Couch, II, L.W.

Complex Envelope Representations for Modulated Signals

Mobile Communications Handbook
Ed. Suthan S. Suthersan
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999
c 1999byCRCPressLLC
Complex EnvelopeRepresentations
for Modulated Signals
1
Leon W. Couch, II
University of Florida
1.1 Introduction
1.2 ComplexEnvelopeRepresentation
1.3 Representationof ModulatedSignals
1.4 GeneralizedTransmittersandReceivers
1.5 SpectrumandPower of BandpassSignals
1.6 AmplitudeModulation
1.7 PhaseandFrequencyModulation
1.8 QPSK Signalling
DeningTerms
References
Further Information
1.1 Introduction
What isageneral representation for bandpassdigital and analogsignals? Howdo werepresent a
modulatedsignal?Howdoweevaluatethespectrumandthepower of thesesignals?Thesearesome
of thequestionsthat areansweredinthischapter.
A basebandwaveformhasaspectral magnitudethat isnonzerofor frequenciesinthevicinityof
theorigin(i.e., f = 0) andnegligibleelsewhere. Abandpasswaveformhasaspectral magnitudethat
isnonzerofor frequenciesinsomebandconcentratedabout afrequencyf = f
c
(wheref
c
0),
andthespectral magnitudeisnegligibleelsewhere. f
c
iscalledthecarrier frequency. Thevalueof
f
c
maybearbitrarilyassignedfor mathematical convenienceinsomeproblems. Inothers, namely,
modulationproblems, f
c
isthefrequencyof anoscillatorysignal inthetransmitter circuitandisthe
assignedfrequencyof thetransmitter, suchas850kHzfor anAM broadcastingstation.
In communication problems, theinformation sourcesignal is usually a baseband signalfor
example, atransistor-transistor logic (TTL) waveformfromadigital circuit or an audio (analog)
signal fromamicrophone. Thecommunicationengineer hasthejobof buildingasystemthat will
transfer theinformationfromthissourcesignal tothedesireddestination. AsshowninFig. 1.1, this
1
Source: Couch, LeonW., II. 1997. Digital andAnalogCommunicationSystems, 5thed., PrenticeHall, Upper SaddleRiver,
NJ.
c 1999byCRCPressLLC
usuallyrequirestheuseofabandpasssignal,s(t ), whichhasabandpassspectrumthatisconcentrated
at f
c
wheref
c
isselectedsothat s(t ) will propagateacrossthecommunicationchannel (either a
wireor awirelesschannel).
FIGURE1.1: Bandpasscommunicationsystem. Source: Couch, L.W., II. 1997. Digital andAnalog
CommunicationSystems, 5thed., PrenticeHall, Upper SaddleRiver, NJ, p. 227. Withpermission.
Modulationistheprocessofimpartingthesourceinformationontoabandpasssignal withacarrier
frequencyf
c
bytheintroduction of amplitudeand/or phaseperturbations. Thisbandpasssignal
iscalled themodulatedsignal s(t ), and thebaseband sourcesignal iscalled themodulatingsignal
m(t ). Examples of exactly howmodulation is accomplished aregiven later in this chapter. This
denitionindicatesthat modulationmaybevisualizedasamappingoperationthat mapsthesource
informationontothebandpasssignal s(t ) that will betransmittedover thechannel.
Asthemodulatedsignal passesthroughthechannel, noisecorruptsit. Theresult isabandpass
signal-plus-noisewaveformthat isavailableat thereceiver input, r(t ), asillustratedinFig. 1.1. The
receiver hasthejobof tryingtorecover theinformationthat wassent fromthesource; mdenotesthe
corruptedversionof m.
1.2 ComplexEnvelopeRepresentation
All bandpasswaveforms, whether theyarisefromamodulatedsignal, interferingsignals, or noise,
mayberepresentedinaconvenientformgivenbythefollowingtheorem. v(t ) will beusedtodenote
thebandpasswaveformcanonically. That is, v(t ) can represent thesignal whens(t ) v(t ) , the
noisewhenn(t ) v(t ), thelteredsignal plusnoiseat thechannel output whenr(t ) v(t ), or any
other typeof bandpasswaveform
2
.
THEOREM1.1 Anyphysical bandpasswaveformcanberepresentedby
v(t ) = Re
_
g(t )e
j
c
t
_
(1.1a)
Re{} denotesthereal part of {}. g(t ) iscalledthecomplexenvelopeof v(t ), andf
c
istheassociated
carrier frequency(hertz) where
c
= 2f
c
. Furthermore, twoother equivalent representationsare
2
Thesymbol denotesanequivalenceandthesymbol

