DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL

PAINTING INSTRUCTIONS
FOR FIELD USE

A0¥ i._............/

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

JULY 1962
 TM 9-213
C1
CHANGE HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
No. 1 ] WASHINGTON, D.C., 1 February 1965

PAINTING INSTRUCTIONS FOR FIELD

LORARY
U.S. ARMY WAR COLLBOI
TM 9-213, 24 July 1962, is changed as follows: AU YIJAR IYY L
Page 67. J9N 4 985

CHAPTER 4 /
MARKING PROCEDURES
(Superseded)

Section I. LETTERING AND SIGN PAINTING

119. Purpose
The directions as given in this section are
designed merely to acquaint the novice with the
basic principles of lettering and sign painting.
Only practice will make him capable of execut-
ing such an assignment with passable pro-
ficiency.
120. Lettering Alphabet
The lettering alphabet suitable for all mili-
tary requirements is known as the vertical
Gothic style as illustrated in figure 32.
120.1. Brushes
(Added)
The brushes that will be used will depend
upon what kind of surface is to be lettered.
a. Rough Surfaces. Brick, concrete, stucco,
rough plaster, and boards that have been re-
coated many times will require a flat bristle
brush. The size used depends upon what width
of stroke the letter is. These brushes are classi-
fled as fitches, angular fitches, and cutters.
b. Smooth Surface. Metal, glass, trucks,
boards, hardboard, and cardboard will require
a softer flat bristle artist-type brush to obtain a
finer degree of finish. These brushes are clas-
TAGO 7388A-Feb
sified as single stroke lettering brushes and
come in a variety of soft bristle combinations.
For beginner's use, a flat oxhair-and-sable com-
bination is suggested. This type lettering brush
will hold a knifelike precision edge, and will
hold a large load of paint which feeds evenly
and accurately and is easy to control.
121. Lettering Technique
a. Preparationof the Brush. Dip the brush
into the paint until all the bristles are im-
mersed. Raise the brush straight upward until
all excess paint drips from it. Stroke the brush
back and forth on a smooth flat surface in
4"razor strop" style until the paint is worked
well up into the bristles and until the end of
the bristles form a sharp chisel-like edge (figs.
32.1 and 32.2). This makes it possible to make
asharp, uniform stroke.
b. Basic Strokes. Three basic strokes form
the basis of all vertical Gothic lettering. The
three basic strokes are straight (vertical, hori-
zontal, slant), left curve, and right curve. The
basic principles of these strokes are demon-
strated in figures 32.3 through 32.8. To dif-
ferentiate still further, the basic strokes can
be separated into nine subdivisions: vertical,
horizontal, left slant, right slant, left curve,
 APPROXIMATELY 1/6
TO 1/7 OF THE HEIGHT

ABC D E
FG H IJK
LMNOP
QRST U-
VWXY Z
12345
6'7890
ORD A 2098
Figure 32. (Superseded) Lettering and stencil alphabet.

2 AGO 7388A
 >
N ·

RA PD 108388 RA PD 77524

Figure 3'.1. (Added) Working paint into lettering Figure 32.2. (Added) Chisel edge on lettering brush
brush and obtaining chisel edge. after paint has been worked in.

BRUSH
CENTER OF (
BALANCE

RA PD 77510

Figure32.3. (Added) Lettering--methodof holding brush at start of vertical stroke.

AGO 7388A 3
 AP '

Figure 32.4. (Added) Lettering-position of brusk at end of vertical stroke.

right curve, top curve, bottom curve, and "S",
as shown in figure 32.9.
c. Direction of Brush Strokes. The appear-
ance of a hand-drawn letter depends, to a very
considerable degree, upon the direction given to
each brush stroke. It is, therefore, important
to closely follow standard directions shown in
figure 32.9.
d. Right and Wrong Ways of Lettering.
Avoid mistakes indicated in figures 32.10 and
32.11, and follow the right methods shown.
e. Spacing and Balance. It is particularly
important for the less experienced sign painter
to pencil in the letters upon the working sur-
face, making sure they are accurately spaced
and balanced, and of uniform size and rela-
tionship. In active service it may be necessary
to letter under difficult conditions with limited
materials. In this event the letters may be
laid out with the use of chalk or any similar
material. The layout can thus easily be checked
for balance, and the sign completed.

4 AGO 7388A
 THUMB / X ,
EXTENDED
TIP OF INDEX OVER -- ,
FINGER ON BRUSH BRUSH 6

RA PD 7781

Figure 32.5. (Added) Lettering-method of holding brush at start of left curved stroke.

TIP OF THUMB
ON BRUSH

RA PD 78...

Figure32.6. (Added) Lettering-positionof brush at end of left curved stroke.

AGO 7388A 5
 TIP OF THUMB l
ON BRUSY t }9

RA PD 77820

Figure32.7. (Added) Lettering-method of holding brush at start of right curved stroke.

TIP OF INDEX
FINGER ON BRUSH

RA PD 77821

Figure a2.8. (Added) Lettering-positionof brush at end of rightcurved stroke.

AGO 7388A
 SY ~ 3 (

2
a 8 4I

RA PD 76500

Figure 32.9. (Added) Brush strokes for lettering the Gothic alphabet.

AGO 7388A 7

Figure 32.10. (Added) Lettering-rightand wrong
way of making capitals B and S.
Section II. STENCIL AND PAINT MARKING
122. Purpose
Stencils enable personnel untrained in hand
lettering and design to apply lettering and de-
signs to materiel quickly and efficiently. A
stencil (para. 139) is a paper or metal pattern
which has the letters or design cut out, so that
when the stencil is held in position over a sur-
face and paint applied to the cutout portions,
the desired lettering or design will be accurately
reproduced. When a large number of signs,
identification marks, or designs are to be re-
produced, time is saved by using a stencil.
123. Stenciling Techniques
a. General.
(1) This method of vehicle, launcher, and
general marking requires the use of
gummed-back i,(pressure-sensitive)
paper stencils, and painting the proper
marking color over the stencil,
(2) Paper stencils are available as in-
dividual letters, numerals, and legends
of various sizes, and may be located by
Federal stock number under FSC
7520, in Federal Stock Catalog FSC
C 7510/30-IL.
(3) Surface to which the marking is to be
applied must be clean and dry. All
oil, dirt, and grease must be removed
to prevent contamination of the stencil
adhesive and the marking paint.
b. PaperStencil Application Techniques.
(1) Locate the prescribed location for the
8 AGO 7388A
RAPD 77816
Figure 32.11. (Added) Lettering--method of making
capitals C, G, V, and W.
marking. Mark a straight guideline
for proper positioning of the legend,
or letter and/or numeral combination.
(2) Remove the gum-protector paper from
the paper stencil; avoid handling the
stencil adhesive.
stenciladhesive.
(3) Apply the stencil in the proper loca-
tion on the vehicle or equipment. Han-
die and apply the stencil with caution
to avoid distortion of the characters.
Insure that the stencil lies flat against
the surface, without wrinkles.
(4) After application, remove the webs
from the letters and numerals, in
order that the finished marking ap-
pears with unbroken lines.
(5) Mask, with masking tape, paper, and/
or canvas, to prevent overspray. Mask
between individual characters to pre-
vent paint adhesion to surfaces other
than the exact marking (fig. 33).
(6) Apply the paint by spraying or by
brushing. Spraying is preferred for a
smooth surfaced ultimate marking.
Spray paint if possible with the paint
required for the surface; otherwise,
use a brush and stencil paint or paste
TT-P-98
paint(para. 67). If a brush
isused, c should
are taken
be to pre-
is used, care should be taken to pre-
vent forcing of the paint under the
stencil edges, resulting in a ragged
marking.
(7) Remove the stencils. This must be
done with care to avoid smudge dam-
 Figure 33. (Superseded) Papermarking stencils applied with overspray shield.
age to the marking or to adjacent sur-
face area of the vehicle or equipment.
(8) Do not handle the marking until the
paint is thoroughly dry, time for
which is dependent on temperature,
method of paint application, and
thickness of the paint film. Prevent
dust or dirt contamination.
Section III. PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE VINYL MARKERS (DECALS)
124. General
a. The markers are available as die-cut let-
ters, numerals, and legends in various sizes, and
may be located by Federal stock number in SM
10-1-7600, FSC 7690. The method of vehicle
marking concerns itself with the use of vinyl
material conforming to Military Specification
MIL-F-8799A, manufactured to conform to
Military Specification MIL-D-8634B.
b. The vinyl markers are applied directly to
the surface without water or other solvent to
activate the adhesive. They are received
mounted on a protective paper lining that is
AGO 7388A
(9) Carefully clean all paint overspray
and smudges, and residue from the
masking tape and stencil adhesives.
Use dry cleaning solvent or mineral
spirits paint thinner and a cloth. This
must be done with care; avoid contact
of the solvent or thinner with the
marking.
removable without the use of a solvent. The
marker face is covered by a translucent applica-
tion tape which is removed after marker ap-
plication.
c. The markers are resistant to grease, oil,
water, salt spray, gasoline, and aromatic fuels.
Cleaning of the marking requires only water
and soap or detergent.
(Added)
a. Surface. The surface on which the marker
is to be applied must be clean and dry. All oil,
9
grease, and dirt must be removed to prevent
contamination of the adhesive. When appli-
cable, wash the surface thoroughly with dry-
cleaning solvent, or any approved cleaning solu-
tion. Allow sufficient time for the cleaning
solvent to evaporate. Vinyl markers cannot be
adequately applied to extremely irregular or
rough surfaces. Complete contact of the marker
to the surface is necessary for proper adhesion.
Old markers must be removed completely prior
to applying a new marker. New markers can-
not be placed on existing markers without
creating an increased vinyl film thickness. Old
markers will be removed as follows:
(1) Pressure sensitive vinyl markers may
be removed by soaking the markers
with a rag or sponge dipped in tech-
nical methyl ethyl ketone or technical
xylene (see FSC 6800-IL) which acts
on the adhesive to soften it. A mix-
on the adhesive to soften it. A mix-
ture of 75 percent methyl ethyl ketone
and 25 percent technical xylene is rec-
ommended. The marker may then
be removed with a putty knife or
scraper without damaging the mate-
riel surface.
(2) Alternate and less effective methods
for marker removal require using
common paint removers or a sharp
bladed instrument. Avoid materiel
surface damage and self-inflicted per-
sonal injury.
(3) The vinyl marker cannot satisfactorily
be removed by power sanding or abra-
sion. These methods will damage the
materiel surface necessitating re-
finishing.
b. Temperature. Application of the vinyl
marker should be made at moderate tempera-
tures above 400 F., but may be made at lower
temperatures if the surface is prewiped with
technical isopropyl alcohol (see FSC 6800-IL).
If the surface temperature is hot or very warm,
insure that application is exact at first contact,
since the adhesive will act very rapidly.
c. Sealing. Sealing of the marker or its
edges with varnish or other sealant is neither
required nor recommended.
d. LegendMarkerApplication.d. Legend
Marker
Application.
Figure 34. (Superseded) Remove protective liner from
(1) Each legend marker is prespaced and
10
precentered on the application tape
and backed with a protective liner
over the pressure sensitive adhesive.
(2) Mark a straight horizontal guideline
on the materiel surface in the appro-
priate location. This guideline will be
used for properly positioning the leg-
end.
(3) Place the legend on a flat surface with
the translucent application tape side
down and carefully remove the protec-
tive liner. Avoid handling the adhe-
sive on the legend marker (fig. 34).
(4) Position the legend to the guideline on
the materiel. Press one edge down
while holding the rest of the legend
taut and slightly away from the sur-
face (fig. 34.1.)
(5) Roll the legend down firmly with a
roller or applicator to remove any
trapped
34 2) air bubbles or wrinkles (fig.
3 -
(6) Starting at one corner of the marker
remove the application tape by care-
fully peeling it back flat against itself
(fig. 33)
(7) Roll the legend again to insure firm
and complete adhesion.
e. Character (Letter or Numeral) Marker
Application.
(1) Each character (letter or numeral) is
, '
adhesive side of vinyl marking legend.
AGO 7388A
 Figure 34.1. (Added) Aline legend to guideline.

