrl
= ic # rR2
= 22 # 7 # 21 = 462 r.br..
360c
7
= 120 # 22 # 21 # 21 = 462 r.br..
360
7
8.2.3 nfhs (Sphere)

xU tl tot jfoid mj VnjD xU lij mrhf bfhL RHW
nghJ cUthF fd cUt nfhs vdgL. nkY, nfhskhdJ xU Kgkhz
bghUshF. mjF tisgu kW fd ms cL.

(i) xU k nfhs tisgu (Curved surface area of a solid sphere)

brJgh

xU tl tot jfil vLJ bfhL, mj xU l tna xU iy
xLf. lij mrhf bfhL jfoid 360c RHWf. mnghJ njhW
bghU gJ nghW fhzgL. a tot nfhs vdgL.
fhQ brayhdJ xU nfhs tisgu mj MuF rkkhd Mu
bfhl xU tl gu ehF klF rkkhF vgij ma cj.
xU be (Plastic) gij
vLJ bfh.
mj
c
xU
r
r
Cia bghUJ.
g KGw guig
xU uhd yh il
r
rr
bt RWf.
iy
btna
r
r
vLJ
RWtjF
gagLjgl
sij msf.
mj
iy
ehF
gl 8.21
rkghffshf f.
gl fhoaJ ngh ehF JLfis jj tlto itf
ilj tl Mufis msf.

jnghJ, nfhs Mu = rk tlf Mu .

nfhs tisgu = 4 # tl gu = 4 # rr2

vdnt, nfhs tisgu = 4rr2 r. myFf.
2

238 10M tF fzF

(ii)

k miunfhs (Solid hemisphere)

2 rr 2

xU k nfhs ika tahf brY xU js
mnfhsij U rk ghffshf F. xbthU gF xU
miunfhs vdgL.
nfhs tisgu

Mfnt, miunfhs tisgu =
2
2

= 4rr =2 rr2 r. myFf.
2

2rr2
gl 8.22

miunfhs bkhj wgu = miu nfhs tisgu

+ tlgF gu

rr2

= 2rr2 + rr2

2 rr 2

miunfhs bkhj wgu = 3rr2 r. myFf.

gl 8.23

(iii) clw miunfhs (Hollow hemisphere)

R kW r vgd Kiwna clw miu nfhs bt kW c Muf vf.

clw miu nfhs tisgu

clw miunfhs
clw miunfhs
3+)
btw tisgu
cw tisgu

=2rR + 2rr = 2r^ R + r h r.myFf.

2

bkhj wgu = )

btw tisgu + cw tisgu

+ gF gu
gl 8.24

2
2
2
2
= 2rR + 2rr + r^ R - r h

2
2
= 2r^ R + r h + r^ R + r h^ R - r h
= r^3R2 + r2h r. myFf.

vLJfhL 8.9

7 clKs xU clw nfhsD cwkhf xU rf u nkhlh
ir rhfr brwh. mj rhfr u rhfr bra ilL clw
nfhs c wguig fhf. ( ( r = 22 vf)
7
clw nfhs cw l

2r = 7

nkhlh ir u, rhfr bra ilL gu

= nfhs cw tisgu
= 4rr2 = r (2r)

2
= 22 # 7
7
Mfnt, nkhlh ir u rhfr brL l gu = 154 r. br..

8. msa 239

vLJfhL 8.10
xU k miunfhs bkhj wgu 675r r.br. v mj tisguig

r
fhf.

k miunfhs bkhj wgu

675 r br.2

3rr = 675r r.br.

( r2 = 225
k miunfhs tisgu = 2rr2 = 2r # 225 = 450r r.br..

gl 8.25

vLJfhL 8.11
miunfhs tot z jok 0.25 br.. mj cw Mu 5 br. v

mz btw tisguig fhf. ( r = 22 vf)
7
r, R kW w vgd Kiwna miunfhs tot z c Mu,

bt Mu kW jok vf.

vdnt, r = 5 br., w = 0.25 br.

` bt Mu

0.25br.

5br.

R = r + w = 5 + 0.25 = 5.25 br.

btw tisgu = 2rR2

= 2 # 22 # 5.25 # 5.25
7
Mfnt, z btw tisgu = 173.25 r.br..

gl 8.26

g 8.1
1.

xU k ne tl cUis Mu 14 br. kW cau 8 br.. v, mj

tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf.

2.

xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 660 r. br.. mj l 14 br..

v, mUis cauij, tisguig fhf.

3.

xU k ne tl cUis tisgu kW moRws Kiwna 4400 r.br.

kW 110 br.. v, mUis cauij, lij fhf.

4.

xU khif, xbthW 50 br.. MuK, 3.5 cauK bfhl 12 ne tl

cUis tot f csd. mfSF tz r xU rJu lUF
` 20 j vd brythF?

5.

xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 231 r. br.. mj tisgu

bkhj wgu _ uL gF v, mj Mu kW cauij fhf.

6.

xU k ne tl cUis bkhj wgu 1540 br. 2. mj caukhdJ,

mogf Muijngh ehF klF v, cUis cauij fhf.

7.

uL ne tl cUisf Muf j 3 : 2 vf. nkY mt

cauf j 5 : 3 v, mt tisguf jij fhf.

240 10M tF fzF

8.

xU clw cUis btw tisgu 540r r.br.. mj cl

16 br. kW cau 15 br.. v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.

9.

xU cUis tot UFHh btw l 25 br., mj s 20 br..

kW mj jok 1 br. v, mFHh bkhj wguig fhf.

10.

xU k netl T Mu kW cau Kiwna 7 br. kW 24 br..

v, mj tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf.

11.

xU k ne tl T cnfhz kW Mu Kiwna 60c kW 15 br.

v, mj cau kW rhauij fhf.

12. xU k ne tl T moRws 236 br. . kW mj rhau 12 br.

v, mT tisguig fhf.
13.

netl T to Ffgl beFa l 4.2 kW mj cau

2.8 . vf. beFaiy kiHUJ ghJfhf jh Jah frahf
_lgLwJ v, njitahd jh J guig fh.

14.

180c ika nfhzK 21 br.. MuK bfhl tlnfhz toyhd U

jfo Mufis izJ xU T cUthfgLwJ v, mT
Muij fhf.

15.

xU netl k T MuK rhauK 3 : 5 vw j csd.

mT tisgu 60r r.br. v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.

16.

98.56 r.br. wgu bfhl xU k nfhs Muij fhf.

17.

xU k miunfhs tisgu 2772 r.br. v, mj bkhj

wguig fhf.

18.

uL k miunfhsf Muf 3 : 5 vw j csd.

mnfhsf tisguf j kW bkhj wguf j
Matiw fhf.

19.

xU clw miunfhs bt Mu kW c Mu Kiwna 4.2 br. kW

2.1 br. v mj tisgu kW bkhj wguig fhf.

20.

miunfhs tot nkTiu cw tisguF tz r ntosJ.

mj cw moRws 17.6 v, xU rJu lUF ` 5 j, tz r
MF bkhj bryit fhf.

8.3 fd ms (Volume)

Jtiu y k bghUf wgu bjhlghd fzFfis fnlh.
nghJ eh, y efj fd cUtf fdmsfis vthW fzLtJ vd
fhngh. fdms vgJ lij milJ bfhS ms MF. xU k
bghU fdms vgJ k bghU vrhj wa MF.

vLJfhlhf, xU k bghUis XuyF gf bfhl KoW vif
fd rJufshf f Kokhdh, mfdrJuf vifna mbghU
fdms MF.
8. msa 241


gl 8.27- cs fdrJu fdms

= gf # gf # gf

= 1 br. # 1 br. # 1 br. = 1 f. br..

xU bghU fdms 100 f.br. vd TWnthkhdh,
mbghUis KGtJ ug ekF 1 f.br. fdms bfhl 100
fdrJuf njit vgij czJwJ.

1br.
1br.2
1br.

1br.

gl 8.27

tisguig nghynt fdms xU if kghF. nkY k bghUf
lbgadh mt fdms khw VgLtiy. y fd cUtf
fdmsf nH tukhf jugLsd.

8.3.1 netl cUis fdms (Volume of a right circular cylinder)

(i) k netl cUis fdms
(Volume of a solid right circular cylinder)

netl cUis mogf gu kW cau Mat

bgUfgy mUis fdms vdgL.
vdnt, cUis fdms, V = mogfgu # cau

= rr 2 # h

V = rr 2 h

rr 2

Mfnt, netl cUis fdms, V = rr2 h f. myFf MF.

(ii) clw cUis fdms (gagLjgl cnyhf fdms)

r
(Volume of a hollow cylinder)

gl 8.28

R kW r vgd Kiwna clw cUis bt
kW c Muf vf. nkY h vgJ cUis cau vf.
fdms, V =

btgf cUis
fdms

3-)

cgf cUis
fdms

= rR 2 h - rr 2 h
R

Mfnt, clw cUis fdms,

V = rh (R2 - r2) f.myFf MF.

gl 8.29

8br.

vLJfhL 8.12

xU netl cUis tisgu 704 r.br. kW mj cau 8 br. v,
mUis fdmsit l fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
r kW h vgd Kiwna xU netl cUis Mu kW cau vf.

h = 8 br., tisgu = 704 r.br.

tisgu = 704

2 rrh = 704
(
704br.2
22

( 2 #
# r # 8 = 704
7
r
704
7
#
= 14 br.

r =
`
gl 8.30
2 # 22 # 8
242 10M tF fzF

cUis fdms, V = rr2 h

= 22 # 14 # 14 # 8
7
= 4928 f.br.

cUis fd ms = 4.928 l.

(1000 f.br. = l l)

vLJfhL 8.13

xU clw U FHh s 28 br.., mj bt kW clf
Kiwna 8 br. kW 6 br.. v, U FHh fdmsit fhf. nkY 1 f.br.
U vil 7 uh v, U FHh vilia fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
r, R kW h vgd Kiwna UFHh c Mu, bt Mu kW cau vf.
6br.

h = 28 br.

2r = 6 br., 2R = 8 br. ,

vdnt, r = 3 br. kW R = 4 br.

U FHh fdms, V = r # h # (R + r) (R - r)

28br.

= 22 # 28 # (4 + 3) (4 - 3)
7

fdms, V = 616 f.br.
`
1 f.br. U vil = 7 uh
616 f.br. U FHh vil = 7 # 616 uh
Mfnt,

U FHh vil = 4.312 ..

8br.
gl 8.31

vLJfhL 8.14
xU k ne tl cUis mogf gu kW fdms Kiwna 13.86 r.br.

kW 69.3 f.br.. v, mUis cau kW tisguig fhf. ( r = 22 )
7

A kW V vgd Kiwna netl cUis mogf gu kW fdms vf.

vdnt, mogf gu A = rr = 13.86 r.br.

nkY, fdms, V = rr h = 69.3 f.br.

Mfnt,

rr h = 69.3
2

13.86 # h = 69.3

h = 69.3 = 5 br.
13.86
2

nkY, mogf gu = rr = 13.86
22 # r2 = 13.86

7
2

r = 13.86 # 7 = 4.41
22
`

r =

V = 69.3 br.3

A =13.86 br.2
gl 8.32

4.41 = 2.1 br..

8. msa 243

cUis tisgu = 2rrh

= 2 # 22 # 2.1 # 5
7

vdnt,
tisgu = 66 r.br..

8.3.2 netl T fdms (Volume of a right circular cone)

r kW h vgd Kiwna netl T Mu kW cau vf.

2
T fdms V = 1 # rr h f. myFf. Nuij fhQ bra_y
3
ahagLjyh.

brJgh

fl gl fhoathW rk ms Mu kW cau bfhl clw T
kW clw cUisia jahf. nghJ eh fl bra_y T
fdmsid flayh. kz myJ utdh Tid u. wF
mjid cUisD bfhLf. nrhjidia bjhlJ br nghJ _whtJ
Kiw W cUisahdJ kz / utjh KGtJ u.

gl 8.33

j va braUJ r kW h vgd Kiwna cUis Mu kW

cau v, 3 # (T fdms) = cUis fdms = rr h vd mayh.

2
vdnt, T fdms = 1 # rr h f. myFf vd mayh.
3
2

vLJfhL 8.15

xU k netl T fdms 4928 f.br.. kW mj cau 24 br.
v, mT Muij fhf. ( r = 22 vf )
7
r, h kW V vgd Kiwna T Mu, cau kW fdms vf.

vdnt, V = 4928 f.br. kW h = 24 br.

Mfnt,

Mfnt,

1 rr2 h = 4928
3
1 # 22 # r2 # 24 = 4928
3
7
2
r = 4928 # 3 # 7 = 196.
22 # 24
T Mu r =

244 10M tF fzF

196 = 14 br..

4928br.3

24br.
r
gl 8.34

8.3.3 xU T ilfl fdms ( Volume of a frustum of a cone )

eh VnjD xU k ne tlTig vLJ bfhL, mjid xU a
netl T ilFkhW U ghffshf btodh ilF va gFia
T ilfl (frustum of a cone) vngh. jid fl bra _y mJ
bfhsyh.
brJgh
fk myJ bkGif vLJbfhL, mUJ xU netl Tid
cUthFf. mj moghfF izahf xU fah mjid btl.
mnghJ ilF a T ghfid F. cl vs gF vJ?
k T vs gF T il fl (frustum) vdgL. y
bkh frustum vgj bghU btobaLfgl xU JL vd bghUgL.
frustum vw brh gik frusta vgjhF.

gl 8.35

Mfnt, xU k netl Tid mj moghfF izahf xU

jsjh btLnghJ ilF T moghfnjhL izj gF T
ilfl vdgL. ilflF uL tlgFf cL. xW
moghfY kbwhW nkgFY UF.
eh T ilfl fd msit nghJ fhngh.

xU T ilfl fdms vgJ
msf ntWghil ju ntbwhWky. (gl 8.35)

uL Tf fd

xU k netl T il flij vLJbfhnth. R vgJ
bfhLfgl T Mu vf. r kW x vgd Kiwna ilflij a
wF ilj a T Mu kW cau vf. h vgJ ilfl cau
vf.
jnghJ,
ilfl fd ms, V =

bfhLfgl
a T
3-)
T fd ms
fdms

2
2
= 1 # r # R # (x + h) - 1 # r # r # x
3
3

2
2
2
V = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h + R h @ .
3

(1)

8. msa 245

gl 8.36-UJ DBFE + DDGE

A
F
= FE
GE
h

= x+h
(
x

= rh
(
C
h+x
G

= rh
(2)
(
thW, eh bgWtJ
x = rh
R-r
2
2
2
nghJ (1)-UJ ( V = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h + R h @
E
3
gl
8.36
2

( = 1 r 6 x^ R - r h^ R + r h + R h @
3
2
( (2)-UJ )
( = 1 r 6 rh^ R + r h + R h @
3

ilfl fdms, V = 1 rh (R2 + r2 + Rr) f.myFf.
3

BF
DG
R
r
Rx - rx
x (R - r)

* ilfl tisgu = r (R + r) l , F l =

h + (R - r)

* ilfl bkhj gu = rl (R + r) + rR + rr , F l =
* (njFait my)
2

h + (R - r)

vLJfhL 8.16

xU ilfl toyhd th nkw kW mow Muf Kiwna 15 br.
kW 8 br.. nkY, MH 63 br. v, mj bfhssit l fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
R kW r vgJ Kiwana th nkw kW mow gFf Muf
vd h vgJ mj cau (MH) vd bfhf.
15br.

Mfnt, R = 15 br., r = 8 br. kW h = 63 br..

2
2
th fdms = 1 rh (R + r + Rr)
3
2
2

= 1 # 22 # 63 # (15 + 8 + 15 # 8)
3
7

= 26994 f.br.

= 26994 l (1000 f.br. = 1 l)

1000
vdnt, th fdms = 26.994 l.

8.3.4 nfhs fdms (Volume of a sphere)

(i)

63br.

xU k nfhs fdms (Volume of a solid sphere)

fhQ va nrhjid _y xU nfhs fdmsid

3

V = 4 rr f.myFf vd mayh.
3
246 10M tF fzF

8br.
gl 8.37

brJgh

R myF MuK, h myF cauKs xU cUis tot ghuij vLJ
bfhf. mjid KGtJ juh u. r myF Mu bfhl (F R 2 r)
nfhsij, cUisghu _f brJ btnaa j fdmsid
fLo. nghJ nfhs fdms btnawgl j fdmsF
rk MF.
3
vdnt, nfhs fdms, V = 4 rr f. myFf vd mJ bfhsyh.
3

h
btnawgl
j

r
r

4 rr 3
3

R
gl 8.38

(ii)

clw nfhs fdms (gagLjgl cnyhf fdms)

(Volume of a hollow sphere)

r kW R vgd Kiwna xU clw nfhs c kW bt Muf vf.

clw nfhs
btnfhs
cnfhs
3=
3-)
fdms
fdms
fd ms

3
3
= 4 rR - 4 rr
3
3

3
3
gl 8.39
` clw nfhs fdms = 4 r (R - r ) f.myFf.
3
(iii) k miu nfhs fdms (Volume of a solid hemisphere).

k miunfhs fdms = 1 # k nfhs fdms
2
3

= 1 # 4 rr
2 3
2 rr
3
3
2

k miunfhs fdms = rr f.myFf.
3
gl 8.40

(iv)

clw k miunfhs fdms (gagLjgl cnyhf fdms)

(Volume of a solid hollow hemisphere)
clw miu
bt miu
c miu
3=
3-)
nfhs fdms
nfhs fdms
nfhs fd ms

= 2 # r # R3 - 2 # r # r3
3
3

clw miunfhs fdms = 2 r^ R3 - r3h f.myFf.

3

gl 8.41

8. msa 247

vLJfhL 8.17

8.4 br. l bfhl xU nfhstot k cnyhf vFo fd msit
fhf.( r = 22 vf )
7
r vgJ k nfhs tot cnyhf v Fo Mu vf.

Mfnt,

2r = 8.4 br.

8.4br.

( r = 4.2 br.

3
cnyhf vFo fd ms V = 4 rr
3

= 4 # 22 # 42 # 42 # 42
3
7
10 10 10

gl 8.42

vdnt, cnyhf vFo fd ms = 310.464 f.br..

vLJfhL 8.18
xU T, xU miunfhs, kW xU cUis Mad rk moguid

bfhLsd. T cau, cUis cauF rkkhf, nkY au,
mt MuF rkkhf Ujh _ fd msfSilna cs
jij fhf.

r vgJ T, miunfhs kW cUis bghJthd Mu vf.

h vgJ T kW cUis
cau vf. vdnt, r = h MF.

V1, V2 kW V3 vgd Kiwna T,

miunfhs kW cUis
fdmsfis FfL.
2
3
2
nghJ, V1 : V2 : V3 = 1 rr h : 2 rr : rr h
3
3
3
3
3
= 1 rr : 2 rr : rr
(
3
3
(
V1 : V2 : V3 = 1 : 2 : 1
3
3
Mfnt, fdmsf j 1 : 2 : 3.

r
h

gl 8.43

(r=h)

vLJfhL 8.19
xU k nfhs fdms 7241 1 f.br. v, mj Muij fhf.
7
( r = 22 vf)
7
r kW V vgd Kiwna nfhs Mu kW fdms vf.
r


V = 7241 1 f.br.
br.3
7
7241 1
7
4 rr3 = 50688

(
7
3
4 # 22 # r3 = 50688
gl 8.44

(
7
3
7

248 10M tF fzF

3
r = 50688 # 3 # 7
7
4 # 22

= 1728 = 43 # 33
Mfnt, nfhs Mu, r

= 12 br..

vLJfhL 8.20
xU clw nfhs fdms 11352 f.br.. kW mj bt Mu 8 br..
7
v, mnfhs cMuij fhf ( r = 22 vf).
7
R kW r vgd Kiwna clw nfhs bt kW c Muf vf.

V vgJ mnfhs fdms vf.

Mfnt,

vdnt,

fdms V = 11352 f.br..

7
4 r (R3 - r3) = 11352
7
3
4 # 22 (83 - r3) = 11352
7
3
7
512 - r = 387 ( r = 125 = 5
3

R
8br.

gl 8.45

c Mu r = 5 br..

g 8.2
1.

xU k cUis Mu 14 br.. mj cau 30 br. v, mUis

fdmsit fhf.

2.

xU kUJtkidYs nehah xUtUF dK 7 br. lKs cUis

tot z torhW (Soup) tHfgLwJ. mghu 4 br. cauF
torhW xU nehahF tHfglh, 250 nehahfSF tHf njitahd
torh fdmsid fhf.

3.

xU k cUis Mu kW cau TLj 37 br.. vf. nkY, mj

bkhj wgu 1628 r.br. v, mUis fdmsit fhf.

4.

62.37 f.br.. fdms bfhl xU k netl cUis cau 4.5 br.

v, mUis Muij fhf.
uL ne tl cUisf Muf j 2 : 3. nkY cauf j
5 : 3 v, mt fdmsf jij fhf.
xU cUis Mu kW cau j 5 : 7. nkY mj fdms
4400 f.br. v, mUis Muij fhf.
66 br. # 12 br. vD ms bfhl xU cnyhf jfoid 12 br. cauKs
xU cUisahf khdh ilF cUis fdmsit fhf.
xU bgyhdJ xU ne tl cUis to csJ. bg s 28 br.
kW mj Mu 3 .. bgD mikj ik (uh~ig)- Mu 1 .
v, bg jahf gagLjgl kugyif fdmsit fhf.

5.
6.
7.
8.

8. msa 249

9.
10.
11.

12.

13.

14.
15.
16.

17.
18.
19.
20.

xU k T Mu kW rhau Kiwna 20 br. kW 29 br.. v

mk T fdmsit fhf.
kudhyhd xU k T moRws 44 . kW mj cau 12 v
mk T fdmsit fhf.
xU ghu ilfl to csJ. mj nkw Mu kW cau
Kiwna 8 br. kW 14 br. vf. mghu fdms 5676 f.br. v,
3
mogfYs tl Muid fhf.
xU netl T ilfl UwK mikj tl f
Rwsf Kiwna 44 br. kW 8.4r br. vf. mj cau 14 br.
v,milfl fdmsit fhf.
5 br., 12 br.. kW 13 br.. gf msf bfhl xU brnfhz 3ABC
MdJ 12 br.. sKs mj xU gfij mrhf bfhL RHwgLnghJ
cUthF T fdmsit fLo.
xU k ne tl T MuK cauK 2 : 3 vw j csJ. mj
fdms 100.48 f.br. v, mT rhauij fLo. (r = 3.14 vf)
xU ne tl T fdms 216r f.br. kW mT Mu 9 br. v,
mj cauij fhf.
nfhs toyikj 200 U FLf (ball bearings) xbthW 0.7 br. Mu
bfhlJ. U ml 7.95 uh / br. 3 v U FLf
iwia fhf. ( iw = fdms ml)
xU clw nfhs bt kW c Muf Kiwna 12 br. kW 10 br.
v, mnfhs fd msit fhf.
X miunfhs fd ms 1152r f.br. . v, mj tisgu fhf.
14 br. gf msf bfhl xU fdrJu UJ btobaLfgL
fbga T fdmsit fhf.
7 br. Mu bfhl nfhs tot g fhW brYjgLnghJ mj Mu
14 br. Mf mfjh, mU iyf g fdmsf jij
fhf.

8.4 izj fdcUtf (Combination of Solids)

eKila mwhl th, uL myJ mjFnk izj fd cUtfsh

Md isahL bghikf, thfdf, ghuf, fUf nghwtid
fhnwh.

eh izj fd cUtf tisgu kW fd msid vthW
fltJ?

gl 8.46

250 10M tF fzF


izj fd cUt bkhj wgughdJ mizj cUt
izJs fdcUtf bkhj wguf TLjYF rkkhf Uf
ntoaiy. Uj nghY, gl 8.46- izj fd cUt bkhj
wgughdJ mUt izJs T kW miunfhs wguf
TLjYF rkkhF. nkY mizj cUt fd ms MdJ izJs
muL fd cUtf fd msf TLjYF rk MF. glUJ,
fd cUt bkhj wgugs = miunfhs tisgu + T tisgu

fd cUt fd ms = miunfhs fd ms + T fd ms

vLJfhL 8.21

Mu r = 3.5 br.

17.5br.

xU k kubghikahdJ miunfhs nk T

izj to csJ. miunfhs kW T Mat Mu
3.5 br.. nkY bghik bkhj cau 17.5 br. v mbghik
jahf gagLjgl ku fd msit fhf. (r = 22 )
7
miunfhs gF :
T gF :
Mu r = 3.5 br.

3.5br.

cau h = 17.5 - 3.5 = 14 br.

gl 8.47

bghik jahf gagLjgl

miu nfhsgF
TgF
3=
3+)
ku fdms
fdms
fd ms
3
2
= 2 rr + 1 rr h
3
3
2

= rr ^2r + hh
3

= 22 # 3.5 # 3.5 # ^2 # 3.5 + 14h = 269.5
7
3
Mfnt, kubghik jahf gagLjgl ku fd ms = 269.5 f.br..

Mu, r =3.5 br. = 7 br.

2

( r = 11.5- 8 = 3.5 br.

nfhig bkhj wgu =

cau, h = 8 br..

11.5br.

Mu, r = bkhj cau 8 br..

