The Software Replica of CHIMERA Multidetector

W.Gawlikowicz1∗ , J.Blicharska2 , J.Brzychczyk1 , J.Cibor3 ,

A.Grzeszczuk2 , S.Kowalski2 , Z.Majka1 , R.Planeta1 , and W.Zipper2
For ISOSPIN Collaboration
1
Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-059 Kraków,Poland
2
Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
3
H.Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Pl-31342, Poland

A complete software replica (filter) of the CHIMERA multidetector array has been constructed.
All details of the CHIMERA multidetector geometry have been taken into account, including dead-
zones, as well as detectors dead-layers. Detection thresholds for all charged-particles have been
determined with respect to used detection technique (Time-of-Flight, CsI, and Si-CsI identification).

I. INTRODUCTION Such a thickness of CsI(Tl) crystals allows one to stop all

charged-particles in the entire dynamical range.
The CHIMERA multidetector array [1, 2] is made of
35 rings in a cylindrical geometry around the beam axis RING Dist.[cm] θmin [o ] θmax [o ] ∆φ[o ]
1 350 1.0 1.8 22.50
(see Fig. 1).
2 350 1.8 2.6 22.50
3 300 2.6 3.6 15.00
4 300 3.6 4.6 15.00
5 250 4.6 5.8 11.25
6 250 5.8 7.0 11.25
7 210 7.0 8.5 9.00
8 210 8.5 10.0 9.00
9 180 10.0 11.5 9.00
10 180 11.5 13.0 9.00
11 160 13.0 14.5 7.50
12 160 14.5 16.0 7.50
13 140 16.0 18.0 7.50
14 140 18.0 20.0 7.50
15 120 20.0 22.0 7.50
16 120 22.0 24.0 7.50
17 100 24.0 27.0 7.50
18 100 27.0 30.0 7.50
19 40 30.0 38.0 11.25
20 40 38.0 46.0 11.25
21 40 46.0 54.0 11.25

FIG. 1: A schematic view of CHIMERA multidetector. The for- 22 40 54.0 62.0 11.25
ward part (from left) was used in REVERSE experiment. 23 40 62.0 70.0 11.25
24 40 70.0 78.0 11.25
25 40 78.0 86.0 11.25
It consists of total 1192 detectors. The forward 688 26 40 86.0 94.0 11.25
detectors in 18 rings are assembled in 9 wheels, cover- 27 40 94.0 102.0 11.25
ing the polar angles from 1o to 30o . The remaining 504 28 40 102.0 110.0 11.25
detectors in 17 rings are assembled in a sphere of 40cm 29 40 110.0 118.0 11.25
radius, covering the polar angles from 30o to 176o . 30 40 118.0 126.0 11.25
The laboratory solid angle coverage is about 95%, tak- 31 40 126.0 134.0 11.25
ing into account dead-zones and detector dead-layers. A 32 40 134.0 142.0 11.25
detail geometrical structure of the CHIMERA multide- 33 40 142.0 150.0 11.25
tector is presented in Table I. 34 40 150.0 163.0 22.50
The CHIMERA multidetector array is built from Si- 35 40 163.0 176.0 45.00
CsI(Tl) telescopes. The thickness of the silicon detectors TABLE I: Geometry of CHIMERA multidetector. For each de-
varies from 220 to 320µm. The thickness of CsI(Tl) crys- tector in a ring, a distance from target, minimum and maximum
tals varies from 12cm (rings 1÷16) to 3cm (rings 33÷35). polar angle, and azimuthal angle range are specified.