Figure 84.2. (Added) Remove air bubbles and wrinkles.

Figure 34.3. (Added) Remove application tape.

AGO 7388A 11
 precentered on the application tape
and backed with a protective liner
over the pressure sensitive adhesive.
(2) Mark a straight horizontal guideline
on the materiel surface in the desig-
nated location. This guideline will be
used for proper alinement of the
characters.
(3) Place the first character on a flat sur-
face with the translucent application
tape side down and carefully remove
the protective liner. Avoid handling
the adhesive on the character.
(4) Position the character to the guideline
on the materiel. Press one edge down
Figure 34.4. (Added) Charactersspaced properly.
Figure .24.5. (Added) Remove each tape separately.
12
while holding the rest of the character
taut and slightly away from the sur-
face.
(5) Roll the character down firmly with a
roller or applicator to remove any
trapped air bubbles or wrinkles. Do
not remove application tape at this
time.
(6) Repeat (3), (4), and (5) above in
order, for each remaining character
in the desired marking. Butt the left
edge of the application tape against
the right edge of the preceding appli-
cation tape (fig. 34.4).
(7) When the entire marking is properly
_I
E51615
Figure4.5. (AddeORD
AGO 7388A

Figure 34.6. (Added) A complete equipment marking.
positioned and applied, remove the ap-
plication tape. Start at a corner and
carefully peel each application tape
back, flat against itself (fig. 34.5).
(8) Roll the characters again to insure
a firm adhesion.
(9) A complete marking is illustrated in
figure 34.6.
124.2. Vehicle National Symbol Markings
(Added)
a. This method of vehicle marking is con-
cerned with the application of the National
Symbol to vehicle surfaces. This method ap-
plies to National Symbols made of vinyl mate-
rial conforming to Military Specification MIL-
F-8799A, manufactured to conform to Military
Specification MIL-D-8634B.
b. The National Symbol markings are avail-
able in various sizes from 6 inches to 36 inches
(between opposite points measurement) and
may be located by Federal stock number in SM
10-1-7600, FSC 76901.
c. The vinyl material National Symbol is
applied directly to the equipment surface with-
out the use of water or other solvent to activate
the pressure sensitive adhesive. The symbol is
received mounted on a protective liner, with the
symbol face covered by a premask tape.
d. The vehicle or equipment surface must be
clean, dry, and free of dust, dirt, and grease.
AGO 7388A
ORD E51616
e. Application.
(1) Place the symbol on a flat surface, face
up. Cover one point of the symbol
with a small piece of masking tape,
rubbing the tape down firmly.
(2) Hold the symbol by the tape, in one
hand. Begin separation of the pro-
tective paper liner from the adhesive
side of the symbol.
(3) Place the symbol on a flat surface, face
down. Carefully pull the paper liner
from the point of the symbol past the
horizontal base of the point. Fold the
liner as it is freed from the symbol.
(4) Position the symbol on the equipment
surface. Apply the symbol tip to the
surface while holding the rest of the
symbol taut and slightly away from
the surface. Apply the exposed por-
tion of the adhesive side, rolling and
pressing the material to remove
wrinkles and air bubbles.
(5) Continue removing the paper liner,
rolling and pressing the unapplied
portion of the symbol to the surface
until the entire marking is applied.
(6) Roll the entire marking again with
particular attention to the edges, to
insure firm and complete adhesion.
(7) Remove the premask tape on the face
of the symbol by pulling carefully on
the masking tape piece, folded back
13
 against itself. Carefully pull back to
the opposite edge of the symbol. With
this operation the protective premask
tape will tear. The remaining pieces
may be removed by pulling them,
folded back, from the center of the
symbol to the remaining symbol
points. Roll the marking again with
particular attention to the edges.
(8) Any remaining small air bubbles may
be punctured with a pinpoint and the
air worked out with a finger.

Section IV. POUNCING

124.3. Description and Purpose 124.4. Equipment
(Added) (Added)
a. When it is necessary to make a quantity of The following equipment and materials are
the same signs, identification marks, or designs, needed to prepare a pouncing pattern:
work can be speeded up by a process known as a. Thin, durable paper (large enough to
pouncing. Pouncing is the term applied to the cover the lettering or design).
use of a perforated pattern in transferring to b. Light cardboard.
the painting surface the outline of the letters, c. Pouncing wheel.
numerals, or design to be painted. d. Dry color, powdered chalk or other
b. Pouncing should also be used when'more powder.
accurate lettering and design are desired than e. Flint paper, grade 2/0.
can be attained by stenciling, and particularly f. Masking tape.
when working over larger areas. g. Thin cloth.

-ppp>~rP~' ~ - · OUTLINEDI
LETTERS I s,'

POUNCING I
WHEEL

PATTERN - .. .

SOFT PAPER PAD RA PD 77499

Figure 34.7. (Added) Perforatinga pattern for pouncing.

14 AGO 7388A
124.5. Procedure d. Prepare a pounce bag by placing drycolor,
(Added) powdered chalk or any other available powder
in a thin cloth. Tie the cloth so it forms a bag
a. Pencil out the lettering, numerals, or de- with the powder inside (fig. 34.9).
sign on a plain sheet of paper (fig. 34.7).
e. Place the pattern in the desired position
b. Place the penciled-in paper on top of on the surface to be painted. Secure it in posi-
several thicknesses of other paper or upon tion with masking tape. Then gently tape all
cardboard orcardboard
other
other material
material
or which
which can
can be
be perforations with the pouncing bag until the
easily perforated by a pouncing wheel. Then powder is worked through the perforations and
use a pouncing wheel to perforate the outline
which has been penciled in (fig. 34.7). In onto the painting surface (fig. 34.9).
emergencies, a large needle or other sharp, f. Remove the pattern (fig. 34.10), exercising
pointed object can be used to perforate the out- care not to smudge perforation dots on the
line. painting surface.
c. Turn the pattern over and use flint paper, g. Paint in the outline of the pattern, letter-
grade 2/0, to sand off all rough edges of the ing, or numerals on the painting surface (fig.
perforations (fig. 34.8). 34.11).

FLINT PAPER-

POUNCING PATTERN

. .. . :...... . .

i .. · ·....
"',, .,.- .......

