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1. TA IM V VECT TA IM V VECT
A/. CC KIN THC C BN:
I/. Ta im : Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz
1).
( )
M M M M M M
Mx ;y ;z OM x i y j z k + +
uuuur r r r
2). Cho ( )
A A A
A x ; y ; z
v ( )
B B B
B x ; y ; z
ta c:
B A B A B A
AB (x x ;y y ;z z )
uuur
2 2 2
B A B A B A
AB (x x ) (y y ) (z z ) + +
3). Nu M chia on AB theo t s k ( )
MA kMB
uuuur uuur
th ta c :
A B A B A B
M M M
x kx y ky z kz
x ; y ; z
1 k 1 k 1 k



(Vi k -1)
@/. c bit khi M l trung im ca AB (k = 1 ) th ta c :
A B A B A B
M M M
x x y y z z
x ;y ;z
2 2 2
+ + +

II/. Ta ca vct : Trong khng gian vi h ta Oyz
1).
1 2 3 1 2 3
a (a ; a ; a ) a a i a j a k + +
r r r r r

2). Cho
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
v
1 2 3
b (b ; b ; b )
r
ta c :
1 1
2 2
3 3
a b
a b a b
a b

'

r r
1 1 2 2 3 3
a b (a b;a b;a b) tt t t
r r
1 2 3
k.a (ka ;ka ;ka )
r
1 1 2 2 3 3
a.b a. bcos(a;b) ab a b a b + +
rr r r r r

2 2 2
1 2 3
a a a a + +
r
III/. Tch c hng ca hai vect v ng dng:
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Chuyn
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1). Nu
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
v
1 2 3
b (b ; b ; b )
r
th
2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
a a a a a a
a, b ; ;
b b b b b b
_
1


]
,
r r
2). Vect tch c hng
c a, b
1

]
r r r
vung gc vi hai vect a
r
v b
r
.
3).
a, b a b sin(a, b)
1

]
r r r r r r
.
4).
ABC
1
S [AB, AC]
2

uuur uuur
.
5). V
HpABCDABCD
=
[AB, AC].AA'
uuur uuur uuuur
.
6). V
Tdin ABCD =
1
[AB, AC].AD
6
uuur uuur uuur
.
IV/. iu kin khc:
1).
a
r
v
b
r
cng phng
1 1
2 2
3 3
a kb
a, b 0 k R : a kb a kb
a kb

1

'
]

r r r r r

2).
a
r
v
b
r
vung gc
1 1 2 2 3 3
a.b 0 a .b a .b a .b 0 + +
r r
3). Ba vect a, b, c
r r r
ng phng
a, b .c 0
1

]
r r r
(tch hn tp ca chng bng 0).
4). A,B,C,D l bn nh ca t din AB, AC, AD
uuur uuur uuur
khng ng phng.
5). Cho hai vect khng cng phng
a
r
v
b
r
vect
c
r
ng phng vi
a
r
v
b
r

k,l R sao cho c ka lb +
r r r
6). G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC
A B C
G
A B C
G
A B C
G
x x x
x
3
y y y
y
3
z z z
z
3
+ +

+ +

'