The dimensions and granularity of the CHIMERA ap-

paratus allows one to identify particles via Time-of-Flight
∗ Corresponding author e-mail address: ufwgawli@if.uj.edu.pl (TOF) technique using the cyclotron RF signal as a start.
Using TOF technique, charged-particles stopped in the
silicon detector can be identified, what lowers drastically
the detection thresholds, especially for intermediate-mass
fragments.
The CHIMERA filter is an exact software replica of the
CHIMERA multidetector array. It takes into account all
details of the CHIMERA apparatus geometry, including
dead-zones, as well as detectors dead-layers. Detection
thresholds for all charged-particles are determined with
respect to used detection technique.
II. THE CHIMERA FILTER
The CHIMERA filter is a FORTRAN subroutine which
can be included in any simulation program. As any “fil-
ter”, it gives information about detector being hit, and
if a particle is above specified identification threshold or
not.
If the particle escapes through detection system dead-
zones (like beam-entry or beam-exit), or hit detectors
dead-layer, the subroutine returns detector number zero
(no active detector area has been hit). All dead-zones
and detectors dead-layer of the CHIMERA apparatus has
been taken into account. In particular, real detectors
have a flat “face” part. Therefore, for all detectors, a
transformation from cartesian to spherical coordinates is
performed. It gives a realistic shapes of detectors in the
θ − φ space, and takes care of real dead-zones and dead-
layers connected with their shape.
There are three possibilities of particle identification :
(i) mass identification - TOF method; (ii) isotopic identi-
fication - particles are identified via pulse shape discrim-
ination technique in CsI(Tl) element alone, or via Si vs.
CsI(Tl) energy deposits; (iii) charge identification - Si vs.
CsI(Tl) energy deposits. The particle identification se-
quence in CHIMERA filter is the same as in experiment.
These particles which are stopped in Si element and are
in a range of TOF identification are recognized as TOF
particles. All particles below TOF energy thresholds are
not detected. Note that not the entire CHIMERA appa-
ratus is working with TOF method. In that case particles
which give no pulse in CsI(Tl) element are not detected.
Particles having enough energy to enter CsI(Tl) element
can be identified with isotopic or charge resolution. It
depends whether particles are within the isotopic iden-
tification range, and it can also depend on their energy.
Some particles are identified with the isotopic resolution
from certain energy. Below that energy they have charge
resolution only.
The detailed information about the CHIMERA filter
usage, and particular filter files can be found in Ap-
pendixes.
III. MODIFYING CHIMERA FILTER FOR A
NEW EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
The CHIMERA filter is written in a way to allow
easy modification of detector parameters. They usu-
ally differ from experiment to experiment because of
calibration procedure. Moreover, usually some detec-
tors are not working and some are replaced. The
current experimental set-up is defined in detectors
definition file (see Appendix B and D). The detec-
tion thresholds are specified in TOF thresholds file -
Chimera filter.E0TOF, while the Si-CsI(Tl) thresholds
are specified in Chimera filter.E0SI file (see Appendix
F). The idea is to have different detectors definition file
for each experiment. Existing energy threshold files can
be appended and used for all experiments. In this way,
the current detectors definition file specifies which thresh-
old function is used. The detectors definition file is an
input argument during initialization - see Appendix B.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank the entire LNS Catania group, and
particulary Enrico De Filippo and Angelo Pagano, for
their contribution in this work.
APPENDIX A: INCLUDING CHIMERA FILTER
AS A SUBROUTINE
The CHIMERA filter consists of separate files included
by Chimera filter.for. This file has to be included in
a main program. It will subsequently include all needed
subroutines and read data input files during the initial-
ization.
APPENDIX B: INITIALIZING AND CALLING
SEQUENCE
The filter has to be initialized by following calling
sequence:
CALL Chimera filter init
(E TYPE,DEFINITION FILE,TARGET FILE).
This subroutine is defined in Chimera filter.init file.
When called, reads all input data files.
The initializing parameters are:
• E TYPE (0/1) - this variable defines the way of in-
cluding target energy loss corrections;
if E TYPE=0, the energy loss in the target is taken
into account during thresholds calculations, but the
particle energies are as they come from simulation;
if E TYPE=1, the energy loss is taken into account
during thresholds calculations, and the target en-
ergy loss is subtracted from the simulation data,
 • DEFINITION FILE - the name of the detectors def-
inition file (see Appendix D),
• TARGET FILE - the name of the file with the target
energy losses parameterization
(see Appendix E).
After initializing, the CHIMERA filter should be
called in the event-by-event sequence. A template for
event “filtering” would be as follows:
do i=1,Number of events
...
CALL Chimera filter(M,Z,A,E,TH,PH,DET,ID)
...
enddo
The filter parameters are:
• M - multiplicity (integer)
• Z(M) - charge (integer)
• A(M) - mass (integer)
• E(M) - energy [M eV ] (real) - LAB system
o
• TH(M) - polar angle [ ] (real) - LAB system
o
• PH(M) - azimuthal angle [ ] (real) - LAB system
• DET(M) - detector number (integer)
• ID(M) - particle ID (integer)
If the filter was initialazed with E TYPE=1, the
E(M) values are corrected for the energy loss in target, if
E TYPE=0, the subroutine does not change the energies.
The subroutine Chimera filter returns a number of de-
tector for all particles which hit a detector, whatever they
are above the threshold or not. Particles which escape
through detection system dead-zones or hit the detectors
dead-layer have detector number equal zero. In the filter
the numbering of “real” detectors starts from 1, as we
believe that a bien être is to give a number greater then
zero for “real” devices (in the CHIMERA experimental
files it usually starts from zero).
The particle ID numbers returned by filter are:
• ID=0 - particle is below identification threshold
• ID=1 - mass identification only (TOF method)
• ID=2 - isotopic identification (Si-CsI(Tl) or
CsI(Tl))
• ID=3 - charge identification only (Si-CsI(Tl))
• ID=4 - “multi-hit” particle
In the present version of the Chimera filter most of
the particle “multi-hits” are rejected (ID=0). Excep-
tion is made for events where one particle is stopped in
Si element, and the another one enters CsI(Tl) crystal.
Since the latter one can be identified using CsI(Tl) or
Si-CsI(Tl) signals, it has ID=4 (particle stopped in the
Si element has ID=0).
APPENDIX C: COMPILING AND LINKING
The CHIMERA filter is written in FORTRAN. Since
it is using structures, a FORTRAN90 compiler is rec-
ommended. The source code is using long FORTRAN
lines, so one should use extended source option dur-
ing compilation. No special libraries are needed during
linking.
APPENDIX D: DETECTORS DEFINITION FILE
The detectors definition file defines CHIMERA multi-
detector geometry, energy threshold functions, and maxi-
mum values of charge for TOF, charge, and isotopic frag-
ment identification. Such a file has to be written sepa-
rately for each experimental set-up.
The file structure, for each detector, is as follows:
det ok F TOF F SI ZTOF Zmin Zmax ZminA ZmaxA θ
φ ∆θ ∆φ R[cm] RING NAME
where:
• det - detector number
• ok (0/1) - dead/alive - switch off not working de-
tectors (all particles have ID=0 for not working de-
tector)
• F TOF, F SI - energy thresholds function number
for TOF and Si-CsI(Tl) identification, respectively
- some of detectors have the same energy thresh-
olds, therefore one function can be used for a group
of detectors (see Appendix F)
• ZTOF - maximum charge number for TOF method
• Zmin, Zmax - minimum and maximum possible
charge identification
• ZminA, ZmaxA - minimum and maximum possible
charge for isotopic identification
• θ, φ, ∆θ, ∆φ - polar and azimuthal angle of detec-
tor center, and detector angle ranges, respectively
• R[cm] - distance from target
• RING - ring number
• NAME - detector name (optional)
APPENDIX E: TARGET CORRECTIONS FILE
The target corrections file gives target energy loss pa-
rameterization for each ring (θ) of CHIMERA appara-
tus. It has to be written separately for each target mass,
charge, and thickness. We recommend here to use the
same convention for all targets, e.g. 64NI.310 - en-
ergy loss corrections for 64 N i target having thickness 310
µg/cm2 . Of course, corrections for each target are made APPENDIX F: ENERGY THRESHOLD FILES
for half of its thickness, what is a good approximation for
average value (the reaction can take place in any part of
The CHIMERA filter has two energy threshold files :
the target).
The file structure, for each ring, is as follows:
• Chimera filter.E0TOF - TOF energy thresholds
RING# a b power f1 f2 f3 f4,
(mass identification only)