L" ~ LL, ~IRA PD 108392

Figure 34.8. (Added) Sanding the back of a pouncing pattern.

AGO 7388A 15
 POUNCING BAG

POUNCING PATTERN

so &>vs. ) ,/MASKING TAPE

\,~ /)RA PD 108393

Figure 34.9. (Added) Pouncing a lettering pattern.

I . ,...........-

POUNCING BAG / .-- '' ' Y

POUNCING PATTERN

LAYOUT RA PD 77484

Figure 34.10. (Added) Removing the pattern. Pouncing pattern transferredto surface to be painted.
AGO 7388A
16
 1! 4,
LAYOUT -
Figure 34.11. (Added) Painting in a pounced sign pattern.
Section V. SILK SCREEN PRINTING PROCESS
124.6. General
(Added)
a. The silk screen process is a method of
printing in one or more colors on almost any
type of surface with mediums such as oil colors,
water colors, lacquers, and enamels, having
compositions for this type of application. This
process is used when large quantities of the
same design are desired, and because of the
speed achieved and the faithful reproduction
of the original design.
b. The basic principles of this process are
simple but require special equipment. Care and
accuracy in performing preparatory work as-
sure the success of the operation.
124.7. Equipment Required
(Added)
a. A baseboard, larger than the screen, ab-
solutely level and free from ridges, is neces-
AGO 7388A
........
RA
PD 78475
sary. This board may be a drawing board, ply-
wood board, or table-top, the surface being
covered with a piece of stiff cardboard. If warp-
ingoccursthebaseboardisuseless,
b. The frame on which the silk is attached
may be a simple wooden frame or the standard
grooved frames stocked by artist supply dealers
in various sizes. This frame should be at least
11/2 times the size, in length and width, of the
sketch to be printed.
c. The silk should be special material made
for screening which comes in different meshes.
For all practical results, the medium or Nos.
14XX or 16XX will be found to be generally
suitable.
d. The squeegee consists of a bar of rubber
embedded in a piece of wood shaped to con-
veniently fit the hands. It may be obtained in
any length but must be not less than 2 inches
greater than the width of the design being re-
17

square, triangle, film, and adhesive tape are
necessary accessories to have in the shop.
124.8. Specific Instructions
SANDPAPER
IORD A2099
_____
Figure 34.12. (Added) Sharpening squeegee.
produced. The squeegee must be longer than
the width of the design in order that one pull
over the screen will complete the printing.
Sharpen squeegee to assure perfect register.
Draw rubber across sandpaper, holding
squeegee in vertical position (fig. 34.12).
e. The silk must be stretched drum-taut over
the frames by tacking or by sewing with fiber
cord, after which it is washed with water to
remove the sizing. As the silk dries, it will be-
come more taut. Failure to achieve the drum-
tautness will nullify subsequent preparatory
work and result in unsatisfactory reproduc-
tions.
f. The frame should have a pair of loose pin
hinges attached to one of the long sides of the
frame and then attached to the baseboard. The
hinges are placed so that the side of the frame
on which the silk is stretched comes in contact
with the baseboard. Masking tape is then
placed on the inside of the frame with half of
its width on the frame and the other half on the
silk, thus keeping the paint from creeping out
onto the baseboard. The tacked or grooved side
is also taped to keep from abraiding the silk.
18
g. Stencil knives, dividers, steel ruler, T-
(Added)
a. PreparatoryWork.
(1) Thumb tack original sketch or layout
sheet to either a drawing board or
worktable. A drawing board will be
found to have many advantages over
a worktable as the operator can turn
it at will and also sit in a more com-
fortable position during the cutting
operation.
(2) With pencil or pen draw a cross in
each of the four corners of the original
sketch to facilitate replacing the film
in exact registration.
(3) Cut one piece of film a little larger
than the size of the original sketch for
each color contained in the sketch.
(4) With adhesive tape fasten the film
over the original sketch with the film
side up and the translucent paper in
contact with the sketch. Use enough
tape so that the film is down tight and
will not shift. Trace the cross appear-
ing in each of the four corners of the
sketch onto the film. The film is now
ready for cutting.
b. Cutting Film.
(1) This specially prepared film is lami-
nated to a sheet of translucent paper
(the paper acting only as a temporary
carrier of the film until such time as
the transfer to the silk is made). The
proper method is to cut through the
film only and not through the back-
ing paper (fig. 34.13).
(2)
(2) The
The order
order in which the
in which the colors
colors are
are to
to
be processed must be determined be-
fore any cutting occurs and may not
thereafter be changed. The general
practice is to process the lightest color
first and the darkest color
makeup of the sketch occasionally re-
quires a change for this procedure.
For example, the Administrative and
Technical Service (formerly Army
Service Forces) sleeve patch (dated
AGO 7388A
 Figure 34.13. (Added) Cutting film.
1947) would be reproduced by apply-
ing first white, then blue, and finally
red.
(3) The cutting operation must be per-
formed in a manner to allow the first
color applied to extend under the edge
of the succeeding colors. In the ex-
ample of the sleeve patch the white
film would be a circle having a radius
of 3/32 inch less than the diameter of
the red border. In a tracing manner,
using a fine stencil knife, cut through
the film to, but not through, the back-
ing paper (an hour or so of practice
in cutting should be
be sufficient
in cutting sufficient
should to
to get
get
the feel of it). When the cutting has
been completed, strip out the film rep-
resenting the portion of the design to
be applied in the first color. Now re-
move this cut film from the sketch and
place carefully to one side. Repeat the
operations for each remaining color.
Particular attention must be given to
the exactitude of cutting along lines
in the original sketch which appear in
AGO 7388A
each color in the reproductions. Again
referring to the sleeve patch example,
the lines of the star in film No. 2 and
the lines of the border in film No. 3
must be sharp, and an exact tracing
of the sketch. To prevent blurring of
corners the cuts should extend just
past the intersection.
c. Attaching Film to the Screen.
(1) In all the larger open spaces from
which the film has been stripped, cut
a slit through the backing paper. The
purpose of this is to allow the escape
of air during the adhering operation.
(2) Place screen in hinges on the paint-
ing table. Place layout sheet on table
and apply pieces of cardboard of same
thickness
and apply pieces
to table along edges
of cardboard of
of same
sketch to form a register. Bring down
screen so that the silk is in contact
with the layout sheet and make certain
that contact is good. If contact is
poor, build up by using a piece of card-
board under the layout sheet. Fit back
19
 the film for color No. 1 to exactly the
original position in which it was cut
and fasten with adhesive tape or
secure it to the sketch with mucilage.
(3) Examine the stencil to make sure that
no small pieces of film have been left
in the cut portions.
(4) Take two pieces of cloth, one large
and one small (preferably cotton
cloths of the type of shirts or under-
wear). Do not use cheesecloth or
similar cloths as difficulty will be en-
countered in judging the amount of
liquid applied. Roll up the large one in
a loose ball. Wet the small cloth with
the adhering liquid. Hold the wet cloth
in one hand and the dry one in the
other. Dampen (do not soak) a small
portion of the screen by taking a
single stroke and dry it immediately
with the dry cloth using a rubbing mo-
tion. When this has been done adhe-
sion will be instantaneous. Continue
in the same manner until the entire
film has been adhered, wetting the
Pigure i4J4. (Added) Attaching film to the screeli.
20
small cloth as often as is necessary. In
adhering always start from one side of
the screen and continue in the same
direction to avoid wrinkles (fig.
34.14).
(5) When the entire film has been adhered,
take a thin straightedge or ruler, slip
it under the film and carefully free the
screen from the layout sheet by loosen-
ing the adhesive tape. Remove the
screen from the hinges and lay it on
the table, backing paper side up. Allow
the film to dry about 10 minutes.
d. Removing Backing Paper.
(1) Start in any one of the four corners
and slowly peel off backing paper (fig.
34.15). Peel backing paper so that one
can at all times see the film in order
to prevent tearing any portion of it
that has not adhered. Should any por-
tion of it not adhere properly, do not
remove the backing paper, but turn
screen over again and by wetting and
drying that portion obtain proper
adhesion.
ORD A2101
AGO 7388A
 Figure 34.15. (Added) Removing backing paper.
(2) When the backing paper has been
completely removed, if there still are
some loose places, turn screen with the
film side up, wet cloth with the adher-
ing liquid and dampen the loose part
from the under side of the screen.
Pat down from the film side with the
fingers, thus completing adhesion.
(3) Fill in the open silk bordering the film
with lacquer or mask out paper.
e. Printingor Reproducing.
(1) If the original sketch is the exact size
of the copy to be processed, the origi-
nal register applied when adhering the
film to the silk should suffice. In the
event that this is not true, new reg-
isters should be set. The old register
should not be disturbed unless ab-
solutely necessary.
(2) Place one of the pieces to be printed
on the table snugly against the reg-
ister and drop the silk screen (fig.
34.16).
(3) Place a small quantity of paint of the
AGO 7388A
desired color and required quantity
across the screen just above the de-
sign. Starting just above the paint,
pull the squeegee across the screen
making certain to apply firm and even
pressure across the width of the
squeegee (fig. 34.17).
(4) Lift the screen, remove the printed
piece (fig. 34.18), and place it on a
drying rack (fig. 34.19); insert an
unpainted piece; drop screen, and
squeegee in opposite direction.
(5) When the one color has been applied
to the entire lot, the design must be re-
moved from the silk and replaced with
the film cut for the application of the
next color.
f. Removing Film from the Silk.
(1) The simplicity is one of the outstand-
ing features of this type of film.
(2) Take a sheet of smooth wrapping
paper or similar paper. Lay this paper
on a flat table, placing screen on top of
paper, making contact with the film.
21
 Figure 34.16. (Added) Placing material in position.