=denotesadenition.
c 1999byCRCPressLLC
v(t ) = R(t ) cos [
c
t + (t )] (1.1b)
and
v(t ) = x(t ) cos
c
t y(t ) sin
c
t (1.1c)
where
g(t ) = x(t ) + jy(t ) = |g(t )|e
j

g(t )
R(t )e
j(t )
(1.2)
x(t ) = Re{g(t )} R(t ) cos (t ) (1.3a)
y(x) = Im{g(t )} R(t ) sin (t ) (1.3b)
R(t )

= |g(t )|
_
x
2
(t ) + y
2
(t ) (1.4a)
(t )

=

g(t ) = tan
1
_
y(t )
x(t )
_
(1.4b)
Thewaveformsg(t ), x(t ), y(t ), R(t ), and(t ) areall basebandwaveforms, and, except for g(t ),
theyareall real waveforms. R(t ) isanonnegativereal waveform. Equation(1.1a1.1c) isalow-pass-
to-bandpasstransformation. Thee
j
c
t
factor in (1.1a) shifts(i.e., translates) thespectrumof the
basebandsignal g(t ) frombasebanduptothecarrier frequencyf
c
. Incommunicationsterminology
thefrequenciesinthebasebandsignal g(t ) aresaidtobeheterodyneduptof
c
. Thecomplexenvelope,
g(t ), isusuallyacomplexfunctionof timeandit isthegeneralizationof thephasor concept. That
is, if g(t ) happenstobeacomplexconstant, thenv(t ) isapuresinewaveof frequencyf
c
andthis
complexconstant isthephasor representingthesinewave. If g(t ) isnot aconstant, thenv(t ) isnot
apuresinewavebecausetheamplitudeandphaseof v(t ) varieswithtime, causedbythevariations
of g(t ).
Representingthecomplex envelopein termsof two real functionsin Cartesian coordinates, we
have
g(x) x(t ) + jy(t ) (1.5)
wherex(t ) = Re{g(t )} andy(t ) = Im{g(t )}. x(t ) issaidtobethein-phasemodulationassociated
withv(t ), andy(t ) issaidtobethequadraturemodulationassociatedwithv(t ). Alternatively, the
polar formof g(t ), represented by R(t ) and (t ), is given by (1.2), wheretheidentities between
Cartesian and polar coordinatesaregiven by(1.3a1.3b) and (1.4a1.4b). R(t ) and (t ) arereal
waveformsand, inaddition, R(t ) isalwaysnonnegative. R(t ) issaidtobetheamplitudemodulation
(AM) onv(t ), and(t ) issaidtobethephasemodulation(PM) onv(t ).
Theusefulnessof thecomplexenveloperepresentationforbandpasswaveformscannotbeoverem-
phasized. Inmoderncommunicationsystems,thebandpasssignal isoftenpartitionedintotwochan-
nels, onefor x(t ) calledtheI (in-phase) channel andonefor y(t ) calledtheQ(quadrature-phase)
channel. In digital computer simulationsof bandpasssignals, thesamplingrateusedin thesimu-
lationcanbeminimizedbyworkingwiththecomplexenvelope, g(t ), insteadof withthebandpass
signal, v(t ), becauseg(t ) isthebasebandequivalent of thebandpasssignal [1].
c 1999byCRCPressLLC
1.3 Representationof ModulatedSignals
Modulationistheprocessof encodingthesourceinformationm(t ) (modulatingsignal) intoaband-
passsignal s(t ) (modulatedsignal). Consequently, themodulatedsignal isjust aspecial application
of thebandpassrepresentation. Themodulatedsignal isgivenby
s(t ) = Re
_
g(t )e
j
c
t
_
(1.6)
where
c
= 2f
c
. f
c
is thecarrier frequency. Thecomplex envelopeg(t ) is afunction of the
modulatingsignal m(t ). That is,
g(t ) = g[m(t )] (1.7)
Thusg[] performsamappingoperationonm(t ). ThiswasshowninFig. 1.1.
Table1.1givesanoverviewofthebigpictureforthemodulationproblem. Examplesofthemapping
functiong[m] aregivenfor amplitudemodulation(AM), double-sidebandsuppressedcarrier (DSB-
SC), phasemodulation(PM), frequencymodulation(FM), single-sidebandAM suppressedcarrier
(SSB-AM-SC), single-sidebandPM (SSB-PM), single-sidebandFM (SSB-FM), single-sidebanden-
velopedetectable(SSB-EV), single-sidebandsquare-lawdetectable(SSB-SQ), andquadraturemod-
ulation (QM). For each g[m], Table1.1 also shows thecorrespondingx(t ) and y(t ) quadrature
modulation components, and thecorrespondingR(t ) and (t ) amplitudeand phasemodulation
components. Digitallymodulated bandpasssignalsareobtained when m(t ) isadigital baseband
signalfor example, theoutput of atransistor transistor logic(TTL) circuit.
Obviously, it ispossibletouseother g[m] functionsthat arenot listedinTable1.1. Thequestion
is: Aretheyuseful?g[m] functionsaredesiredthatareeasytoimplementandthatwill givedesirable
spectral properties. Furthermore, inthereceiver theinversefunctionm[g] isrequired. Theinverse
shouldbesinglevaluedover therangeusedandshouldbeeasilyimplemented. Theinversemapping
shouldsuppressasmuchnoiseaspossiblesothat m(t ) canberecoveredwithlittlecorruption.
1.4 GeneralizedTransmittersandReceivers
A moredetailed description of transmitters and receivers as rst shown in Fig. 1.1 will nowbe
illustrated.
Therearetwocanonical formsfor thegeneralizedtransmitter, asindicatedby(1.1b) and(1.1c).
Equation(1.1b)describesanAM-PMtypecircuitasshowninFig.1.2. Thebasebandsignal processing
circuit generatesR(t ) and(t ) fromm(t ). TheR and arefunctionsof themodulatingsignal m(t ),
as given in Table1.1, for theparticular modulation typedesired. Thesignal processingmay be
implementedeither byusingnonlinear analogcircuitsor adigital computer that incorporatestheR
and algorithmsunder softwareprogramcontrol. Intheimplementationusingadigital computer,
oneanalog-to-digital converter (ADC) will beneededat theinput of thebasebandsignal processor
and two digital-to-analogconverters(DACs) will beneeded at theoutput. Theremainder of the
AM-PM canonical formrequiresradiofrequency(RF) circuits, asindicatedinthegure.
Figure1.3illustratesthesecondcanonical formfor thegeneralizedtransmitter. Thisusesin-phase
and quadrature-phase(IQ) processing. Similarly, theformulasrelatingx(t ) and y(t ) to m(t ) are
showninTable1.1, andthebasebandsignal processingmaybeimplementedbyusingeither analog
hardwareor digital hardwarewithsoftware. Theremainder of thecanonical formusesRFcircuitsas
indicated.
Analogous to thetransmitter realizations, therearetwo canonical forms of receiver. Each one
consistsofRFcarriercircuitsfollowedbybasebandsignal processingasillustratedinFig.1.1. Typically
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TABLE1.1 ComplexEnvelopeFunctionsfor VariousTypesof Modulation
a
CorrespondingQuadratureModulation
Typeof MappingFunctions
Modulation g(m) x(t ) y(t )
AM A
c
[1 + m(t )] A
c
[1 + m(t )] 0
DSB-SC A
c
m(t ) A
c
m(t ) 0
PM A
c
e
jDpm(t )
A
c
cos[D
p
m(t )] A
c
sin[D
p
m(t )]
FM A
c
e
jD
f
_
t