where a, b, power, f1, f2, f3, and f4 are coefficients of en-

ergy loss, Eloss , parameterization, depending on particle • Chimera filter.E0SI - Si-CsI(Tl) energy thresh-
charge, Z, mass, A, and energy, E : olds for isotopic and charge identification.

AZ 2 The files structure, for each particle, is as follows:

µ ¶
E
Eloss (Z, A, E) = a ln 1 + b Flow (Z, E). (E1)
E A
FUNCTION# Aid Z A THRESHOLD,
The function Flow (Z, E) is a correction function for low where:
energies, given by following formula

• FUNCTION# - identification function number for

1 TOF identification (F TOF) or Si-CsI(Tl) identi-
Flow (Z, E) = 1 − . (E2)
1 + P 1(Z)E P 2(Z) fication (F SI) assigned in detectors definition file
(see Appendix D)
The P 1(Z) and P 2(Z) are functions of charge, Z, only
defined as:
• Aid (0/1) - mass identification;
µ ¶ if Aid =0, the threshold is for charge identification
f2 only;
P 1(Z) = f 1 + /Z power , (E3)
Z if Aid =1, the threshold is for isotopic identification
(in Chimera filter.E0SI file) or for TOF identi-
and fication ( in Chimera filter.E0TOF file )

f4 • Z, A - charge and mass

P 2(Z) = f 3 + . (E4)
Z
The energy loss formula might look difficult at first • THRESHOLD - energy threshold.
sight but has a simple explanation. The expression
2
a AZ E
¡ ¢
E ln 1 + b A approximates quite good the behavior
of energy loss for high energies, for all particles. The re- Each identification function (of charge and mass) can
maining part of Eq.(E1) is governing a behavior of energy be used for a set of detectors having the same thresh-
loss for low energies. It is varying very much with parti- olds. The maximum charge for particle identification is
cle charge. As one can see from Eqs.(E3) and (E4), the specified in detectors definition file (see Appendix D).
low energy part of energy loss formula (E2) is changing In the case of charge identification (Aid =0), only
rapidly with the decrease of charge of the particle. charge number is used.

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