ORDA2104

Figure 34.17. (Added) Squeegeeing paint.

22 AGO 7388A
 Figure 34.18. (Added) Removing the printed piece.

ORD A2106

Figure 34.19. (Added) Drying the printed piece.

AGO 7388A 23
 Take a good sized cloth and soak it Page 87.
well with film remover. Wash over the
film portions of the screen, keeping the 138. Stencil Key Set
rag well saturated. After a few mo- c. Gummed-Back Paper Stencils. Gummed-
ments take hold of the paper and pull back paper stencils *** the registration num-
it away from the silk and it will take ber.
all the film with it. Take several clean
cloths, wet them with remover and 139. Availability of Stencils, Marking Mate-
wash the silk well from both sides at rials, and Decals
the same time. Dry the silk with a dry (Superseded)
cloth.
a. Stencils and Marking Materials. The fol-
g. Facts Pertinent to the Silk Screen Print- lowing stencils and marking materials may be
ing Process. located by Federal stock number, Class 7520, in
(1) When a job is to be repeated at fre- FSC C 7510/30-IL.
quent intervals, the complete screens (1) Stencils, marking.
with cut film applied may be stored for (a) Paper.
future use.
(b) Paper, gummed-back, pressure sen-
(2) The tenderness of the silk indicates sitive adhesive coated (fig. 33).
the obvious need of exercising care in
handling and storage of the frames.
(3) Ordinarily, an average of 5,000 to
10,000 impressions may be made be- (e) Zinc.
fore the silk wears out. (2) Marking materials.
(4) Experience will indicate the proper (a) Stylus, duplicating stencil.
consistency at which the paint should (b) Stencil board, writing.
be applied. Because solvent contin- (c) Stencil paper.
ually evaporates, it is customary to (d) Stencil duplicating print kit, hand
have the replenishing paint slightly
thinner than the first portion put into a .
the screen. This procedure brings the
consistency of the paint back to that 2. Brush, ink.
desired immediately after replenish- 3. Cleaner, bottle.
ment. 4. Ink, bottle.
(5) The artist preparing the design can 5. Pen, stylus.
minimize screen preparation work if 6. Case.
notified in advance that the work is to
(3) Airbrush.
be reproduced by silk screen process.
be reproduced
by silk screen process. . Decals. The pressure sensitive adhesive
(6) It is impossible to cover every even-
tual(6)
It is impossiblbecause tonew problems arise vinyl markers, decals, may be located by Fed-
tuality
with eachbecausedesignnew to problems arise
be reproduced. eral
7600. stock number, Class 7690, in SM 10-1-
The fascination inherent in silk screen
work assures the application of in- Page 89. Figure 49, RA PD 252726A. Re-
genuity and imagination, scinded.

.14 AGO 7388A

 By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

HAROLD K. JOHNSON,
General, United States Army,
Official: Chief of Staff.
J. C. LAMBERT,
Major General, United States Army,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution:
Active Army:
DCSLOG (1) Fort Hood (5)
CNGB (1) Fort Knox (25)
CofEngrs (5) Fort Sam Houston (5)
TSG (5) Fort Sill (5)
CC-E (5) Ord Comd (3)
USAMC (9) USATAC (20)
USACDCOA (1) USAWECOM (2)
USCONARC (3) GENDEP (4)
ARADCOM (2) Ord Sec, GENDEP (4)
ARADCOM Rgn (2) Ord Dep (10)
OS Maj Comd (2) except Svc Colleges (20)
USAREUR (5) Br Svc Sch (20)
USARCARIB (5) POE (2)
USARJ (5) Ord PG (10)
USARPAC (5) Ord Arsenals (5) except
LOGCOMD (2) Frankford Arsenal (10)
MDW (1) Ord Plants (2)
Armies (3) except Springfield Army (3)
Seventh US Army (8) Cen (2)
EUSA (8) MIDA (3)
Corps (2) Ord Dist (1) except
Div (2) Cleveland Ord Dist (2)
Regt/Gp/bg (2) New York Ord Dist (5)
Bn (2) USA Corps (2)
Co (2) except Mil Msn (2)
Co (2) MAAG (1)
TOE 9-17, 9-47, 9-377 (none) JBUSMC (2)
Fort Belvoir (5) JUSMAGG (2)
Fort Bliss (5) Units org under fol TOE:
Fort Bragg (5) 29-55 (2)
NG: State AG (3); units-same as active Army except allowance is one copy for each unit.
USAR: None.
For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.

* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1968-750580

AGO 7888A 25
 *TM 9-213
TECHNICAL MANUAL HEADQUARTERS,
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
No. 9-213 WASHINGTON 25, D.C., 24 July 1962

PAINTING INSTRUCTIONS FOR FIELD USE

Paragraphs Pages

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Section I. General ___________-______.--_---------------------------------------------- 1-4 3
II. Purpose of painting _. ________________----------------------------------------- 5-8 4
III. Discussion of terms ------- _________ __-------
------------------------------ 9, 10 5
IV. Techniques of mixing and paint failures ______________________--__--__--__ 11-28 6
CHAPTER 2. UNDERCOATS, FINISH MATERIALS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Section I. General __--__ __-_--________________-
-- -------
_____ ______._-_ __-_ . 29-32 15
II. Fillers . _____________.__________________________
... ______----__ 33-36 17
III. Sealers ._____-_____-__________- ._ _ .. ___ ____ 37-40 17
IV. Primers _-..-____._____ ___________________________
___________________ 41-48 18
V. Enamels ___-....-_ __ __...__... ________________________ . .._ 49-56 22
VI. Lacquers ___...-__ __--__--________________._ ________________ ------- 56-60 24
VII. Paints ____.- -___-.-________.___.___________
______________ _- - 61-69 25
VIII. Varnishes ……... .... . . ........-----------------------------------
70-73 27
IX. Finish systems ______ _________________________-------.
-- 74-88 28
X. Finish systems for fire-control materiel -- ______-- __--__--_____________…--…-. 89-100 36
CHAPTER 3. APPLICATION TECHNIQUE
Section I. Spray guns and pressure cans __-___________________________________________ 101-107 45
II. Brush or roller application _______________________________________________ 1,08-112 57
III. Dip application ________________________________________-_________________ 113-116 64
III. Safety considerations ____________________…-______________________________ 117, 118 65
CHAPTER 4. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES
Section I. Stenciling ________________________________… ______________________._______ 119-121 67
II. Decalcomania transfers ___________________________________--______________ 122--124 69
CHAPTER 5. SPRAY EQUIPMENT
Section I. Compressors (gasoline and electric drive) _________________________________ 125-129 73
II. Tank (paint container) ________________________________________-_________ 130-133 78
III. Miscellaneous accessories __________________________________________________ 134-136 82
CHAPTER 6. MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
Section I. Painting tools and materials __-______________________________________ 137-142 87
II. Shop equipment _____________________________-.____________________________ 143-147 90
CHAPTER 7. PAINTING DATA
Section I. Opacity and covering data -_______________________________________________ 148, 149 95
II. Tips on painting __________________________________________________________ 1150-152 95
GLOSSARY ________________________________________-- _______ 99
APPENDIX. REFERENCES ________________________________________--.______- _______ 103
INDEX ________________________________________-._ - 107