+ +

7). G l trng tm ca t din ABCD GA GB GC GD 0 + + +
uuur uuur uuur uuur r
.
B/.BI TP:
Bi 1: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho A(0;1;2) ; B( 2;3;1) ; C(2;2;-1)
a)Tnh
F AB, AC .(OA 3CB)
1
+
]
uuur uuur uuur uuur
.
b)Chng t rng OABC l mt hnh ch nht tnh din tch hnh ch nht .
c) Vit phng trnh mt phng (ABC).
d)Cho S(0;0;5).Chng t rng S.OABC l hnh chp.Tnh th tch hnh chp.
Bi 2: Cho bn im A(1;0;0) , B(0;1;0) , C(0;0;1) , D(-2;1;-1)
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a) Chng minh rng A,B,C,D l bn nh ca t din.
b)Tm ta trng tm G ca t din ABCD.
c)Tnh cc gc ca tam gic ABC.
d)Tnh din tch tam gic BCD.
e)Tnh th tch t din ABCD v di ng cao ca t din h t nh A.
Bi 3: Cho a (0;1; 2); b (1; 2;3); c (1;3;0); d (2;5;8)
r r r r
a)Chng t rng b ba vect a, b, c
r r r
khng ng phng.
b)Chng t rng b ba vect a, b, d
r r r
ng phng, hy phn tch vect
d
r
theo hai
vect a, b
r r
.
c)Phn tch vect ( )
u 2; 4;11
r
theo ba vect a, b, c
r r r
.
Bi 4: Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD.ABCDbit A(0,0,0), B(1;0;0), D(0;2;0),
A(0;0;3), C(1;2;3).
a)Tm ta cc nh cn li ca hnh hp.
b)Tnh th tch hnh hp.
c)Chng t rng AC i qua trng tm ca hai tam gic ABD v BCD.
d)Tm ta im H l hnh chiu vung gc ca D ln on AC.
Bi 5: Trong khng gian ta Oxyz cho im A(2;3;4). Gi M
1
, M
2
, M
3
ln lt l
hnh chiu ca A ln ba trc ta Ox;Oy,Oz v N
1
, N
2
, N
3
l hnh chiu ca A ln ba
mt phng ta Oxy, Oyz, Ozx.
a)Tm ta cc im M
1
, M
2
, M
3
v N
1
, N
2
, N
3
.
b)Chng minh rng N
1
N
2
AN
3
.
c)Gi P,Q l cc im chia on N
1
N
2
, OA theo t s k xc nh k PQ//M
1
N
1
.
2. MT PHNG
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A/. CC KIN THC C BN:
I/. Phng trnh mt phng :
1). Trong khng gian Oxyz phng trnh dng Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 vi
A
2
+B
2
+C
2
0 l phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng, trong n (A; B; C)
r
l mt
vect php tuyn ca n.
2). Mt phng (P) i qua im M
0
(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) v nhn vect n (A; B; C)
r
lm vect
php tuyn c dng :
A(x x
0
) + B(y y
0
) + C(z z
0
) = 0 .
3). Mt phng (P) i qua M
0
(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) v nhn
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
v
1 2 3
b (b ; b ; b )
r
lm
cp vect ch phng th mt phng (P) c vect php tuyn :

2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
a a a a a a
n a,b ; ;
b b b b b b
_
1


]
,
r r r
.
II/. V tr tng i ca hai mt phng
Cho hai mt phng (P): Ax+By+Cz+D=0 v (Q):Ax+By+Cz+D=0
(P) ct (Q) A : B : C A: B: C
(P) // (Q) A : A = B : B = C : C D : D
(P) (Q) A : B : C : D = A: B: C: D
2). Cho hai mt phng ct nhau : (P): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 v (Q): Ax
+ By + Cz + D= 0 . Phng trnh chm mt phng xc nh bi (P) v (Q) l:
m(Ax + By + Cz + D) + n(Ax + By + Cz + D) = 0 (trong m
2
+ n
2
0)
III/. Khong cch t mt im n mt phng:
Khong cch t M
0
(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) n mt phng (): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 cho bi cng
thc :
0 0 0
0
2 2 2
Ax By Cz D
d(M , )
A B C
+ + +

+ +
IV/. Gc ga hai mt phng
Gi l gc gia hai mt phng : (P): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 v (Q): Ax
+ By + Cz + D= 0.
Ta c :
P Q
P Q
2 2 2 2 2 2
P Q
n .n
A.A' B.B' C.C'
cos cos(n ,n )
n . n A B C . A' B' C'
+ +

+ + + +
uur uur
uur uur
uur uur
(0
0
90
0
)