8br.

vLJfhL 8.22

xU nfhigahdJ miunfhs J cUis izj to csJ. cUis
gF cau 8 br. kW nfhig bkhj cau 11.5 br.. v mnfhig
bkhj wguig fhf.
(r = 22 vf.)
7

miunfhs gF :

cUis gF :

miunfhs gF tisgu

+ cUis gF tisgu

gl 8.48

= 2rr + 2rrh = 2rr (r + h)

= 2 # 22 # 7 ` 7 + 8j
7
2 2
vdnt, nfhig bkhj wgu = 253 r.br..
2

8. msa 251

Mu, r = 21
cau,

h = 21

21

49

vLJfhL 8.23

xU rf TlhukhdJ cUis J T izj to mikJsJ.
Tlhu bkhj cau 49 . mj moghf l 42 . cUisghf cau
21 . nkY 1 r. jh J iy `12.50 v, Tlhu mikf njitahd
jh J iyia fhf. ( r = 22 )
7
l

h1
cUis gF
T gF
r
l, 2r = 42
Mu, r = 21
cau, h1 = 49 - 21 = 28
rhau, l =

h1 + r

28 + 21

= 7

42

4 + 3 = 35
2

gl 8.49

njitahd jh J bkhj wgu = cUis gF tisgu

+ T gF tisgu
= 2rrh + rrl = rr (2h + l)
= 22 # 21^2 # 21 + 35h = 5082
7
vdnt, jh J gu = 5082 r.


1 r. jh J iy = `12.50

vdnt, njitahd jh J bkhj iy = 5082 # 12.5 = `63525.

vLJfhL 8.24

xU clw nfhs bt kW c Muf Kiwna 8 br. kW 4 br..
nfhskhdJ cUfgL 8 br. lKs ne tl k
Tghf khwglh T cauij fhf.
R kW r vgd Kiwna clw nfhs bt kW
c Mu vf.

4br.

h kW r1 vgd Kiwna ne tl T cau kW Mu vf.

clw nfhs

btl
cl
T

2R = 8 br.

2br.

R = 4 br.

2r = 4 br.
r = 2 br.

2r1 = 8 br.
( r1 = 4 br.

clw nfhs cUfgL xU k Tghf thfglh

k T fd ms = clw nfhs fd ms

1 rr 2 h = 4 r 6 R 3 - r 3 @
3 1
3

252 10M tF fzF

8br.
gl 8.50

Mfnt,

1 # r # 42 # h = 4 # r # ^43 - 23h
3
3
64
- 8 = 14
h =
4
T cau h = 14 br..

vLJfhL 8.25

7 br. lKs cUis tot Kfit js j csJ. m
xbthW 1.4 br. lKs y nfhs tot gF ff nghlgLwJ.
cUisYs kl 5.6 br. cau vjid gF ffis KfitD
nghlntL vd fhf?

5.6 br.

njitahd gF ff vifia n vf. gF ff kW cUis

tot Kfit Muf Kiwna r1, r2 vf.

gF ff
cUis tot Kfit
l, 2r1 = 1.4 br.
l, 2r2 = 7 br.
Mu, r1 = 0.7 br.
Mu, r2 = 7 br.
2
h vgJ ffis nghl d j
1.4 br.
kl cau vf.

h = 5.6 br.

7br.
gl 8.51

gF ffis Kfit nghl

caj j kl fdms = n gF ff fd ms
2
3

rr2 h = n # 4 rr1
(
3
2
3r2 h


n =
3
4r1
3 # 7 # 7 # 5.6
2 2


n =
= 150.
7
4#
# 7 # 7
10 10 10
vdnt, njitahd gF ff vif = 150.

vLJfhL 8.26

14 br. lKs xU cUis tot FHh tahf, jiu kF 15 .
ntf 50 sK kW 44 mfyKs xU brtf tot bjhoF brYdh,
bjho 21 br. cauF j ug vjid k neukhF? (r = 22 vf.)
7
ntf 15 . / k
j ntf = 15 . / k
14 br.
= 15000 / k

FHh l, 2r = 14 br.

r = 7
100
21br.

h vgJ j kl cau vf

44
50

h = 21 br. = 21
gl 8.52
100
8. msa 253


jnghJ 1 k neu FHh tna btnaa j fd ms
= FHh FWF btL gu # neu # ntf
= rr2 # 1 # 15000
= 22 # 7 # 7 # 15000 f.br.
7
100 100

bjho ghrgl j fd ms

lbh = 50 # 44 # 21
100

bjho T k neu j ghrglJ vd bfhnth

Mfnt,

T k neu FHh tna

bjho ghrgl
3=
btnawgl j fd ms
j fdms
22 # 7 2 # T # 15000 = 50 # 44 # 21
7 ` 100 j
100

Mfnt T = 2 k

vdnt,

kl 21 br. cau 2 k neukhwJ.

vLJfhL 8.27

55 br. # 40 br. # 15 br. vw msf bfhl fdbrtf tot k U
gyif cUfgL xU FHhahf thfgLwJ. mFHh bt l kW jok
Kiwna 8 br. kW 1 br. v, mFHh sij fhf. (r = 22 vf.)
7
h1 vgJ FHh s vf.

U FHh bt kW c Muf Kiwna R kW r vf.

Ugyif fdms =

U FHh :

bt l,

vdnt,bt Mu, R = 4 br.

jok,

vdnt, c Mu r = R - w = 4 - 1 = 3 br.

jnghJ, UFHh fd ms = U gyif fd ms

Mfnt,

l b h = 55# 40# 15 vf.

w = 1 br.

40br.

15br.

1br.

2R = 8 br.

8br.

55br.
gl 8.53

rh1 (R + r) (R - r) = lbh

22 # h (4 + 3)(4 - 3) = 55 # 40 # 15
1
7
FHh s, h1 = 1500 br. = 15 .

254 10M tF fzF

g 8.3
1.

xU isahL ggukhdJ (Top) T J miunfhs izj to

csJ. miunfhs l 3.6 br. kW ggu bkhj cau 4.2 br.
v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.

2.

xU fd cUt, miunfhs J cUis izj to csJ.

mfdUt l kW bkhj cau Kiwna 21 br. kW 25.5 br.
v, mj fd msit fhf.

3.

xU kUJ FahdJ xU cUis UwK miunfhsf izj

to csJ. kUJ F bkhj s 14 . kW l 5 . v
mkUJ F wguig fhf.

4.

xU TlhukhdJ cUis J T izj to csJ. Tlhu

bkhj cau 13.5 kW l 28 . nkY cUis ghf cau 3 v,
Tlhu bkhj wguig fhf.

5.

fkiz gagL xU khzt 48 br. cauK 12 br. MuK bfhl

ne tlk Tig brjh. mTig kbwhU khzt xU k
nfhskhf khdh. mthW khwgl a nfhs Muij fhf.

6.

24 br. MuKs xU k cnyhf nfhskhdJ cUfgL 1.2 . MuKs

uhd cUis fahf khwglh, mf sij fhf.

7.

5 br. ctlMuK 24 br. cauK bfhl T tot ghu KG

ms j csJ. juhdJ 10 br. cMuKs cUis tot
fh ghuF khwgLnghJ, cUis ghu cs kl
cauij fhf.
js j uggl 12 br. lKs cUis tot ghu 6 br.
lKs xU k nfhsij KGtJkhf _f brjh, cUis tot
ghu caj kl cauij fhf.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

7 br. c Mu bfhl cUis tot FHh tna 5 br. / dho ntf

j ghwJ. miu k neu mFHh tna ghj j
fd msit (l) fhf.
4 lK 10 cauKs cUis tot bjhoYs juhdJ 10 br.
lKs xU cUis tot FHh tna kF
2.5 . ntf
btnawgLwJ. bjho ghas j btnawgl MF neuij
fhf. (Mug iy bjho KGtJ j uggLsJ vd bfhf.)
18 br. MuKs k cnyhf nfhskhdJ cUfgL _W a btntW
mss nfhsfshf thfgLwJ. mthW thfgl uL k
nfhsf Muf Kiwna 2 br. kW 12 br. v _whtJ nfhs
Muij fhf.
xU clw cUis tot FHh s 40 br.. mj c kW bt Muf
Kiwna 4 br. kW 12 br.. mlw cUis FHh cUfgL 20 br.
sKs k ne tl cUisahf khWnghJ ilF a cUis
Muij fhf.
8. msa 255

13.

8 br. lK 12 br. cauK bfhl xU ne tl k U TghdJ

cUfgL 4 . MuKs k nfhs tot FLfshf thfglh
ilF nfhs tot FLf vifia fhf.

14.

12 br. lK 15 br. cauK bfhl netl cUis KGtJ gTdh

(ice cream) uggLsJ. gTHhdJ 6 br. lK, 12 br. cauK
bfhl nkw miunfhs izj toyikj T uggLwJ.
vjid Tf gTid KGtJkhf ugyh vd fhf.

15.

4.4 sK 2 mfyK bfhl xU fd brtf tot bjho kiH

nrff gLwJ. bjho 4 br. cauF nrffgl kiH uhdJ
40br. MuKs cUis tot fh ghuF khwgLnghJ mghu
cs j kl cauij fhf.
kzyh uggl xU cUis tot th cau 32 br. kW Mu 18
br.. mkz KGtJ jiu xU netl T to bfhlgLwJ.
mthW bfhlgl kz T cau 24 br. v, mT Mu kW
rhauij fhf.

16.

17.

14 lK kW 20 MHKs xU zW cUis to btlgLwJ.

mthW btLnghJ njhobaLfgl k uhf guggL 20 # 14
msf mogfkhf bfhl xU nkilahf mikfglh, mnkil
cau fhf.
g 8.4

rahd ilia njbjLf.

1.
1 br. MuK kW 1 br. cauK bfhl xU ne tl cUis tisgu

(A) r br. 2
(B) 2r br. 2
(C) 3r br. 3
(D) 2 br. 2
2.
xU netl cUis MukhdJ mj cau gh v mj bkhj
wgu
2

(A) 3 r h r.m
(B) 2 rh2 r.m
(C) 3 rh r.m
(D) 2 r h r.m
2
3
3
2
xU netl cUis mogf gu 80 r. br.. mj cau 5 br. v,
3.
T fd ms

(A) 400 br. 3
(B) 16 br. 3
(C) 200 br. 3
(D) 400 br. 3
3
xU netl cUis bkhj wgu 200 r r. br.. kW mj Mu 5 br.
4.
v mj cau kW Mu TLj

(A) 20 br.

(B) 25 br.

5.

a myFf MuK, b myFf cauK bfhl xU netl cUis tisgu

(A) ra2 b r.br. (B)2r ab r.br.
(C) 2r r.br.
(D) 2 r.br.

6.

xU netl T kW netl cUis MuK cauK Kiwna rk

cUis fd ms 120 br. 3 v, T fd ms

(A) 1200 br. 3

(B) 360 br. 3

256 10M tF fzF

(C) 30 br.

(C) 40 br. 3

(D) 15 br.

(D) 90 br. 3

7.

ne tl T l kW cau Kiwna 12 br. kW 8 br. v mj

rhau

(A) 10 br.

(B) 20 br.

(C) 30 br.

(D) 96 br.

8.

xU ne tl T moRws kW rhau Kiwna 120r br. kW

10 br. v mj tisgu

(A) 1200r br. 2 (B) 600r br. 2

(C) 300r br. 2

(D) 600 br. 2

9.

xU ne tl T fd ms kW mogf gu Kiwna 48r br. 3 kW

12r br. 2 v, mj cau

(A) 6 br.

(B) 8 br.

(C) 10 br.

10.

5 br. cauK, 48 r.br. mogf gu bfhl xU ne tl T fd ms

(A) 240 br. 3

(B) 120 br. 3

(D) 12 br.

(C) 80 br. 3

(D) 480 br. 3

11. uL cUisf cauf Kiwna 1:2 kW mt Muf Kiwna 2:1

Ma jfU, mt fd msf j

(A) 4 : 1

(B) 1 : 4

12.

2 br. Mu cs xU nfhs tisgu

(A) 8r br. 2

13.

xU k miunfhs l 2 br. v mj bkhj wgu

(A) 12 br. 2

14.

9 r f.br.. fd ms bfhl nfhs Mu

16

15.

(A) 4 br.
(B) 3 br.
(C) 3 br.
(D) 2 br..
3
4
2
3
uL nfhsf tisguf j 9 : 25. mt fd msf
j

(A) 81 : 625

16.

a myFf Mu bfhl k miunfhs bkhj wgu

(A) 2r a2 r.m

17.

100r r.br. tisgu bfhl nfhs Mu

(A) 25 br.

18.

xU nfhs tisgu 36r r.br. v, mj fd ms

(A) 12r br. 3

(B) 16 br. 2

(B) 12r br. 2

(C) 2 : 1

(B) 729 : 15625

(D) 16r br. 2 .

(C) 4r br. 2

(D) 3r br. 2.

(D) 27 : 125.

(C) 3r a r.m

(B) 100 br.

(B) 36r br. 3

(C) 12r br. 2

(C) 27 : 75

(B) 3r a2 r.m

(D) 1 : 2

(C) 5 br.

(C) 72r br. 3

(D) 3a2 r.m.

(D) 10 br..

(D) 108r br. 3

8. msa 257

19.

12r br. 2 bkhjgu bfhl k miunfhs tisgu

(A) 6r br. 2

20.

(B) 24r br. 2

(C) 36r br. 2

(D) 8r br. 2.

xU nfhs MukhdJ kbwhU nfhs Mu gh v mt fd

msf j

(A) 1 : 8
21.

(B) 2: 1

(C) 1 : 2

(D) 8 : 1

xU k nfhs tisgu 24 br..2 mj nfhsij uL miunfhsfshf

jh ilF miunfhsf x bkhj wgu

(A) 12 br. 2
22.

(B) 8 br. 2

(C) 16 br. 2

(D) 18 br. 2

uL Tf rk Muf bfhLsd. nkY mt rhauf j

4 : 3 v, tisguf j
(A) 16 : 9

(B) 8 : 6

(C) 4 : 3

(D) 3 : 4

nfhbg VG ghyf (The Seven Bridges of Knigsberg) vw

fj xU tuyhW wbgw fzfhF. UZahYs nfh bg
(jnghija UZah fhuhL) (The city of Knigsberg in Prussia, now Kaliningrad,
Russia) efukhdJ b# M (Pregel river) WwK mikUjJ. nkY U
bgU fis bfhoUjJ. efu, UbgU f kW mj ygu
Mad VG ghyfsh izfgoUjJ.
xnu xU Kiw kLnk mghyfis flJ efu midJ gFfSF
brtjfhd tfhQj xU f vGjJ. ghyf myhJ ntW t
fis mila KoahJ. xbthU ghyij xnu xU Kiw kLnk KGtJkhf
gagLj ntL vw gjid fgoUjJ. (xUt ghyid
ghu flJ brW, d Ug brW ntW t gh uij flf
TlhJ).
1735- nahdhL My (Leonhard Euler) dhF iy vd
%jh. My gagLa vkiwahd Kof nfhy aYF
(Graph theory) tnfhaJ. nkY mKof iza aYF (Topology)
mogilahf mikjd.

258 10M tF fzF

t.v

idbfhf

bga

tisgu bkhj wgu

gl

netl k
cUis
(Right circular
cylinder)

fdms

( Curved
Surface area)

(Total surface area)

(Volume)

2rrh

2rr^h + r h

rr 2 h

h
r
r

netl clw
cUis
(Right circular
hollow cylinder)

2rh^ R + r h

netl
k T
(Right circular cone)

rrl

rr^l + r h

1 rr 2 h
3

-------

-- - - - - -

1 rh^ R2 + r2 + Rr h
3

4rr2

---

4 rr 3
3

---

---

4 r^ R 3 r3h
3

2 rr 2

3rr2

2 rr 3
3

rR 2 h rr 2 h
2
2
2r^ R + r h^ R r + hh = rh^ R r h
= rh^ R + rh^ R rh

r
r

ilfl
(Frustum of a cone)

knfhs
(Solid sphere)

clw nfhs
(Hollow sphere)

k
miunfhs
(Solid hemisphere)

clw
miunfhs
(Hollow
hemisphere)

R
r

2
2
2r ^ R + r h

T
h
r

l = h2 + r2
h = l2 r2
r = l2 h2

tisgu = tlnfhzgF gu
rrl

2
= i # rr
360

s = T moRws
12

L = 2rr

R
l

2
2
2
2
2r ^ R + r h + r ^ R r h

= r^3R2 + r2h

1 3 = 1000 l, 1 bl 3 = 1 l,

2 r ^ R3 r3h
3

10. FHh tna gh j

fdms
= {FWF btL gu # ntf # neu}
11. cU jahfgL a fd
cUtf vif

gagLjgl
cnyhf
fdms =

cUfgl fd cUt fdms

cUthfgl xU fd cUt fdms

1000 br. 3 = 1 l, 1000 l = 1 .

8. msa 259

brKiw toa
Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the earth
-Archimedes

9.1 mKf

mKf

bjhLnfhLf

Knfhzf

tlehfuf

uk Fj
(598-668 ..)
ah
gHfhy ah
fwj fj mP

ukhjh jhejh
vw iy uk Fj
vGdh. to, tl
ehfu gu fhQ Nu
t f wj fLo
MF.
p, q, r kW s vgd
tlehfu gff v,
mj gu fhQ Nuij
njhuhakhf kW rahf
tUkhW fljh.
p+r

tl ehfu gu
q+s

= c 2 mc 2 m (njhuhakhf)
= (t - p) (t - q) (t - r) (t - s)
(rahf)
F, 2t = p+q+r+s .

.K.3000 Jtf v, njha toa

yfis msl gagLjglJ. Mugfhy
toa vgJ mDgt _ykhf flagl,
s, nfhz, gu kW fd ga nfhghLfis
bfhL tsailjJ. y msit, fLkhd,
tha kW w gtif bjhf nghw
tYs eilKiw njitfis iw br
bghUL toa nfhghLf cUthd.
afj, gFgh nghw ghlfis
l toaYfhd KaJtij FiwF
tif ghll khwfis bfhLtu y
rg fhy gy a Kafis nkbfhLsd.
Mdh gy fjayPf cWahf khwij
vwd. cik toa fj
w gFf cs gy fj fis J
bfhs cjwJ. ghlgF eh tl
bjhLnfhLf, Knfhzf kW tlehfufis
bfhLfgl msfis bfhL vthW tiutJ
vd fhngh.
eh xgjh tF tlnjhL bjhlila
eh (chord), tlJL (segment), tl nfhzgF
(sector) nghwt bghUis mJsnsh.
fhQ braf _y btLnfhL (Secant),
bjhLnfhL (Tangent) Madtiw id TWnth.
brJ gh

xU fhj VnjD
xU Mu bfhl tl
tiuf.
mtlF
PQ
vw
btLnfhL
tiuf.
PQ-F izahf mj
U wfY gy iz
nfhLfis tiuf. btL
nfhLf, tlij rF
f
xiwbahW
260

P
A
M
L
D
B

beU tUtnjhL, xU iy mU fS xnwhblhW bghUJtij

fhzyh. PQ-F izahf mikj btLnfhLf AB kW CD Mad
tlij Kiwna L kW M vw f bjhLwd. F nfhLf AB
kW CD vgd tl nk Kiwna L kW M- mikj bjhLnfhLf
vdgL. nkY AB MdJ CD-F izahf miktij eh fhzyh.
brJgh
xU tl tiuJ mtl nk P vw ia
Ff. gl fhoaJ ngh P tna gy
nfhLfis tiuf. P tbrY nfhLf tl
uL f rwd. nenfhLf l2, l3, l4

l3
l4

l2

l5

B
C
A

kW l5 Mad tlij Kiwna A, B, C kW D vw

kbwhU Y rwd. nfhLf ( l2, l3, l4
kW l5 Mad) tlyikj btLnfhLf
MF. Mdh l1 vw nfhL kL P vw xU

l1

kLnk tlij bjhL brwJ. nfhL l1 MdJ

P- mtlF tiuagL bjhLnfhL
vdgL.
xU tl, bjhLnfhL, mbjhL tiuagl MuK
xWbfhW brFJ vgij eh mnth.
A
AP MdJ tlF btna mikj P vw
UJ tl nk mikj A vw
tiuagl bjhLnfhL vngh.
brnfhz DOPA -, OA = AP
2
2
2
OP = OA + AP
( jhfu njw go)
AP =

9.2

OP - OA .

xU tlF bjhLnfhL tiuj (Construction of a tangent to a circle)

eh nghJ fl Kiwf bjhLnfhLf tiuj g fngh

(i)

ikaij gagL tiuj

(ii)

bjhLnfhL - eh njwij (using tangent-chord theorem) gagL tiuj.

9.2.1 tlF xU bjhLnfhL tiuj (ikaij gagLj)

(Construction of a tangent to a circle using the centre)

Ko
xU tl bjhLnfhL, mbjhLnfhL tlij bjhL tna
brY MuK xWbfhW brFjhdit.
9. brKiw toa 261

vLJfhL 9.1
3.2 br.. MuKs tl tiuf. tl nk P vw xU ia FJ
m tna xU bjhLnfhL tiuf. ( ikaij gagLJf)
cjgl

bfhLfgLsit: tl Mu = 3.2 br..

T
N

3.2br..

Tl

3.2 br..

Tl

tiuKiw:
(i)

O-it ikakhf bfhL 3.2 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.

(ii)

tl nk P vw ia FJ OP I izf.

(iii) P-ia ikakhf bfhL OP- L vw l btLgo xU tl

tiuf.
!!
(iv) m nk LM = MN vwthW M, N vw fis F.
+ MPN- nfhz Urkbto PT tiuf.
(vi) TP I T l tiu o njitahd bjhLnfhL T l PT tiuf.
(v)

Fiu

P vw tahf OP-F brFjhf nenfhL PT tiuJ

bjhLnfhL tiuayh. F PT vgJ P- mikj bjhLnfhL MF.

9.2.2 bjhLnfhL-eh njwij gagL tl nk mikj

bjhLnfhL tiuj. (Construction of a tangent to a circle using
the tangent-chord theorem)
Ko

bjhLnfhL - eh njw.

xU tlYs eh kW mj xU Kid mikj bjhLnfhL Mat

ilnas nfhz, eh xWl tl Jo mik nfhzF rk.
262 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 9.2
3.2 br. MuKs tl tiuf. tl nk P vw iaia FJ
m bjhLnfhL-eh njwij gagL bjhLnfhL tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : tl Mu = 3.2 br..

cjgl
R
Q

R
O

Q
Tl

3.2 br.

Tl

tiuKiw
(i)

O-it ikakhfbfhL 3.2 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.

(ii)

tlnk P vw ia Ff.

(iii) Ptna VnjD xU eh PQ tiuf.

(iv) P kW Q-I jJ R vw ia f P,Q kW R vgd fofhu
K efU vir mikkhW Ff.
(v)

PR kW QR-Madtiw izf.

(vi) P - +QPT = +PRQ tiuf.

(vii) TP I T l tiu o njitahd bjhLnfhL T l PT-ia tiuf.

9.2.3 tlF btna mikj UJ tlF bjhLnfhL

nrhof tiuj. (Construction of pair of tangents to a circle from an external
point)
Kof
(i) tlF btna mikj UJ tlF uL

bjhLnfhLf tiuayh.
(ii) lf, tlg 90c-ia VgLJ.
9. brKiw toa 263

vLJfhL 9.3

3 br. MuKs tl tiuf. tl ikaUJ 7 br.. bjhiy
xU ia FJ, mUJ tlF bjhLnfhLf tiuf. nkY
bjhLnfhLf sij msJ vGJf.
bfhLfgLsit:

tl Mu = 3 br.., OP = 7 br..
cjgl
3b
r.

6.3

br

..

7 br.

Tl

r.

b
6.3

Tl

tiuKiw (Construction)
(i)

O-it ikakhf bfhL 3 br.. MuKs tl tiuf.

tlF btna, tl ika O-UJ 7 br.. bjhiy P vw

ia FJ OP-ia izf.
(iii) OP ikaFJnfhL tiuf. mJ OP-ia M- btlL.

(ii)

(iv)

M-ia ikakhf, MO (= MP)it Mukhf bfhL kbwhU tl tiuf.

(v)

uL tlfS T kW T l - rF.

(vi)

PT kW PT l tiuf. itna njitahd bjhLnfhLf MF.

bjhLnfho s, PT = 6.3 br..

rghj

brnfhz TOPT -

PT =

264 10M tF fzF

OP - OT =
49 - 9 =

40

7 -3

` PT = 6.3 br.. (njhuhakhf)

g 9.1
1.

4.2 br. MuKs xU tl tiuJ mtl nk VnjD xU ia

Ff. tl ikaij gagL m tna bjhLnfhL tiuf.

2.

4.8 br. MuKs xU tl tiuf. tlj nk VnjD xU ia F.

bjhLnfhL - eh njwij gagL m tna bjhLnfhL tiuf.

3.

10 br. lKs xU tl tiuf. tl ikaUJ 13 br..

bjhiy P vw ia FJ mUJ tlF PA kW
PB vw bjhLnfhLf tiuJ mj sfis fzLf.

4.

6 br. MuKs xU tl tiuJ mj ikaUJ 10 br. bjhiyYs

xU ia Ff. mUJ tlF bjhLnfhLf tiuJ
mj sfis fzLf.

5.

3 br. MuKs tl ikaUJ 9 br. bjhiy xU ia

Ff. mUJ tlF bjhLnfhLf tiuJ, mj sfis
fzLf.

9.3 Knfhzf tiuj (Construction of triangles)

eh Vfdnt gf msfis, nfhzfis bfhL Knfhzf tiua
fWnsh. eh

(i) mogf (base), cnfhz
(vertical angle) kW mogfUJ v
cF tiuagl FJnfhL (altitude).

