Human Reproduction

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Reproduction is sexual Usually involves sexual intercourse Fertilisation of ovum by sperm results in conception Gestation period Childbirth

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Anatomy - male (external) Testes suspended in scrotum produce sperm produce hormones (mainly testosterone) outside abdominal cavity for temperature regulation (cooler)

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Anatomy - male (external) Penis copulatory organ glans penis (end) covered by foreskin becomes erect during sexual arousal erection due to blood lling internal cavities in erectile tissue

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Anatomy - male (internal) Epididymis tightly coiled tubes next to testes allows sperm to mature stores sperm

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Anatomy - male (internal) Vas deferens (sperm duct) carries sperm from epididymis to urethra

Note

The sperm duct and the bladder both empty into the urethra. A valve prevents both urination and ejaculation occurring at the same time.
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Anatomy - male (internal) Accessory glands - provide nourishment and lubrication seminal vesicles - produce uid containing fructose for energy prostate gland - regulates a mixture of sperm, prostate uid and seminal uid Cowpers gland - provides lubricating uid

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Anatomy - male
seminal vessicle prostate gland sperm duct urethra epididymis testis scrotal sac foreskin
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Gametes Sperm

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Sperm - development Produced in testicles through meiotic division (see Genetics) Initially without tail Tail grows, but does not wiggle Sperm move to epididymis Tail able to wiggle - ready to be released (ejaculation)

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Anatomy - female (internal) Uterus - pear-shaped muscular organ where foetus develops produces vaginal and uterine secretions passes sperm through to oviducts provides protection to foetus provides nutrition to foetus removes waste from foetus contractions expel foetus

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Anatomy - female (internal) Uterus main purpose is to accept fertilised ovum (egg) ovum gets implanted into endometrium (lining of uterus)

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Anatomy - female (internal) Ovaries produce egg cells produce hormones

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Anatomy - female (internal) Oviducts (Fallopian tubes) tubes joining ovaries to uterus

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Anatomy - female (internal) Vagina tube going from uterus (cervix) to outside of body

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Anatomy - female
oviduct ovary muscular wall of uterus urethra funnel of oviduct inner lining of uterus rectum anus

clitoris opening of vagina

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Gametes Ovum

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Gametes Ovum

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Ovum - follicle development Follicle is container for ovum

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Ovum - follicle development Follicle is container for ovum 1. Menstruation 2. Developing follicle 3. Mature follicle 4. Ovulation 5. Corpus luteum 6. Breakdown of corpus luteum

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Menstrual Cycle needed for reproduction controlled by endocrine system 3 phases 1. follicular phase 2. ovulation 3. luteal phase takes ~28 days cycle starts from 1st day of bleeding

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Phase Table
Phase Menstruation Follicular Ovulatory Luteal
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Average start Average end day day 1 5 13 16 4 13 16 28

Average duration 4 9 3 12
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Menstruation breakdown of lining of uterus indicates woman not pregnant - not always true, as bleeding can occur during pregnancy

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Follicular (Proliferative) Phase Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) causes a few ovarian follicles begin to develop follicles release an oestrogen (oestrodiol) oestrogens stimulate regeneration of lining of uterus (endometrium) one dominant follicle survives (Graaan follicle), the remainder die Graaan follicle contains ovum

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Ovulation ~ day 12 oestrogen allows release of lutenising hormone (LH) LH causes the follicle to release the ovum within 1-2 days (ovulation) ovum moves into Fallopian tube after 1-2 days unfertilised ovum will die fertilised ovum will take 3 days to reach uterus, then 3 more days to implant in endometrium

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Luteal (Secretory) Phase Corpus luteum formed from empty follicle releases progesterone progesterone prepares endometrium for implantation of ovum Corpus luteum needs FSH & LH to survive Progesterone + others suppress FSH & LH so corpus luteum disintergrates Progesterone levels fall which triggers menstruation
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Reproduction Questions 1 1. What kind of reproduction is used by humans? [1] 2. What contains the testes? [1] 3. Why are the testes located outside the body cavity? [1] 4. What organ allows the sperm to mature? [1] 5. What are the 3 accessory glands that lubricate and nourish the sperm? [3] 6. What organ allows the foetus to develop? [1]
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Reproduction Questions 1 7. What are the jobs of the ovaries? [2] 8. What is another term for Fallopian tube? [1] Total marks 11

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Reproduction Questions 2 1. What is taking place during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? [1] 2. Around what day is LH released during the cycle? [1] 3. What term is used to indicate the release of an ovum from a follicle? [1] 4. What does the follicle become after the ovum is released? [1] 5. What is the average duration of the luteal phase of the cycle? [1]
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Reproduction Questions 2 6. What is the start day for the menstrual cycle? [1] 7. What is the job of oestrogen in the cycle? [1] 8. What is the name of the dominant follicle which has developed during the follicular stage? [1] 9. What causes the follicle to release the ovum? [1] 10.How long after fertilisation does it take for the ovum to be implanted in the endometrium? [1]

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Reproduction Questions 2 11.Which hormones are needed for the survival of the corpus luteum? [2] 12.What is the main hormone that causes the corpus luteum to disintegrate? [1] 13.What triggers menstruation? [1] Total marks 14

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Fertilisation Fusion (joining) of gametes Male gamete - sperm Female gamete - ovum Takes place internally - usually in oviduct Fusion produces a zygote (fertilised ovum)

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Fertilisation

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Fusion Sequence Sperm meets ovum Sperm head (acrosome) produces enzymes Enzymes allow sperm to burrow through outer jelly of ovum Sperm head fuses with ovum cell membrane Flagellum (tail) drops off Zygote travels along oviduct to uterus - takes a week

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Gestation Zygote starts dividing (see Mitosis later) Dividing zygote becomes a blastocyst Blastocyst implants into endometrium Further mitotic division forms embryo Embryo develops for 8 weeks, then called fetus Fetus develops for 32 more weeks - then childbirth

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Gestation - 1st 8 weeks

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Gestation

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In vitro Fertilisation One branch of an area called Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) ART also includes: intracytoplasmic sperm injection cryopreservation intrauterine insemination

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In vitro Fertilisation In vitro means in glass Fertilisation of ovum by sperm outside womans body

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Collection of ovum 2 basic techniques i) Natural - collects ovum selected by follicles during normal menstrual cycle ii) Ovarian hyperstimulation - uses additional hormone treatments to stimulate follicles to develop/release more ova

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Fertilisation Ova and sperm are incubated ~ 18 hours Embryos selected and cultured (grown) for 3 5 days Embryo(s) selected and implanted into uterus

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Advantages Overcomes some infertility problems e.g. blockage in oviduct Can help some infertile males e.g. low sperm count or inability of sperm to break through ovum membrane Allows surrogacy (using another womens body to gestate the embryo)

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Disadvantages Expensive Multiple births - more expense Birth defects; mainly septal heart defects & cleft lip

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Ethical Debates Advances in genetic understanding may allow selection of embryos i) Do not select embryos with genetic defects e.g. Downs syndrome ii) Selection of embryos with desired characteristics e.g. high intelligence, good athlete

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