0
P Q
90 n n
uur uur
hai mt phng vung gc nhau.
Trong phng trnh mt phng khng c bin x th mt phng song song Ox,
khng c bin y th song song Oy, khng c bin z th song song Oz.
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B/. BI TP:
Bi 1: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho bn im A( 3;-2;-2), B(3;2;0), C(0;2;1), v D(
-1;1;2).
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng (ABC).
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng trung trc ca on AC.
c) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P)cha AB v song song vi CD.
d) Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha CD v vung gc vi mp(ABC).
Bi 2: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai mt phng (P): 2x y + 2z 4 = 0, (Q): x
2y 2z + 4 = 0.
a) Chng t rng hai mt phng (P) v (Q) vung gc nhau.
b) Vit phng trnh tham s ng thng () l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng
.
c) Chng minh rng ng thng () ct trc Oz .Tm ta giao im.
d) Mt phng (P) ct ba trc ta tai ba im A,B,C. Tnh din tch tam gic
ABC.
e) Chng t rng im O gc ta khng thuc mt phng (P) t tnh th
tch t din OABC.
Bi 3: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt mt phng (P): 2x + y z 6 = 0.
a) Vit phng trnh mp (Q) i qua gc ta v song song vi mp (P).
b) Vit phng trnh tham s ,chnh tc ,tng qut ng thng i qua gc ta
O v vung gc vi mt mp(P).
c) Tnh khong cch t gc ta n mt phng (P).
( TNPT nm 1993)
Bi 4: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai mt phng (P): x + y z + 5 = 0 v (Q): 2x
z = 0 .
a) Chng t hai mt phng ct nhau,tnh gc gia chng.
b) Lp phng trnh mt phng () qua giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P) v
(Q) i qua A(-1;2;3).
c) Lp phng trnh mt phng () qua giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P) v
(Q) v song song vi Oy.
d) Lp phng trnh mt phng () i qua gc ta O v vung gc vi hai
mt phng (P)v (Q).
Bi 5: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt phng (P) : 2x + 2y z + 2 = 0 v im
M(2;1;-1).
a) Tnh di on vung gc k t M n mt phng (P).
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M vung gc vi mt phng (P).
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c) Vit phng trnh mt phng () i qua im M song song Ox v hp vi
mt phng (P) mt gc 45
0
.
Bi 6: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai mt phng (P): 2x + ky + 3z 5 = 0 v (Q):
mx 6y 6 z + 2 = 0.
a) Xc nh gi tr k v m hai mt phng (P) v (Q) song song nhau,lc
hy tnh khong cch gia hai mt phng.
b) Trong trng hp k = m = 0 gi (d) l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q) hy tnh
khong cch t A(1;1;1) n ng thng (d).
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3. NG THNG
A/. CC KIN THC C BN:
I/. Phng trnh ng thng :
1). Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng :
Ax By Cz D 0
A' x B' y C' z D' 0
+ + +
'
+ + +

(vi A : B : C A : B : C)
2). Phng trnh ttham s ca ng thng :
0 1
0 2
0 3
x x a t
y y a t (t R)
z z a t
+

+
'

Trong M
0
(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) l im thuc ng thng v
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
l vect ch
phng ca ng thng.
3). Phng trnh chnh tc ca ung thng :
0 0 0
1 2 3
x x y y z z
a a a


Trong M
0
(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) l im thuc ng thng v
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
l vect ch
phng ca ng thng.
II/. V Tr tng i ca cc ng thng v cc mt phng:
V tr tng i ca hai ng thng :
Cho hai .thng () i qua M c VTCP
a
r
v () i qua M c VTCP
a '
ur
.
() cho ()
a, a ' .MM' 0
1

]
r ur uuuuur
() ct ()
a, a ' .MM' 0
1

]
r ur uuuuur
vi
a, a ' 0
1

]
r ur r
() // ()
[a, a ']=0
M '

'

r ur r
() ()
[a, a ']=0
M '

'

r ur r
V tr tng i ca ng thng v mt phng:
Cho ng thng () i qua M(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) c VTCP
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
v mt phng
(): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 c VTPT n (A; B; C)
r
.
() ct () a.n 0
r r
() // ()
a.n 0
M ( )

'

r r
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() nm trn mp()
a.n 0
M ( )

'

r r
III/. Khong cch :
Khong cch t M n ung thng () i qua M
0
c VTCP
a
r
.