Y
A

(ii) mogf, cnfhz kW
mogfUJ v cF tiuagl
eLnfhL (median) juglh vthW
Knfhz tiutJ vd fhngh.

O
P

nfhz i -I csla nfhL
Jo nk mikj tlgFia tiuj

90i

(Construction of a segment of a circle on a given line

segment containing an angle i )

bfhLfgl nfhzij csla
nfhLJo J mikj tl gFia
tiu Kiwia fhngh.

tiuKiw
(i)

BC vw nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii)

B -, +CBX = i tiuf.

(iii)

BY = BX tiuf.
9. brKiw toa 265

(iv)

BC- ikaFJnfhL tiuf. mJ BY-ia O- rfL.

(v)

O-it ikakhf, OB-ia Mukhf bfhL X tl tiuf.

(vi)

tlnk A vw ia Ff. bjhLnfhL - eh njw go, bga

BAC MdJ njitahd cnfhz i bfhl tlgF MF.

mogf kW cnfhz bfhL Knfhz tiuj. (Construction of

a triangle when its base and the vertical angle are given)

C2

mogfK, cnfhzK juglh

vthW Knfhz tiuayh vgij tU

i

goiyf tfyh.

C1

C3

tiuKiw (Construction)
(i)

nfhLJL AB tiuf.

(ii)

A-, +BAX = i tiuf.

(iii)

AY = AX tiuf.

(iv)

AB- ikaFJnfL tiuJ mJ

O
i

AY -ia O- rfL.
O-it ikakhf, OA I Mukhf

(v)

bfhL xU tl tiuf.

(vi)

tl khW tlJo C vw
ia FJ AC kW BC ia

izf.
(vii) 3 ABC vgJ njitahd Knfhz MF.

nkY, mnj mogf ms, cnfhzK bfhl gy Knfhzf

xU Knfhz 3 ABC vd eh mayh.

F,

AX = AY .

Mfnt, +XAY = 90c.

OB = OA.
( tl Muf).
AX vgJ A vw mikj bjhLnfhL kW C vgJ tl nk
mikj xU .
nkY,

vdnt, +BAX = +ACB .

( bjhLnfhL - eh njw).

Fiu

nknys gl tl nk C1, C2, C3, ... Ma fis vLJ

bfhlh Knfhzf DABC1, DABC2, DABC3, g Mait xnu
mogfK, rkc nfhzK bfhl Knfhzfshf mik.
266 10M tF fzF

9.3.1 mogf, cnfhz kW cUJ mogfF tiuagl

FJnfhL juglh Knfhz tiuj. (Construction of a triangle when its
base, the vertical angle and the altitude from the vertex to the base are given)

vLJfhL 9.4

AB = 6 br.. +C = 40c kW c C-UJ AB-F tiuagl FJnfho
s 4.2 br.. bfhl DABC tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC - AB = 6 br.., +C = 40c ,

C-UJ AB-F tiuagl FJnfho s = 4.2 br..
K

cjgl

Cl

4.2 br..

40c

6 br..

4.2 br..

40c

40c

M 6 br..

tiuKiw
(i)

nfhLJL AB = 6 br. tiuf.

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)

+BAX = 40c vd UFgo AX tiuf.

AY = AX tiuf.
AB- ikaFJ nfhL tiuf. mJ AY kW AB-Madtiw Kiwna O
kW M f rwJ.
O-ia ikakhf, OA-it Mukhf bfhl tl tiuf.
tl gF AKB vgJ nfhz 40c bfhoUF.
ikaFJnfhL MO-, MH = 4.2 br. UF go H vw ia Ff.
AB-F izahf CHC l tiuf. mJ tlij C kW C l -f rF.
AC kW BC izf Jnt njitahd Knfhz DABC MF.
Fiu

F, 3 ABC l vgJ njitahd kbwhU Knfhz MF.

9. brKiw toa 267

9.3.2 mogf, cnfhz kW mogfF tiuagl eLnfhL

juglh Knfhz tiuj. (Construction of a triangle when its base, the
vertical angle and the median from the vertex to the base are given)

vLJfhL 9.5

mogf BC = 5.5 br.., +A = 60c kW c A-UJ tiuagl eLnfhL
AM- s = 4.5 br. bfhl DABC tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC -, BC = 5.5 br.., +A = 60c, eLnfhL AM = 4.5 br..
K
A

cjgl
A

Al

60c

..

br

4.5

4.5br..

60c

M 5.5br..

60c

tiuKiw

5.5br..

(i)

BC = 5.5 br.. mss xU nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii)

B tna +CBX = 60c vd UF go BX tiuf.

(iii)

BY= BX tiuf.

(iv)

BC- ikaFJnfhL tiuf. mJ BY kW BC-fis O kW M -f

rwJ.

(v)

O-it ikakhf, OB-ia Mukhf bfhL tl tiuf. tl

K-I Ff.

(vi)

bga BKC MdJ nfhz 60c-I bfhoUF.

(vii) M-I ikakhf bfhL 4.5 br. MuKs xU tiuf. mJ tlij A kW

Al f rF.
(viii) AB, AC Madtiw izf.
(ix)

3 ABC myJ TAl BC vgJ njitahd Knfhz MF.

268 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 9.6

BC = 4.5 br., +A = 40c kW c A-UJ BC F tiuagl eLnfho
s AM = 4.7 br.. vd UF go DABC tiuf. nkY A-UJ BC-F tiuagl
FJnfho s fhf.
bfhLfgLsit : DABC -, BC = 4.5 br.., +A = 40c kW

eLnfho s AM = 4.7 br..

cjgl
A

4.7br..

K


40c

Al

4.5br..

3.2br..

40c
4.

7b

r.

40c

4.5br..

tiuKiw
(i)

BC = 4.5 br. vd UF go xU nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii)

+CBX = 40c vd UF go BX tiuf.

(iii)

BY = BX tiuf.

(iv)

BC- ika FJnfhL tiuf. mJ BY kW BC-fis Kiwna O kW M

f rfL.

(v)

O-it ikakhf, OB-I Mukhf bfhL xU tl tiuf. m K-I Ff.

(vi)

bga BKC MdJ, cnfhz 40c- bfhoUF.

(vii) M-I ikakhf bfhL 4.7 br.. MuKs xU tiuf. mJ tlij A kW

Al -f rF.
(viii) AB kW AC Madtiw izf. DABC myJ 3 Al BC njitahd
Knfhz MF.
(ix) CB-I CZ tiu Lf.
(x)
AE = CZ tiuf.
(xi) FJnfhL AE- s 3.2 br..
9. brKiw toa 269

g 9.2
1.

AB = 5.2 br. kW sKs nfhLJo J 48c nfhz VgLJ

tlgFia mikf.

2.

D PQR- mogf PQ = 6 br.., +R = 60c kW c R-UJ PQ-F tiuagl

FJnfho s 4 br. vd UFkhW D PQR tiuf.

3.

PQ = 4 br.., +R = 60c kW c R-UJ PQ -F tiuagl FJnfho s

4.5br.. vw msf bfhl DPQR tiuf.

4.

DABC -, BC = 5 br.., +A = 45c kW c A-UJ BC-F tiuagl

eLnfho s 4 br. vd UF go DABC tiuf.

5.

BC = 5 br.., +BAC = 40c kW c A-UJ BC-F tiuagl eLnfho

s 6 br.. vw msf bfhl DABC tiuf. nkY c A-UJ tiuagl
FJnfho s fhf.

9.4

tl ehfu tiuj (Construction of cyclic quadrilateral)

xU ehfu ehF cfS, xU tl g
mikjh mehfu tl ehfu (Cyclic Quadrilateral) vdgL. tl
ehfu v nfhzf if u nfhzfshF. mjhtJ
vnfhzf TLj 180c MF. Mfnt jh, xU tl ehfu
tiua IJ msfSF gyhf jFj ehF msfns nghJkhdJ.

bfhLfgl msfis bfhL tlehfu ABCD

D
C

O
A

tiuj cs gntW goiyfis g fhngh.

(i) bfhLfgl msfis bfhL xU
cjgl tiuJ 3 ABC myJ 3 ABD tiuf.

(ii) gff AB kW BC-fSF U rk TL

brFJnfhLf (Perpendicular bisectors)
tiuf. mitf O- rfL.
(iii) O-ia ikakhf, OA (= OB=OC) I Mukhf
bfhL 3 ABC - RWtl (Circumcircle) tiuf.
(iv) bfhLfgl msid bfhL ehfhtJ
c D-I fhf. AD kW CD- fis izf.
(v) jnghJ, ABCD vgJ njitahd tl ehfu
MF.

nH (tirgLsthW) bfhLfgl msfis bfhL tl ehfu

vthW tiutJ vd fhngh.
270 10M tF fzF

(i) _W gff kW xU _iyl. (ii) uL gff kW uL

_iylf. (iii) _W gff kW xU nfhz. (iv) uLgff
kW uL nfhzf. (v) xU gf kW _W nfhzf. (vi) uL
gff, xU gf kW xU iz nfhL.
tif I - _W gff kW xU _iyl bfhLfgL nghJ ehfu tiuj
(Type I- Three sides and one diagonal of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)

vLJfhL 9.7

AB = 6 br.., AC = 7 br.., BC = 6 br.. kW AD = 4.2 br.. msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : tl ehfu ABCD-, AB = 6 br.., AC = 7br..,

BC = 6 br.. kW AD = 4.2 br..
cj gl
C

..
7b
r

r.

.
r.

7b

4.2br..

6b

..

6br

4.2br..

6br..

6br..

tiuKiw
(i)
cjgl tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis Ff. AB = 6 br. mss
xU nfhLJL tiuf.
(ii) f A kW B- ia ikakhf bfhL Kiwna 7 br. kW 6 br.
MuKs tlf (arcs) tiuf. mitf mJ C vw rF. AB
kW AC -fis izf.
(iii) nfhLJLf AB kW AC-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit
rF O-I fhf.
(iv) O-I ikakhf kW OA (= OB = OC) -I Mukhf bfhL DABC - RW
tl tiuf.
(v) A-I ikakhf bfhL 4.2br. MuKs tl tiuf mJ RW tlij
D- rfL.
(vi) AD kW CD Madtiw izf. Jnt njitahd tlehfu ABCD MF.
9. brKiw toa 271

tif II - uL gff kW uL _iylf bfhLfgL nghJ

tlehfu tiuj (Type II -Two sides and two diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)
vLJfhL 9.8

PQ = 4 br.., QR = 6 br.., PR = 7.5 br. kW QS = 7 br.. msf bfhl
tlehfu PQRS tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit : tlehfu PQRS-, PQ = 4 br.., QR = 6 br..,

PR = 7.5 br.. kW QS = 7 br..

cj gl

r.

7b

r.

4br..

6br..

7.5

br
..

6br..

br

7b

7.5

..

4br..

tiuKiw
(i)

cjgl tiuJ, m bfhLfgl msfis Ff. nfhLJL

PQ = 4 br.. tiuf.
(ii)

f P kW Q- ia ikakh bfhL Kiwna 7.5 br.. kW 6 br.. MuKs

tl f tiuJ, mit rF R I fhf.

(iii)

PR kW QR-fis izf.

(iv)

PQ kW QR- ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit rF O-it

fhf.

(v)

O-it ikakhf kW OP(=OQ=OR)-ia Mukhf bfhL DPQR - RW

tl tiuf.

(vi)

Q-it ikakhf bfhL 7 br. MuKs xU tiuf. mJ RW tlij S -

rF.

(vii) PS kW RS-fis izf.

(viii) njitahd tlehfu PQRS MF.
272 10M tF fzF

tif III - _W gff kW xU nfhz bfhLfgL nghJ tlehfu

tiuj (Type III Three sides and one angle of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)
vLJfhL 9.9

AB = 6 br.., BC = 5.5 br.., +ABC = 80c kW AD = 4.5 br.. msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit: tl ehfu ABCD-, AB = 6 br.., BC = 5.5 br..,

+ABC = 80c kW AD = 4.5 br..

cj gl

X
C

4.5br..

4.5br..

5.5br..

5.5br..

6br..

80c
B

80c

6br..

(i)

cjgl tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.

AB = 6 br. sKs xU nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii) B tna +ABX = 80c vD go BX tiuf.

(iii) B-ia ikakhf bfhL 5.5 br.. MuKs tl tiuf. mJ BX-ia
rF C vf. AC-ia izf.
(iv) AB kW BC-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit rF O
vf.
(v) O-it ikakhf kW OA (= OB = OC) Mukhf bfhL DABC - RW
tl tiuf.
(vi) A-ia ikakhf bfhL 4.5 br. MuKs tl tiuf mJ
RWtlij rF D vf.
(vii) AD kW CD Madtiw izf.
(viii) njitahd tlehfu ABCD MF.
9. brKiw toa 273

tif IV - uL gff kW uL nfhzf bfhLfgL nghJ tl

ehfu tiuj (Type IV -Two sides and two angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)
vLJfhL 9.10

EF = 5.2 br.., +GEF = 50c, FG = 6 br.. kW +EGH = 40c vw msf
bfhl tlehfu EFGH tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit:

tlehfu EFGH -, EF = 5.2 br.., +GEF = 50c

FG = 6 br.. kW +EGH = 40 o
cjgl

G
H

40c
6br..

40c

6br..

50c
E

5.2br..

50c
5.2br..

tiuKiw:
(i)

X cjgl tiuJ m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.

EF = 5.2 br.. sKs nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii) E-, +FEX = 50c vD go EX tiuf.

(iii) F-ia ikakhf bfhL 6 br. MuKs X tiuJ mJ EX ia rF
G vf.
(iv) FG-ia izf.
(v) EF kW FG-f ikaFJ nfhLf tiuf. mitf O-
rfL.
(vi) O-it ikakhf kW OE (= OF = OG) -I Mukhf bfhL TEFG - RW
tl tiuf.
(vii) G , +EGY = 40c vDgo GY tiuf.
(viii) GY MdJ RWtlij btL H vf. EH-I izf.
njitahd tlehfu EFGH MF.
274 10M tF fzF

jnghJ

tif V - xU gf, kW _W nfhzf bfhLfgL nghJ tlehfu

tiuj (Type V- One side and three angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are given)
vLJfhL 9.11

PQ = 4 br.., +P = 100c, +PQS = 40c kW +SQR = 70c vDgo tlehfu
PQRS tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit: tlehfu PQRS-,

PQ = 4 br.., +P = 100c, +PQS = 40c kW +SQR = 70c.

cjgl

S
O

100c
P

100c

70c
40c
4br..

70c
40c

4br..

tiuKiw:
(i) cjgl tiuJ, m bfhLfgl msfisFf.

PQ = 4 br.. mss nfhlJL tiuf.
(ii) P- +QPX = 100c vD go PX tiuf.
(iii) Q- +PQY = 40c vD go QY tiuf QY MdJ PX -I S- rfL.
(iv) PQ kW PS-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuJ mit rF O-ia
fhf.
(v) O-it ikakhf OP( = OQ = OS )ia Mukhf bfhL 3 PQS - RW
tl tiuf.
(vi) Q-, +SQZ = 70c vD go QZ tiuf. mJ tlij R- rfL.
(vii) RS-I izf.

njitahd tl ehfu PQRS MF.

9. brKiw toa 275

tif VI - uL gff, xU nfhz kW xU iznfhL bfhLfgL nghJ

tlehfu tiuj. (Type VI Two sides , one angle and one parallel line are given)
vLJfhL 9.12

AB = 5.8 br.., +ABD = 35c, AD = 4.2 br.. kW AB || CD vw msf bfhl
tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.
bfhLfgLsit: tl ehfu ABCD-, AB = 5.8 br..,

+ABD = 35c, AD = 4.2 br.. kW AB || CD.

cjgl

4.2br..

35c

5.8br..

4.2 br..

35c
5.8br..

tiuKiw
(i)

cjgl tiuJ, m bfhLfgl msfis Ff.

AB = 5.8 br.. mss xU nfhLJL tiuf.

(ii) B-, +ABX = 35c vDgo BX tiuf.

(iii) A-ia ikakhf bfhL 4.2 br. MuKs X tl tiuf mJ BX -ia
rF D vf.
(iv) AB kW AD-f ikaFJnfhLf tiuf mit rF O-vf.
(v) O-ia ikakhf, OA (= OB = OD)-I Mukhf bfhL DABD -

RW tl tiuf.

(vi) DY < AB vDgo DY tiuf mJ tlij rF C vf.

BC-ia izf.
(vii) njitahd tl ehfu ABCD MF.
276 10M tF fzF

g 9.3
1.

PQ = 6.5 br.., QR = 5.5 br.., PR = 7 br.. kW PS = 4.5 br.. vw msf

bfhl tl ehfu PQRS tiuf.

2.

AB = 6 br.., AD = 4.8 br.., BD = 8 br.. kW CD = 5.5 br.. vw msf

bfhl tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.

3.

PQ = 5.5 br.., QR = 4.5 br.., +QPR = 45c kW PS = 3 br.. Ma msf

bfhl tl ehfu PQRS tiuf.

4.

AB = 7 br.., +A = 80c, AD = 4.5 br.. kW BC = 5 br.. vw msf bfhl

tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.

5.

KL = 5.5 br.., KM = 5 br.., LM = 4.2 br.. kW LN = 5.3 br.. Ma msf

bfhl tl ehfu KLMN tiuf.

6.

EF = 7 br.., EH = 4.8 br.., FH = 6.5 br.. kW EG = 6.6 br.. msf bfhl

tl ehfu EFGH tiuf.

7.

AB = 6 br.., +ABC = 70c, BC = 5 br.. kW +ACD = 30c Ma msf

bfhl tlehfu ABCD tiuf.

8.

PQ = 5 br.., QR = 4 br.., +QPR = 35c kW +PRS = 70c Ma msf

bfhl tl ehfu PQRS tiuf.

9.

AB = 5.5 br.., +ABC = 50c, +BAC = 60c kW +ACD = 30c Ma msf

bfhl tl ehfu ABCD tiuf.

10.

AB = 6.5 br.., +ABC = 110c, BC = 5.5 br.. kW AB || CD vwthW mik

tlehfu ABCD tiuf.

cfSF bjkh?
1901 Kj xbthU ML aa, nta, clTa (kUJt)
ya kW mik Ma Jiwf wJ sFnthF bgUikFa
nehg gR (Nobel Prize) tHfgL tUwJ. l eho lhnAhYs
nehg mwflis _y ML njhW tHfgL tU ta grhdJ
xU rtnjr UjhF. Mdh fjF nehg gR tHfgLtiy.
rtnjr fj Tlikgh (International Mathematical Union) ehF
MLfSF xU Kiw elj bgW rtnjr fj fhu kheho
xbthU Kiw 40 taij flfhj uL, _W myJ ehF fja
mPfSF tHfgL UJ gjf (Fields Medal) vdgL.
gjf fjfhd nehg gR vd ghuhlgLwJ.
9. brKiw toa 277

10

tiuglf

10.1 mKf

mKf

Ugo tistiuf

tiuglf

w tiuglf

bu blfho
(Rene Descartes)
(1596-1650)

uh
blfho, kUJtkid
gLif UFnghJ <
() xW mtUila miw
xU _iy R R gwJ
bfhoUgij ghJ fhoa
jsij fljh.
blfho gFKiw tot
fjij cUthdh. j
_y Mabjhiy mRfis
gagL

tiuglfis

tiutjF ttFjh.

I think, therefore I am
- Rene Descartes

tiuglf (Graphs) vgd jftfis fhL
glfshF. vil vthW cauJl bjhlilanjh,
mnj nghW U ntWgl msf vthW bjhlilad
vgij tiuglf czJ. y neuf
afjij fK bfhzJ J bfhtJ
fodkhf UF. FpLfsh mikj fj
nfhitfSF kW mt tiuglfSF
ilnas bjhlig fW bfhtJ afj
totikfis J bfhs ttif brwJ.

fU bfhLs, fhz ntoa
fj dhF sfkF tif XusF
Jakhd tiuglij tiu gHfij khztf
VgL bfhs ntL. xU fzF toa
sf bgwkLkyhJ afj it frahf
csjh vd nrhjid brJ ghf, ftdJl
tiuagl tiuglf cj. tiuglf _y
bgwgL f midJ njhuhakhd kf
vgij idbfhs ntL. vj msF
Jakhf tiuglfis tiunwhnkh, mnj msF
bgwgL kfS Jakhf mik.

10.2 Ugo nfhitf tiuglf

(Quadratic Graphs)

tiuaiw

f : A " B xU rh vf. F A kW B vgd
bkbaf fz R - cfzfshF. midJ
tir nrhof fzkhd "^ x, yh ; x ! A, y = f (x) ,
vgJ f - tiugl vd miHfgL.

x- mikj xU gYWnfhitia tiugl to

Fl aY.
y = f (x) = ax + b, a ! 0 vw xUgo
gYWnfhit tiugl vgJ rh 'a' cila
xU nenfhlhF (oblique line) .
2

y = f (x) = ax + bx + c, a ! 0 vD Ugo gYW

nfhit tiugl vgJ nenfhl w bjhlahd
xU tistiu MF. jid gutisa (Parabola) vW
TWt.
278

tU tiuglf btntwhd gYWnfhitfis fhLwd.

y

y = (x + 1) (x - 2) ,

y = (x + 4) (x + 1) (x - 2),

Ugo gYWnfhit

Kgo gYWnfhit

9-M tF xUgo gYWnfhit

tiuglfis tiua eh fWnsh. nghJ

y = 1 (x + 4) (x + 1) (x - 3) (x - 0.5)
14
ehgo gYWnfhit

y = ax + b, a ! 0, - nenfhL
2
y = ax + bx + c , F a , b

kW c Mad bk khf kW a ! 0 , vw Ugo gYWnfhit

tiuglij vthW tiutJ vgij kW mj gf vjifad vgij
maUnwh.
2

y = ax + bx + c - tiugl

y = ax + bx + c vgij fUJf. tfgLJj Kiwia gagL

gYwnfhitia tUkhW vGjyh.

b 2 1
b2 4ac m .
` x + 2a j = a c y + 4a

2
Mfnt, 1 c y + b - 4ac m $ 0 .
a
4a

2
tistiu (gutisa) c V c- b , 4ac - b m MF.
2a
4a

(xU nfhit tf vnghJnk if)

2
a > 0 v, tistiu nkneh w cilaJ. y = 4ac - b vw
4a
nenfho J kW mjF nkny tistiu mik. nkY tistiuahdJ

x = - b vw nenfhil bghWJ rkuhf UF.

2a
2
a < 0 v, tistiu neh w cilaJ. y = 4ac - b vw nfho
4a
b
J mjF G tistiu mik. nkY x = vw nenfhil bghUJ
2a
rkuhf UF.

Ugo gYWnfhitfSF y vLJfhLfS mt tiuglf
jik nHs mltiz bfhLfgLsd.
10. tiuglf 279

tir
v

gYWnfhit
2
( y = ax + bx + c )

y = 2 x2
a = 2, b = 0, c = 0

y = 3 x2
a = 3, b = 0, c = 0

y = x - 2x - 3
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
2

a-
F

(0, 0)

(i) nkneh w cilaJ.

(ii) y = 0 vw nenfho J
if
mjF nkny mik
(iii) y-mF, mjhtJ x= 0- F
rkuhf tistiumik.

(0, 0)

(i) neh w cilaJ.

(ii) y = 0 vw ne nfho J kW
mjF nH mik.
Fiw
(iii) y-mF, mjhtJ x = 0-F
rkuhf tistiu mik.

(1, 4)

(i) nkneh w cilaJ

(ii) y = 4 vw nenfho J
if
mjF nkny mik.
(iii) x = 1-F rkuhf mik.

tistiu
jik

y = ax + bx + c vw Ugo gYWnfhit tiuglij tiutjfhd

tKiwf (Procedures to draw the quadratic graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c )

(i)

y = ax2 + bx + c -I gagL

x- btntW kfis mjFa y-

kfis mltiz gLJf.

(ii)

bghUjkhd mslij njbjLf.

x-m mslK y-m mslK xnu msthf Uf

ntoaiy. tiuantoa tiugl Koj msF bga ms
UFkhW ms l njbjLfgl ntL. tiugl ms vj
msF bgajhf Uwnjh, mjnfg bgwgL KofS Jakhf
mik
2

(iii) tiugljh fis Ff. y = ax + bx + c - tiugl

nenfhL JLf iy vgjh, mtiw xU nenfhlw iHthd
tistiuah (Smooth Curve) izf.

vLJfhL 10.1

y = 2x -F tiugl tiuf.

280 10M tF fzF

x -F 3-UJ 3 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mtF Vw
y- kfis fL, flthW mltizgLJf.
x
x

-2

-1

18

18

y = 2x

-3
2

(- 3, 18), ( 2, 8), (1, 2), (0, 0), (1, 2), (2,8)

y
msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF

kW (3, 18) Ma fis tiugljh

ymR 1br. = 2 myFf

Ff. mfis xU nenfhlw iHthd

tistiuah (smooth curve) izf. tis
2

y=

2x 2

tiuahdJ y = 2x - tiuglkhF.
Fiu

(i) j tistiuahdJ y -mir bghUJ

rkuhf

UF.

lgf

mjhtJ,

mikJs

y -m

tiugl

gFahdJ y-m tygf cs

xl

(1, 2)

gF fzho gkhF.
yl

(ii) y- kf Fiw vfshf iy. vdnt,

tiugl x -mRF mikahJ.

gl 10.1

vLJfhL 10.2

y =- 3x tiugl tiuf.

x - F 3 UJ 3 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mtF Vw
y kfis fL, flthW mltizgLJf.
x
x

y =- 3x

27

12

12

27
10. tiuglf 281

msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 3 myFf

xl

x
(1,3)

y = - 3x 2

(1,3)

yl
gl 10.2

(3, 27), (2, 12), (1, 3), (0, 0), (1,3), (2, 12) kW (3, 27) Ma fis
tiugljh Ff.

mfis xU nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah (smooth curve)
2
izf. thW bgwgL tistiu y =- 3x tiuglkhF. tiugl
gutisa (parabola) vdgL.
Fiu
2

(i) y- kf midJnk ifaw kfshf csjh y =- 3x

tiugl x-mRF nk mikahJ.
(ii) tiugl y-mir bghWJ rkuhdJ.