m()d
A
c
cos
_
D
f
_
t

m()d
_
A
c
sin
_
D
f
_
t

m()d
_
SSB-AM-SC
b
A
c
[m(t ) j m(t )] A
c
m(t ) A
c
m(t )
SSB-PM
b
A
c
e
jDp[m(t )j m(t )]
A
c
e
Dp m(t )
cos[D
p
m(t )] A
c
e
Dp m(t )
sin[D
p
m(t )]
SSB-FM
b
A
c
e
jD
f
_
t

[m()j m()]d
A
c
e
D
f
_
t

m()d
cos
_
D
f
_
t

m()d
_
A
c
e
D
f
_
t

m()d
sin
_
D
f
_
t

m()d
_
SSB-EV
b
A
c
e
{ln[1+m(t )]j

ln|1+m(t )|}
A
c
[1 + m(t )] cos{

ln[1 + m(t )]} A
c
[1 + m(t )] sin{

ln[1 + m(t )]}
SSB-SQ
b
A
c
e
(1/2){ln[1+m(t )]j

ln|1+m(t )|}
A
c

1 + m(t ) cos{
1
2

ln[1 + m(t )]} A
c

1 + m(t ) sin{
1
2

ln[1 + m(t )]}
QM A
c
[m
1
(t ) + jm
2
(t )] A
c
m
1
(t ) A
c
m
2
(t )
c

1
9
9
9
b
y
C
R
C
P
r
e
s
s
L
L
C
TABLE1.1 ComplexEnvelopeFunctionsfor VariousTypesof Modulation
a
(Continued)
CorrespondingAmplitude
andPhaseModulation
Typeof
Modulation R(t ) (t ) Linearity Remarks
AM A
c
|1 + m(t )|
_
0, m(t ) > 1
180

, m(t ) < 1
L
c
m(t ) > 1 requiredfor envelopede-
tection
DSB-SC A
c
|m(t )|
_
0, m(t ) > 0
180