Y
uuuuur r
r
0
[M M,a]
S
d(M, )
c.ay
a
Khong cch gia hai ng cho nhau :
() i qua M(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) c VTCP a
r
, () i qua M(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) c VTCP a '
ur


r ur uuuuur
r ur
hop
ay
[a,a'].MM'
V
d( , ')
S
[a,a']

IV/. Gc :
Gc gia hai ng thng :
() i qua M(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) c VTCP
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
() i qua M(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) c VTCP
1 2 3
a (a ' ;a ' ;a ' )
r
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
a.a'
a .a' a .a' a .a'
cos cos(a,a')
a . a' a a a . a' a' a'
+ +

+ + + +
r ur
r ur
r ur
Gc gia ng thng v mt phng :
() i qua M
0
c VTCP
1 2 3
a (a ; a ; a )
r
, mp() c VTPT n (A; B; C)
r
.
Gi l gc hp bi () v mp()
1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3
Aa +Ba +Ca
sin cos(a,n)
A B C . a a a

+ + + +
r r

B/. BI TP:
Bi 1:
a) Vit phng trnh tham s chnh tc tng qut ng thng qua hai im
A(1;3;1) v B(4;1;2).
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua M(2;-1;1) vung gc vi mt
phng (P) : 2x z + 1=0 . Tm ta giao im ca (d) v (P).
c) Vit phng trnh tham s chnh tc ca ung thng c phng trnh
2 4 0
2 2 0
x y z
x y z
+ +
'
+ +

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Bi 2 : Trong khng gian Oxyz cho ba im A(0;1;1), B(-1;0;2), C(3;1;0) v mt
ng thng () c phng trnh
4 2 1 0
3 5 0
x y z
x z
+ +
'
+

a) Vit phng trnh mt phng () i qua ba im A,B,C.

b) Vit phng trnh tham s chnh tc tng qut ng thng BC.Tnh
d(BC,).
c) Chng t rng mi im M ca ng thng () u tha mn AM BC,
BM AC, CM AB.
Bi 3: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hnh hp ch nht c cc nh A(3;0;0),
B(0;4;0), C(0;0;5), O(0;0;0) v D l nh i din vi O.
a) Xc nh ta nh D.Vit phng trnh tng qut mt phng (A,B,D).
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua D v vung gc vi mt phng
(A,B,D).
c) Tnh khong cch t im C n mt phng (A,B,D). (TNPT nm 1999)
Bi 4: Cho hai ng thng:
x 2 t
x 2z 2 0
( ) : ( ') : y 1 t
y 3 0
z 2t
+

+


' '

a) Chng minh rng hai ng thng () v () khng ct nhau nhng vung

gc nhau.
b) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng ()v ().
c) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua () v vung gc vi ().
d) Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca ()v ().
Bi 5: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho bn im A(-1;-2;0), B(2;-6;3), C(3;-3;-1) D(-
1;-5;3).
a) Lp phng trnh tng qut ng thng AB.
b) Lp phng trnh mp (P) i qua im C v vung gc vi ng thng AB.
c) Lp phng trnh ng thng (d) l hnh chiu vung gc ca ng thng
CD xung mt phng (P).
d) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v CD.
Bi 6: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho A(3;-1;0), B(0;-7;3), C(-2;1;-1), D(3;2;6).
a) Tnh cc gc to bi cc cp cnh i din ca t din ABCD.
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng (ABC).
c) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua D vung gc vi mt phng (ABC).
d) Tm ta im D i xng D qua mt phng (ABC).
e) Tm ta im C i xng C qua ng thng AB.
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Bi 7: Cho ng thng
2x y z 5 0
( ) :
2x z 3 0
+ +