10.2.1 ax + bx + c = 0 vw Ugo rkghil tiugl _y j.

2

(To solve the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 graphically)

Kj Ugo gYWnfhit y = ax2 + bx + c- tiuglij tiuf.
tistiuahdJ x-mid btodh, tistiu kW x-mR Mad btL
f x-Mabjhiyf
fshF.
282 10M tF fzF

kfns,

bfhLfgl

rkgho

vLJfhL 10.3
2

tiugl _y f: x - 2x - 3 = 0

= x2 - 2x - 3 - tiuglij tiunth.

Kj y

x -F 3 UJ 4 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mjFa y-

kfis fL flthW mltizgLJf.
3

x2

16

- 2x

12

(3, 12), (2, 5), (1, 0), (0, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 0), (4, 5) Ma f i s

tiugl jh Ff. fis

nenfhlw

iHthd

tistiuah

(smooth curve) izf.

msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf

tistiu x mir (1, 0) kW

(3, 0) Ma f btLwJ.
f x Ma bjhiyf

1 kW 3.
Mfnt, fz {1, 3}.

Fiu

(ii) y- kf if kW
Fiw vfshf Ugjh
tistiuahdJ x-mRF
nkY G mik.

= x2
-2
x3

(i) x-m, vnghJ y =0 MF.

xl

(iii) x = 1 vw nfhil bghUJ

tiugl rkuhdJ.
y- mir bghUJ
rkuhdJ my.

yl
gl 10.3

10. tiuglf 283

vLJfhL 10.4
2

tiugl _y f: 2x + x - 6 = 0

Kj, x -F 3-UJ 3 tius KGf kfis bfhLJ mtF
2
Vw y = 2x + x - 6 kfis fL, flthW mltizgLJf.

2x

18

18

x
6

15

(3, 9), (2, 0), (1, 5), (0, 6), (1, 3), (2, 4) kW (3, 15) Ma fis

tiugl jh Ff. fis nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah

2

(smooth curve) izf. thW bgwgl tistiu y = 2x + x - 6 vw

gYWnfhit tiuglkhF.
y
msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf

tistiu x- mir (2 , 0) kW

(1.5, 0) Ma f btLwJ.
f x Ma bjhiyf

2 kW 1.5 MF.
+x-6

Mfnt, fz {2 , 1.5 }.

y = 2x 2

Fiu
2

2x + x - 6 = 0 -I tiugl
_y f tU Kiwia
gwyh.
(i) y = 2x - tiugl tiuf.
2

xl

(ii) y = 6 - x - tiugl tiuf.

(iii) U tiuglf btL
f x Mabjhiyf
2
kfns
2x + x - 6 = 0 -
fshF.

yl
gl 10.4

284 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 10.5
2
2

y = 2x - tiuglij tiuJ mUJ 2x + x - 6 = 0 vw rkghil
f.

2
2

Kj y = 2x - tiuglij tiunth. y = 2x F tU mltizia
mikf.
x
3
2
1
0
1
2
3

x2

y = 2x 2

18

18
y

(3, 18), (2, 8), (1,2), (0, 0), (1, 2),

msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf

(2, 8) kW (3, 18) Ma fis

tiugljh Ff.

nenfhlw

fis

iHthd tistiuah (smooth curve)

izf.
2

y=2

x2

2x + x - 6 = 0 - _yfis
2
2
fhz y = 2x kW 2x + x - 6 = 0
Ma rkghLfis f.
2

nghJ, 2x + x - 6 = 0 .
2

y = 2x . Mfnt y + x 6 = 0

y=x+6
2

vdnt, 2x + x - 6 = 0 - _yf
2
y = 2x kW y = x + 6 Mad

y=

bto bfhS f x-
MabjhiyfshF.

xl

nghJ, y = - x + 6 vw
nenfhoFa mltizia
mikngh.

+6

yl

y = -x + 6

gl 10.5

nknys fis tiugljh FJ mtiw xU nenfhlh

izf.

nenfhL kW gutisa Madt btL f (2, 8)
kW (1.5, 4.5) MF. f x-Mabjhiyf 2 kW 1.5 MF.
2

vdnt, rkghL 2x + x - 6 = 0- fz { 2 , 1.5} MF.
10. tiuglf 285

vLJfhL 10.6
2

y = x + 3x + 2 - tiugl tiuf. mij gagL x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 vw
rkghil f.

Kj, y = x + 3x + 2 -fhdmltizia tUkhW jahbrnth.

16

12
2
6

9
2
2

6
2
0

3
2
0

0
2
2

3
2
6

6
2
12

9
2
20

x
3x
2
y

(4, 6), (3, 2), (2, 0), (1, 0),

(0, 2), (1, 6), (2, 12) kW (3, 20)
Ma fis tiugljh
Ff.
fis
ne
nfhlw iHthd tistiuah
(smooth curve) izf. ilf
bgw tistiuahdJ,

y = x2

+ 3x

+2

msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 2 myFf

y = x + 3x + 2 - tiuglkhF.
2

nghJ, x + 2x + 4 = 0
2

( x + 3x + 2 x +2 = 0
2

( y = x - 2

a y = x + 3x + 2

vdnt, x + 2x + 4 =0 - _yf,
2
y = x - 2 kW y = x + 3x + 2
Mad
bto
bfhS
fsh ilf bgWwd.

xl

nghJ nenfhL y = x - 2 -
tiuglij tiunth.
jF y = x - 2 -fhd mltizia
tUkhW mikngh.

y = x-2

y=

2
yl
gl 10.6
2

Mdh, nenfhL y = x - 2 MdJ tistiu y = x + 3x + 2 -I btliy.

vdnt , x + 2x + 4 =0-F bk_yf VJ iy.

286 10M tF fzF

g 10.1
1.

tU rhf tiugl tiuf.

2.

tiugl _y tU rkghLfis f.

(i) x - 4 = 0
2
(ii) x - 3x - 10 = 0
(iii) ^ x - 5h^ x - 1h = 0
(iv) ^2x + 1h^ x - 3h = 0

3.

y = x - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL

rkghil f.

4.

y = x + 2x - 3 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL x - x - 6 = 0 vw

rkghil f.

5.

y = 2x + x - 6 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL 2x + x - 10 = 0 vw

rkghil f.

6.

y = x - x - 8 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL x - 2x - 15 = 0 vw

rkghil f.

7.

y = x + x - 12 - tiugl tiuJ, mjid gagL x + 2x + 2 = 0 vw

rkghil f.

(i) y = 3x
2
(ii) y =- 4x
(iii) y = ^ x + 2h^ x + 4h
2
(iv) y = 2x - x + 3
2

x - 4x - 5 = 0

vw

10.3 y wtif tiuglf (Some Special Graphs)

ghlgF gYWnfhit khfSilna cs bjhl

(i) ne khWghL (Direct variation) kW

(ii) v khWghL (Indirect variation) v w t h W m i k n g h J , g Y W
nfhit tiuglij vthW tiutJ vd mJ bfhnth.

y MdJ x-F nej U, VnjD xU if v k-F y = kx vd
eh bgWnwh. j iy khf xWbfhW ne khWgho (Direct variation)
Ugjhf fUjgL. nkY mj tiugl xU nenfhlhF (Straight line)
y-MdJ x-F jiy jU, VnjD xU if k-F y = k vd
x
eh bgWnwh. F khf xWbfhW v khWghoUgjh (Indirect

variation) mj tiugl xU uhd nenfhlw tistiuthf mik. J brtf

mgutisa (Rectangular Hyperbola) vd magL. (brtf mgutisa

rkghL, xy = k, k > 0 vwthW UF).
10. tiuglf 287

vLJfhL 10.7

fhQ mltizF jFj tiugl tiuJ khf khWghL

jikia fh. mkhWgho khia (constant of proportionality) fhf.

x
y

2
8

3
12

5
20

8
32

10
40

nkY x = 4 v y- kig fhf.

bfhLfgLs mltiz x - k mfF nghJ y - k
y
nej mfwJ.
msl

Mfnt, khWghL xU nekhWghL

xmR 1br. = 1 myF

(Direct variation) MF.

ymR 1br. = 5 myFf

vdnt, y \ x vd vGjyh.

mjhtJ, y = kx, k > 0 xU kh MF.

y=

4x

y
= k k vgJ jrk kh.
x
k = 8 = 12 = g = 40 . = 4
2
3
10

` k = 4.

nghJ, y = 4x vw cw xU

nenfhil mikF.

gl 10.7

(2, 8), (3, 12), (5, 20), (8, 32) kW (10, 40) Ma fis tiugl jh
Ff. fis xU nenfhlh izf. thW bgwgl nenfhL
y = 4x- tiuglkhF.

nkY, x = 4 v, y = 16 vd tiugl y = 4x - thyhf mayh.

vLJfhL 10.8
xU to XLgt A vw lUJ B vw lF xU uhd

ntf xnu t btntW ehf gaz brwh. mt gaz brj ntf,
muid flf vLJ bfhl neu Madtiw ga tuf
(ntf-fhy) tU mltiz bfhLfgLsd.
ntf (.. / k)
x
neu (k)
y
288 10M tF fzF

10

12

60

30

20

12

10

ntf - fhy tiugl tiuJ mUJ

(i)

mt kF 5 . ntf brwh uij flf MF gaz neu

(ii)

Madtiw fhf.

mt Fl uij 40 kneu flf vj ntf gaf

ntL
y

msl
xmR 1br. = 1 myF
ymR 1br. = 10 myFf

mltizUJ x-

mfkhFnghJ

y-

vd mnwh. j tifahd

neu

k vj FiwwJ
khWghL v khWghL MF.
vdnt xy = k MF.

F xy = 120

Mfnt, y = 120
x

xy = 12

ntf

gl 10.8

(2 , 60), (4 , 30), (6 , 20), (10 , 12) kW (12, 10) Ma fis tiugljh

Ff. fis nenfhlw iHthd tistiuah izf.

tiuglUJ ,

(i) kF 5 . ntf brwh gaz neu 24 k MF.

(ii) Fl uij 40 k neu flf, mtUila ntf 3 . / k MF.
vLJfhL 10.9

xU t, _jFokf it bjhifF 10% jto jUwJ. it

bjhifF mjF X MLF ilF toF ilnaahd bjhlid

fhl xU tiugl tiuf. mj _y,

(i) ` 650 it bjhifF ilF to kW

(ii) ` 45 toahf ilf t brYjgl ntoa it bjhif

Madtiw fhf.
10. tiuglf 289

eh tU mltizia jahngh
it bjhif
`x

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

jto ` y

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

nkfl

mltizUJ,

msl
x mR 1br. = ` 100
y mR 1br.= ` 10

vjhf y = 1 x vd mayh. nkY

10
1
y=
x - tiugl xU nenfhL MF.
10
vdnt mltiz bfhLfgl
to

UJ tiugl tiuayh.

x
0
1
y=
1

j tiugl UJ

(i)
(ii)

`650 it bjhifF ca to
bjhif `65 vd,

` 45 toahf ilf njitahd

it bjhif ` 450 vd
mayh.

it bjhif

gl 10.9

g 10.2
1.

xU ngUJ kF 40.. ntf brwJ. jFa u-fhy bjhlfhd

tiugl tiuf. ij gagL 3 kneu ngUJ gaj
uij fLo.

2.

thfgl nehL jff vif kW mjfhd iy tu

tU mltiz jugLsJ.
nehLjff
vif
x

10

12

iy
`y

30

60

90

120

150

180

jfhd tiugl tiuJ mj _y

(i) VG nehL jff iyia fhf.

(ii) ` 165-F thfgL nehL jff vifia fhf.

290 10M tF fzF

3.

10

14

16

nkfl mltiz cs tuF tiugl tiuJ, mj _y

(i)
(ii)
4.

x = 4 v y- kig fhf.
y = 12 v x- kig fhf.

xU l gh iy ` 15 vf. gh msF iyF cs

bjhlid fhL tiugl tiuf. mjid gagL,

(i) jrk khia fhf.

(ii) 3 l gh iyia fhf.
xy = 20, x , y > 0 vgj tiugl tiuf. mjid gagL x = 5 v, y -
kig, y = 10 v, x - kig fhf.

5.
6.

ntiyahf
vif
x
ehf
vif
y

16

96

72

48

36

32

18

mltiz bfhLfgLs tufhd tiugl tiuf. mj _y

12 ntiyahf mntiyia KGtJkhf brJ Kof MF ehf

vifia fhf.

Fljf nknfhf
1.

fj dhit vG Mwiy, mdhF fhgijl

cathf fUjglntL.

2.

- #h{ nfl. (Georg Cantor)

fj f ah khw Koahjit kW kWgjF

mghglitfshF. Mdh kw maYs f midJ
XusF thjF cglitf vgnjhL, a fLofsh
mitf khwglToa thf csd vgjhjh, fjayhdJ
kw mafisl kfjhd KaJt thjjhf fwJ.
- Mg IO (Albert Einstein)

10. tiuglf 291

11

a
It is easy to lie with statistics. It is hard to tell the truth without it
-Andrejs Dunkels

mKf
guj msitf

yftf ruhr

l yf

khWghL bfG

fh ar
(Karl Pearson)

(1857-1936)

yhJ
fh ar vD
My a tYe
ed a Jiwia
Watf
Kndho
Mth. t a fj
Jiwia Wdh. aa
fUJnfhshd
Uw
vw fUij a
mKfgLdh. ma
yfz (Grammar of science)
vw mtila gy Ka
fUJf IO kW
w ma tYef
fhya ma bfhif
f mfkhf mikjd.

11.1 mKf

uhl (Croxton) kW bfsl (Cowden)
Mnah TWF zf, a (Statistics) vgJ
tufis nrfj, mj, M brj,
v tufUJ fUJfis gy tiff
jUj vd tiuaWfgLwJ. R.A. (R.A. Fisher)
vgt a vD maiy fj xU
vd, mJ Tjh tufSF braghL
fj vd nghWwh.

nAhnu br (Horace Secrist) vgt
aiy tUkhW tiuaiw brwh. a
vgJ gntW fhuzfdh Fl ms ghf
gLgitf tuf nrifahF. tuf
vfsh FfgL, tirgLjgL myJ
Vila ms Jakhf mslgL, Kghfnt
khfgl nehffhf mitfis Kiwahf
nrfgJ
mitfSilnas
bjhlfis
btgLJtJ ayhF.

J.F. ghu (J.F. Baron) vgt Statistics (a)
vD brhiy jDila Elements of Universal
Erudiation vD KjKiwahf gagLdh.
ed fhy a vgJ btW tuf
nrf kW mtufis glsffY.
mltizfY mgJ kL my. Tjh
brj tuf UJ mDkhj kW rakw
NH KG uidF Ko nkbfhs nghw
ma fUJf iwj thf J fUjgLwJ.

eh Vfdnt ikanghF msitfshd, TL
ruhr, iliy ms kW KfL Mad g
fWnsh. mit ekF gut ika gF cs
tuf mlia ga xU fUij jUwd.

ika nghfsitf ga mjfdh
tuf gutiy ga KG fUJfis bjJ
bfhs ayhJ. vLJfhlhf (i) 82, 74, 89, 95
kW (ii) 120, 62, 28, 130 Ma uL btntW
292

bjhlfSF xnu TL ruhr 85 MF. Kj bjhl cs vf, ruhr

85-F beUfkhf csd. Mdh, ulhtJ bjhl cs vf, ruhr 85-UJ
gutyhf usJ. vdnt ikanghF msitf, tufis ga jtwhd
KofSF t tFfyh. TL ruhria xo, tuf vthW gusd
vgij ma cj tif tufSfhd xU msL njitgLwJ.

11.2 guj msitf (Measures of dispersion)

gut (distribution) tuf vj msF guUwJ vgij
guj msitf sFwJ. R (Range R), fhkhd yf (Quartile Deviation
Q.D), ruhr yf (Mean Deviation M.D), l yf (Standard Deviation S.D) Mad
guj msitfshF. F, eh ytiw sfkhf ffyh.

11.2.1 R (Range)

R vgJ guj msitf vjhd xU msit MF. xU v bjhF
cs vf f caj kW f Fiwj kfSilna cs ahr R
MF.
` R = bgU k - W k = L- S.
v bjhF R bfG = L - S .
nkY,
L+S
vLJfhL 11.1

43, 24, 38, 56, 22, 39, 45 Ma tuf R kW RbfG fhf.

tufis VWtir 22, 24, 38, 39, 43, 45, 56 vd mikf.

bgU k L = 56 kW W k S = 22.

vdnt,
R = L- S

= 56- 22 = 34
Mfnt, R bfG = L - S

L+S
= 56 - 22 = 34 = 0.436
56 + 22
78
vLJfhL 11.2

xU tFYs 13 khztf vil (.) tUkhW.

42.5, 47.5, 48.6, 50.5, 49, 46.2, 49.8, 45.8, 43.2, 48, 44.7, 46.9, 42.4

t R kW R bfGit fhf.

tufis VWtir tUkhW vGjyh,

42.4, 42.5, 43.2, 44.7, 45.8, 46.2, 46.9, 47.5, 48, 48.6, 49, 49.8, 50.5

bfhLfgLs tu bgU k L= 50.5 kW W k S = 42.4

Mfnt,
R = L- S
= 50.5- 42.4 = 8.1

nkY, R bfG = L - S = 50.5 - 42.4 = 8.1

L+S
50.5 + 42.4 92.9
Mfnt, R bfG = 0.087
11. a 293

vLJfhL 11.3
xU tu bjhF bgU k 7.44 kW mj R 2.26 v,

mbjhF W kig fhf.
R = bgU k - W k
( 7.44 - W k = 2.26

W k = 7.44- 2.26 = 5.18.
`

11.2.2 l yf (Standard deviation)

guj msitfhz wj t, tuf bjhFYs xbthU
kF, mj TL ruhrF cs ahrfis tfgL, mj
tffSF ruhr fhgjhF. thW bgwgL guj msit yf tf
ruhr myJ gutgo (Variance) vdgL. yf tf ruhr if tf_y
lyf (Standard Deviation) vdgL. yf tf ruhr vbghGJ if KG
vzhf UF.

fh (Gauss) vgt gagLa ruhr iH (mean error) vw thijF
gyhf, 1894- fh ar (Karl Pearson) vgt l yf vw thijia
Kj Kj gagLdh.

tuf vj my FlgLwnjh, mnj my l yfK
FlgL. l yf tu kf ruhrUJ vts yUwJ
vgij fhL. Fiwthd ks lyf, tu kf TL ruhrF
mik gusij, caj ks lyf, tu kf mf
gusd vgij fhLwd.

x kW v vw FpLfis Kiwna guj TL ruhr (A.M) kW
l yfij (S.D) Fl gagLJnwh. tuf a
mogil mtiw VWtir myJ wF tir mikj gntW
Kiwf fhQ Nufis gagL, eh l yf v - it
fzLnth. (NufSF %gz njitiy)

tu
bjhFf
glhjit
(ungrouped)

neuo Kiw
(Direct method)

/ x2 - c / x m2
n

TL
ruhr
Kiw

/ d2
n

F,

d = x-x
bjhFf
glit
(grouped)

F :

/ fd2
/f

Cf ruhr Kiw
(Assumed mean
method)

/ d2 - c / d m2
n

F, d = x A

/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f
/f

goyf Kiw
(Step deviation method)

/ d2 - c / d m2 # c
n

F, d = x - A
c

/ fd2 e / fd o2 # c
/f
/f

n cWfis (vf) bfhl bjhFF tUtd bkahF

/^ x - x h = 0 , / x = nx kW / x = nx .

294 10M tF fzF

(i)

neuo Kiw (Direct method)

cWf tff v bgwgL bghGJ Kiwia gagLjyh.

/ x2 - c / x m2

Kiw lyf fhz cj Nu , v =

vLJfhL 11.4

xU khj 8 khztf goj jff vif tUkhW.

2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 6, 12, 10. tu l yfij fzLf.

x
2
5
6
8
10
11
12
14

x2
4
25
36
64
100
121
144
196

/ x =68

/ x =690

F, n = 8

lyf, v =

/ x2 - c / x m2
n

690 - 68 2
`8 j
8

86.25 - ^8.5h2

86.25 - 72.25

= 14 - 3.74.

(ii) TL ruhr Kiw (Actual mean method)

TL ruhr dkhf yho, mjhtJ KG vzhf UFnghJ
Kiwia gagLjyh.
Kiw l yf fhz cj Nu,

/^ x - x h

v=

myJ v =

/ d2 .

F d = x - x .

vLJfhL 11.5

xU tFF eljgl bghJ mnj bkhj kbgf 40-F,
6 khztf bgw kbgf 20, 14, 16, 30, 21 kW 25. tu l
yf fhf.
/ x = 20 + 14 + 16 + 30 + 21 + 25
nghJ, TLruhr A. M. =
n
6

(
x = 126 = 21.
6
flthW mltizia mikf.

x

d= x-x

d2

14
16
20
21
25
30

-7
-5
-1
0
4
9

49
25
1
0
16
81

/ x = 126

/d = 0

Mfnt, v =

/ d2
n

172
6

28.67

vdnt, v - 5. 36.

/ d2 = 172
11. a 295

(iii) Cf ruhr Kiw (Assumed mean method)

bfhLfgl tu TLruhr KG vzhf iyba, Cf

ruhr Kiw lyf fhzyh. TLkhd tiu xA vgJ f a KG
vfshf mikkhW bghUjkhd v A-id bj brnwh. thW bj
bragL v A-I Cf ruhr vngh. J TL ruhrF f beUfkhf mik.
jnghJ, d = x - A -it gagL yffis fhngh.

Mfnt,

l yf v =

/ d2 - c / d m2 .
n

F :
Cf ruhr Kiw goyf Kiw, l yf fhQ neuo Kiw
vikahfgl khW Kiwf MF.
vLJfhL 11.6

62, 58, 53, 50, 63, 52, 55 Ma vfSF l yf fhf.

Cf ruhr A=55 vd vLJ bfhL fhQ mltizia mikf.

x
50
52
53
55
58
62
63

d=xA
= x 55

-5
-3
-2
0
3
7
8

25
9
4
0
9
49
64

/d = 8

/d m

v =

160 - 8 2
`7j
7

160 - 64
7
49

1056
49

-c

= 32.49
7

2
d =160

(iv)

/d

l yf v - 4.64

go yf Kiw (Step deviation method)

tu vf f bgadthf kW xU bghJ fhuia bfhL

U, l yf fhz, go yf Kiwia gagLJnwh. Cf ruhr A- I
Kj njbjLJ, wF d = x - A I fzL yfij fhnwh. F c
c
vgJ xA- kfSF xU bghJ fhuia FF.

Kiw l yf fhz gagLJ Nu v =

/ d2 - c / d m2 # c.
n

vLJfhL 11.7

10 khztf fj nj bgw kbgf tUkhW,

80, 70, 40, 50, 90, 60, 100, 60, 30, 80. kfSF l yf fhf.
296 10M tF fzF

 bfhLfgl tuf bghJ fhu c = 10 MF. Cf ruhr A = 70

vd vLJ bfhf. F tu kf vif, n = 10.

nkY, c = 10, d = x - A vd bfhL fhQ mltizia mikf.

10

x
30
40
50
60
60
70
80
80
90
100

d = x - 70
10
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
0
1
1
2
3

/d = -4
v =

/ d2 - c / d m2
n

16
9
4
1
1
0
1
1
4
9

/ d2 = 46

#c

46 - - 4 2 # 10
10 ` 10 j

46 - 16 # 10 =
10 100

460 - 16 # 10 =
100

444 = 2 111

` l yf, v - 21.07.

nkny FLs ehF Kiwfshd neuoKiw, TL ruhr Kiw, Cf ruhr

Kiw, go yf Kiw Mat VnjD xiw gagL, tuf bjhFF
l yfij v fhzKo.

xnu tu bjhFF btntW Kiwf l yf kf
fhzglhY mitf vghjthW btntwhf UfhJ. Mfnt, v kid
fhz khztf bfhLfgl tufis bghUJ, bghUjkhd VnjD xU
Kiwia gwyh.
Kof

(i) xU guj xbthU klD xnu viz Todhnyh myJ
fjhnyh mj l yf khwhk UF.

(ii) tu xbthU kig k, vw akw khah

bgUdhnyh myJ tFjhnyh ilF a kfSfhd
lyf mj Kj l yfij Kiwna, k M bgUf myJ
tFf ilF vzhf UF.
11. a 297

vLJfhL 11.8

3, 5, 6, 7 Ma tuF l yf fhf. xbthU klD 4
I Tl ilF a kfSfhd l yfij fhf.
xbthU klD 4 I Tl, x = 7, 9,
bfhLfgl tu
10, 11 Ma a kfis bgWnwh.


x = 3, 5, 6, 7
F, A = 6 vf.