*This manual supersedes TM 9-2851, 30 December 1947, including C2, 7 April 1955, and C3, 5 April 1957.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Section I. GENERAL
1. Purposes
This manual is published for the use of per-
sonnel whose duties require a knowledge of
the materials and methods used in the painting
of Army Ordnance materiel.
2. Scope
painting, paint terminology, techniques of mix-
ing, paint failures, and preservative and correc-
tive procedures. It contains information on
paint systems, techniques for application as
required, and painting equipment.
b. This manual differs from TM 9-2851 in
changes necessitated for conformity to stand-
ards and specifications, and the elimination of
reference to painting of buildings, which is
covered infor
TM 5-618.ationoncleaningOrdnn
c. For information on cleaning Ordnance ma-
teriel, refer to TM 9-208-1.
d. For supply information on brushes,
paints, sealers, and adhesives, FSC group 80,
refer to SM 5-1-C5-1-SL, Vol. 2.
e. Specifications and standards used by the
Department of the Army are listed in the De-
partment of Defense Index of Specifications
and Standards, which consist of three separate
parts:
Part II-Straight Alphabetical Listing
Part II-Numerical Listing, and
Part III-Federal Supply Classification
Listing
Copies of specifications and standards may be
requisitioned in accordance with the provisions
of that index. As only basic specifications and
standards are referred in this manual, use
must be made of that index to determine the
latest revision.
TM 9-213
f. Any comments or suggestions concerning
errors or omissions will be forwarded on DA
Form 2028 direct to the Commanding Officer,
Raritan Arsenal, ATTN ORDJR-OPRA,
Metuchen, New Jersey.
3. Forms, Records, and Reports
a. General. Responsibility for the proper
execution of forms, records, and reports rests
execution of forms, records, and reports rests
upon the officers of all units processing ma-
teriel. However, the value of accurate records
must be fully appreciated by all persons re
sponsibe for their compilation, maintenance,
sponsible for their compilation, maintenance,
and use. Records, reports, and authorized
forms are normally utilized to indicate the
type quantity and condition of materiel to be
inspected, to be repaired, or to be used in re-
pair. Properly executed forms convey authori-
zation and serve as records for repair or re-
placement of materiel in the hands of troops
and for delivery of materiel requiring further
repair to Ordnance shops in arsenals, depots,
etc. The forms, records, and reports establish
the work required, the progress to the work
within the shops, and the status of the materiel
upon completion of its repair.
b. Authorized Forms. The forms general-
ly applicable to units operating or maintaining
this materiel are listed in the appendix. For a
listing of blank forms, refer to DA Pam
310-2.
c. Field Reports of Accidents. The reports
necessary to comply with the requirements of
the Army safety program are prescribed in de-
tail in AR 385-40. These reports are required
whenever accidents involving injury to per-
sonnel or damage to materiel occur.
d. Report of Unsatisfactory Equipment Re-
port or Material. Any deficiencies detected in
3
 TM 9-213
the equipment covered herein which occur un-
der the circumstances indicated in AR 700-38,
should be immediately reported in accordance
with the applicable instruction in that regula-
tion.
e. Marking for Shipment. Refer to AR 746-
80.
4. Safety Precautions
Note. If solvents are used on insulation and insu-
lated wires, particularly in the more critical electronic
equipment, extreme care must be exercised. Even the
vapors of solvents could be harmful in such instances,
by causing dimensional changes in delicate equipment.
Avoid inhalation of solvent vapors.
a. Observe safe operating procedures at all
times, particularly when handling cleaning ma-
terials.
b. The use of gasoline and similar hydro-
carbons for cleaning purposes is hazardous and
they must not be used. Adequate cleaning ma-
Section II. PURPOSE OF PAINTING
5. Functions
a. The primary function of painting is to
protect metals, wood, and other material
against corrosion and rot. Paint should not be
applied to "green" or unseasoned wood, since
paint under such conditions retards the season-
ing process and fails to form a proper coating.
Additional functions of painting are identifi-
cation, camouflage, and visibility.
b. Certain paints adhere to most surfaces
better than others and thereby furnish better
protective coating. The first or base coat
should penetrate into the minute depressions
or pits in the material and adhere with suffi-
cient tenacity to form a good bond for follow-
ing coats.
c. The success of painting depends partly on
the selection of a suitable paint and also largely
upon the care used in preparing the surface,
which should be thoroughly clean, dry, and
smooth. Other factors are method of applica-
tion and weather conditions.
6. Identification
For information pertaining to color and
marking of vehicles and equipment, refer to
4
terials described in TM 9-247 are available
through regular supply channels.
c. Avoid skin contact with cleaning solvents.
Use synthetic rubber gloves.
d. Observe fire regulations when using paint
and lacquer thinners as they are highly flam-
mable.
e. Hydrocarbon solvents are destructive to
natural rubber and must not be used on such
parts. These solvents are petroleum products
such as gasoline, benzene, kerosene, dryclean-
ing (Stoddards) solvents, and drycleaning
agents (naphthas).
f. Fire protection equipment must be ade-
quately distributed throughout work areas.
g. Protective equipment must be worn dur-
ing operations involving abrasive blasting,
grinding, buffing, or where compressed air is
being used.
h. Do not use carbon tetrachloride as its va-
por is dangerous to health.
AR 746-2300-1. For information on ammuni-
tion color coding, refer to MIL-STD-709.
7. Camouflage
Camouflage of Army Ordnance materiel is a
function of paint. Camouflage may be applied
when necessary directly on the finish coat. For
information on camouflage materials and pro-
cedures, refer to FM 5-20, FM 5-21, and FM
5-22.
Visibility
White and light-tinted paint are frequently
used on interior surfaces to increase the visi-
bility in spaces with limited access to outside
light. In this respect, paint can serve to in-
crease visibility with existing natural, or artifi-
cial light or it can serve to reduce the amount
of natural or artificial light required in a given
interior space. For safety, it is desirable where
practicable to use paint that will make an arti-
cle more readily visible. For example, AR
746-2300-1 requires that materials handling
equipment such as lift trucks, industrial trac-
tors, warehouse cranes, and trailers, used in
warehouses be painted a high visibility yellow
to make them more noticeable and thereby to
reduce accidents.

Section III. DISCUSSION OF TERMS
9. Definitions
a. Composition. Paint is composed of a pig-
ment and a vehicle. The pigment, or solid
component dispersed in the paint, is provided
to color the paint and to enable it to form a
film on the painted surface. The vehicle is the
liquid portion of a paint, which in turn in-
cludes components which serve as binders, and
volatile components known as thinners. The
binder portion of the vehicle, like the pig-
ment, is film forming.
b. Classification. Organic finishes, general-
ly referred to herein as "paint," are classified
in four main groups-enamel, lacquer, varnish,
and paint as defined in (1) through (4) below.
(1) Enamel. A finish comprising an inti-
mate dispersion of pigments in a var-
nish or resin vehicle, or in a combina-
tion of both. Enamel generally tion,
dries
bynoxidation and/or polymerization,
(2) Lacquer. A clear or pigmented finish
whose vehicle is cellulosic or pheno-
lic with or without other resins or
plasticizers. Lacquers generally dry
by solvent evaporation.
(3) Varnish. An unpigmented (clear)
finish whose vehicle consists of resins
and drying or nondrying oils. After
evaporation of volatile content, dry-
ing generally is by oxidation and/or
polymerization.
(4) Paint. A finish comprising a disper-
sion of pigments in a vehicle consist-
ing of drying oils with or without a
solvent. After the evaporation of the
volatile content, drying generally is
by oxidation.
c. Pigments. Besides that of coloration, pig-
ments provide corrosion resistance, the ability
to obscure base materials, the development of
body for smoothness and satisfactory flow char-
acteristics, strength, hardness, and increased
durability.
TM 9-213
d. Vehicles.
(1) Binders. The binder portion of the
vehicle contributes to the characteris-
tics of a paint and determines its use.
Binders may be divided into three
groups: drying oils, resins, and a mis-
cellaneous group, which includes ca-
sein, chlorinated rubber, nitrocellulose
and ethyl cellulose.
(2) Thinners. The thinner makes the
paint workable, adjusting the con-
sistency for easy application, and pro-
ducing a uniform film that will pene-
trate and adhere to the surface. The
thinner, being volatile, evaporates,
hence does not provide part of the
dried surface film
10. Color
a. Definition. A surface which reflects all
visible light back to the eye is white, since
white is a combination of all colors of the spec-
trum. This can be illustrated by passing sun-
light through a prism which separates the visi-
ble light into all colors of the spectrum (fig.
1). The same thing happens when the sun
shines on falling rain and creates a rainbow.
Absence of visible light gives the sensation of
black.
REFRACTION
AND DISPERSAL
S SPECTRUM
RED
O RANGE
YELLOW
GREEN
PRISM BLUE
IND IGO
VIOLET
ORD A1387
Figure 1. How a prism separates visible light into its
component colors.
b. Standard. For the selection of colors and
color numbers for readymade paints, refer to
Federal Standard 595.
5
 TM 9-213
Section IV. TECHNIQUES OF MIXING AND PAINiT FAILURES
11. Scope
a. General.
(1) The best, quickest, and easiest meth-
od of painting is spraying. Paint roll-
ers are used on large surfaces when
spraying is impracticable. Paints are
brushed on when other methods are
impracticable or other equipment is
not available. In general, the use of
brushes is confined to touchup jobs.
(2) Paints are issued ready mixed, hence
color blending is not required.
containers must be kept covered ex-
cept when in use, to prevent contact
with the air or foreign matter.
b. Preparation.
(1) Stirring (fig. 2). Stir paints well be-
fore use. If the vehicle (liquid por-
tion) has separated from the pigment,
pour off most of the liquid portion
into a clean container (B, fig. 2).
Then stir the thickened settled por-
tion (A, fig. 2) in the bottom until
all chuncks are softened and dis-
solved. Restore the poured off por-
tion, a little at a time, stirring con-
stantly with a lifting and beating
motion. "Box" the paint thoroughly,
that is pour it from one container to
another several times, mixing the
paint for a few minutes between each
transfer. If a can shaker is available,
the paint should be thoroughly shak-
en before the container is opened.
-PIGMENT VEHICLE
~ '~-~-_~-~-/
"A"
ORD A1392 "B"
Figure 2. Stirring paint whose pigment has separated
from the vehicle.
6
Note. Do not "box" lacquer as this would
cause loss of the vehicle by evaporation.
(2) Straining. When paint stands over a
period of time, a skin may form over
the surface and the pigment may
form into chunks to the extent that
stirring will not mix all ingredients
properly. In such cases, strain paint
as shown in figure 3.
All I PAINT STRAINER
a j
" |PAIL
D
Figure 3. Straining paint.
(3) Thinning.
(a) When it is necessary to thin paint,
use a small amount of prescribed
thinner. Because of its volatility,
thinner will evaporate from the
paint film, leaving practically the
same ratio of oil to pigment per
square foot of surface as the paint
would provide before thinning.
Should linseed or other oils be
used, the ratio of pigment to oil
would be reduced, giving the paint
less hiding power and greater pene-
trating power. On certain prim-
ing coats on wood or plaster, this
is desirable. The warmer and drier
the weather, the less thinner is
X needed, since the heat thins the oil
more readily. More thinner is re-
quired in cold weather to hasten
the drying and hardening of the
film. However, thinner should be
used with care, since the less used
the more durable the applied coat
will be.