'
+

v mp (P) : x + y + z 7 = 0
a) Tnh gc gia ng thng v mt phng.
b) Tm ta giao im ca () v (P).
c) Vit phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc ca () trn mp(P).
Bi 8: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho hai ng thng () v () ln lt c phng
trnh:
2x y 1 0 3x y z 3 0
;
x y z 1 0 2x y 1 0
+ + + +
' '
+ +

.
a) Chng minh rng hai ng thng ct nhau tm ta giao im.
b) Vit phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng () i qua hai ng thng ()
v ().
c) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc v ct c hai ng () v
() .
Bi 9: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho ba im A(5;0;0), B(0;5/2;0), C(0;0;5/3) v
ng thng
x 5 t
y 1 2t
z 4 3t
+

+
'

.
a) Lp phng trnh mt phng () di qua A , B, C. Chng minh rng () v
() vung gc nhau, tm ta giao im H ca chng.
b) Chuyn phng trnh ca () v dng tng qut. Tnh khong cch t M(4;-
1;1) n ().
c) Lp phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A vung gc vi (), bit (d) v ()
ct nhau.
( HK2 2005)
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4. MT CU
A/. CC KIN THC C BN:
I/. Phng trnh mt cu:
Phng trnh mt cu tm I(a;b;c) bn knh R l:
(x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (z c)
2
= R
2
.
2). Phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2Ax + 2By + 2Cz + D = 0 vi A
2
+B
2
+C
2
D>0 l
phng trnh mt cu tm I(-A;-B;-C), bn knh
2 2 2
R A B C D + +
.
II/. V tr tng i ca mt cu v mt phng:
Cho mt cu (S) : (x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (z c)
2
= R
2
tm I(a;b;c) bn knh R v mt
phng (P): Ax+By+Cz+D=0.
Nu d(I,(P)) > R th mt phng (P) v mt cu (S) khng c im chung.
Nu d(I,(P)) = R th mt phng (P) v mt cu (S) tip xc nhau.
Nu d(I,(P)) < R th mt phng (P) v mt cu (S) ct nhau theo giao tuyn l
ng trn c phng trnh :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
x a x a x a R
Ax By Cz D 0

+ +

'
+ + +

Bn knh ng trn
2 2
r R d(I, (P)) .
Tm H ca ng trn l hnh chiu ca tm I mt cu (S) ln mt phng (P).
B/. BI TP:
Bi 1: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt cu (S) : x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2x 4y 6z = 0 v hai
im M(1;1;1) N(2;-1;5).
a) Xc nh ta tm I v bn knh ca mt cu (S).
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng MN.
c) Tm k mt phng (P): x + y z + k = 0 tip xc mt cu(S).
d) Tm ta giao im ca mt cu (S) v ng thng MN. Vit phng
trnh mt phng tip xc vi mt cu ti cc giao im.
Bi 2: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(6;-2;3), B(0;1;6), C(2;0;-1), D(4;1;0)
a) Chng minh rng A,B,C,D l bn nh ca t din.
b) Tnh th tch t din ABCD.
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c) Vit phng trnh mt phng qua ba im A,B,C.
d) Vit phng trnh mt cu ngoi tip t din ABCD. Xc nh ta tm
v bn knh.
e) Vit phng trnh ng trn qua ba im A,B,C. Hy tm tm v bn knh
ca ng trn .
Bi 3: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho mt phng (P): 2x 3y + 4z 5 = 0 v mt cu
(S): x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 3x + 4y 5z + 6 = 0.
a) Xc nh ta tm I v bn knh R ca mt cu (S).
b) Tnh khong cch t tm I n mt phng (P).T suy ra rng mt phng
(P) ct mt cu (S) theo mt ng trn m ta k hiu l (C). Xc nh bn knh R v ta
tm H ca ng trn (C).
Bi 4: Trong khng gian cho (P): x + 2y z + 5 = 0 im I(1;2;-2) v ng thng
x 2y 1 0
(d) :
y z 4 0
+