F, A = 10 vf.
2
2
x
d = x 10
x
d=x6
d
d
3
5
6
7

-3
-1
0
1

/d = -3
lyf, v =

7
9
10
11

9
1
0
1

/ d2 = 11
/ d2 - c / d m2
n

9
1
0
1

-3
-1
0
1

/ d = - 3 / d2 = 11
l yf,

v1 =

/ d2 - c / d m2
n

11 - - 3

= 11 - ` - 3 j
4 ` 4j
4
4

v = 11 - 9 = 35

v1 = 11 - 9 = 35
4
16
4
4
4
16

nkny cs vLJfho xbthU klD 4I Tl, ilF a l
yf khwhk UwJ.

vLJfhL 11.9

40, 42, 48 vD tuF l yf fhf. xbthU k
3 M bgUfgLnghJ ilF a kfSfhd l yf fhf.
xbthU kig 3M bgUf
bfhLfgLs tuf
ilF
a kf 120,126,144.
40, 42, 48- l yfij fhngh.
Cf ruhr A = 132 vf.

Cf ruhr A = 44 vf.
a tu l yf v1 vf.
2
x
d = x 44
d
2
x
d = x 132
d
16
40
-4
144
120
- 12
4
42
-2
36
126
6
16
48
4
144
144
12
2
/d = -2
d = 36
2
d =324
/d = -6

2
2
2
d
d
2
d
d
c
m
l yf, v =

c
m
=
l
yf,

v
n
n
1
n
n
2
2
= 36 - ` - 2 j
= 324 - ` - 6 j
3
3
3
3
104

v =

v1 = 312 = 104
3
3

298 10M tF fzF


nkny cs vLJfho, xbthU kig 3-M bgUF nghJ, ilF
tu a l yf, Kj l yfij 3 M bgUf ilF
vzhf UwJ.
vLJfhL 11.10

Kj n a vf l yf v =

n - 1 vd %f.
12

Kj n a vf 1,2,3, g , n.

t TL ruhr, x = Rx = 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n
n
n
n^ n + 1h n + 1


=
=
.
2n
2

Kj n a vf tff TLj,

/ x2 = n^n + 1h6^2n + 1h .

l yf, v =

=
=

/ x2 - c / x m2

n
n
2
n^n + 1h^2n + 1h
-` n + 1j
6n
2
2
^n + 1h^2n + 1h
-` n + 1 j
6
2

n 1 ; ^2n + 1h - ^n + 1h E
` +
2 j
3
2

n 1 ; 2^2n + 1h - 3^n + 1h E
` +
2 j
6

n 1 4n + 2 - 3n - 3
` +
j
2 j`
6

n 1 n-1
=
` +
2 j` 6 j

n -1
12

n -1 .
12

Kj n a vf l yf, v =
Fiu:

tU Kofis mJ bfhf.
bghJ ahr d bfhl xU TL bjhl tir vj xU bjhlahd
2

n - 1 . vdnt,
12
2
n -1 , i d N
(i) i, i + 1, i + 2, g, i + n - l yf v =
12
n cWf l yf, v = d

(ii) bjhlahd n uilgil KGf l yf v = 2

(iii) bjhlahd n xiwgil KGf l yf v = 2

n -1,n d N
12
2

n -1,n d N
12
11. a 299

vLJfhL 11.11

Kj 10 a vf l yf fhf.
2

n -1
12
Mfnt, Kj 10 a vf l yf

Kj n a vf l yf =

10 - 1 = 100 - 1 - 2.87.
12
12
bjhFfgl tuf l yf
(Standard Deviation of grouped data)

(i)

TL ruhr Kiw (Actual mean method)

jj tuf xbthU kid, mj TL ruhrUJ
yff vLJ, l yf fhz gagL Nu

/ fd2
/f

v=

MF. F, d = x - x .

vLJfhL 11.12

xU fj dho dh ngho 48 khztf bgw kbgf tU
mltiz jugLsd.
6
7
8
9
3
6
9
13
tufhd l yfij fzLf.
kbgf x
fbtf f

10
8

11
5

12
4

bfhLfgLs tufSF fl mltizia mikf.

fx

d=x x
=x9

fd

fd

6
7
8
9
10
11
12

3
6
9
13
8
5
4

18
42
72
117
80
55
48

-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

-9
- 12
-9
0
8
10
12

27
24
9
0
8
20
36

/d = 0

/ fd = 0

/ f =48 / fx =432
/ fx
TL ruhr,
xr =
/f
l yf,

v=

300 10M tF fzF

= 432 = 9.
48

/ fd2
/f
124
48

2.58 - 1.61

/ fd

= 124

(ii)

Cf ruhr Kiw (Assumed mean method)

Cf ruhrUJ tu kf yffis fzL bghGJ,
l yf fhz gagL Nu,
2

Rfd
Rfd
m . F d = x - A.
-c
Rf
Rf

v=
vLJfhL 11.13

tU tufhd l yf fhf.

x
f

70
1

74
3

78
5

82
7

86
8

90
12

Cf ruhr A = 82 vf.
x

d = x 82

fd

70
74
78
82
86
90

1
3
5
7
8
12

- 12
-8
-4
0
4
8

- 12
- 24
- 20
0
32
96

/f

/ fd =72 / fd2

=36

1312 - 72 2
` 36 j
36

328 - 22
9

328 - 36
9

292 =
9

=1312

/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f
/f

l yf v =

fd
144
192
80
0
128
768

32.44

v - 5.7 .

vLJfhL 11.14

tU gut yf tf ruhria fhf.

ilbt
fbtf

3.5-4.5

4.5-5.5

5.5-6.5

6.5-7.5

7.5-8.5

14

22

11

17
11. a 301

 Cf ruhr A = 6 vf.

ilbt

3.5-4.5
4.5-5.5
5.5-6.5
6.5-7.5
7.5-8.5

x
ika
k
4
5
6
7
8

d=x-6

fd

fd

9
14
22
11
17

-2
-1
0
1
2

- 18
- 14
0
11
34

36
14
0
11
68

/f
2

yf tf ruhr, v =

/ fd = 13 / fd2 = 129

= 73

/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f
/f

2
= 129 - ` 13 j = 129 - 169
73
73
73
5329
= 9417 - 169 = 9248
5329
5329
2

Mfnt, yf tf ruhr v - 1.74.

(iii) go yf Kiw (Step deviation method)

vLJfhL 11.15

cyf fhgJ nghof 71 Kd uf moj nfhf
vif tuf tU mltiz bfhLfgLsJ. tu
l yf fhf.
ilbt
fbtf

0-10
8

10-20
12

20-30
17

30-40
14

40-50
9

50-60
7

60-70
4

A = 35 vf.

ehfhtJ u bfhLfgLs xA- kf bghJfhu c = 10.

ilbt

0- 10
10- 20
20- 30
30- 40
40- 50
50- 60
60- 70

x
ika
k
5
15
25
35
45
55
65

f
8
12
17
14
9
7
4

/f
302 10M tF fzF

= 71

xA

d = x-A
c

fd

fd

30
20
10
0
10
20
30

-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

- 24
- 24
- 17
0
9
14
12

72
48
17
0
9
28
36

/ fd = - 30 / fd2 = 210

/ fd2 - e / fd o2 # c
/f
/f

l yf, v =

210 - - 30 2 # 10
` 71 j
71
210 - 900 # 10
71
5041

14910 - 900 # 10
5041

= 14010 # 10 = 2.7792 # 10
5041

l yf, v - 16.67.

vLJfhL 11.16

40 f JLf sf (br.-F Ujkhf) nH bfhLfgLsd.
tufhd yf tf ruhria fzLf.
s (br.)

1-10

11-20

21-30

31-40

41-50

51-60

61-70

12

f JLf
vif

Cf ruhr A = 35.5 vf.

s

1-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70

ika k JLf
x
vif
(f)
5.5
2
15.5
3
25.5
8
35.5
12
45.5
9
55.5
5
65.5
1

/ f = 40
2

yf tf ruhr, v

d= xA

fd

- 30
- 20
- 10

- 60
- 60
- 80

0
10
20
30

0
90
100
30

fd

1800
1200
800
0
900
2000
900

/ fd = 20 / fd2 = 7600

2
2
2
fd
fd
/
/
=
o = 7600 - ` 20 j
-e
40
40
/f
/f

= 190 - 1 = 760 - 1 = 759

4
4
4
2


`
v = 189.75.
11.2.3 khWghL bfG (Coefficient of Variation)

khWghL bfG fhQkhW tiuaWfgLwJ.
khWghL bfG C.V = v # 100 . F v , x vgitf Kiwna bfhLfgLs
x
tuf l yf kW TL ruhr MF. khWghL bfGit
rh l yf (relative standard deviation) vd miHfgLwJ.

11. a 303

Fiu:
(i) uL myJ mjF nkgl tu bjhFf ik jikia
myJ iy jikia (consistency) xl, khWghL bfG gagLwJ.

(ii) xU tu khWghL bfG mfkhf Ujh, mj tu

Fiwj ik jik myJ Fiwj iy jik bfhLsJ.
(iii) khWghL bfG Fiwthf Ujh, mj tu mf ik jik
myJ mf iy jik bfhLsJ.
vLJfhL 11.17

18, 20, 15, 12, 25 vw tufSF khWghL bfGit fhf.

bfhLfgLs tuf TL ruhria fzLnth.

TL ruhr x = 12 + 15 + 18 + 20 + 25
5
90
= 18.

=
5
2
x
d = x - 18
d
-6
-3
0
2
7

36
9
0
4
49

/d = 0

/ d2 = 98

12
15
18
20
25

v =

/ d2
n

98
5

= 19.6 - 4.427.
khWghL bfG C.V = v # 100
xr

= 4.427 # 100 = 442.7 .

18
18
khWghL bfG C.V = 24.6

vLJfhL 11.18

5 bf isahL nghof uL kil uf vLj Xlf (runs)
tUkhW. mtf Xlf vLg ah mf ik jik cilat?
kil u A

38

47

34

18

33

kil u B

37

35

41

27

35

304 10M tF fzF


kil u A

kil u B

d = x - xr

18
33
34
38
47

- 16
-1
0
4
13
0

170

d = x - xr

27
35
35
37
41

442

175

-8
0
0
2
6
0

x = 170 = 34
5

d
256
1
0
16
169

v =

/ d2

v =

104

x = 175 = 35
5

/ d2

d
64
0
0
4
36

442 = 88.4
5
- 9.4
khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100
xr
= 9.4 # 100
34
= 940
34
= 27.65

` kil u A vLj XlfSfhd

= 27.65
(1)
khWghL bfG

` kil u B vLj XlfSfhd

(2)
khWghL bfG = 13.14

104 = 20.8
5

- 4.6
khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100
xr
= 4.6 # 100
35
= 460 = 92 = 13.14
35
7

(1) kW (2) UJ B- khWghL bfG, A- khWghLbfGit
lFiw. vdnt, B vw kil u, A vw kil uiu l Xlf vLg
mf ik jikia bfhLsh.
vLJfhL 11.19
xU tu 30 kf TL ruhr kW l yf Kiwna 18

kW 3 MF. mt TL bjhifia, nkY mt tff TL
bjhifia fhf.

30 kf TL ruhr,

x = 18

vdnt, 30 kf TL bjhif, / x = 30 # 18 = 540

l yf,

v = 3

(x =

/x
n

2
2
x
x
/
/
m
v =
-c
2

11. a 305

/ x2

- 18 = 9

/ x2

- 324 = 9

30

30

/ x2 - 9720 = 270 ( / x2 = 9990

/ x = 540 kW / x2 = 9990.

vLJfhL 11.20
xU tu, 20 kf TL ruhr kW l yf Kiwna 40

kW 15 vd fzlgld. mitfis rghFnghJ 43 vw k jtWjyhf 53
vd vGjglJ bja tjJ. mtu rahd TL ruhr kW rahd l
yf Matiw fhf.
rahd TL ruhria Kj fhngh
/ x = 40 (bfhLfgLsJ)
20 tuf ruhr, x =
n
x
/

= 40
(
20

(
/ x = 20 # 40 = 800

Ujgl / x = / x + rahd k jtwhd k

Ujgl / x = 800 + 43- 53 = 790.

Ujgl ruhr = 790 = 39.5

(1)
20
2
2
x
x
2
c
m
yf tf ruhr, v =
= 225
(bfhLfgLsJ)
n
n
2
x
2
(
- 40 = 225
20
2

(
x - 32000 = 225 # 20 = 4500.

/ x2 = 32000 + 4500 = 36500

2
2
Ujgl / x = / x + (rahd k) (jtwhd k)
2
2
2
Ujgl / x = 36500 + 43 53 = 36500 + 1849 2809
2

= 36500 - 960 = 35540.

2
Ujgl x
2
vdnt,
Ujgl v =
(Ujgl ruhr)2

n
2
= 35540 - (39.5)
20
= 1777 1560.25 = 216.75.

Ujgl v =

216.75 - 14.72.

Ujgl ruhr = 39.5 kW Ujgl l yf - 14.72

306 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 11.21

xU tu

/x

/ x =35,

n=5,

kW /^ x - x h2 Matiw fhf.

/^ x - 9h2 = 82

v ,

/ x = 35 kW

bjhF

n = 5 vd jugLsJ.
/ x = 35 = 7 .
` x =
n
5
2
x -I fzLnth.

/^ x - 9h2 = 82

/^ x2 - 18x + 81h = 82
/ x2 - `18/ xj + `81/1j = 82
/ x2 - 630 + 405 = 82
/ x2 = 307.

/^ x - x h

-I fzl,

/^ x - 9h2 =

/ x = 35 kW /1 = 5

82

/^ x - 7 - 2h2 = 82

/6^ x - 7h - 2 @2 = 82
/^ x - 7h2 - 2/6^ x - 7h # 2 @ + / 4 = 82

/^ x - x h - 4/^ x - x h + 4/1 = 82
/^ x - x h - 4 (0) + (4 # 5) = 82
/^ x - x h = 62
/ x2 = 307 kW /^ x - x h = 62.

F x = 7. vdnt, x9 = (x7)2

/1 = 5 kW /^ x - x h = 0

vLJfhL 11.22
U tu bjhlf khWghL bfGf 58 kW 69 vf. nkY, mt

l yff Kiwna 21.2 kW 15.6 v, mt TL ruhrfis fhf.

khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100 vd mnth.

x

`
x = v # 100 .
C.V

Kj bjhl TL ruhr, x1 = v # 100 .
C.V
= 21.2 # 100 a
58
= 2120 = 36.6
58

C.V = 58 kW v = 21.2

11. a 307

ulhtJ bjhl TL ruhr x2 = v # 100

C.V

= 15.6 # 100
69


= 1560
69

= 22.6.
KjyhtJ bjhl TL ruhr = 36.6 ,

a C.V = 69 kW v = 15.6

ulhtJ bjhl TL ruhr = 22.6.

g 11.1
1.

tU kfSF R kW R bfG fhf.

(i) 59, 46, 30, 23, 27, 40, 52, 35, 29.

(ii) 41.2, 33.7, 29.1, 34.5, 25.7, 24.8, 56.5, 12.5.

2.

xU tu W k 12. mj R 59 v m tu
bgU kig fhf.

3.

50 msf fbga k 3.84 .. mj R 0.46 . v, mitf

W kig fhf.

4.

flj tu bjhFYs 20 kf l yf 5 vf.

tu xbthU kig 2 M bgUdh ilF a
tuf l yf kW yf tf ruhr fhf.

5.

Kj 13 a vf l yfij fzLf.

6.

fhQ tuf l yfij fzLf.

(i) 10, 20, 15, 8, 3, 4.

7.

fl mltiz bfhLfgLs tu l yfij

(ii) 38, 40, 34 ,31, 28, 26, 34.

fzLf.

8.

13

18

23

10

15

10

xU gYs 200 khztf xU jf ffh tha jff

vifia ga tu fhQ mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
jff vif
khztf vif

0
35

1
64

2
68

3
18

4
15

tu l yfij fzLf.

9.

tU tu yf tf ruhria fzLf.

x
f

2
4

4
4

308 10M tF fzF

6
5

8
15

10
8

12
5

14
4

16
5

10.

xU ghjrh FWF ghijia flf y (pedestrian crossing) vLJ bfhl

neu tu fl mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.

5-10
4

neu (eho)
egf vif

10-15
8

15-20
15

20-25
12

25-30
11

tuF yf tf ruhr kW l yfij fzLf.

11.

L cikahsf 45 ng mtfSila bjU gRik NH lfhf

mjd. tNfgl bjhif tu tU mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ.

bjhif
0-20
20-40
40-60
60-80
80-100
(`)
L
2
7
12
19
5
cikahsf
vif
uF yf tf ruhr kW lyfij fzLf.

12.

fhQ gut (distribution) yf tf ruhr fhf.

ilbt
fbtf

20-24
15

25-29
25

30-34
28

35-39
12

40-44
12

45-49
8

13.

xU tu bjhFYs 100 kf ruhr kW l yf Kiwna

48 kW 10 MF. midJ kf TL bjhif kW mitf
tff TL bjhif Matiw fhf.

14.

20 kf ruhr kW l yf Kiwna 10 kW 2 vd fzlgld.

rghF nghJ 12 vw kghdJ jtWjyhf 8 vW vLJbfhsglJ
bja tjJ. rahd ruhr kW rahd l yf Madtiw fhf.

15.

n = 10, x = 12 kW

16.

tU kf khWghL bfGit fzLf : 20, 18, 32, 24, 26.

17.

xU tu khWghL bfG 57 kW l yf 6.84 v, mj

TL ruhria fhf.

18.

xU FG 100 ng csd, mtf cauf TL ruhr 163.8br. kW

khWghL bfG 3.2 v, mtfSila cauf l yfij fhf.

19.

/x

= 99, n = 9 kW
Matiw fhf.

20.

xU tFYs A, B vw U khztf bgw kbgf tUkhW:

A
B

58
56

/ x2 = 1530 v, khWghL bfGit fzLf.

51
87

/^ x - 10h2
60
88

= 79 v,

65
46

/x

kW

/^ x - x h

66
43

tf ah Fj ik jikia bfhLsh?
11. a 309

g 11.2
rahd ilia njbjLf.
1.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 , 29 vw Kj 10 gfh vf R

(A) 28

(B) 26

(C) 29

(D) 27

2.

bjhFYs tuf f a k 14.1 kW mtu R 28.4

v, bjhF f bga k

(A) 42.5

(B) 43.5

(C) 42.4

(D) 42.1

3.

bjhFYs tuf fbga k 72 kW fa k 28 v,

mbjhF R bfG

(A) 44

11 kf Rx = 132 v, mt TL ruhr

(A) 11

5.

n cWf bfhl vj xU vf bjhFF R (x - x ) =

(A) Rx

6.

n cWf bfhl vj xU vf bjhFF (Rx) - x =

(A) nx

7.

x, y, z- l yf t v, x + 5, y + 5, z + 5- l yf

(A) t
3

8.

xU tu lyf 1.6 v, mj yf tf ruhr (gutgo)

(A) 0.4

9.

xU tu yf tf ruhr 12.25 v, mj l yf

(A) 3.5

10.

Kj 11 a vf yf tf ruhr

(A)

11.

10, 10, 10, 10, 10- yf tf ruhr

(A) 10

12.

14, 18, 22, 26, 30- yf tf ruhr 32 v, 28, 36, 44, 52, 60- yf
tf ruhr

(A) 64

(B) 0.72

(B) 12

(B) x

(B) (n - 2) x

(B) t + 5

(B) 2.56

(B) 3

(B) 10

(B) 10

(B) 128

310 10M tF fzF

(C) 0.44

(C) 14

(C) nx

(C) (n - 1) x

(C) t

(C) 1.96

(C) 2.5

(C) 5 2

(C) 5

(C) 32 2

(D) 0.28

(D) 13

(D) 0

(D) 0

(D) x y z

(D) 0.04

(D) 3.25

(D) 10

(D) 0

(D) 32

13.

tuf bjhF x lyf 2 2 . mYs xbthU k

3 M bgUf ilF a tu bjhF lyf

(A) 12

14.

/ (x - x )

(A) 25

15.

y tuf TL ruhr kW lyf Kiwna 48, 12 v,

khWghLbfG

(A) 42

(B) 4 2
2

(C) 6 2

(D) 9 2

= 48, x = 20 kW n = 12 v, khWghL bfG

(B) 20

(C) 30

(B) 25

(D) 10

(C) 28

(D) 48

id bfhf
q (i) R = L- S. mjhtJ, bfhLfgl tu fbga kF
fa kF cs ahr R MF.

(ii) RbfG = L - S .
L+S
q bjhFfglhj tuf lyf ( v )

/ x2

/ x m2
c

(i)

n
n

(iii)

(iii)
q

(ii)

(d = x - x kW x = TLruhr)

/ d2 - c / d m2

(iv)

/ fd2
/f

(ii)

d = x - x kW x = TLruhr.

/ fd2 - e / fd o2 # c.
/f
/f

#c

x A
`d = c j

(d = x- A kW A Cf ruhr)

bjhFfgl tuf lyf ( v )

(i)

/ d2 - c / d m2

/ d2

/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f
/f

d = x- A, A = Cf ruhr

F d = x - A
c

bfhLfgl tu cs xbthU vQlD (k) VnjD xU

Fl viz Todhnyh myJ fjhnyh ilF a tu
lyf khwhJ.
bfhLfgl tuYs xbthU viz (k) xU kh k M
bgUf myJ tFf ilF a kf l yfkhdJ, giHa
lyfij kh k M bgUf myJ tFf ilF vzhf
UF.

Kj n a vf lyf v =

lyf tfkhdJ, yf tf ruhr myJ gutgo vdgL.

khWghL bfG, C.V = v # 100 . uL myJ mjF nkgl tuf
x
ik jikia xl khWghLbfG gagLwJ.

n -1 .
12

11. a

311

12

mKf

fjf bjhik
tiuaiw

fjf Tl
njw

a o. yhyh
(Pierre de Laplace)
(1749-1827)

uh
yhyh vgh vnghJ
jiywj mayhsfS
xUtuhf fUjgLwh, t
uhR eho l vd
bgUikahf miHfgLwh.
1812- a gy
mogil Kofis cUth
dh. t tU Kiw
fhuzij fl fj
jJtid fjf mo
gil Tdh. fjf
bfhiffis KjKj m
KfgLatU tnu Mth.
t fj bfhiff
x W f j f v g J
nrhjid rhjfkhd ff
fSF bkhj elf aY
fffSF cs j
vgjhF.

fjf
It is remarkable that a science which began with the consideration
of games of chance should have become the most important object of
human knowledge
-P.D. Laplace.

12.1 mKf
mwhl
thif
eh
ghF
ff kW nkbfhS bgUghikahd
braf
thfSF
cglit.
fg,
a, Mnguiy, d kW bjhWneh
guj nghw ff VgLtij Kdnu
Cf ayhJ. vghuhk VgL ff
kj
FyF
ngHid
VgLJwd.
Vfdnt elj ff tuf mogil,
Jnghw ff vfhy VgLbkd
Jakhf Kdnu Cf aYkhdh, njitahd
KjL eltoiffshY nrjij fLgLJ
brafshY
kj
d
MgJfUJ
fhgwgL. thW KTona, ffis
Cf aYtjF fjfa (Probability theory)
fgJ f mtakhwJ.
1654 M ML brthna o-a (Chevalier de
Mere) vgtuh vGggl xU Njhl fzdh
fbgw buR fjayPf sh ghf
(Blasie Pascal) kW a o-bgkh (Pierre de Fermat)
MnahUilna foj gkhw eilbgwJ.
f fjf fUaiy fj
thyhf cUthaJ. oa A (Christian
Huggens) (1629-1695), bgndh (Bernoulli) (1654-1705),
o nkht (De-Moivre) (1667-1754), a o yhyh
(Pierre de Laplace) (1749-1827), fh (Gauss) (1777-1855),
ghrh (Poisson) (1781-1845), brnr (Chebyshev)
(1821-1894) kW khnfh (Markov) (1856-1922) nghw
fjayPf fjf fUa tsF
bgU gfjd. 1933- UZa fjayP
v.nfhnkhnfhnuh (A.Kolmogorov) vgh vLnfh
mQFKiw (Axiomatic approach) ed fjf
fUaYF monfhdh.
312


ff elgij, elfhkUgij bghUnj fjff UF.
fjfa fUJ TWfshd rkth nrhjid (random experiment),
Ka (trial), TW bt (sample space) kW gntW tifahd ff (events)
ga tiuaiwfis eh fngh.
fjayPf nrhjid (experiment) kW nrhjid Kofis
(outcomes) guj ms gagLJwd. TJ ftfgL myJ msL
br vj xU braY nrhjid vdgL. Fl eh yfF tUif
njh vifia g brj, xU ehzaij RLj, gy wf
gJf bfhl igUJ xU gid vLj kW xU Fl l xU
eh fG gJf vifia g brj Mad nrhjidfhd
y cjhuzfshF.

xU nrhjidia fJtjF Kghfnt Koid Tw ayhj nrhjid
rkth nrhjid vgjhF. UD xU nrhjid Ko fH ths
midJ Kofis eh goalyh.

xU rkth nrhjid fH ths midJ ff fznk
mnrhjid TWbt vdgL. J S vw vGjh FfgLwJ. xU
nrhjidia xbthU Kiw brtJ xU Ka (trial) vdgL.

TWbt S - vj xU cfzK nrhjid xU f (event) vdgL.