, m(t ) < 0
L Coherent detectionrequired
PM A
c
D
p
m(t ) NL D
p
is thephasedeviation constant
(rad/volt)
FM A
c
D
f
_
t

m()d NL D
f
isthefrequencydeviation con-
stant (rad/volt-sec)
SSB-AM-SC
b
A
c
_
[m(t )]
2
+ [ m(t )]
2
tan
1
[ m(t )/m(t )] L Coherent detectionrequired
SSB-PM
b
A
c
e
Dp m(t )
D
p
m(t ) NL
SSB-FM
b
A
c
e
D
f
_
t

m()d
D
f
_
t

m()d NL
SSB-EV
b
A
c
|1 + m(t )|

ln[1 + m(t )] NL m(t ) > 1 is required so that the
ln() will haveareal value
SSB-SQ
b
A
c

1 + m(t )
1
2

ln[1 + m(t )] NL m(t ) > 1 is required so that the
ln() will haveareal value
QM A
c
_
m
2
1
(t ) + m
2
2
(t ) tan
1
[m
2
(t )/m
1
(t )] L Used in NTSC color television; re-
quirescoherent detection
Source: Couch, L.W., II, 1997, Digital andAnalogCommunicationSystems, 5thed., PrenticeHall, Upper SaddleRiver, NJ, pp.
231-232. Withpermission.
a
A
c
> 0 isaconstant that setsthepower level of thesignal asevaluatedbyuseof (1.11); L, linear; NL, nonlinear; and[] isthe
Hilbert transform(a90

phase-shiftedversionof []). For example, m(t ) = m(t )

1
t
=
1

m()
t
d.
b
Useupper signsfor upper sidebandsignalsandlower signalsfor lower sidebandsignals.
c
Inthestrict sense, AM signalsarenot linear becausethecarrier termdoesnot satisfythelinearity(superposition) condition.
FIGURE1.2: Generalizedtransmitter usingtheAM-PMgenerationtechnique. Source: Couch, L.W.,
II. 1997. Digital andAnalogCommunicationSystems, 5thed., PrenticeHall, Upper SaddleRiver, NJ,
p. 278. Withpermission.
thecarrier circuitsareof thesuperheterodyne-receiver typewhichconsistof anRFamplier, adown
converter (mixer pluslocal oscillator) tosomeintermediatefrequency(IF), anIFamplier andthen
detectorcircuits[1]. Intherstcanonical formof thereceiver, thecarriercircuitshaveamplitudeand
phasedetectorsthat output

R(t ) and

(t ), respectively. Thispair,

R(t ) and

(t ), describethepolar
formof thereceivedcomplexenvelope, g(t ).

R(t ) and

(t ) arethen fedinto thesignal processor
c 1999byCRCPressLLC
FIGURE 1.3: Generalizedtransmitter usingthequadraturegeneration technique. Source: Couch,
L.W., II.1997. Digital andAnalogCommunicationSystems,5thed., PrenticeHall, UpperSaddleRiver,
NJ, p. 278. Withpermission.
whichusestheinversefunctionsof Table1.1togeneratetherecoveredmodulation, m(t ). Thesecond
canonical formof thereceiver usesquadratureproduct detectorsin thecarrier circuitsto produce
theCartesianformof thereceivedcomplexenvelope, x(t ) and y(t ). x(t ) and y(t ) aretheninputted
tothesignal processor whichgenerates m(t ) at itsoutput.
Onceagain, it is stressed that any typeof signal modulation (seeTable1.1) may begenerated
(transmitted) ordetected(received) byusingeitherof thesetwocanonical forms. Bothof theseforms
conveniently separatebaseband processingfromRF processing. Digital techniques areespecially
useful to realizethebaseband processingportion. Furthermore, if digital computingcircuits are
used, anydesiredmodulationtypecanberealizedbyselectingtheappropriatesoftwarealgorithm.
1.5 SpectrumandPower of BandpassSignals
Thespectrumof thebandpass signal is thetranslation of thespectrumof its complex envelope.
TakingtheFouriertransformof (1.1a), thespectrumof thebandpasswaveformis[1]
V(f ) =
1
2
_
G(f f
c
) + G