'
+

.
a) Tm giao im ca (d) v (P). Tnh gc gia (d) v (P).
b) Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) tm I tip xc vi mt phng (P).
c) Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) qua (d) v I.
d) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d)nm trong (P) ct (d) v vung gc (d).
(Thi HK2, 2002-2003)
Bi 5: Trong khng gian Oxyz ,cho A(1;-1;2), B(1;3;2), C(4;3;2), D(4;-1;2).
a) Chng minh A, B, C, D l bn im ng phng.
b) Gi A l hnh chiu vung gc ca im A trn mt phng Oxy. hy vit
phng trnh mt cu (S) i qua bn im A, B, C, D.
c) Vit phng trnh tip din () ca mt cu (S) ti im A.
(TN THPT 2003-2004)
Bi 6: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho A(1;0;0) B(1;1;1) v C(1/3; 1/3;1/3)
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) vung gc OC ti C. Chng minh O, B, C
thng hng. Xt v tr tng i ca mt cu (S) tm B, bn knh R 2 vi mt
phng(P).
b) Vit phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng l hnh chiu vung gc ca
ng thng AB ln mt phng(P).
Bi 7: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho mp(P): x + y + z 1 = 0. mp(P) ct cc trc ta
ti A, B, C.
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a) Tm ta A, B, C. Vit phng trnh giao tuyn ca (P) vi cc mt ta
. Tm ta giao im D ca (d):
2 0
2 1 0
x y
x y z
+
'
+