(b) Paints which contain a slow-drying
vehicle may require additional drier.
(c) Varnish should not be thinned ex-
cept when used as a primer coat,
when it should be thinned with a
small amount of recommended thin-
ner. Turpentine should be used
sparingly, since it tends to destroy
the gloss.
Caution: Do not shake varnish,
This may entrap air which will be
difficult to eliminate from the film.
(d) Do not thin synthetic enamels with
turpentine. Use synthetic enamel
thinner, specification TT-T-306.
c. Spraying. Instructions for spraying are
given in paragraph 104.
d. Brushing and Rolling. Instructions for
brushing and rolling are given in paragraphs
108 through 112.
e. Dipping. Instructions for dipping are
given in paragraph 114.
12. Paint Failures, General
a. There is a cause for every paint failure
and, in most instances, the failure can be pre-
vented by observing specific precautions and
instructions. The weather, with humidity, heat,
and cold, sudden rainstorms, and the like can
damage a paint film. For this reason, the
painter should take into consideration the
weather and seasonal changes.
Figure 4. Alligatoring of paint.
TM 9-213
b. The most frequent paint failures are dis-
cussed in paragraphs 13 through 28.
13. Alligatoring and Checking
a. Characteristics (fig. 4). When a ruptur-
ing of the top paint coat causes the surfaces
to break up into irregular areas separated by
wide cracks in "alligator hide" style, the con-
dition is referred to as "alligatoring." It is
checking in aggravated form. Checking on a
painted surface can be detected by the appear-
ance in the topcoat of small openings or rup-
tures which divide the surface into small irreg-
ular areas, leaving the undercoat visible
through the breaks in the topcoat.
b. Probable causes. Checking is usually
caused by too soft an undercoat or by applying
a coat over an underlying coat which has not
thoroughly dried.
c. Preventive measures. Do not apply paint
over a soft undercoat or over paint which has
not thoroughly dried.
d. Corrective Measures. Remove the entire
paint coat using scraper or paint remover.
Mild cases should be thoroughly wirebrushed.
Clean the surface thoroughly after paint has
been removed before repainting.
14. Bleeding
a. Characteristics. When the color of a pre-
vious coat is absorbed into the top coat, the
condition is called "bleeding."
7
TM 9-213
b. Probable Causes. Bleeding is usually
caused by the partial solubility of the pigment
in the vehicle of the new coat. Bleeding may
also occur with asphalt and colored resins, as
well as with pigments.
c. Preventive Measures. Use only the paints
prescribed for the particular application, as re-
flected in paragraphs 29 through 73. This
practice will insure that successive coatings will
be compatible.
d. Corrective Measures. The corrective
measures to be taken depend on the severity
of the bleeding and the quality of appearance
required. If bleeding is not severe and appear-
ance is not important, apply another coat of
paint after the previous coat (in which bleed-
ing occurred) has dried thoroughly. If this
method fails to provide an acceptable finish,
remove all paint coatings, clean the bare sur-
face thoroughly, and repaint.
15. Blistering
a. Characteristics (fig. 5). Blistering is evi-
denced by blister-like irregularities on the film
of a painted surface, with the paint coat de-
tached and raised from the surface upon which
it is applied.
b. Probable Causes. Blistering is the result
of gases or liquid (usually water) forming
beneath the coating. The most common causes
of blistering on wood surfaces is the applica-
4.4~~~P
8~~~~~~~~~~~~.r
Figure 5. Blistering of paint.
tion of paint over damp or wet surfaces. Un-
der the action of the sun's rays, the moisture is
drawn out of the wood, taking the paint coat-
ing with it in the form of blisters. The break-
ing of the blisters may result in the peeling
of the paint coat. Blistering is also caused by
using a paint that is incompatible with that
used in previous coatings.
c. Preventive Measures. To avoid blistering,
make sure too much drier is not used in the
undercoat and that undercoat and topcoat are
approximately the same composition. Avoid
painting over a damp or wet surface. See that
resinous surfaces are shellacked, that there are
no greasy spots on the surface, and that lum-
ber is not green when painted.
d. Corrective Measures. Use a wire brush or
scraper to remove all defective paint. Permit
the surface to dry thoroughly; then repaint.
16. Blushing
a. Characteristics.A surface on which blush-
ing has occurred is characterized by white dis-
coloration in the coating and sometimes by
separation of ingredients from the coating.
Blushing most commonly occurs in nitrocellu-
lose lacquers.
b. Probable Causes. Blushing may be
caused by condensation of moisture on the film
or by improper composition of the vehicle or
solvent.
7 5..1

c. Preventive Measures. Avoid painting
under conditions which permit water vapor to
condense on the applied film.
d. Corrective Measures. Remove or sand
down film where blushing has occurred. Re-
paint after insuring surfaces are dry, using
paints prescribed in paragraphs 29 through 73.
17. Chalking
a. Characteristics. Chalking can be detected
by rubbing the painted surface, disclosing
loose powder on the paint film. Rains tend to
wash off this powder from exterior surfaces.
b. Probable Causes. The degree of chalk-
ing of a painted surface is affected by the com-
position of the paint. Chalking and loss of
luster is the result of deterioration of the sur-
face film due to atmospheric conditions, thus
exposing the pigment. Paints low in binder
content or high in inert pigments have a ten-
dency toward early and excessive chalking.
c. Preventive Measures. Use paints pre-
scribed in paragraphs 29 through 73. Apply
paint only under dry conditions.
d. Corrective Measures. A paint which
chalks moderately affords a better repainting
surface than one which does not chalk at all.
However,However,
if
if excessive
excessive chalking
chalking has taken place,
has taken place,
remove all loose chalked substance from the
surface with a wire brush, and repaint.
18. Cracking, Flaking, Scaling, and Peeling
a. Characteristics. Breaks which extend
through the paint film to the bottom surface
are called cracks. Cracking is usually followed
by flaking, scaling, or peeling. Flaking is
the dropping off of small pieces of the paint
coat. Peeling is the curling and dropping off
of relatively large pieces. Scaling is an ag-
gravated form of flaking evidenced by the fall-
ing off of larger pieces.
b. Probable Causes. Paints which dry hard
and brittle, and can no longer contract or ex-
pand with moisture and temperature changes,
lack elasticity and therefore crack. Low grade
paints are usually inelastic, because they are
deficient in oil and contain too much inert ma-
terial for extended exposure. Cracking may
also be caused by too many coats being applied
TM 9-213
in previous painting. Since flaking and scaling
are usually preceded by cracking, its causes are
the same as for cracking. Peeling may occur
around knots, and where cracks in the paint per-
mit water to get behind the paint film. Peel-
ing and scaling frequently occurs when paint
has been applied to unseasoned lumber. Pre-
vious coats may have lost their elasticity and
become "lifeless." This results in scaling be-
cause of poor adhesion and the pulling loose
by the stronger new coat of the oil film from
the surface.
Preventive Measures. Correct the con-
struction defects in order to prevent water from
seeping underneath a painted surface. Do not
paint over a wet surface or over a previous
coat which has not thoroughly dried. Do not
paint over green wood.
d. Corrective Measures. Use a wire brush
remove the entire paint coat using scraper or
remove the entire paint coat using scraper or
paint remover. Clean the surface thoroughly
with a duster before repainting. Be sure that
first coat is thoroughly dry before applying a
second coat.
19. Crawling or Creeping
a. Characteristics (fig. 6). "Crawling" or
"creeping" of paint is noted by little drops or
islands which form on the paint film.
b. Probable Causes. Crawling often occurs
when varnish or enamel is applied on an oily
or greasy surface. Painting over a very smooth
surface wil sometimes cause crawling
c. Preventive Measures. Remove all grease
and oil spots from surface before painting. If
necessary to paint a glossy coat over a glossy
surface, remove gloss from the applied coat by
sanding with fine flint paper (sandpaper) or
by washing with a mild solution of sodium car-
bonate (washing soda).
d. Corrective Measures. Remove the little
islands of paint which have formed on the film
by sanding and wash off any grease or oil
which may be underneath. If a glossy coat has
been applied over another glossy coat, remove
both coats, using paint and varnish remover.
Then apply a prime coat without gloss before
applying a high gloss coat.
9
TM 9-213
a. Dulling canCharactersts.
be detected
Figure 6. Crawling or creeping of paint.
20. Dulling
a. Ct. De
a. . .....
by a loss of gloss, which develops in a high-moverw
gloss varnish, paint, or enamel film after it has
dried
out
applied. The fungus growth
o . Dulling
b. Probable Causes. Dulling may be caused
by the action of gases, inferior quality of prod-
uct, use of very old stocks, or use of too much
turpentine as a thinner.
c. Preventive Measures. Avoid applying
varnish, paint, or enamel where gas in the air
can affect the coat.
d. Corrective Measures. Remove the dulled
coat or sand it down with fine sandpaper. Then
apply varnish, paint, or enamel of known good
quality.
Mildewing
21.
a. Characteristics (fig. 7). Mildew, a form
of plant life, is a fungus frequently found on
exposed surfaces in damp, warm climates, par-
ticularly on soft paint films.
b. Probable Causes. Paint films become
sticky and windblown spores and decayed and
dried vegetation adhere to the surface. The oil
in the paint 'sometimes becomes infected and
breeding of mildew spores takes place.
c. Preventive Measures. Use a hard-drying
paint which remains clean and unaffected. Ap-
ply paint under dry conditions.
10
d. Corrective Measures. To prevent the re-
currence of mildew, the old coat of paint
should be removed, with paint and varnish re-
t o ad-ri p
mover, and a new coat of hard-drying paint
applied. The fungus growth can be partially
can be partially
removed by scrubbing the affected surface with
a water solution of trisodium phosphate if
available, rinsing the surface with clear wate
and allowing it to dry. The use of less oil and
more turpentine is advisable in environments
where mildew is common.
Caution: Extreme care should be observed
in the handling of paints containing mercury
or other fungicides, to prevent poisoning or
irritation of the skin.
22. Streaking and Lumping
a. Characteristics. Crumbly streaks and
lumps on painted wood surfaces are caused by
resin exuding from knots and by pitch in un-
seasoned lumber exuding into the applied
paint.
b. Probable Causes. This condition is
caused by painting over unseasoned lumber
and by painting over knots or resinous streaks
which have not been properly treated before
painting.
c. Preventive Measures. Do not paint over
unseasoned lumber. Before painting over
knots, coat them with shellac varnish or alumi-
num paint.