A vgJ S- cfz vf. xU nrhjid eljgL nghJ ilj KothdJ
A- csJ v, A vw f elJsJ vW Twyh.

y vLJfhLf _y rkth nrhjid, TWbt kW ff
Matiw sFnth.
rkth nrhjid
xU uhd ehzaij
xUKiw RLj.

TWbt
S = " H, T ,

y ff
" H , mjhtJ, jiy GtJ xU

f.
"T , mjhtJ, GtJ kbwhU

f.
xU uhd ehzaij
U Kiw RLj.

S = " HH, HT, TH, TT , " HT, HH , kW "TT , Mad

y ff.

uhd gfilia
xUKiw cULj.

S = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,

"1, 3, 5 ,, "2, 4, 6 ,, "3 , kW "6 ,

Mad y ff.

rk th ff (Equally likely events)

uL myJ mjF nkgl ff xbthW ftjfhd
thf rkkhf UFkhdh, mff rk th ff vdgL. xU
ehzaij RLnghJ jiy GjY, GjY rk th ff MF.
12. fjf 313

xiwbahW yF ff (Mutually exclusive events)

xWF nkgl ff vj xU f,
kw ffis fHlhk eljh, mff
xiwbahW yF ff vdgL. mjhtJ
jifa ff xnu neu fHhJ. A kW B vgd
xiwbahW yF ff v, A + B = z .

gl 12.1

xU uhd ehzaij RL nghJ jiy Gj MdJ Gjiy
fHlhJ. mnjngh xU uhd gfilia cUodh, ilf ths MW
isfS xiwbahW yF ffshF. Vbd, gfilia cUL nghJ
xnu neu gfil uL myJ mjF nkgl Kff isfshf mikahJ.
u ff (Complementry events)

xU rkth nrhjid VjhtJ xU fia E S
vd bfhf. S vgJ mj TWbt vf. S -UJ Mdh
E - yhj kw isfis E - u f vnwh.
J E vd FfgLwJ. vdnt E = S - E. nkY E kW
E Mad xiwbahW yF ffshF.

xU gfil cULj, 2- klF ilF f
E = {2, 4, 6} vd Fjh E- u f E = {1, 3, 5}
MF.

2, 4, 6
5
gl 12.2

iw br ff (Exhaustive events)
ff E1, E2, g, En vgdt nr fz rk th nrhjid
TWbt Mf U, E1, E2, g, En Mad iw br ff MF.
cW f (Sure event)

xU gfilia cUL nghJ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kW 6 vf VnjD X v
ilF f cWahf fG. vdnt J xU cW f MF.

rkth nrhjid TWbt X cW fahF. Vbd, mj
VjhtJ xU cW, cWahf nrhjid xbthU KaY fG.
ayh f (Impossible event)

xUnghJ eilbgw Koahj f ayh f vdgL. J z vd
FfgL. vLJfhlhf, xU gfilia xU Kiw cUL nghJ v 7 ilF
f xU ayh f MF.
rhjfkhd isf (Favourable outcomes)

njitahd xU fF bjhlghd isf, mfF rhjfkhd
isf vdgL. vLJfhlhf, xU gfilia xU Kiw cULnghJ
xiwgil v ilf bgWtij f E vf. isf 1, 3 kW 5 vgd
E- rhjfkhd isf MF.
314 10M tF fzF

ghl rkth isf kW KoW TWbt bfhl

rkth nrhjidfis kL vLJbfhnwh. nkY, gF
nrhjidF vLJbfhsgl ehzaf kW gfilf xnu uhdit
vdbfhnth.

12.2 fjffhd bjhik tiuaiw

(Classical definition of probability)

xU TWbt n isf, m isf A vw fF rhjfkhf
U, n^ S h = n, n^ Ah = m vd FLnth. f A- fjf P(A)
MdJ m-F n-F cs jkhf tiuaWfgLwJ. mjhtJ,
A F rhjfkhd isf vif

nrhjid isf bkhj vif

P (A) =

` P (A) =

n (A)
= m MF.
n (S)
n

F
(i) nkfl fjffhd bjhik tiuaiwahdJ, Kowh isf
bfhl nrhjidY, rkth myhj nrhjidY Vilajhf
UfhJ .
(ii) A vw VnjD xU ffhd fjf 0-F
myJ 0 Mfnth myJ 1 Mfnth mik.

1-F ilnyh

mjhtJ, 0 # P (A) # 1 .

(iii) cWahd f fjf xW MF. mjhtJ P (S) = 1 .

(iv) elf ayh f fjf a MF. mjhtJ P (z) = 0 .
(v) A vw f eilbgwhk Ugjfhd fjf

P (A my) = P (A ) myJ P (Al ) = n - m = n - m
n
n
n

( P (A ) = 1 - m = 1 - P (A) .
n
(vi) P (A) + P (A ) = 1 .
vLJfhL 12.1

xU uhd gfil xU Kiw cUlgLwJ. tU ffSfhd
fjffis fhf.

(i)

v 4 ilj

(ii) xU uilgil v ilj

(iii) 6- gfh fhuf ilj

(iv) 4-I l bga v ilj

uhd xU gfil cULj TWbt S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} . vdnt n (S) = 6

12. fjf 315

(i)

v 4 ilF fia A vf.

(ii)

A = {4} ` n (A) = 1 .
n (A)
` P (A) =
=1.
n (S)
6
xU uilgil v ilF fia B vf.

` n (B) = 3 .
n (B)
vdnt, P (B) =
=3 =1.
n (S)
6
2
(iii) 6- gfhfhuf ilF fia C vf.
B = {2, 4, 6}

gl 12.3

` n (C) = 2 .
n (C)
vdnt, P (C) =
=2 =1.
n (S)
6
3
(iv) 4 -I l bga v ilF fia D vf.
C = {2, 3}

D = {5, 6} . Mfnt, n (D) = 2 .

n (D)
vdnt, P (D) =
=2 =1.
n (S)
6
3
vLJfhL 12.2
xU uhd ehza uL Kiw RlgLwJ. fhQ ffSfhd
fjfid fhf.
(i) U jiyf ilj

(ii) FiwjJ xU jiy ilj

(iii) xU kL ilj.

xU ehzaij uL Kiwf RLt ilF TWbt

S= {HH, HT, TH, TT} .
`
(i)

n(S) = 4.

U jiyf ilF fia A vf. A = { HH } .

n (A) = 1.
Mfnt,

(ii)

P (A) =

n (A)
= 1.
4
n (S)

FiwjJ xU jiy ilF fia B vf.

vdnt, B = { HH, HT, TH } . Mfnt, n (B) = 3.
n (B)
= 3.
Mfnt, P (B) =
4
n (S)

(iii) xU kL ilF fia C vf. vdnt, C = { HT, TH }

n (C) = 2.
n (C)
Mfnt, P (C) =
= 2 =1.
n (S)
4
2
316 10M tF fzF

vLJfhL 12.3
Kj UgJ a vfUJ xU KG v rkth Kiw
njbjLfgLwJ. mj v xU gfh vzhf Ugjfhd fjfid
fhf.
TWbt,
S = { 1, 2, 3, g, 20 } .
n(S) = 20.
`
njbjLfgL v gfh vzhf UF fia A vf
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19} .
n(A) = 8.
n (A)
vdnt,
P(A) =
= 8 = 2.
n (S)
20
5
vLJfhL 12.4
35 bghUf mla bjhF x 7 bghUf FiwghLilad.
mbjhFUJ xU bghU rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mJ
Fiwghlw bghUshf Ugjfhd fjf ahJ?

bkhj bghUf vif

n(S) = 35.
FiwghLila bghUf vif
= 7.
Fiwghlw bghUis njbjLF fia A vf.
Fiwghlw bghUf vif
n(A) = 35 - 7 = 28 .
vdnt, Fiwghlw bghUis njbjLF f fjf
n (A)
P (A) =
= 28 = 4 .
5
n (S)
35
vLJfhL 12.5
U uhd gfilf xU Kiw cUlgLwd. fhQ ffSfhd
fjfid fhf.
(i) Kf vf TLj 8 Mf Uj (ii) Kf vf xnu vfshf (doublet)
Uj (iii) Kf vf TLj 8-I l mfkhf Uj
U gfilfis cUL nghJ ilF TWbt
S = { (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6) }
` n (S) = 6 # 6 = 36
(i)

gl 12.4

Kf vf TLj 8 Mf UF fia A vf.

A = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}.
Mfnt,
n(A) = 5.
n (A) = 5 .
vdnt,
P(A) =
36
n (S)
12. fjf 317

(ii)

U gfilfY xnu v (uilf) ilF fia B vf

B = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)} .

n(B) = 6.
n (B)
P(B) =
= 6 =1.
n (S)
36
6

vdnt,

Mfnt,

(iii)

C vgJ Kf vf TLj 8-I l mfkhf ilF f vf.

C = {(3,6), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)} .

vdnt,

Mfnt,

n(C) = 10.
n (C)
P(C) =
= 10 = 5 .
n (S)
36
18

vLJfhL 12.6

eF fiyJ itfgl 52 Lfis bfhl L foUJ
rkth nrhjid Kiw xU L vLfgLwJ. mj L tUtdthf
Uf fjffis fhf.

(i) uhrh

(iii) ngL

(ii) fU uhrh
(iv) lak 10

bkhj Lf vif n (S) = 52.

A vgJ vLfgl L uhrhthf (King)
(i)

UF f vf.

` n (A) = 4.
n (A)
= 4 = 1 .

` P (A) =
n (S)
52
13
(ii)

B vgJ vLfgl L fU uhrhthf

(Black King) UF f vf.

n (B) = 2.
n (B)
= 2 = 1 .
` P (B) =
n (S)
52
26

52 Lf tu.

Spade

Hearts

A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
J
Q
K
13

A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
J
Q
K
13

Clavor Diamond
A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
J
Q
K
13

(iii) C vgJ vLfgl L ngL (Spade) lhf UF f vf.

n (C) = 13.

` P (C) =

n (C)
= 13 = 1 .
n (S)
52
4

(iv) D vgJ lak 10 (Diamond - 10) vw L vLF f vf.

n (D) = 1.
n (D)

= 1 .
P (D) =
n (S)
52
318 10M tF fzF

A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
J
Q
K
13

vLJfhL 12.7

xU tF cs 35 khztf 20 ng Mf kW 15 ng
bgf. rkth Kiw xU khzt njbjLfgLwh v, tU
ff fjffis fhf. (i) njbjLfgLgt khztdhf Uj

(ii) njbjLfgLgt khzahf Uj.
S vgJ nrhjid TWbt vd bfhf.

` bkhj khztf vif n (S) = 35

nrhjid khzt kW khz Mnahiu

ffis Kiwna B kW G vd bfhf.

Mfnt,

(i)

khztid njbjLgjfhd fjf P(B) =

P (B) = 4 .
7
n (G)
= 15
khzia njbjLgjfhd fjf P(G) =
n (S)
35
3
Mfnt,
P (G) = .
7

(ii)

njbjLF

n (S) = 35, n (B) = 20 kW n (G) = 15.

n (B)
= 20
n (S)
35

vdnt,

vLJfhL 12.8

xU Fl eh kiH tUtjfhd fjf 0.76. mFl eh
kiH tuhk Ugjfhd fjf ahJ?
Fl eh kiH tU vw fia A vd meh kiH tuhk
UF fia A vd bfhf.

P (A) = 0.76

P (A ) = 1 - 0.76

a P (A) + P (A ) = 1

= 0.24
`

Fl eh kiH tuhk Ugjfhd fjf 0.24 MF.

vLJfhL 12.9

xU ig 5 t kW y y w gJf csd. migUJ xU y
w gij vLgjfhd fjf, xU t w gij vLgjfhd fjf
_W klF v, migYs y w gJf vifia fhf.
igYs y w gJf vif x vd bfhf.

vdnt, bkhj gJf vif, n (S) = 5 + x .

B vgJ xU y w gij vLF f kW R vgJ xU t w

gij vLF f vd bfhf.
12. fjf 319

P (B) = 3P (R) vd bfhLfgLsJ.

n (B)
n (R)
= 3
n (S)
n (S)
x = 3 5
c
5+x
5+xm

(
x = 15
Mfnt, y w gJf vif = 15.

vLJfhL 12.10

tUtdtfhd fjfid fhf.

(i) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL belho (leap year)

53 btHikf Uj.

(ii) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL belho 52 btHikf

kLnk Uj.

(iii) rkth Kiw njbjLfgL rhjhuz tUl (Non-leap year)

53 btHikf Uj.

(i)
xU belho cs ehf vif = 366. mjhtJ 52 thuf
kW 2 ehf.
52 thuf 52 bt Hikf csd. jKs uL ehf
fhQ VG thf VnjD xwhf UF.
(PhW, f), (f, brth), (brth, j), (j, ahH),
(ahH, bt), (bt, r) kW (r, PhW).
xU belho 53 btHikf Ugjfhd fjf nknys 7
thf xU btHik tUtjfhd fjf xnw MF. Mfnt
tUkhW TWbtia vLJbfhsyh.

S=)

(PhW, f), (f, brth), (brth, j),

3 .
(j, ahH), (ahH, bt), (bt,r), (r, PhW)

Mfnt, n(S) = 7.

nknys 7 thf, xU btHik tUtjfhd fia A vf.

A = "^ahH, bth,^bt, rh, vdnt, n(A) = 2.

n (A)
vdnt, p (A) =
= 2.
n (S)
7
Mfnt, tUl 53 btHikf Ugjfhd fjf 2 .
7
xU belho 52 btHikf kLnk tUtjhf U, 52 thuf

(ii)

nghf jKs U ehf btHik cWahf tuhJ.

320 10M tF fzF

B vgJ, jKs U ehf btHik yhkUgjfhd f

vd bfhf.
vdnt, B = {(PhW, f), (f, brth), (brth, j),

(j, ahH), (r, PhW)}.
Mfnt, n(B) = 5.
n (B) 5
= .

vdnt,
P (B) =
n (S) 7

F A kW B vgd u ff vgij ftf.
(iii) rhjhuz tUl bkhj ehf vif = 365.

mjhtJ rhjhuz tUl 52 thuf kW xU eh UF.

52 thuf 52 btHikf UF. jKs xU eh tU VG

thf xwhf mik.

PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt kW r.

vdnt, xU rhjhuz Mo 53 bt Hikf Uf, nknys VG

thf xU btHik Uf ntL.
vdnt, TWbtia tUkhW vGjyh.

S = {PhW, f, brth, j, ahH, bt, r}.

` n (S) = 7.
VG thf, btHik tU fia C vd bfhf.

C = {bt} ( n (C) = 1.

` P (C) =

n (C) 1
= .
n (S) 7

vdnt, xU rhjhuz Mo 53 bt Hikf Ugjfhd fjf 1 .

7
vLJfhL 12.11

xU rkth nrhjid xU f A vf. mf u f
A vf. P (A) : P (A ) = 7 : 12 v, P(A) I fhf.

P (A) : P (A ) = 7 : 12 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
P(A) = 7k kW P( A ) = 12k vd bfhf.
F k > 0

khWKiw

eh P (A) + P (A ) = 1 vd mnth.

7k + 12k = 1 ( 19k = 1.

k = 1 .
19
7
P(A) = 7k =
.
19

P (A)
= 7
12
P (A )
12 P(A) = 7 P (A )

= 7 [1P(A)]

19 P(A) = 7

vdnt, P(A) = 7 .
19

12. fjf 321

g 12.1
1.

xU ig cs 1 Kj 100 tiu vfsh Ffgl 100 LfUJ

xU L vLfgLwJ. mthW vLfgL o v 10 M tFgL
vzhf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.

2.

xU uhd gfil uL Kiw cUlgLwJ. Kf vf TLj 9

ilf bgWtjfhd fjf fhf?

3.

U gfilf xU nru cUlgLwd. Kf vfis bfhL

mikfgL <yf v 3 M tFgL vzhf Ugjfhd fjf
fhf.

4.

12 ey KilfSl 3 mGa Kilf fyJsd. rkth Kiw

njbjLfgL xU Kil, mGajhf Ugjfhd fjf vd?

5.

U ehzafis xnu rka RLnghJ, mfgrkhf xU jiy

ilgjfhd fjfid fhf.

6.

eF fiyJ mLa 52 Lfis bfhl foUJ rkth Kiw

xU L vLfgLwJ. tUtdtF fjffis fhf.
(i) vLj L lak Mf Uf
(ii) vLj L lak yhk
Uf (iii) vLj L V lhf yhk Uf.

7.

8.

_W ehzaf xnu neu RlgLwd. tU ffSF

fjfid fhf.
(i) FiwjJ xU jiy ilgJ (ii) U f kL ilgJ (iii) FiwjJ
U jiyf ilgJ.
xU ig 1 Kj 6 tiu vf Ffgl 6 btis w gJfS kW
7 Kj 10 tiu vf Ffgl 4 t w gJfS csd. rk th
Kiw xU gJ vLfgLwJ v, tU ffSF fjfid
fhf.
(i) vLfgl gJ xU uil v bfhl gjhf Uj
(ii) vLfgl gJ xU btis w gjhf Uj.

9.

1 Kj 100 tiuyhd KG vfUJ rk th Kiw

njbjLfgL xU v (i) xU KG tfkhf (perfect square) Uf
(ii) KG fdkhf yhk (not a cube) Uf Madt fjffis fhf.

10.

mb#odh, gfshnjZ, dh, mnfhyh, UZah kW mah Ma

ehLf bgafis bfhl goaUJ xU RWyhga rkth
Kiw xU eho bgaiu njbjLwh. m vw vG MugkhF
eho bgaiu njbjLgjfhd fjf vd?

11.

xU bgo 4 gir, 5 y kW 3 t w gJf csd. rkth

Kiw xU gij njbjLf mJ

(i) t w gjhf Uf
(ii) gir w gjhf
Madt fjffis fhf.
322 10M tF fzF

yhkUf

12.

20 Lf 1 Kj 20 tius KG vf FfgLsd. rkth

Kiw xU L vLfgLwJ. mthW vLfgl oYs v

(i) 4- klfhf Uf

(ii) 6- klfhf yhk Uf

Ma ff fjffis fhf.
13.

3, 5, 7 Ma vfis yffshf bfhL xU uoyf v

mikfgLwJ. mbt 57 I l bgajhf Ugjfhd fjf
fhf. (mbt xnu yfij L gagLj TlhJ).

14.

_W gfilf xnu neu cUlgLnghJ, _W gfilfY xnu v

ilgjfhd f fjfid fhf.

15.

U gfilf xnu neu cUlgLnghJ ilF Kf vf

bgUfgy xU gfh vzhf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.

16.

xU Kfit y, gir kW btis wfyhd 54 gFff

csd. xU gF fiy vLFnghJ, y w gFf ilgjfhd
fjf 1 kW gir w gFf ilgjfhd fjf 4 v,
9
3
mKfit cs btis w gF ff vifia fhf

17.

xU ig cs 100 rilf, 88 rilf ey iyY, 8 rilf

a FiwghLlD kW 4 rilf bga FiwghLlD csd. A
vw tf ey iy cs rilfis kLnk Vwh. Mdh B vw
tf mf FiwghL cila rilfis kL Vf kWwh. rkth
Kiw VnjD X rilia njbjLf mJ (i) A-F Vilajhf mika
(ii) B-F Vilajhf mika MadtF fjffis fhf.

18.

xU ig cs 12 gJf x gJf btis wKilait. (i) rkth

Kiw xU gJ njbjLf, mJ btis wkhf Ugjfhd fjf
fhf. (ii) 6 a btis w gJfis mig itjd, xU
btis w gij njbjLgjfhd fjf MdJ (i)- bgwgl
fjfid nghy UklF v, x- kid fhf.

19.

coa (Piggy bank) 100 IgJ igrh ehzfS 50 xU %gh

ehzafS 20 uL %gh ehzafS kW 10 IJ %gh
ehzafS csd. rkth Kiw xU ehza njbjLF nghJ
(i) IgJ igrh ehzakhf Uf (ii) IJ %gh ehzakhf yhk Uf
Madt fjffis fhf.
12. fjf 323

12.3 fjf Tl njw (Addition theorem on probability)

S vw KoW btww fz cfzf A kW B v,

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) kW n (S) ! 0 .

UwK n (S) M tFf,

n (A , B)
n (A) n (B) n (A + B)
=

+
n (S)
n (S)
n (S)
n (S)

cfzf A kW B Madtiw xU rkth

nrhjid A kW B vw ffshf fUdh, (1) MdJ
P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) vd ilF.

Kont fjf Tl njwkhF.

A+B

(1)
A,B
gl 12.5

F
(i)

A , B vw f eilbgw ntLbk A vw f eilbgwyh

myJ B vw f eilbgwyh myJ uL ffS xnu
neu eilbgwyh. A + B vw f eilbgw ntLbk A, B vw
U ffS xnu neu eilbgwntL.

(ii) A- B- xiwbahW yF ff v, A + B = 0 MF.

vdnt, P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) .
Vbd, P (A + B) = 0 .
(iii) A + B vw fia, xU fzkhf fUJnghJ A + B kW A \ B vgd
rk fzfshF.
Kof (%gz yhk)
(i)

A, B kW C vgd TWbt S -I rhj VnjD _W ff v,

P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) - P (A + B) - P (B + C) - P (A + C) + P (A + B + C) .

(ii)

A1, A2 kW A3 Mad xiwbahW yF ff v,

P (A1 , A2 , A3) = P (A1) + P (A2) + P (A3) .

(iii)

A1, A2, A3, g, An vgd xiwbahW yF ff v,

P (A1 , A2 , A3 , g , An) = P (A1) + P (A2) + P (A3) + g + P (An) .

(iv)

P (A + B ) = P (A) - P (A + B) ,

P (A + B) = P (B) - P (A + B)

F, A + B vgJ A- B yhkY vd bghUgL

nj ngh, A + B vgJ B-
bghUgL.
324 10M tF fzF

A yhkY vd

A
A+B

A+B

A+B
gl 12.6

vLJfhL 12.12

_W ehzaf xnu neu RlgLwd. fjf Tl
njwij gagL, rahf U f myJ Fiwjgr xU jiyahtJ
ilF f fjfid fhf.
TWbt S = " HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT , .

Mfnt, n (S) = 8.
rahf U f ilF fia A vf

vdnt, A = " HTT, TTH, THT , kW n (A) = 3.

n (A)
= 3.
n (S)
8
FiwjJ xU jiyahtJ ilF fia B vf

vdnt, B = " HTT, THT, TTH, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH , kW n (B) = 7.

n (B)
= 7.
n (S)
8
A kW B Mad xiwbahW yfh ff. Vbd
A + B = A . vdnt, P (A + B) = P (A) = 3 .
8
` P (A myJ B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)

` P (A) =

P (B) =

Mfnt P (A , B) = 3 + 7 - 3 = 7 .
8 8 8
8

F
nkfl vLJfho eh fjf Tl ia gagLnsh.
UD A , B = B vgjh P (A , B) = P (B) = 7 vd v ilF.
8
vLJfhL 12.13

xU gfil UKiw cUlgLwJ. FiwjJ xU cUlyhtJ v 5

ilgjfhd fjfid fhf. (Tl njwij gagLJf)

xU gfil UKiw cUlgLbghGJ ilF TWbt S-

vif n (S) = 36 MF.

Kj cUl v 5 ilF fia A vf.

Mfnt,

A = "(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6) , .
n (A) = 6,

P(A) = 6 .
36

ulh cUl v 5 ilF fia B vf.

B = "(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5) , .
12. fjf 325

 Mfnt, n (B) = 6 kW P (B) = 6 .

36
nkY, A + B = "5, 5 ,

Mfnt, A kW B Mad xiwbahW yfhj ff MF.

` n (A + B) = 1 kW P (A + B) = 1 .
36

` fjf Tl njwgo,

P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) .
= 6 + 6 - 1 = 11 .
36 36 36
36

vLJfhL 12.14

xU khzF kUJt f nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.16
vf. bgha f nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.24 kW U
ffY nrif ilgjfhd fjf 0.11 v,

(i) kUJt kW bgha ff VnjD xU f

nrif ilgjfhd fjf fhf.

(ii) kUJt f kLnkh myJ bgha f kLnkh

nrif ilgjfhd fjf fhf.

(i)

kUJt f nrif ilgjfhd f A vf. bgha

f nrif ilgjfhd f B vf.

P (A) = 0.16,
P (B) = 0.24 kW P (A + B) = 0.11
P ( VjhtJ xU f nrif ilgJ)

(ii)

A+B

A+B A+B

= P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
= 0.16 + 0.24 - 0.11 = 0.29 MF.

P (VjhtJ xU f kL nrif ilgJ)

= P (A kL myJ B kL)

kL

B kL

gl 12.7

= P (A + B ) + P (A + B)

= 6 P (A) - P (A + B) @ + 6 P (B) - P (A + B) @

= ^0.16 - 0.11h + ^0.24 - 0.11h = 0.18 MF.

vLJfhL 12.15

ENTERTAINMENT vw brhYs vGJfUJ rkth Kiw
xU vGij nj bra, mbtGJ My cbuGjhfnth myJ vGJ T
Mfnth Ugjfhd fjfid fhf. (vGJf Ug Ug tuyh).
326 10M tF fzF

 ENTERTAINMENT vw brh 13 vGJf csd.

`
n (S) = 13.

X cbuGJ njbjLfgL fia A vf.

`
n (A) = 5.
n (A)
= 5 .

Mfnt, P (A) =
n (S)
13

T vw vGij njbjLfgL fia B vf.