(f f
c
)
_
(1.8)
whereG(f ) istheFourier transformof g(t ),
G(f ) =
_

g(t )e
j2f t
dt ,
and theasterisk superscript denotes thecomplex conjugateoperation. Thepower spectra density
(PSD) of thebandpasswaveformis[1]
P
v
(f ) =
1
4
_
P
g
(f f
c
) +P
g
(f f
c
)
_
(1.9)
whereP
g
(f ) isthePSDof g(t ).
Theaveragepower dissipated in a resistiveload is V
2
rms
/R
L
or I
2
rms
R
L
whereV
rms
is therms
valueof thevoltagewaveformacrosstheloadandI
rms
isthermsvalueof thecurrent throughthe
c 1999byCRCPressLLC
load. For bandpasswaveforms, Equation(1.1a1.1c) mayrepresenteither thevoltageor thecurrent.
Furthermore, thermsvaluesof v(t ) andg(t ) arerelatedby[1]
v
2
rms
=
_
v
2
(t )
_
=
1
2
_
|g(t )|
2
_
=
1
2
g
2
rms
(1.10)
where denotesthetimeaverageandisgivenby
__ __
= lim
t
1
T
_
T/2
T/2
_ _
dt
Thus, if v(t ) of (1.1a1.1c) represents thebandpass voltagewaveformacross aresistiveload, the
averagepower dissipatedintheloadis
P
L
=
v
2
rms
R
L
=
v
2
(t )
R
L
=
|g(t )|
2

2R
L
=
g
2
rms
2R
L
(1.11)
whereg
rms
isthermsvalueof thecomplexenvelopeandR
L
istheresistanceof theload.
1.6 AmplitudeModulation
Amplitudemodulation (AM) will nowbeexamined in moredetail. FromTable1.1thecomplex
envelopeof anAM signal is
g(t ) = A
c
[1 + m(t )] (1.12)
sothat thespectrumof thecomplexenvelopeis
G(f ) = A
c
(f ) + A
c
M(f ) (1.13)
Using(1.6), weobtaintheAM signal waveform
s(t ) = A
c
[1 + m(t )] cos
c
t (1.14)
and, using(1.8), theAM spectrum
S(f ) =
1
2
A
c
[ (f f
c
) + M (f f
c
) + (f + f
c
) + M (f + f
c
)] (1.15)
where(f ) = (f ) and, becausem(t ) isreal, M

(f ) = M(f ). Supposethat themagnitude

spectrumof themodulation happens to beatriangular function, as shown in Fig. 1.4(a). This
spectrummight arisefromananalogaudiosourcewherethebassfrequenciesareemphasized. The
resultingAM spectrum, using(1.15), isshown in Fig. 1.4(b). Notethat becauseG(f f
c
) and
G

(f f
c
) donot overlap, themagnitudespectrumis
|S(f )| =
_
_
_
1
2
A
c
(f f
c
) +
1
2
A
c
|M (f f
c
)| , f > 0
1
2
A
c
(f + f )
c
+
1
2
A
c

M (f f )
c

, f < 0
(1.16)
The1in
g(t ) = A
c
[1 + m(t )]
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FIGURE1.4: Spectrumof anAMsignal. Source: Couch, L.W., II. 1997. Digital andAnalogCommu-
nicationSystems, 5thed., PrenticeHall, Upper SaddleRiver, NJ, p. 235. Withpermission.
causesdeltafunctionstooccurinthespectrumatf = f
c
,wheref
c
istheassignedcarrierfrequency.
Also, fromFig. 1.4and(1.16), it isrealizedthat thebandwidthof theAM signal is2B. That is, the
bandwidthof theAM signal istwicethebandwidthof thebasebandmodulatingsignal.
Theaveragepower dissipatedintoaresistiveloadisfoundbyusing(1.11).
P
L
=
A
2
c
2R
L
_
|1 + m(t )|
2
_
=
A
2
c
2R
L
_
1 + 2m(t ) +
_
m
2
(t )
__
If weassumethat thedc valueof themodulation iszero, m(t ) = 0, then theaveragepower
dissipatedintotheloadis
P
L
=
A
2
c
2R
L
_
1 + m
2
rms
_
(1.17)
wherem
rms
is therms valueof themodulation, m(t ). Thus, theaveragepower of an AM signal
changesif thermsvalueof themodulatingsignal changes. For example, if m(t ) isasinewavetest
tonewithapeakvalueof 1.0for 100%modulation,
m
rms
= 1/