vi mp(Oxy). Tnh th tch t din

ABCD.
b) Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) ngoi tip ABCD. Lp phng trnh ng
trn ngoi tip ACD. Xc nh tm v bn knh ca ng trn .
(TN THPT 2001-2002)
Bi 8: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho 4 im A, B, C, D c ta xc nh bi :
A (2; 4; 1), OB i 4j k, C (2; 4;3), OD 2i 2j k + +
uuur r r r uuur r r r
.
a) Chng minh ABAC, ACAD, ADAB. Tnh th tch khi t din
ABCD.
b) Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng (d) vung gc chung ca hai ng
thng AB v CD. Tnh gc gia (d) v mt phng (ABD).
c) Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) qua 4 im A, B, C, D. Vit phng trnh
tip din ( ) ca (S) song song vi mt phng (ABD).
Bi 9: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho 3 im A(2;0;1), B(1;0;0), C(1;1;1) v mt phng
(P): x + y + z 2 = 0.
a) Vit pt mt cu i qua 3 im A, B, C v c tm thuc mp (P).
b) Tnh di ng cao k t A xung BC
c) Cho D(0;3;0).Chng t rng DC song song vi mp(P) t tnh khong
cch gia ng thng DC v mt phng (P).
Bi10: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho A(2;0;0) , B(0;4;0), C(0;0;4).
a)Vit phng trnh mt cu qua 4 im O, A, B, C. Tm ta tm I v bn
knh ca mt cu.
b)Vit phng trnh mt phng(ABC).
c) Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng qua I v vung gc mt
phng(ABC).
d)Tm ta tm v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Bi 11: Cho mt cu (S) c phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- 2x - 4y - 6z =0
a) Xc nh tm v bn knh mt cu (S).
b) Gi A, B, C ln lt l giao im (khc im gc ta ) ca mt cu (S)
vi cc trc ta Ox, Oy, Oz. Tnh ta A, B, C v vit phng trnh mt phng
(ABC).
c) Tnh khong cch t tm mt cu n mt phng.T hy xc nh tm v
bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
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5. GII TON BNG HHGT
A/. CCH GII CHUNG
gii bi ton bng phng php ta trong khng gian ta c th chn cho n
mt h trc ta ph hp ri chuyn v hnh hc gii tch gii.
Cc bc chung gii nh sau:
B1: Chn h trc ta thch hp.
B2: Chuyn cc gi thit ca bi ton v HH gii tch.
B3: Gii bng HH gii tch.
B4 : Kt lun cc tnh cht, nh tnh, nh lng... ca bi ton t ra.
B/. CC BI TP
Bi 1:
Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD c cnh bng a
a) Tnh theo a khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v BD.
b) Gi M,N,P ln lt l trung im BB, CD, AD.Tnh gc gia hai ng
thng MP v CN.
Bi 2:
Cho hnh chp t gic u c cnh bn v cnh y bng a .Tnh gc hp bi
cnh bn v mt bn i din.
Bi 3:
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA vung gc vi mt phng (ABC) y ABC l tam
gic vung ti C. Cho SA = AC = CB = a
a) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AC v SB.
b) Tnh gc gia ng thng SA v mp(SBC).
Bi 4:
Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti C. SA(ABC), AC =
a, BC = b, SA = h. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AC v SB.
a) Tnh di MN.
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b) Tm h thc lin h gia a, b, h MN l ng vung gc chung ca cc
ng thng AC v SB.
Bi 5:
Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD.Tnh s o ca gc nh din [B,AC,D].
Bi 6:
Cho hnh lng tr ng ABCD.ABCDc y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a, gc
0
60 BAD R . Gi M l trung im cnh AA v N l trung im ca cnh CC. Chng
minh rng bn im B,M,D,N cng thuc mt mt phng. Hy tnh di cnh AA
theo a t gic BMDN l hnh vung.
Bi 7*:
Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD c cnh a. M l im thuc AD v N
thuc BD sao cho AM=DN=k (0<k< 2 a ).
a) Tm k on MN ngn nht.
b) Chng minh rng MN//(ADBC) khi k bin thin.
c) Khi on MN ngn nht. Chng minh rng MN l ng vung gc chung
ca AD v BD v MN//AC.
Bi 8*
Tm m h phng trnh sau y c ng mt nghim tm nghim .
2 2 2
x y z 1
2x y 2z m
+ +
'
+

.
Bi 9*
Cho ba s thc x,y,z tha
2 2 2
x y z 1 + + tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh
nht ca
F 2x 2y z 3 +
.

Bi 10*: Gii h phng trnh:
2 2 2
6 2 2 2 0
2 2 6 0
x y z x y z
x y z
+ + + +
'
+ + +

.

Bi 11*: Gii h phng trnh:
2 2 2
2 4 6 0
3 2 2 8 0
3 3 4 12 0
x y z x y z
x y z
x y z
+ +

+
'

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Bi 12: Tm a h sau y c nghim duy nht
2 2
2 2
0
x y x
x y a
+
'
+

Bi 13: Tm a h sau c duy nht nghim

2 1
1
x y xy m
x y

+ + +
'
+

(S:m=-1/2)
Bi 14 Tm a h sau c nghim
2 2
4 3 2 0
x y a
x y
+
'
+

(S:a4/25)
Bi 15 Cho h
2 2
( 1) ( 1) 2
0
x y
x y m
+
'
+

xc nh m nghim ng vi mi x[0;2]
(Sm=0)
Bi 16: Cho h phng trnh
2 2
0
0
x y x
x ay a
+
'
+

tm a h phng trnh c hai nghim.

(S:0<a<4/3)
Bi 17:Tm cc s dng a h sau y c nghim:
a.
2 2 2
1 x y a
x y a
+
'
+ >

b.
2 2
( )
log ( ) 1
2
x y
x y
x y a
+
+

'
+

Bi 18:

1 1 2 2
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2
Gias(x ; ) ( ; ) lahai nghiem cua hephng trnh
x 0
0
Chng minh rang (x -x ) +(y -y ) 1
y va x y
y x
x ay a
+
'
+

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