Mfnt,

n (B) = 3
n (B)
= 3 .
P (B) =
n (S)
13

( a A- B- xiwbahW yF ff)
vdnt, P (A myJ B) = P (A) + P (B)


= 5 + 3 = 8 .
13 13 13

vLJfhL 12.16
A, B kW C vgd xiwbahW yF kW iwbr ff
vf. nkY, P (B) = 3 P (A) kW P (C) = 1 P (B) v, P(A)-I fhf.
2
2
P (A) = p vf. Mfnt, P (B) = 3 P (A) = 3 p .
2
2
1

nkY,
P (C) = P (B) = 1 ` 3 pj = 3 p .
2
2 2
4

A, B kW C Mad xiwbahW yF kW iw br ff
vd bfhLfgLsd.

` P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) kW S = A , B , C .

jnghJ, P (S) = 1. ( P (A) + P (B) + P (C) = 1

P (A) = 4 .
13

p + 3 p + 3 p = 1
2
4
4p + 6p + 3p = 4

( p= 4
13

vLJfhL 12.17

52 Lfis bfhl xU LfoUJ rkth Kiw xU L
vLfgL nghJ, mL xU uhrh (King) myJ xU Ah (Heart) myJ xU
t w lhf ilgjfhd fjfid fhf.
A, B kW C vgd Kiwna xU uhrh, xU Ah nkY xU t w L
ilF f vf.

vdnt, n (S) = 52, n (A) = 4, n (B) = 13 kW n (C) = 26.

n (A + B) = 1, n (B + C) = 13, n (C + A) = 2 kW n (A + B + C) = 1.

` P (A) = 4 , P (B) = 13 kW P (C) = 26 . nkY,
52
52
52
12. fjf 327

 1 ,
P (A + B) =
52

P (B + C) = 13 , P (C + A) = 2
52
52

kW P (A + B + C) = 1 .
52

P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) - P (A + B) - P (B + C) - P (C + A) + P (A + B + C)

= 4 + 13 + 26 - 1 - 13 - 2 + 1 = 44 - 16
52 52 52 52 52 52 52
52
= 7 .
13

vLJfhL 12.18

xU ig 10 btis, 5 fU, 3 gir kW 2 t w gJf csd.
rkth Kiw njbjLfgL xU gJ, btis myJ fU myJ gir
wkhf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.
S-I TWbt vf.
` n (S) = 20.

W, B kW G Mad Kiwna xU btis, xU fU kW xU gir w
gij njbjLF ff vf.
n (W)

xU btis w gij vLF f fjf P (W) =
= 10 .
20
n (S)

xU fU w gij vLF f fjf

P (B) =

n (B)
= 5 .
20
n (S)

xU gir w gij vLF f fjf

P (G) =

n (G)
= 3 .
20
n (S)

` xU gij njbjLf mJ btis myJ fU myJ girahf Uf
( a W, B kW G Mad xiwbahW
fjf P (W , B , G) = P (W) + P (B) + P (G)

yF ffshF.)

= 10 + 5 + 3 = 9 .
20 20 20 10
(F : P (W , B , G) = P (Rl ) = 1 - P (R) = 1 - 2 = 9 vd ilia bgwyh)
20
10
g 12.2

1.

2.
3.
4.

A kW B vgd xiwbahW yF ff. nkY

P (A) = 3 kW P (B) = 1 v, P (A , B) -I fhf .
5
5
A kW B vw uL ff P (A) = 1 , P (B) = 2 kW P (A , B) = 1
4
5
2
v, P (A + B) -I fhf.
A kW B vw uL ff P (A) = 1 , P (B) = 7 kW P (A , B) = 1
2
10
v, (i) P (A + B) (ii) P (Al , Bl ) Matiw fhf.
xU gfil UKiw cUlgLwJ. Kjyhtjhf cUlgLnghJ xU
uilgil v ilj myJ mU cUl Kf vf
TLj 8 Mf Uj vD f fjfid fhf.

328 10M tF fzF

5.

1 Kj 50 tiuyhd KGfUJ rkth Kiw X v njbjLf

gLnghJ mbt 4 myJ 6 M tFgLtjfhd fjf fhf.

6.

xU ig 50 kiu MfS (bolts), 150 UF kiufS (nuts) csd.

mtW gh kiu MfS, gh UF kiufS JUojit. rkth
Kiw VnjD xiw njbjLF nghJ mJ JUojjhf myJ
xU kiu Mahf Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.

7.

U gfilf xnu neu nru cUlgLnghJ ilF Kf vf

TLj 3 M kW 4 M tFglhkUf fjf fhf.

8.

xU Til 20 MfS 10 MuR gHfS csd. mtW

5 Mf kW 3 MuRf mGait. rkth Kiw xUt xU
gHij vLjh, mJ Mshfnth myJ ey gHkhfnth Ugjfhd
fjfid fhf.

9.

xU tF cs khztf 40% ng fj dho dh fY,

30% ng ma dho dh fY, 10% ng muL dho
dh ffY fyJ bfhld. mtFUJ rkth Kiw
xU khzt njbjLfglh, mt fj dho dh fnyh
myJ ma dho dh fnyh myJ U ffYnkh
fyJ bfhljfhd fjf fhf.

10.

eF fiyJ mL itfgl 52 Lfis bfhl L foUJ

rkth Kiw xU L vLfgLwJ. mj L nglhfnth (Spade)
myJ uhrhthfnth (King) Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.

11.

xU ig 10 btis, 6 t kW 10 fU w gJf csd. rkth

Kiw xU gid vLFnghJ mJ btis myJ t w gjhf
Ugjfhd fjfid fhf.

12.

2, 5, 9 vw vfis bfhL, X uoyf v mikfgLwJ. mj

v 2 myJ 5 M tFgLkhW mika fjf fhf.
(mikfgL v xnu yf L tUj TlhJ )

13.

ACCOMMODATION

vw brh xbthU vGJ jjna

a fhjf vGjgL, mj 13 a fhjfS xU Kfit
itfgLsd. rkth Kiw KfitUJ xU fhjij nj
br nghJ, m l bgW vGJ
(i) A myJ O Mfnth

(ii) M myJ C Mfnth Ugjfhd fjffis fhf.

14.

xU a kJ (car) mjDila totikfhf UJ bgW fjf

0.25 vf. wj Kiw vbghU gaghofhd UJ bgW fjf
0.35 kW U UJfS bgWtjfhd fjf 0.15 v, mkJ

(i) FiwjJ VjhtJ xU UJ bgWj

(ii) xnu xU UJ kL bgWj Ma ffSfhd fjffis fhf
12. fjf 329

15.

A, B, C Mnah xU dhF fhgjfhd fjff Kiwna

4 , 2 , 3 vf. A kW B UtU nrJ fhgjfhd fjf 8 .
15
5 3 7
2
B kW C UtU nrJ fhgjfhd fjf . A kW C UtU
7
12
nrJ fhz fjf
, _tU nrJ fhz fjf 8 v,
35
35
ahnuD xUt mdh fhgjfhd fjfid fhf.
g 12.3

rahd ilia njbjLf.

1.
z vgJ xU ayh f v, P (z) =
(c) 0
(d) 1

(A) 1
(b) 1
4
2
2.
S vgJ xU rkth nrhjid TWbt v, P(S) =
(c) 1
(d) 1

(a) 0
(b) 1
8
2
A vw f fjf p v, tUtdt p vij iw br
3.

(a) 0 1 p 1 1

4.

A kW B vgd VnjD U ff. nkY S vgJ rkth

nrhjid TWbt v, P (A + B) =
(a) P (B) - P (A + B)
(b) P (A + B) - P (B)
(c) P (S)
(d) P6^ A , Bhl@

5.

(b) 0 # p # 1

(c) 0 # p 1 1

(d) 0 1 p # 1

xU khzt fj 100 kbg bgWtjfhd fjf 4 . mt 100

5
kbg bgwhk Ugjfhd fjf
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
(a) 1
5
5
5
5

6.

A kW B vw U ff
P (A) = 0.25, P (B) = 0.05 kW P (A + B) = 0.14 v, P (A , B) =
(a) 0.61
(b) 0.16
(c) 0.14
(d) 0.6

7.

20 bghUf 6 bghUf FiwghLilait. rkth Kiw xU bghU

njbjLFnghJ mJ Fiwawjhf ilgjfhd fjf
(b) 0
(c) 3
(d) 2
(a) 7
10
10
3
A kW B vgd uL xiwbahW yF ff vf.
mf TWbt S, P (A) = 1 P (B) kW S = A , B v, P (A) =
3
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 3
(a) 1
4
2
4
8
A, B kW C vgdxiwbahW yF _W ff vf. mt
fjff Kiwna 1 , 1 kW 5 v, P^ A , B , C h =
3 4
12
(a) 19
(b) 11
(c) 7
(d) 1
12
12
12

8.

9.

330 10M tF fzF

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

P (A) = 0.25, P (B) = 0.50, P (A + B) = 0.14 v, P (A my kW B my) =

(a) 0.39

(b) 0.25

(c) 0.11

(d) 0.24

xU ig 5 fU, 4 btis kW 3 t w gJf csd. rkth

KiwnjbjLfgL xU gJ t wkhf yhkUgjfhd fjf.
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 3
12
12
12
4
xnu neu U gfilf cUlgLwd. gfil uL KffY
xnu vzhf Uf fjf
(a) 1
(b) 1
(c) 1
(d) 2
36
3
6
3
xU uhd gfil xU Kiw cUlgLnghJ ilF v gfh v myJ
gF vzhf Ugjfhd fjf
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 5
(d) 1
6
6
xU ehzaij _W Kiw RL nrhjid 3 jiyf myJ 3 f
ilf fjf
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 1
(a) 1
8
4
8
2
52 Lf bfhl xU LfoUJ xU L vLF nghJ mJ xU V
(ace)Mf yhkY kW xU uhrhthf (king) yhkUgjfhd fjf.
(a) 2
(b) 11
(c) 4
(d) 8
13
13
13
13
xU belho (Leap year) 53 btHikf myJ 53 rHikf
tUtjfhd fjf
(A) 2
(B) 1
(C) 4
(D) 3
7
7
7
7
xU rhjuz tUlkhdJ 53 PhWHikf kW 53 fHikf
bfhoUgjfhd fjf.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 0
7
7
7
52 Lf bfhl xU LfoUJ xU L vLFnghJ, mJ Ah
muahf (Heart queen) Ugjfhd fjf.

(a) 1
52

19.

xU cW f fjf
(a) 1
(b) 0

20.

xU rkth nrhjid KothdJ btahfnth myJ njhahfnth

UF. mnrhjid bt bgWtjfhd fjf njhfhd
fjfid ngh U klF v, bt bgWtjfhd fjf
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) 0
3
3

(b) 16
52

(c) 1
13

(d) 1
26

(c) 100

(d) 0.1

12. fjf 331

ilf
1. fzfS rhfS
g 1.1
2. (i) A

3. (i) {b, c}

(ii) z

(ii) z

(iii) {a, e, f, s}

4. (i) {2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9} (ii) {4, 6} (iii) {4, 6, 7, 8, 9}

10. {5, 3, 2}, {5, 3}, nr g cilaJ my
g 1.2
2. (i)-UJ (iv) tiu cs dhfSF gy ilf cL mt xU il :
(i) Al , ^ A + Bh myJ ^ A\Bhl (ii) ^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h (iii) A\^ B , C h (iv) ^ A + Bh \C
5. (i) {12}

(ii) {4, 8, 12, 20, 24, 28}

1. 300

2. 430
8. (i) 450 (ii) 3550

3. 35
(iii) 1850

g 1.3
5. 100 6. 30 %
9. 15

7. (i) 10

(ii) 25 (iii) 15

g 1.4
1.
3.

4.

rhgy

(ii) rh
2. kgf ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; rf ={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
xWF xwhd rh my kW nk rh my
kh rh
(iii) xWF xwhd kW nk rh
rhgy
(ii) xWF xwhd rh
rhgy

(iv) Uw rh myJ xWF xwhd kW nk rh
5. a = 2, b = 5, c = 8, d = 1 6. rf $- 1 , - 1, 1, 1 . ; A UJ A-F f xU rhgy
2
2
7. xWF xwhd kW nk rh 8. (i) 12 kW 14 (ii) 13 kW 15 9. a = 9, b = 15

(i)
(i)
(ii)
(i)
(iii)

10. (i) f = " ^5, - 7h, ^6, - 9h, ^7, - 11h, ^8, - 13h ,

(ii) Jiz kgf = "- 11, 4, 7, - 10, - 7, - 9, - 13 ,

(iii) rf = "- 7, - 9, - 11, - 13 ,

(iv) xWF xwhd rh

11. (i) rh (ii) rh (iii) rhgy (iv) rhgy (v) rh

12.

x
f (x)

1
2

3
1

5
6

4
3
14. "^4, 3h, ^6, 4h, ^8, 5h, ^10, 6h, ;

13. "^6, 1h, ^9, 2h, ^15, 4h, ^18, 5h, ^21, 6h, ;
x
f (x)

6
1

9
2

15. (i) 16 (ii) 32

15
4

18
5

(iii) 5 (iv) 2
3

332 10M tF fzF

x
f (x)

21
6

16. (i) 23

4
3

6
4

(ii) 34

8
5
(iii) 2

10
6

g 1.5
1
A
11
A

2
C
12
B

3
C
13
C

4
A
14
D

5
A
15
A

6
B
16
D

7
A
17
D

8
B
18
B

9
B
19
A

10
B
20
C

2. bkbaf bjhltirfS bjhlfS

g 2.1
1. (i) - 1 , 0,1 (ii) - 27, 81, - 243 (iii) - 3 , 2, - 15
3
4
4
9
11

(ii) 1536, 18432 (iii) 36, 78
(iv) 21, 57
2. (i)
,
17 21
3. 378, 25
4. 195, 256
5. 2, 5, 15, 35, 75
6. 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5
313
g 2.2
1. TL bjhl 6, 11, 16, g ; bghJ cW 5n +1
3. t29 = 3

4. t12 = 23 2

5. t17 = 84

8.

9. n = 10

10.

t27 = 109

12. 2560

2. bghJ ahr 5, t15 = 55

6. (i) 27 cWf (ii) 34 cWf
11. Kj tUl : 100, t15 = 2200

13. 10, 2, 6 myJ 6, 2, 10 14. 2, 6, 10 myJ 10, 6, 2 16. A.P., `91,500

g 2.3

1. (i) bgUFbjhl, r = 2

(ii)
(iii) bgUFbjhl, r = 2
(iv)
3
(v) bgUFbjhl, r = 1

(vi)
2
7
3. 2, 6, 18 , g 4. 1 , 1 , 1 , g
2. - 2
3 9 27

bgUFbjhl, r = 5
bgUFbjhl, r = 1
12
bgUFbjhl my

5. (i) n = 8 (ii) n = 11 6. n = 5 7. r = 5

8. r = 5 myJ 2 ; cWf 2 ,1, 5 myJ 5 , 1, 2 . 9. 18, 6, 2 myJ 2, 6, 18

5
2
2
5
2
5
10. 4, 2, 1 myJ 1, 2, 4

11. 1, 3, 9, g myJ 9, 3,1, g

12
12. `1000` 105 j
100

15
13. ` 50, 000 # ` 55 j
100

g 2.4
1. (i) 2850
5.

3240

10. 7227

(ii) 7875

2. 1020

6. 39 + 40 + 41 + g
11
11
11
11. 36
12. 13995

15. TL bjhl my

3. (i) 260
7.

8 cWf 8. 55350

13. 15 ehf

16. 156 Kiwf

(ii) 375

4. (i) 1890 (ii) 50

9. 740

14. A.P., `37,200

20. 1225 brff

ilf 333

g 2.5
20
1. s20 = 15 ;1 - ` 1 j E
4
3

4. (i)

1 - ^0.1h10
0.9

7. 3 + 6 + 12 + g
^ 15
h
9. s15 = 5 4 - 1
3

20
(ii) 10 ^10 - 1h - 20
81
9

2
D
12
A

3. (i) 765

12
(ii) 5 (3 - 1)
2

5. (i) n = 6 (ii) n = 6

23
6. 75 ;1 - ` 4 j E
4
5

n
n
8. (i) 70 610 - 1 @ - 7n (ii) 1 - 2 81 - ` 1 j B
81
3
10
9
10. ulhtJ th; khgHf vif 1023. 11. r = 2

1. (i) 1035 (ii) 4285

2. (i) k = 12 (ii) k = 9
1
A
11
B

27
s27 = 1 ;1 - ` 1 j E
6
3

2.

g 2.6
(iii) 2550
(iv) 17395 (v) 10630
(vi) 382500
3. 29241
4. 91
5. 3818 r.br. 6. 201825 f.br.

3
C
13
B

g 2.7
5
6
D
A
15
16
A
B

4
D
14
D

7
B
17
B

8
B
18
A

9
B
19
C

10
B
20
A

3. afj
g 3.1
1. `4 , 3 j
2. (1 , 5)
2
6. ` 11 , 22 j 7. (2 , 4)
23 31

4. ` 1 , 1 j
3 2
8. (2 , 1)
9. `5 , 1 j
7
g 3.2
3. (3 , 2)

1. (i) (4 , 3) (ii) (0.4, 0.3)

5. (1 , 5)
10. (6 , 4)

(iv) ` 1 , 1 j
2 3
(iv) ` 800 (v) 253 r.br. (vi) 720 .

(iii) (2 , 3)

2. (i) 23 , 7 (ii) ` 18,000 , ` 14,000 (iii) 42

g 3.3
(iii) 3 , - 1
(iv) 0, 2
2
3
(vii) 1 , 1
(viii) - 13, 11
2 2
2
2
2
2
2. (i) x - 3x + 1
(ii) x - 2x + 4
(iii) x + 4
(iv) x - 2 x + 1
5
2
2
2
2
(vi) x - x - 4
(vii) x - x - 1 (viii) x - 3 x + 2
(v) x - x + 1
3
2
3 3
g 3.4
2
2
1. (i) x + 2x - 1, 4
(ii) 3x - 11x + 40, - 125
2
2
(iv) x - 5 x + 5 , - 50
(iii) x + 2x - 2, 2
3
9
9
2
3
2
3
x
3
51
211
55

(vi) x - 3x - 8x +
(v) 2x - - x +
,, - 41
2
8
32
32
2
2
2. a =- 6, b = 11, 5 3. p =- 2, q = 0, 10

1. (i) 4, 2
(ii) 1 , 1
2 2
(v) 15, - 15 (vi) 2 , 1
3

334 10M tF fzF

1. (i) ^ x - 1h^ x + 2h^ x - 3h

2

(iv) ^ x - 1h^4x - x + 6h

g 3.5
(ii) ^ x - 1h^2x + 3h^2x - 1h (iii) ^ x - 1h^ x - 12h^ x - 10h
(v) ^ x - 1h^ x - 2h^ x + 3h

(vi) ^ x + 1h^ x + 2h^ x + 10h

(ix)

(xii) ^ x + 2h^ x - 3h^ x - 4h

(vii) ^ x - 2h^ x - 3h^2x + 1h (viii) ^ x - 1h^ x + x - 4h

(x) ^ x - 1h^ x + 6h^2x + 1h (xi) ^ x - 2h^ x + 3x + 7h

^ x - 1h^ x + 1h^ x - 10h

g 3.6
2

1. (i) 7x yz

2. (i) c - d

(ii) x y

(iii) 5c

(ii) x - 3a

(iv) 7xyz

(iii) m + 3 (iv) x + 11
2

(vi) 2x + 1

(ix) 4x ^2x + 1h (x) (a - 1) (a + 3)

2

(iii) 2^ x + 1h

(ii) x + 1

(v) x + 2y

(vii) x - 2 (viii) ^ x - 1h^ x + 1h

3. (i) x - 4x + 3

(iv) x + 4

g 3.7
1.

3 2

3 3

6. xy^ x + yh

2 2 2

2. 12x y z

x y z

4 4 4

4. 264a b c

5. a

m+3
2

7. 6 (a - 1) ^a + 1h 8. 10xy^ x + 3yh^ x - 3yh (x - 3xy + 9y )

3. a b c

9. (x + 4) (x - 3) ^ x - 1h

10. 420x ^3x + yh2 ^ x - 2yh^3x + 1h

g 3.8
2
4
2
(ii) ^ x + 2x + 3h^ x + 2x + x + 2h

1. (i) (x 3) (x 2) ( x + 6)

2
3
2
3
3
2
(iii) ^2x + x - 5h^ x + 8x + 4x - 21h (iv) ^ x - 5x - 8h^2x - 3x - 9x + 5h
2

2. (i) ^ x + 1h (x + 2)
(iv) x(x + 2) (5x + 1)

(ii) (3x - 7) ^4x + 5h

(v) (x 2) ( x 1)

2
2
4
2 2
4
(iii) ^ x - y h^ x + x y + y h
(vi) 2(x + 1) (x + 2)

g 3.9
1. (i)

2x + 3
x-4
2

(v)

x - x + 1

(ix)

^ x - 1h

^ x + 1h

1

x -1
(vi) 2 x + 2

x + 2x + 4
(ii)

(x) 1

x + 3x + 9
x+3

(iii) ^ x - 1h

(iv)

x-1

x+1
^ x + 1h
(xi)

^2x - 1h

(viii) (x + 3)

(vii)

g 3.10
1
1
(iii)
(iv)
x+4
x-1

(xii) (x 2)

1. (i) 3x

(ii) x + 9
x-2

(v) 2x + 1
x+2

2. (i) x - 1
x

(ii) x - 6 (iii) x + 1 (iv) x - 5 (v) 1 (vi) 3x + 1

(vii) x - 1
x-7
x-5
x - 11
x+1
4^3x + 4h

(vi) 1

ilf 335

g 3.11
1 . (i) x + 2x + 4

(ii)

(v) x + 1
x-2
3

2 (x + 4)
x+3
2
(vii)
x+1

2
x+1
4
(vi)
x+4

2. 2x +2 2x + 5
x +2

(iii)

5x - 7 x + 6
2x - 1

3.

4. 1

(iv)

2
x-5

(viii) 0

g 3.12
3 4 5

1. (i) 14 a b c

(iv) x + y

2. (i)

4x - 3

2
(iv) x + 12
x

(ii) 17 (a - b) (b - c)
2

(v) 11 x
9 y

(iii) x - 11
2

(a + b) (x - y) (b - c)
(vi) 8
5 (x + y) 2 (a - b) 3 (b + c) 5

(ii) (x + 5) (x - 5) (x + 3)

(iii) 2x - 3y - 5z

(v)

(vi) ^2x - 1h^ x - 2h^3x + 1h

1. (i) x - 2x + 3

^2x + 3h^3x - 2h^2x + 1h

g 3.13
2

(ii) 2x + 2x + 1

2. (i) a =- 42, b = 49 (ii) a = 12, b = 9

(iii) 3x - x + 1

(iv) 4x - 3x + 2

(iii) a = 49, b =- 70 (iv) a = 9, b =- 12

g 3.14
1. "- 6, 3 , 2. $- 4 , 3 . 3. '- 5 , 3 1 4.
3
5
6. $5, 1 .
7. $- 5 , 3 . 8. ' 12 , 12 1
9.
5
2 2
b a

3
$- 2 , 5 .
5
$- 2 , 3 .

5. $- 4 , 2 .
3
10. $7, 8 .
3

g 3.15
1. (i) "- 7, 1 ,
(iv) $ a - b , - ` a + b j.
2
2
2. (i) "4, 3 , (ii) $ 2 , 1 .
5 3

(ii) ' - 3 + 5 , - 3 - 5 1
2
2
(v) " 3 , 1 ,

(vi) "- 1, 3 ,

(iii) $ 1 , 2 .
2

(iv) $- 2b , b .
3a a

(iii) $- 3, 1 .
2

2
^9 + 769 h ^9 - 769 h
1 (viii) )- 1, b2 3
(v) $ 1 , a . (vi) $ a + b , a - b . (vii) '
,
6
6
a
8
8
a

g 3.16
3. 20 , 5 myJ 10 , 10
4. 3
1. 8 myJ 1 2. 9 kW 6
8
2
5. 45 . / k 6. 5 . / k 7. jij taJ = 49, kf taJ = 7
8. 24 br.

9. 12 ehf
10. Kj bjhlto ntf = 20. / k ;
ulhtJ bjhlto ntf = 15. / k

336 10M tF fzF

g 3.17
1. (i) bkbaf (ii) bkbaf my (iii) bkbaf kW rk _yf
(iv) bkbaf kW rk _yf (v) bkbaf my (vi) bkbaf
2. (i) 25
2

(ii) ! 3

(iii) 5 myJ 1 (iv) 0 myJ 3

g 3.18

1. (i) 6,5

(ii) - r , p
k

2. (i) x - 7x + 12 = 0
3. (i) 13
(ii) ! 1

6
3
2

6. x + 3x + 2 = 0
2

8. (i) x - 6x + 3 = 0
9.

(iii) 5 , 0
3
2

(ii) x - 6x + 2 = 0
(iii) 4x - 16x + 9 = 0
2
(iii) 35
4. 4
5. 4x - 29x + 25 = 0
18
3
7.