2 .
AssumethatA
c
= 1000 voltsandR
L
= 50 ohms, whicharetypical valuesusedinAMbroadcasting.
Thentheaveragepower dissipatedintothe50loadfor thisAM signal is
P
L
=
(1000)
2
2(50)
_
1 +
1
2
_
= 15,000 watts (1.18)
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TheFederal CommunicationsCommission(FCC) ratedcarrier power isobtainedwhenm(t ) = 0.
Inthiscase, (1.17) becomesP
L
= (1000)
2
/100 = 10,000 wattsandtheFCC wouldratethisasa
10,000watt AM station. Thesidebandpower for 100%sinewavemodulationis5,000watts.
NowletthemodulationontheAMsignal beabinarydigital signal suchthatm(t ) = 1 where+1
isusedfor abinaryoneand1 isusedfor abinary0. Referringto(1.14), thisAM signal becomes
anon-off keyed(OOK) digital signal wherethesignal isonwhenabinaryoneistransmittedandoff
when abinaryzero istransmitted. For A
c
= 1000 andR
L
= 50 , theaveragepower dissipated
wouldbe20,000wattssincem
rms
= 1 for m(t ) = 1.
1.7 PhaseandFrequencyModulation
Phasemodulation (PM) and frequencymodulation (FM) arespecial casesof angle-modulated sig-
nalling. Inangle-modulatedsignallingthecomplexenvelopeis
g(t ) = A
c
e
j(t )
(1.19)
Using(1.6), theresultingangle-modulatedsignal is
s(t ) = A
c
cos [
c
+ (t )] (1.20)
For PM thephaseisdirectlyproportional tothemodulatingsignal:
(t ) = D
p
m(t ) (1.21)
wheretheproportionalityconstant D
p
isthephasesensitivityof thephasemodulator, havingunits
of radiansper volt [assumingthat m(t ) isavoltagewaveform]. For FM thephaseisproportional to
theintegral of m(t ):
(t ) = D
f
_
t

m()d (1.22)
wherethefrequencydeviation constant D
f
hasunitsof radians/volt-second. Theseconceptsare
summarizedbythePM andFM entriesinTable1.1.
Bycomparingthelast twoequations, it isseenthat if wehaveaPM signal modulatedbym
p
(t ),
thereisalsoFM onthesignal correspondingtoadifferent modulatingwaveshapethat isgivenby
m
f
(t ) =
D
p
D
f
_
dm
p
(t )
dt
_
(1.23)
wherethesubscriptsf andp denotefrequencyandphase, respectively. Similarly, if wehaveanFM
signal modulatedbym
f
(t ), thecorrespondingphasemodulationonthissignal is
m
p
(t ) =
D
f
D
p
_
t

m
f
()d (1.24)
Byusing(1.24), aPM circuit maybeusedtosynthesizeanFM circuit byinsertinganintegrator in
cascadewiththephasemodulator input.
Other propertiesof PM andFM arethat thereal envelope, R(t ) = |g(t )| = A
c
, isaconstant, as
seenfrom(1.19). Also, g(t ) isanonlinear functionof themodulation. However, from(1.21) and
(1.22), (t ) isalinear functionof themodulation, m(t ). Using(1.11), theaveragepower dissipated
byaPM or FM signal istheconstant
P
L
=
A
2
c
2R
L
(1.25)
c 1999byCRCPressLLC
Thatis, theaveragepower of aPMor FMsignal doesnotdependonthemodulatingwaveform, m(t ).
Theinstantaneousfrequencydeviationfor anFM signal fromitscarrier frequencyisgivenbythe
derivativeof itsphase(t ). Takingthederivativeof (1.22), thepeakfrequencydeviationis
F =
1
2
D
f
M
p
Hz (1.26)
whereM
p
= max[m(t )] isthepeakvalueof themodulationwaveformandthederivativehasbeen
dividedby2 toconvert fromradians/sectoHzunits.
