Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Influencia de Otros Paises en Inglaterra
Influencia de Otros Paises en Inglaterra
Influencia de Otros Paises en Inglaterra
-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In the XV century appeared in the south-west some hunters that spoke in *athabascana language , that was from the family of some languages from Alaska and the west of Canada, that had emigrated to the south through the *Great Plains of the west. They sacked the villages, looking for food and then, they sold their prisoners. They lerned from the indians to cultivate the earth. In the present day, thse indians are the Navahos and several groups of *Apaches. SOUTH-WEST ZONE Some of the South-wests groups are the*Cherokees, the *Choctaw, the *Chickasaw, the *Creek, etc... This zone includes Arizona, New Mexico, the meridional part of Colorado and the states of Sonora and Chihuahua. THE GREAT PLAINS ZONE They are meadows from the centre of Canada to Mexico (through the suth), and from the mid-west to the Rocky Mountains ( through the west). The habits of these indian groups are the most famous from them: feathers and *tepee kind of housing. During the XIX century, when the settlers invaded their territories, these indian groupsbecame famous by the newspapers, magazines and photographies. Between the first groups from the plains are the blackfoot indians ( bison hunters), the *mondans and the *hidatsa. (The ilustrations are at the pages:10,11 , and 12 ).
the word which gave rise to present day moose meant he strips or eats off. Most languages tend to change or reform the borrowed forms, sometimes because they found difficult to pronunciate them in the way it is pronaunced, usually in the direction of simplification or shortening.
TOPONYMIES
It is well known that large numbers of place names in the United States come from the Indian languages, such as names of cities, states, counties, islands, rivers and lakes. Chicago, for example, come from an Algoquian word that means garlic field. Some of these place names later developed an interesting type of meaning change. Mackinaw, the name of the island at the junction
of lakes Huron and Michigan, was a shortening of Michilimackinac, meaning great turtle.
FRENCH INFLUENCE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The english speakers colonists soon met the French. Explrers, trappers, traders, and misionaries had streamed into the valleys of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi, following hard upon the trail of Champlain and La Salle. By 1700, the French has all the strategic points along these rivers, and a number of vital points on the shores of the Great Lakes as well. Since 1599, they established stalls of commerce with furs along the St. Lawrence river. This was one of the most important economic support for the French. New Orleans was, in that period, the most europian city of the american cities. It boasted a prosperous theatrer which catered to wealthy arisocrats from all over the South. But New Orleans was a port city too, with saliors of all nationalities who corresponded to the frontier rowdies. In New Orleans, a Creole French alternated with standard French.
between English and French in the central states, as did, undoubtedly, such miscellaneous items as charivari, calumet and lacrosse. -The words concerning to the food, like jambalaya, praline and sazarac suggest the superb chefs, confectioners, and bartenders of the New Orleans area. The borrowings from the French appear chiefly during the eighteenth and nineteenth ceturies. The earliest citation for caribou is 1672; that for portage is 1698. In the ninetennth century the english language in general, borrowed more words from continental French that at any time since the period of Norman French influence. In general, Frech borrowings were terms dealing with art, literature, dress, textiles, furniture and cooking in the main. Some of the French loan words had originated in other languages. An example of etymology is bayou. It was a Chotaw word meaning river or creek. In Texas and the West the word means a deep inlet which affords a channel for the water in times of flood but remains dry or nearly so at other seasons. Not all the etymologies are clear. For exapmle, Chowder appears to have been takenfrom breton chaudire, cauldron. Bust the most etymological problem is refered to the word shanty, which is ascribed by some scholars to Canadian French chantier, shed for storing timber, and by others to Irish sean old and tigh, house.
One of the most interesting series of changes has ocurred in connection with depot (pronounced dee-po in the South prior to World War II, but reverting under military influence to something closer to the French pronunciation. In the late XVIII century, it meant the act of depositing, then the deposit of collection itself, and later a place where virtually something may be deposited. Later, depot came to be used for a passenger satation. And came into its own again in connetion with transcontinental bus travel. With respect to compuond formations, the most profilic of the borrowed words are prairie, that has more than eighty combinations. Gopherhas fourteen, but there is a tipically American bit of verbal humor in its figurative uses
TOPONYMIES
Because of the several colonies that France got in the colonial period, there are several names of cities and states names in The United Satates, like Lousiana, that was called in this way in the honour of Luis XIV. There are other toponymics words like: bayou, butte, chute, coulee, crevasse,etc...