Figure 7. Mildew on painted surface.
d. Corrective Measures. Apply shellac var-
nish or aluminum paint to knots and repaint
Do not paint wood until it is properly seasoned.
23. Running or Sagging
a. Characteristics(fig. 8). An effect of rip-
ples or irregularities produced by a film of
paint, varnish, or lacquer on a vertical or slop-
ing surface is known as "runs" or "sags."
b. Probable Causes. Runs and sags are usu-
ally produced by the application of a paint,
varnish, or lacquer which has been thinned ex-
cessively or by the application of too much ma-
terial and is usually evidenced on a sloping
or vertical surface. The most frequent causes
are too much material, incomplete brushing,
and the use of an inflexible brush.
c. Preventive Measures. Apply a uniform
coat of paint of correct consistency. When ap-
plying the material, do not apply too much and
brush out to a uniform film with a flexible
brush.
d. Corrective Measures. Sand the surface
until runs or sags have been removed and then
coat with material of correct consistency. Do
not apply an excessive amount. Use a flexible
brush and brush out to a uniform film.
TM 9-213
--
- I
RA PD 78492
24. Slow Drying
a.
a. Characteristics.
Characteristics. Although
Although the
the time
time re-
re-
quired for drying is dependent upon the type
of paint, enamel, varnish, or lacquer used, cer-
tain faulty conditions may prolong the drying
period. Paints which under normal drying con-
ditions are tacky or sticky for long periods (12
hours or longer) after application are likely to
catch dust and dirt, promote mildew, or to fail
by checking or alligatoring.
b. Probable Causes. Paints to which a small
amount of mineral oil has been added may
never dry thoroughly. Do not pour linseed oil
into a can which has contained lubricating oil
until the can has been thoroughly cleaned.
Cold weather retards drying of paint. Driers
sometimes lose their effectiveness in prepared
paint of dark color, such as dark green and
dark brown. The use of old linseed oil that has
become "fatty" by exposure, or the use of in-
ferior driers and thinners are other factors fre-
quently contributing to slow drying of paint
coats.
c. Preventive Measures. Do not paint when
temperature is below 500 F. It is good policy
to paint a test area and let it dry overnight be-
fore adding additional drier to paint to assure
11
TM 9-213
X: I I :
a cor~~~~rec
Incl eteapywssosaesmtmscue ynied
Figure 8. Runs and sags in paint.
a correct drying period. In cold weather, apply
a thin uniform film on a dry surface.
d. Corrective Measures. Once paint is ap-
plied and fails to dry properly, the condition
should be corrected by removing the paint with
paint and varnish remover or a scraper, and
painting with the right type of paint under cor-
rect conditions (c above).
25. Spotting
2.Spotting
a. Characteristics (fig. 9). The appearance
of discolored spots on a painted surface is
known as spotting.
b. Probable Causes. Color changes and loss
of gloss in irregular patches may be caused by
spots in the surface which absorb oil from the
paint unevenly. This may be the result of too
few coats or the lack of controlled penetration
of the paint and may occur on new work which
has been given only two coats or on old work
painted with one coat. In white paints, this is
accompanied by the loss of gloss. Colored
paints usually appear to fade when the oil is
absorbed unevenly. A chill of fresh varnish
may separate its constituents, so that discolored
spots appear on the varnished surface. Like-
12
1'2
drin peiod
wise, spots are sometimes caused by nail heads
which rust, due either to moisture back of the
boards or to improperly driven and covered
nails. Splashes of liquid on a freshly varnished
surface will also cause spotting. Rain and hail
on a freshly painted surface will usually leave
spots.
c. Preventive Measures. Apply sufficient
coats of paint and avoid painting when rain or
storms are imminent. The use of a paint con-
taining zinc oxide is effective in minimizing
spotting on old work.
d. Corrective Measures. Apply an addition-
al coat of paint. Apply paint during dry
weather. In cases of spotting due to rain or
sandstorms, sand off rough spots before paint-
ing.
26. Sweating
a. Characteristics. The reappearance of lus-
ter on a varnished surface which has been
rubbed to a dull finish is known as "sweating."
b. Probable Causes. Sweating of a varnished
surface is usually caused by inadequate rub-
bing to attain a dull finish or to the applica-

,~ .,,~
Figure 9. Spotting of paint due to rain.
tion of the finish coat before undercoats have
thoroughly hardened.
c. Preventive Measures. Rub the varnished
surface thoroughly before applying finish coats
if a dull finish is desired. Do not apply finish
coats before undercoats have thoroughly hard-
ened.
d. Corrective Measures. After the surface
is thoroughly hardened, rub down the finish
thoroughly and then apply another finish coat.
27. Wrinkling
a. Characteristics (fig. 10). Wrinkling of a
paint coat is evidenced by the paint film
gathering in small wrinkles.
b. Probable Causes. Wrinkling may be
caused by the application of an excessively
thick coat or by failure to brush out the paint
properly. It also may be caused by too much
TM 9-213
r . .,~ .. ' - ' APD78465
drier in the paint. Paints which have been ex-
cessively thinned with oil and applied too
thick are subject to wrinkling.
c. Preventive Measures. Do not apply thick
coats. Brush out each coat thoroughly. Do not
use an excessive amount of drier. Do not thin
paint with oil because it changes the ratio of
the original ingredients.
d. Corrective Measures. Sand off wrinkles
with rough sandpaper and paint with properly
thinned paint which does not have an excessive
amount of drier or oil in it. In cases of exces-
sive wrinkling, strip off the old coats and
paint as instructed.
28. Failures in Spray Painting
Paint failures and difficulties which occur
only with spray painting equipment are dis-
cussed in paragraph 105.
13
TM 9-213

,/ .t

_ .' . , _.- . - . . ..

i _- - i{ , I*

j ', ; 7'-
.-- '"'" ' ." --- - ' -r-- ... ,.

g~ ', .·<,p
,.t
'f-r

''
" ,A PD 78457 -

s ~ ~ _o__L
~ u^ .r =-__ -:
Figure 10. Wrinkling of paint.
.·_k~
~ ~ ~ ~ igr lo. Wrnkin of pa-int.r

