Excitation System i) Conventional Excitation System with Slip ring arrangement:

Slip-ring / Carbon brush Main Gen Idc

Exciter N

Rotor
S S

Controlled Rectifier

V - Sensor Gate Signal Vdc Controller Vref

Excitation System
ii) Brush less Excitation System :
Stator

Contd..

N If (dc) N AC Exciter Rotating Diode

N I (dc) S

AVR

To Load

Command signal

+ Vref

Voltage Sensor

Modeling of Excitation System

dc Exciter

Main Gen

Ie err Ampf Vref Power Ampf V1 Vst VE Ist Gen Field Windg VT Voltage Sensor V2 VR Re Le

+
VE ALT

+VT

Stabilizing Transformer

Modeling of Excitation System

Exciter Vref(s)

Gen
Kg 1+ Tg S

+-

E(s)
Ka(s)

V1(s)

+Vst(s)

V2(s)

Ke 1+ Te S

Vt(s)

Vt(s)

S. Kst 1+ Tst S

Stabilizing Transformer

Transfer function of Exciter can be derived as follow: VR = R e I e + L e d I e OR VR (s) = R e I e (s) + S. L e I e (s) dt VE = K. = K. L e I e OR VE (s) = K e L e I e (s)
4

Modeling of Excitation System

K L e I e (s) VE (s) = VR (s) R e I e (s) + S. L e I e (s) = K Le R e + S. L e

K Le Re and T e =

Ke 1 + Te S

Where, K e =

Le = R e Exciter field time constant

Similarly, the main generator can be represented by: Where, T g = Alternator field time constant

Kg 1 + Tg S

Modeling of Excitation System

For stabilizing transformer:

VE = R 1 ist + L 1 d ist dt
Where,

and

Vst = M d ist dt

R 1 = Resistance of PW of Transformer L 1 = Inductance of PW of Transformer M = Mutual inductance between PW and SW of Transformer Or VE (s) = R1 ist (s) + L 1 i st (s) .s
and

Vst (s) = M i st (s) .s

Vst (s) s. K st s. M = = 1 + Tst .s R1 + s. L 1 VE (s) Where, K st = M R1 and T st = L1 R1

4.5 Speed Governing System

i) Conventional Oil Pressure Mechanical Governor :
Fly ball assembly (driven by turbine shaft) Manual control Floating lever

Contd ..

Vertical shaft Compensating spring Oil dashpot a Hydraulic amplifier Piston b

Oil under pressure

Water to turbine

Control Valve Spear valve To oil sump

Water inlet from penstock