DUTCH INFLUENCE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Holland developed a mode of life and a culture in the settlement in the Houston Valley. Its industrious burghers and powerful patroons became a part of the English colonial empire, in the trade referred to above, in 1664, but its sailors had been in contact with the New World. This was the world of Walter the Doubter, William the Testy, and hard-headed Peter Stuyvesant, known to many mainly through Washington Irvings Knickerbocker History.. Irving give us a picture of the general culture of the area.
Holland didnt get much colonies, because it wasnt a great empire, and it had to dedicate to the commerce (it had a big furs commerce).
Dictionary lists boodleize, boodleism, boodler, boodlerism, and boodling, and the Dictionary of Aericanisms adds boodlery to the list.
TOPONYMY
There are names of places that come from the Dutch, such as Hellegat. And some toponymics like: bush (back country) and hook (of land).
GERMAN INFLUENCE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The German migrations to America were given in three or four major waves. The most imporatant are: -1683: the first migrations,from the southwest part of Germany. They begun to settle in Pennsylvania. By 1775, they were abuot 90.000, largely from the Rhenish Palatinate. These Germans developed a language consisting in a mixture of several dialects of their own and English words and constructions. -1830 (reached its crest in 1849). It was after the collapse of the liberal movement in the fatherland, when some patriots like Carl Schurz came to this country. Although many German rural communities sprang up as a result of the movement, much of the settlement was metropolitan. In Milwaukee, Chicago, Cleveland, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Detroit, Buffalo, and New York, Germans were gathered together in groups large enough to mantain their own language and a cultural traditions for a considerable lengh of time. German had also their own schools, and they maintained their church and fraternal organizations. After the First World War, the German still formed the largest body of nonEnglish-sepeaking stock in the United States, with the possible exception of Spanishsepeaking Chicanos, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans. Though dying out more rapidly now than in former times, it is still spoken by about 25% of the inhabitants of Lehigh, Lebanon, and Berks counties in Pennsylvania, and understood by 60 to 65 per cent.
CONCLUSION/PERSONAL OPINION
Reading the article, Ive realized that theres a large number of foreing words, from several nationalities, but I wonder why, if there were so many languages altogether, the English language were at the end the most important one, and the most spokend, moreover when the German is still spoken by so many people.I supose that it has to do very much with the power, the politic power, because if it were because of the number of people that speak a language, it may wouldnt have been english the most important. Its also important, the way a language developes, becauseI cant imagine how a word or words can become so popular to be adopted by a language,I supose that its because in the New World there were many new things and it had to be called in any way. Whatever it is,I think that its something beatiful to create a language with several languages ( well, they didnt created it, but in some kind of way, its a different language, although its English). Finally, I think that this grate phenomenon that was the colonization of the new world, particulary, The United States, has been undervalued, because theres a genereal opinion that the United States has no history or at least a few history, and I think that its as important as the French Revolution, because it was not only a language mixture, but a culture, society, and ways of thinking mixture, and it wolud have made from America a better country, because I think that in the variety is the wisdom.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALL THE ADITIONAL INFORMATION HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM THE ENCARTA 98 ENCYCLOPEDIA
NOTE: ALL THE WORDS MARKED WITH THIS SYMBOL: *, ARE SPANISH WORDS, AND I DONT KNOW THE TRANSLATION IN ENGLISH.
CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGES
*DUTCH INFLUENCE..........................................................56
-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND..................................................5 -LEXICAL ADOPTIONS,ETC......................................................5 -CHANGES IN MEANING,ETC................................................5-6 -TOPONYMIES...........................................................................6
*GERMAN INFLUENCE.......................................................6-
*CONCLUSION......................................................................8
*BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................... 9 *ILLUSTRATIONS.............................................................1011-12