(iv) 0, - 25
8

x - 11x + 1 = 0
2

(ii) 27x - 18x + 1 = 0

11. a = !24

10. k =- 18

x + 3x - 4 = 0

(iii) 3x - 18x + 25 = 0
12. p = ! 3 5

g 3.19
1
B
11
D
21
D

2
C
12
B
22
A

3
A
13
A
23
C

4
A
14
A
24
C

5
C
15
A
25
A

6
D
16
D

7
B
17
D

8
C
18
D

9
C
19
B

10
C
20
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4. mf
g 4.1
400 500
400 200 300
1. f 200 250 p , c
2.
m , 3 # 2 , 2 # 3
500 250 400
300 400
3. (i) 2 # 3 (ii) 3 # 1 (iii) 3 # 3 (iv) 1 # 3 (v) 4 # 2

6
f8
13

p,

^ 6 8 13 h

4. 1 # 8 , 8 # 1 , 2 # 4 , 4 # 2
5. 1 # 30 ,30 # 1 , 2 # 15, 15 # 2 , 3 # 10, 10 # 3 , 5 # 6, 6 # 5 , 10 # 1, 1 # 10, 15 # 1, 1 # 15
J1 N
J
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9. A = c
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ilf 337

g 4.2
1. x = 2, y =- 4 , z =- 1 2. x = 4 , y =- 3
2
0 - 18
14 3
-1
3. e
4. c
5. e
6. a = 3, b = 4
m
o
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16 - 6
33 - 45
14 5
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TV DVD Video CD
Wt taJtnjh
55
27
20
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5
5 gf 2 kF K
11. f 72
12. c
30
25
27 p fil II
m
10
10 gf 2 kF
47
33
18
22 fil III
g 4.3
1. (i) 4 # 2 (ii) tiuaWfgliy (iii) 3 # 5
2. (i) ( 6 ) (ii) c
1750
3. f 1600
1650
7. AB = c
1
D
11
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(iv) 2 # 2
12 - 42
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22
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8 - 11
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22
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4.

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x = 3, y = 0

_wh eh

15 4
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12 0
17 6
g 4.4
2
D
12
D

3
A
13
D

4
D
14
B

5
B
15
C

6
D
16
B

7
B
17
A

8
C
18
C

9
C
19
B

5. Mabjhiy toa
g 5.1
1. (i) (2, 1) (ii) (0, 2)

2. (i) (5, 2) (ii) (2, 1)

3. (12, 8)

4. (2, 2)

7. (2, 3)

9. (1, 0), (4, 2)

6. (24, 2)

10. `- 3, 3 j, ^- 2, 3h, `- 1, 9 j
2
2
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12. 5 : 2 cwkhf, `0,

7j
1. (i) 3 r.myFf
2. (i) a = 3
338 10M tF fzF

8. (6, 3)

11. 4 : 7 cwkhf
130 ,
2
g 5.2
13.

(ii) 32 r.myFf
(ii) a = 13
2

13 ,

130
2

(iii) 19 r.myFf
(iii) a = 1, 3

10
A
20
D

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(ii) xU nfhliktd my

4. (i) k = 1

(ii) k = 2

5. (i) 17 r.myFf

(ii) 43 r.myFf

(iii) xU nfhliktd
(iii) k = 7
3
(iii) 60.5 r.myFf 7. 1 r.myF, 1 : 4

g 5.3
2. (i) 1
(ii) 3
3
4. (i) 45c
(ii) 30c

1. (i) 45c

(ii) 60c

(iii) 0c

3. (i) 1
5. - 1
2

(ii) 2

(iii) 1

6. (i) 0

(ii) tiuaWfgliy (iii) 1

11. b = 6

12. - 9
10

1. y = 5 , y = 5

3. (i) 3x + y - 4 = 0

13. 11 , - 13, - 1
7
4

(iii) tiuaWfgliy
(iii) tan i = b
a
7. 3 , 0

10. a = 1

14. 1 , - 4 , 9
12
5 2

g 5.4
y = 2 , x = 5

2.

4. x - 2y + 6 = 0
3 x - y + 3 = 0
5. (i) rh 1, y-btLJL 1
(ii) rh 5 , y-btLJL 0
3
1
(iv) rh - 2 , y-btLJL - 2
(iii) rh 2, y-btLJL
2
5
3

(ii)

6. (i) 4x + y - 6 = 0

8. (i) x - 5y + 27 = 0

(ii) x + y + 6 = 0

7. 2x - 2 3 y + ^3 3 - 7h = 0

(ii) 2x - 3y - 22 = 0

9. 6x + 5y - 2 = 0

11. (i) 3x + 2y - 6 = 0

(ii) 9x - 2y + 3 = 0

12. (i) 3, 5

(ii) 8, 16

(iii) 15x - 8y - 6 = 0
(iii) - 4 , - 2
3
5
x + 2y - 6 = 0 15. x - y - 8 = 0

13. 2x + 3y - 18 = 0

14. 2x + y - 6 = 0,

16. x + 3y - 6 = 0

17. 2x + 3y - 12 = 0

19. x + y - 5 = 0

20. 3x - 2y + 4 = 0

18. x + 2y - 10 = 0 , 6x + 11y - 66 = 0

g 5.5
1. (i) - 3 (ii) 7 (iii) 4 4. a = 6
4
5
8. 3x - y - 5 = 0 9. 2x + y = 0

10. 2x + y - 5 = 0 11.

12. 5x + 3y + 8 = 0 13. x + 3y - 7 = 0

14. x - 3y + 6 = 0 15. x - 4y + 20 = 0

16. (3, 2)

18. x + 2y - 5 = 0 19. 2x + 3y - 9 = 0

17. 5 myFf

5. a = 5

6. p = 1,2

h = 22
9
x+y-2 = 0
7.

g 5.6
1
C
13
C

2
B
14
C

3
A
15
C

4
D
16
D

5
A
17
B

6
B
18
B

7
D
19
D

8
A
20
A

9
D
21
A

10
C
22
B

11
C
23
B

12
B

ilf 339

6. toa
g 6.1
2. 7.5 br.

1. (i) 20 br. (ii) 6 br. (iii) 1

6. 12 br., 10 br. 9. (i) 7.5 br. (ii) 5.8 br. (iii) 4 br.

4. 10.5 br.
10. (i) M

3 (i) iy (ii) M

11. 18 br.

(ii) iy

g 6.2
1. (i) x = 4 br., y = 9 br.

(ii) x = 3.6 br., y = 2.4 br., z = 10 br.

2. 3.6

(iii) x = 8.4 br., y = 2.5 br.

6. 6 br.

7. 64 br. 2 8. 166.25 br.

11. 72 br.

12. 9

3. 1.2
9. (i) 9
64

13. (i) 3 XWY, 3 YWZ, 3 XYZ

4.

140

(ii) 55
64

10. 6.3 r..

(ii) 4.8

g 6.3
1. 65c

2. (i) 4 br. (ii) 12 br.

3. (i) 12 br. (ii) 1 br.

6. 30 br.

g 6.4
1
B
11
D

2
B
12
D

3
A
13
C

4
D
14
D

5
B
15
D

6
C
16
A

7
B
17
B

8
D
18
B

9
B
19
D

10
B
20
C

7. Knfhza
g 7.1
1.

(i) iy

(ii) iy
g 7.2

1. 1.8

2. 30c

3.

6. fhf B

7.

8. 1912.40

9. 30 2

11. 19 3

12. M

13. 87

14. 3 lf

16. 40

17. 60 ; 40 3

5 6

4. 174.7

iy

5. 40 br.

10. 1.098
15. 3464 .

18. 90
g 7.3

10

11
B

12
C

13
A

14
D

15
C

16
C

17
D

18
B

19
B

20
D

340 10M tF fzF

8. msa
g 8.1
1. 704 br. 2, 1936 br. 2

2. h = 8 br., 352 br. 2

3. h = 40 br., d = 35 br.

4. ` 2640

5. r = 3.5 br., h = 7 br.

6. h = 28 br.

7. C1 : C2 = 5 : 2

8. 612r br. 2

9. 3168 br. 2

10. 550 br. 2 , 704 br. 2 11. h = 15 3 br., l = 30 br. 12. 1416 br. 2
13. 23.1 2 14. 10.5 br. 15. 301 5 br. 2 16. 2.8 br. 17. 4158 br. 2
7
18. C1 : C2 = 9 : 25, T1 : T2 = 9 : 25 19. 44.1r br. 2, 57.33r br. 2 20. ` 2 46 .40
g 8.2
1. 18480 br. 3

2. 38.5 l

3. 4620 br. 3

4. r = 2.1 br.

5. V1: V2 = 20: 27

6. 10 br.

7. 4158 br. 3

8. 7.04 br. 3

10. 616 br. 3 11. 5 br.

9. 8800 br. 3
13. 314 2 br. 3
14. 2 13 br. 15. 8 br.
7
17. 3050 2 br. 3 18. 288r br. 2 19. 718 2 br. 3
3
3
g 8.3

12. 1408.6 br. 3

16. 2.29 .
20. 1 : 8

2. 7623 br. 3
3. 220 . 2
1. 11.88r br. 2
5. 12 br.
6. 12.8 .
7. 2 br.
9. 1386 l
10. 3 k 12 lf 11. 16 br.
13. 750 nfhs tot FLf
14. 10 Tf
16. r = 36 br., l = 12 13 br.
17. 11

4.
8.
12.
15.

1034 r.
1 br.
16 br.
70 br.

g 8.4
1
B
12
D

2
C
13
D

3
A
14
B

4
A
15
D

5
B
16
B

6
C
17
C

7
A
18
B

8
B
19
D

9
D
20
A

10
C
21
D

11
C
22
C

10. tiuglf
g 10.1

2. (i) "- 2, 2 , (ii) "- 2, 5 ,

3. {1, 5}

4. {2, 3}

1. 120 .
3. (i) y = 8 (ii) x = 6

(iii) "5, 1 ,

5. {2.5, 2}

(iv) $- 1 , 3 .
2
6. {3, 5}

7. iy

g 10.2
2. (i) `105 (ii) 11 nehL jff
4. (i) k = 15 (ii) ` 45

5. y = 4; x = 2

6. 24 ehf
ilf 341

11. a
g 11.1
1. (i) 36,

0.44 (ii) 44, 0.64

6. (i) 5.97

7. 6.32

(ii) 4.69

11. 416, 20.39

16. 20.42

2. 71

3. 3.38 . 4. 2 5 , 20 5. 3.74
8. 1.107

9. 15.08

10. 36.76, 6.06

12. 54.19 13. 4800, 240400

14. 10.2, 1.99
17. 12
18. 5.24
19. 1159, 70 20. khzt A

15. 25

g 11.2
1
D
11
D

2
A
12
B

3
C
13
C

4
B
14
D

5
D
15
B

6
C

7
C

8
B

9
A

10
D

12. fjf
1.

1
10

2. 1
9
(ii) 3
4
(ii) 24
25
(ii) 17
20
(ii) 24
25

6. (i) 1
4
9. (i) 1
10
12. (i) 1
4
17. (i) 22
25

3. 1
3
(iii) 12
13
10. 1
2
13. 1
3
18. (i) 1
4

g 12.1
4. 1
5
7. (i) 7
8
11. (i) 1
4
14. 1
36
(ii) 3

5. 3
4
(ii) 3 (iii) 1
8. (i) 1 (ii) 3
8
2
2
5
(ii) 2
3
15. 1
16. 12
6
19. (i) 5
(ii) 17
9
18

g 12. 2
4
5

2. 3
20

5
8
11. 8
13

7. 4
9
12. 2
3

1.
6.

1
C
11
D

2
D
12
C

3
B
13
C

342 10M tF fzF

3. (i) 1
5

(ii) 4
5

4. 5
9

5.

8
25

9
9. 3

10. 4
10
5
13
13. 5 , 4
14. (i) 0.45 (ii) 0.3 15. 101
105
13 13
g 12. 3
8.

4
A
14
B

5
A
15
B

6
B
16
C

7
A
17
D

8
A
18
A

9
D
19
A

10
A
20
B

gtif fzFf
(njFait my)

1.

3f (x) + 1
vd Wf.
f (x) = x - 1 , x ! - 1 v, f (2x) =
f (x) + 3
x+1

2.

x- vyh bkba kfSF

vw rkghil

3.

(x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3) (x - 4) = 15

c il : x = 5 ! 21 m
2
x
x
log10 2 , log10 (2 - 1) kW log10 (2 + 3) vgd mnj tir xU TL
bjhltirid mikjh x- kfis fhf?
( il: x = log5 2 )

4.

xU bgUF bjhltir bghJj r, Kj ehF cWf

TLj 15 kW Kj ehF cWf tff TLj 85 v,
4
3
2
14r - 17r - 17r - 17r + 14 = 0 vd Wf.

5.

" bn ,1 - n > 1 vDnghJ bn = bn - 1 bn + 1 vd Ujh, Ujh kLnk

" bn ,1 vgJ xU bgUF bjhltir MF vd Wf. (il 1110)

3

6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

17, 21, g kW 16, 21, g Ma uL TL bjhltirfY y

vf bghJ cWfshf csd. uL TL bjhltirfY tU
Kj 10 bghJ vf TLj fhf.
a + an + 1
an = n - 1
, n > 1 v, v kLnk " an ,1 vw bjhltir xU
2
TLbjhltir vd Wf.
3

sin a + cos a + 3 sin a cos a = 1 vd %.

sin x + cos x = tan3 x + tan2 x + tan x + 1 vd fhLf.
2
cos x
X <yf viz, mbt yff TLjyh tFf < 4,
3 vd ilF. mnj <yf viz, mj yff bgUf
gydh tFf < 3, 5 vd ilF v, mj viz fhf.

11.

12.

(il : 23)

4 M tFF nghJ 1 ilFkhW mikj midJ <yf vf

TLjiy fhf.
(il : 1210)


J 1
1 N
2
2
2
K a + b+c O
b + c - a m (a + b + c) - 2
c
( il : 1 )
RUFf : K
1
+
O
1
1
2
bc
2bc
K O
a
b
c
+
L
P
gtif fzFf 343

13.

ax + bx + c = 0 vD Ugo rkgho _yf bkbaf iy

kW a + b + c < 0 v, v c- Fid fhf. (F : f (x) = 0-F
bkbafshyhd _yf iy v, x- vyh kfSF f (x) -
(il: c < 0)
kf midJ xnu Fid bfhoUF)

14.

f (x) = 2 x - 1 > 0 vwthW mik x- vyh bkba kfis

x -x+6
fhf.
( il x 2 1 )

15.

1 + a + a + g + a = (1 + a) (1 + a )(1 + a ) (1 + a ) vw rkghoid

(il: x = 15)
2

16.

fzLf

6x1 x2 - 4x1 + 6x1 x2 - 4x2

, F x1 kW x2 Mad
2
2
3x1 + 5x1 x2 + 3x2

x - 5x + 2 = 0 vg _yfshF.

( il : - 320 )
73

17.

cosec a - cot a - sin a + cos a + sec a - 1 = - 1 vw KbwhUikia Wf.

cos a
sin a

18.

xU xlf kij cs xlff eh xU gF xlff fho

fhzgld. kij cs xlff bkhj vif tf
_y U klF vifs xlff kiyF brW csd.
vs 15 xlff Mwfiu fhzgld v, kij cs
xlff vifia fhf.

19.

(il: 36 )

xU bjhl toahdJ 30 . uij xU uhd ntf flj wF

mj au (Engine) W nfhshW VglJ. Mifah to ntf
mj uhd ntf 4 gfhf FiwfglJ. jdh, bjhlto mJ
5
ngh nru ntoa iyaij 45 lf fhyjhkjkhf brW miljJ.
nfhshW D 18 . u flj VgoUFkhdh, bjhlto
9 lf Kdjhf ngh nrUF. bjhlto ntf kW

bjhlto gaz brj u Matiw fhf.

( il: bjhlto ntf 30 ./k; gaz brj u 120 .)

20.

sin i + sin2 i + sin3 i = 1 v, cos6 i - 4 cos4 i + 8 cos2 i = 4 vd Wf.

21

cosec i - sin i = l kW sec i - cos i = m v, l2 m2 (l2 + m2 + 3) = 1 vd Wf.

22.

xU kiy mothuUJ kiy fu 45c Vw csJ 1000

u kiy J 30c rh nfhz Va , kiy fu Vw 60c
Mf csJ. kiy cauij fhf.
( il: 1.366 . )

344 10M tF fzF

23.

xU rJu v nfhz Kidf (3, 4) kW (1, 1) v, kw nfhz

Kidfis fhf.
(il: ` 9 , 1 j kW `- 1 , 5 j )
2 2
2 2

24.

xU TL bgUF bjhltir Kj kW fil cWf TLj 66,

ulhtJ kW fil cWF Kija cW Mat bgUf
gy 128 kW mtir vyh cWf TLj 126 v,
bjhltir cs cWf vifia fhf. (il : 6 )

25.

xU nfhu c MdJ jiu A vw a nfhzij

VgLJwJ. mnj A-UJ

b cau nfhu moF

wfnfhz b v, nfhu cau b cot b tan a vd Wf.

26.

xU brtf tot Fs 40 mo 20 mo msfis bfhLsJ. Fsij

R uhd mfyK MHK bfhl RW ghij mikf el 99 fdmo
fh csJ. RWghij MH 3 mFy vf. fh KGikahf
gagLjglh ghij mfy fhf.

27.
28.

(il : 3 mo)

(n + 1) (n + 2)
RUFf: (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 ) g (1 + 2 ) .
(il :
)
6
2
3
4
n
_W tltot tLf uo Muf r mFy. _wht
Mu 2r mFy. xU to viyF kw viyF bghJ
xnw xW UFkhW _W tLfS xnu js itfgLwd.
tLf ika fsh mikfgL Knfhz gugsit
(il : 2 2 r2 n)

fhf.
29.

8 mFy MuKs 6 tltot tLf xbthW mj mUYs

kw uL tLfis xbthU kL bjhLkhW tlto
mikfgld. mj ikagF 7tJ toid 6 tLfis xbthU
kL bjhLkhW itf aY v, 6 tLfsh ikagF

clhfgl l gugsit fhf.

(il : 192 3 )

30. Mu 4 br. kW cau 5 br. cila cUis tot kuJoUJ mnj

ms mogf Mu kW 3 br. cau bfhl netl T bto

vLfgLwJ v, cs kuJo bkhj wgugs76r br.

vd fhLf.
31.

1 + 2 + 3 +g+
n
1
vdfhL .
= 12! 3! 4!
(n + 1) !
(n + 1) !
F n! = 1 # 2 # 3 # g # n .

gtif fzFf 345

ghit f
1.

Peter J. Eccles, Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning, Cambridge University Press

2007

2.

Ann Xavier Gantert, Algebra 2 and Trigonometry, Amsco School Publications Inc.,
2009

3.

Boris A Kordemsky, The Moscow Puzzles: 359 Mathematical Recreations, Dover

Publications

4.

Imre Lakatos, Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery, January
1976

5.

Krishnan Namboodiri, Richard G. Niemi, Matrix Algebra, An Introduction, Sage

Publications 1984

6.

Alfred S. Posamentier, Charles T. Salkind, Challenging Problems in Geometry, Dover

Publications

7.

Alfred S. Posamentier, Charles T. Salkind, Challenging Problems in Algebra, Dover

Publications

8.

James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem Watson, College Algebra, Thomson Brooks/Cole,
Jan 2010

9.

Michael Sullivan, College Algebra, Pearson Publishing, January 2007

10.

http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/BiogIndex.html

11.

V.Govorov, P.Dybov, N.Miroshin, S.Smirnova, Problems in Mathematics,

Publications 2010

12.

H.S.Hall, S.R. Knight, Elementary Algebra for Schools, Surjeet Publications 2007

13.

H.S.Hall, S.R. Knight, Higher Algebra, A.I.T.B.S Publishers 2009

14.

D.Dorokhin, Z.Plaksenko, G.Bazhora, Collection of Problems and Exercises in

Mathematics, Mir Publications 1990

346 10th Std. Mathematics

G.K.

dh jh totik
fhy : 2.30 k

ghl: fj
tF : X

bkhj kbgf : 100

fw nehffSF Vg kbg gL
Fnfh

rjj

m w

19

J bfhs

31

gagLJj

23

27

bkhj

100

dhf kbg gL
- m

- M

f FWa

FWa

bga

- <
f bga

il

il

il

il

dhf
vif

15

10

36

kbg

15

20

45

20

100

30

2.30
k
neu

dhf
tu

kbg
(lf)

20

35

65

bkhj

dhf ju mogil
ms

kbg rjj

fod

12

eLju

28

vaJ

60
347

fS thfS
dh v

Kj

tiu

dhf
vif

15

15

16

30

31

45

ilafgl
ntoa
dhf
15

16
30 tJ dh
flha dh J
uo xW to
UF
16
45 tJ dh flha
dh. flha dh
uo xW to
UF

10

46

2
uo xW
(either or)

47

2
uo xW
(either or)

<

bghUslfF Vg kbg gL
ghl
v.

dhf vif
1
2
5
10
kbg kbg kbg kbg

bkhj
kbgf

fzfS
rhfS

15

bjhlfS bjhl
tirfS

14

afj

21

mf

10

Mabjhiy
toa

16

toa

Knfhza

11

msa

15

brKiw toa

20

10

tiuglf

20

11

12

fjf

15

16

16

bkhj

348

ghl

167

vLJfhLf, gf, jahfgl dhf Matfhd kbg gL

m

---

g fzFf
Fl ghlf
UJ jahfgl
dhf

(1 kbg) (2 kbg)

ghl cs
vLJfhLf

bkhj

<

bkhj rjj

(5 kbg)

(10 kbg)

6 (2)

6 (5)

1 (10)

52

31

10 (1)

8 (2)

8 (5)

3 (10)

96

58

5 (1)

2 (2)

2 (5)

---

19

11

15 (1)

16 (2)

16 (5)

4 (10)

167

100

milfSF FfgLs vf, xbthU dhfhd kbgiz FF.

- m

1. 1 Kj 15 tiu vQs midJ 15 dhfS flha dhf, mit ca ilia

bj br dhf MF. xbthU dhY, 4 khW ilf bfhLf goUF.
mtW rahd myJ fbghUjkhd ilia njbjLJ vGj ntL. xbthU
dhF xU kbg.
2. 15 dhf 10 dhf ghl bfhLfgLs ca ilia bj br dhf
MF. 5 dhf 2, 3, 5, 6 kW 7 Ma ghl fUJ jahfgl dhf
MF. mit ghl Ys njwf, Kof, vLJfhLf kW g fzFf
Matiw mogilahf bfhoUF.

- M

1. 16 Kj 30 tiu vQs dhf 10 dhfSF ilaf ntL xbthU

dhF 2 kbgf.
2. Kj 14 dhf VnjD 9 dhfSF ilaf ntL 30 MtJ dh flha dh
MF. mJ uo xW vw to UF.
3. Kj 14 dhf ghl cs ghl f tir UF.
4. 14 dhf 6 dhf vLJfhLfUJ 8 dhf gfUJ nffgL.
5. 30 MtJ v dhYs uL dhf jahfgl dhf MF. mit 2, 3, 5 kW
8 Maghl fYs vLJfhLf, g fzFf Madtiw mogilahf
bfhL mik. uL fzFfS btntW fUJ nffgL.

1. 31 Kj 45 tiu vQs dhfUJ 9 dhfSF ilafgl ntL. xbthU

dhF 5 kbg.
2. Kj14 dhf VnjD 8 dhfSF ilaf ntL 45 MtJ dh flha
dhthF. J uo xW vw to UF.
3. Kj14 dhf ghl Ys ghl f tir mikUF.
4. Kj14 dhf, 6 dhf vLJ fhLfUJ, 8 dhf gfUJ
nffgL.
5. 45 tJ v dhYs uL dhf jahfgl dhf MF. mit 2, 3, 5 kW 8
Ma ghlfYs vLJfhLf, g fzFf Madtiw mogilahf
bfhL mik. uL fzFfS btntW fUJ nffgL.
6. 30(a), 30(b), 45(a) kW 45(b) vfSs dhf 2, 3, 5 kW 8 Ma ghlfYs
vLJfhLf, gfYs fzFf Madtiw mogilahf bfhL
jahfgL. xbthU dh btntW fUJ nffgl ntL vw gjidF
cgL jahfgL.

- <

1. , 9 tJ ghl kW 10 tJ ghl MatUJ xU ghl uL

dhf j nffgL. mit uo xW (Either or) vw to UF. xbthU
dhF 10 kbgf.
2. uL dhfSF ilaf ntL.
3. 46(a), 47(a), 46(b) kW 47(b) Ma vQs dhf, xU dh, ghlYs vLJ
fhLfUJ nffgL.

349

350
2(1)
5(5)

1(1)

F F

5(1)

15

11

16

10

21

14

15

bkhj

2(2)

10(5) 20(4)

16(8)

2(1)

30(6)

5(1)

8(8)

1(1)

milfSF FfgLs v dhf vifia FF

kw vf kbgid FF

fjf

6(3)

5(1) 40(4)

167
F - f FWa il F - FWa il
- skhd il
- f skhd il

25(5)

20

5(1)

5(1)

5(1)

5(1)

5(1)

10(2)

2(1)

2(1)

2(1)

tiuglf
5(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

1(1)

bkhj
kbg

20

10(2)

5(1)

5(1)

5(1)

5(1)

5(1)

gagLJj

brKiw toa

2(1)

2(1)

1(1)

Knfhza

1(1)

2(1)

1(1)

toa

msa

2(1)

2(1)

1(1)

2(1)

Mabjhiy
toa

1(1)

1(1)

4(2)

Jbfhs

mf

5(1)

2(1)

afj

5(1)
5(1)

2(1)

2(1)

1(1)

fzfS
rhfS

mw

bk vf
bjhl tirfS
bjhlfS

ghl

Fnfh

dhjh totik - X M tF