For FM andPM signals, Carsonsruleestimatesthetransmissionbandwidthcontainingapproxi-
mately98%of thetotal power. ThisFM or PM signal bandwidthis
B
T
= 2( + 1)B (1.27)
whereB isbandwidth(highestfrequency)ofthemodulation. Themodulationindex,is = F/B
for FM and = max[D
p
m(t )] = D
p
M
p
for PM.
TheAMPS(AdvancedMobilePhoneSystem) analogcellular phonesuseFM signalling. A peak
deviation of 12kHz isspeciedwithamodulation bandwidthof 3kHz. From(1.27), thisgivesa
bandwidthof 30kHz for theAMPSsignal andallowsachannel spacingof 30kHz to beused. To
accommodatemoreusers, narrow-band AMPS(NAMPS) with a5kHz peak deviation isused in
someareas. Thisallows10kHz channel spacingif thecarrier frequenciesarecarefullyselectedto
minimizeinterferencetousedadjacent channels. AmaximumFMsignal power of 3wattsisallowed
for theAMPSphones. However, hand-heldAMPSphonesusuallyproducenomorethan600mW
whichisequivalent to5.5voltsrmsacrossthe50antennaterminals.
TheGSM (GroupSpecial Mobile) digital cellular phonesuseFM withminimumfrequency-shift-
keying(MSK) wherethepeakfrequencydeviationisselectedtoproduceorthogonal waveformsfor
binaryoneandbinaryzerodata. (Digital phonesuseaspeechcodectoconverttheanalogvoicesource
toadigital datasourcefor transmissionover thesystem.) OrthogonalityoccurswhenF = 1/4R
whereR isthebit rate(bits/sec) [1]. Actually, GSM usesGaussian shapedMSK (GMSK). That is,
thedigital datawaveform(withrectangular binaryoneandbinaryzeropulses) isrst lteredbya
low-passlter havingaGaussian shapedfrequencyresponse(to attenuatethehigher frequencies).
ThisGaussianltereddatawaveformisthenfedintothefrequencymodulator togeneratetheGMSK
signal. ThisproducesadigitallymodulatedFM signal witharelativelysmall bandwidth.
Other digital cellular standardsuseQPSK signallingasdiscussedinthenext section.
1.8 QPSKSignalling
Quadraturephase-shift-keying(QPSK)isaspecial caseofquadraturemodulationasshowninTable1.1
wherem
1
(t ) = 1 andm
2
(t ) = 1 aretwobinarybit streams. Thecomplexenvelopefor QPSK is
g(t ) = x(t ) + jy(t ) = A
c
[m
1
(t ) + jm
2
(t )]
wherex(t ) = A
c
andy(t ) = A
c
. Thepermittedvaluesfor thecomplexenvelopeareillustrated
bytheQPSKsignalconstellationshowninFig.1.5a. Thesignal constellationisaplotof thepermitted
valuesfor thecomplexenvelope, g(t ). QPSK maybegeneratedbyusingthequadraturegeneration
techniqueof Fig. 1.3wherethebasebandsignal processor isaserial-to-parallel converter that reads
in two bitsof dataat atimefromtheserial binaryinput stream, m(t ) andoutputstherst of the
two bitsto x(t ) and thesecond bit to y(t ). If thetwo input bitsareboth binaryones, (11), then
m
1
(t ) = +A
c
andm
2
(t ) = +A
c
. Thisisrepresentedbythetopright-handdot for g(t ) inthesignal
c 1999byCRCPressLLC
constellationfor QPSK signallinginFig. 1.5a. Likewise, thethreeother possibletwo-bit words, (10),
(01), and(00), arealsoshown. TheQPSK signal isalsoequivalent toafour-phasephase-shift-keyed
signal (4PSK) sinceall thepointsinthesignal constellationfall onacirclewherethepermittedphases
are(t ) = 45

, 135

, 225

, and315

. ThereisnoamplitudemodulationontheQPSK signal since

thedistancesfromtheorigintoall thesignal pointsonthesignal constellationareequal.
For QPSK, thespectrumof g(t ) isof thesin x/x typesincex(t ) andy(t ) consistsof rectangular
datapulsesof valueA
c
. Moreover, it canbeshownthat for equallylikelyindependent binaryone
andbinaryzerodata, thepower spectral densityof g(t ) for digitallymodulatedsignalswithM point
signal constellationsis[1]
P
g
(f ) = K
_
sin f T
b
f T
b
_
2
(1.28)
whereK isaconstant, R = 1/T
b
isthedatarate(bits/sec) of m(t ) andM = 2

. M isthenumber of
pointsinthesignal constellation. For QPSK, M = 4 and = 2. ThisPSDfor thecomplexenvelope,
P
g
(f ), isplottedinFig. 1.6. ThePSDfor theQPSK signal ( = 2) isgivenbytranslatingP
g
(f ) up
tothecarrier frequencyasindicatedby(1.9).
ReferringtoFig. 1.6or using(1.28), therst-null bandwidthof g(t ) isR/ Hz. Consequently, the
null-to-null bandwidthof themodulatedRFsignal is
B
null
=
2R

Hz (1.29)
For example, if thedatarateof thebasebandinformationsourceis9600bits/sec, thenthenull-to-null
bandwidthof theQPSK signal wouldbe9.6Hzsince = 2.
ReferringtoFig.1.6,itisseenthatthesidelobesofthespectrumarerelativelylargeso,inpractice,the
sidelobesofthespectrumarelteredofftopreventinterferencetotheadjacentchannels. Thisltering
roundsoff theedgesof therectangular datapulsesandthiscausessomeamplitudemodulationon
theQPSK signal. That is, thepointsinthesignal constellationfor thelteredQPSK signal wouldbe
fuzzysincethetransitionfromoneconstellationpointtoanother pointisnotinstantaneousbecause
theltereddatapulsesarenot rectangular. QPSK isthemodulationusedfor digital cellular phones
withtheIS-95CodeDivisionMultipleAccess(CDMA) standard.
Equation(1.28) andFig.1.6alsorepresentthespectrumforquadraturemodulationamplitudemod-
ulation(QAM)signalling. QAMsignallingallowsmorethantwovaluesforx(t ) andy(t ). Forexample
QAM whereM = 16 has16pointsinthesignal constellationwith4valuesfor x(t ) and4valuesfor
y(t ) suchas, for example, x(t ) = +A
c
, A
c
, +3A
c
, 3A
c
andy(t ) = +A
c
, A
c
, +3A
c
, 3A
c
.
ThisisshowninFig. 1.5b. Eachpoint intheM = 16 QAM signal constellationwouldrepresent a
uniquefour-bitdataword, ascomparedwiththeM = 4 QPSKsignal constellationshowninFig.1.5a
whereeachpointrepresentsauniquetwo-bitdataword. For aR = 9600 bits/secinformationsource
datarate, aM = 16 QAM signal wouldhaveanull-to-null bandwidthof 4.8kHzsince = 4.
For OOK signallingasdescribedat theendof Section 1.6, thesignal constellationwouldconsist
of M = 2 pointsalongthex axiswherex = 0, 2A
c
andy = 0. ThisisillustratedinFig. 1.5c. For a
R = 9600 bit/secinformationsourcedatarate, anOOK signal wouldhaveanull-to-null bandwidth
of 19.2kHzsince = 1.
DeningTerms
Bandpasswaveform: Thespectrumof thewaveformisnonzerofor frequenciesinsomeband
concentratedabout afrequencyf
c
0; f
c
iscalledthecarrier frequency.
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y(t)
y(t)
(a) QPSK Signal Constellation
g(t)
Real
(In phase)
(t)
3A
c
A
c
-A
c
-3A
c
-3A
c
-A
c
A
c 3A
c
y(t)
g(t)
A
c 2A
c
Real
(In phase)
(t)
(t)
Imaginary (Quadrature)
Imaginary (Quadrature)
(01)
(00) (10)
(11) A
c
-A
c
A
c
g(t)
-A
c
Real
(In phase)
(b) 16 QAM Signal Constellation
Imaginary
(Quadrature)
(c) OOK Signal Constellation
FIGURE1.5: Signal constellations(permittedvaluesof thecomplexenvelope).
c 1999byCRCPressLLC
FIGURE 1.6: PSD for thecomplexenvelopeof MPSK andQAM whereM = 2

andR isbit rate

(positivefrequenciesshown). Source: Couch, L.W., II. 1997. Digital andAnalogCommunication
Systems, 5thed., PrenticeHall, Upper SaddleRiver, NJ, p. 350. Withpermission.
Basebandwaveform: Thespectrumof thewaveformisnonzerofor frequenciesnear f = 0.
Complexenvelope: Thefunctiong(t ) of abandpasswaveformv(t ) wherethebandpasswave-
formisdescribedby
v(t ) = Re
_
g(t )e
j
c
t
_
Fouriertransform: If w(t ) isawaveform, thentheFourier transformof w(t ) is
W(f ) = [w(t )] =
_

w(t )e
j2f t
dt
wheref hasunitsof hertz.
Modulatedsignal: Thebandpasssignal
s(t ) = Re
_
g(t )e
j
c
t
_
whereuctuationsof g(t ) arecausedbytheinformationsourcesuchasaudio, video, or
data.
Modulation: Theinformationsource, m(t ), that causesuctuationsinabandpasssignal.
Real envelope: ThefunctionR(t ) = |g(t )| of abandpasswaveformv(t ) wherethebandpass
waveformisdescribedby
v(t ) = Re
_
g(t )e
j
c
t
_
Signal constellation: Thepermittedvaluesof thecomplexenvelopefor adigital modulating
source.
c 1999byCRCPressLLC
References
[1] Couch, L.W., II, Digital andAnalogCommunicationSystems, 5thed., PrenticeHall, Upper
SaddleRiver, NJ, 1997.
Further Information
[1] Bedrosian, E., Theanalyticsignal representationof modulatedwaveforms. Proc. IRE, vol. 50,
October, 20712076, 1962.
[2] Couch, L.W., II, ModernCommunicationSystems: PrinciplesandApplications, Macmillan
Publishing, NewYork, (nowPrenticeHall, Upper SaddleRiver, NJ), 1995.
[3] Dugundji, J., Envelopesandpre-envelopesof real waveforms. IRETrans. InformationTheory,
vol. IT-4, March, 5357, 1958.
[4] Voelcker,H.B.,TowardtheuniedtheoryofmodulationPartI:Phase-enveloperelationships.
Proc. IRE, vol.54, March, 340353, 1966.
[5] Voelcker, H.B., Towardtheuniedtheoryof modulationPart II: Zero manipulation. Proc.
IRE, vol. 54, May, 735755, 1966.
[6] Ziemer, R.E. andTranter, W.H., Principlesof Communications, 4thed., JohnWileyandSons,
NewYork, 1995.
c 1999byCRCPressLLC