14·I ~ ~ i·;·

14

CHAPTER 2
UNDERCOATS, FINISH MATERIALS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Section I. GENERAL
29. Applications
This chapter is intended to serve as a general
guide to the selection of suitable materials, ,
procedures, and systems for painting and other-
wise finishing metal and wood surfaces. For
colors
color and
numbers, see Federal Stand-
colors and color numbers, see Federal Stand-
ard 595. If the correct finish system (par. 31)
is used and properly applied, it will keep
maintenance to a minimum. Otherwise, mois-
ture or other substances will penetrate the pro-
tective coating and cause the metal to corrode
or the wood to rot. Usually, the finish coat
alone will not provide sufficient protection.
For example, lusterless olive-drab enamel,
which is somewhat porous, offers relatively
little protection; its main function is camou-
flage. The required protection is provided
chiefly by primers that for metal contain rust-
inhibiting pigments and for
for wood
inhibiting
wood have
and high
pigments
have high
moisture resistant qualities.
30. Storage of Paint Materials
a. The materials covered in this paragraph
include the primers, fillers, paints, varnishes,
lacquers, and other liquid products that are
required for the application of protective
finishes.
b. Store these materials where they will be
protected from the elements and extreme tem-
perature changes. While freezing temperatures
may cause a separation of some ingredients
which are difficult to mix in again with uni-
form consistency, the majority of the products
described in this manual are not damaged by
freezing. Low temperatures, however, tend to
increase the viscosity of paints, varnishes, and
like materials. This makes their application
difficult and impairs their adhesion if they are
TM 9-213
applied when at a subnormal temperature. On
the other hand, high temperatures may cause a
soapy foamy condition or chemical change of
the oils in a paint or varnish and make it un-
usuable.
c. Arrange for up-ending of containers every
90 days when they are stored on end or for
rolling them half a turn when they are stored
d. Do not store partially filled containers
without tightly installing lids, covers, caps, or
other sealing means.
e. Do not store paints, varnishes, or other
flammable finishing materials near steam
pipes, an open flame, or where there is any
danger
ng
from flying
.
sparks
a
such as from weld-
ing
in equipment.
ent Post "NO SMOKING" signs
in prominent places in paint warehouses.
f. Each drum should be labeled with com-
plete instructions covering the type of material
contained therein, the reduction ratio, the re-
ducing material recommended, color, gloss,
and application data.
g. Maintain a perpetual inventory of all
materials where the volume is large enough
to warrant the effort. Install a system of dat-
ing for each shipment received. Use oldest
stock first, since aging causes certain types of
enamels to lose their gloss and to body-up to
such an extent that they are rendered useless.
Black enamels, especially, have a tendency to
lose their gloss and drying properties upon
aging.
31. Finish System
a. Protective coatings are applied to metal
and wood surfaces to protect these substances
from the destructive action of moisture and
other injurious agents. Coating colors enhance
15
TM 9-213
the appearance of the surfaces to which they
are applied and also serve for camouflage, to
denote service application of equipment, and
for other specified purposes. Coatings must
also resist weathering, abrasion by cleaning or
usage, fumes, oil, the action of fungi and
other causes that tend to impair their protec-
tive qualities.
b. Because no single finish material can ful-
fill all the requirements mentioned above, the
finishes, as applied to both metal and wood, are
usually composed of two or more materials
that have been applied separately, each of
which serves a definite purpose in a combina-
tion coating known as "finish system."
c. The information in this manual on finish
systems is in accordance with MIL-STD-171
(ORD) (general), MIL-STD-173 (ORD) (ar-
tillery materiel), MIL-STD-709 (ammunition),
MIL-STD-193 (tactical vehicles), and MIL-
STD-194 (ORD) (fire-control materiel). The
thickness of dry paint films for metal and
wood surfaces, unless otherwise specified, is
given in table I, in accordance with MIL-STD-
171 (ORD), which lists the systems. For spe-
cific finish systems in formation, refer to para-
graphs 74 through 88 and tables II and IV
through X.
32. Finish
System Materials
a. Fillers. Fillers are heavy-body materials,
usually in paste form, that are used to fill de-
pressions and holes and to provide a smooth
surface, after subsequent sanding, on rough
castings and other uneven surfaces.
b. Primers. Primers are used on metals to
provide an adherent corrosion-resistant coating
to which the subsequent finish coat will firmly
adhere.
c. Sealers. Sealers are used to fill or seal the
pores of wood and to prevent "bleeding" of
an underlying stain or colored filling medium
into the final finish coat. Certain sealers con-
tain fungicides.
d. Topcoat
or Finish Coat. This is the final
coat in a finish system. It may be enamel, lac-
quer, paint, or varnish, depending on the serv-
ice requirements desired.
e. Thinners.
(1) Alcohol, denatured (0-A-396). This
is a water-white flammable liquid. It
16
is poisonous. This grade of alcohol is
prescribed for thinning shellac var-
nish. It is a solvent for shellac resin.
(2) Oil, linseed, ra? (TT-O-369). When
used as a thinner in pigmented coat-
ing materials, it reduces the pigment-
to-oil ratio, resulting in a thinner
coat. Paints thinned with linseed oil
are used for the sealing and priming
coat on bare wood.
(3) Solvent, dry-cleaning (P-S-661). This
thinner is also known as "Stoddard
Solvent." It is a water-white petrole-
um derivative used interchangeably
with mineral spirits paint thinner as
a thinner for oil paints, varnishes, en-
amels, and asphalt paints other than
certain synthetic-resin-base finishing
products.
(4) Thinner, enamel, synthetic (TT-T-
306). This thinner is a mixture of
volatile coal-tar and petroleum deriv-
atives. It is used to thin synthetic-res-
in-base varnishes and enamels. Do
not use to thin lacquer.
(5) Thinner, lacquer, cellulose nitrate,
dope and lacquer, blush retarding
(TT-T-266). This thinner evaporates
much less rapidly than the lacquer
thinner (MS-35626). These thinners
are intended for use during periods
of high humidity, to prevent the con-
densation of moisture on the surface
of the lacquer film. Such moisture
seriously impairs the lacquer coating.
(6) Thinner, paint, mineral spirits (TT-
T-291). This is a water-white petro-
leum derivative similar to and used
vent. It is used as a thinner for as-
phalt paints and oleoresinous enamels,
paints, and varnishes, except synthet-
ic-resin-base enamels and varnishes.
It will curdle or decompose these lat-
ter materials. Do not use to thin lac-
(7) Turpentine, gum spirits (TT-T-801).
This is a clear, volatile liquid ob-
tained by distillation of the gum

(oleoresin) of living pine trees. It
is a good solvent for many resins and
is the preferred thinner for oil paints
Section II. FILLERS
33. General
Fillers, like primers and sealers, are under-
coats used to prepare metal or wood surfaces
for subsequent and final coats of enamel, lac-
quer, paint, or varnish. They are heavy-bodied
pigment materials and, excepting the gradua-
tion fillers, are applied with a putty knife,
spatula, or other suitable tool. They are al-
ways used in conjunction with finish coats.
34. Sealing Compound, Curing (MIL-S-
(1S FSN 8030-275-8 1A0)
(SM 51031)
5-1-8000A)
a. Characteristics. This sealing compound is
a two-part material consisting of a black poly-
sulfide-base compound and a catalyst, to be
mixed according to manufacturer's instructions.
This compound and the catalyst are contained
in a two-compartment container. After curing,
it forms a rubber-like material and provides
satisfactory adhesion.
b. Use. The compound is used for sealing
and plugging exposed holes where required in
fire-control instruments, such as holes for set-
screws, adjusting screws, and plugs that are ac-
cessible from the outside of the instrument.
c. Curing.
(1) Temperature. Cure at room tempera-
ture, approximately 800 F.
(2) Time required. 72 to 96 hours.
Warning: The catalyst used con-
tains lead compound. Avoid excessive
contact with skin. Wash hands before
curing.
35. Sealing Compound, Noncuring (MIL-
S-11030 Type I, Class 1) (FSN 8030-
577-4815) (SM 5-1-8000A)
a. Characteristics. This is a homogeneous
stable noncorrosive, nontoxic compound. It is
Section Ill. SEALERS
37. General
Sealers are usually unpigmented. They are
used in most applications to seal the pores of
wood and serve as an undercoat, over which
one or more finish coats are applied. Sealers
TM 9-213
and varnishes with a linseed oil vehi-
cle. Its evaporation rate is relatively
slow. Do not use to thin lacquer.
inert, thermoplastic, and noncuring. It is not
affected by oil or temperatures between minus
65 ° F to180
0 F.
b. Use. It is used for -static sealing of glass-
to-metal in optical instruments, also to cover
visible headless screws, except adjusting
screws, in fire-control instruments.
36. Filler, Graduation or Engraving
(MIL-P-1201 1)
a. Characteristics. This is a paste-paint-type
filler that adheres firmly to the surface to
which it is applied. It is issued in black, deep
red, white, and translucent white. It provides
maximum legibility on graduated scales.
b. Use.
(1) For filling in the graduation scales of
fire-control instruments.
(2) For small-arms sight graduations
where specifically prescribed.
been removed by cleaning operations.
c. Application. Fill the indentations with
the paste by brushing; then wipe across the in-
dentations with a cloth or small knife blade.
This action will press the paste into the inden-
tations and remove most of the excess paste.
Wash the remainder from the surface before it
sets with castile soap and water; rinse with
clean water and allow to dry.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry for 12 hours.
(2) Dry hard. Air-dry for 24 hours.
(3) Recoating. A finish coat may be ap-
plied over the graduated element af-
ter the filler has air-dried for 2
hours.
are also used to prevent the bleeding of under-
lying substances, such as stains or the resin
from knots, into the finish coat. In some appli-
cations where the decorative feature of the fin-
ish is of less importance than its sealing and
17
 TM 9-213
protective qualities, a sealer is used for both
prime and final finish. Some types contain
fungicides.
38. Oil, Linseed, Raw (TT-0-369)
Characteristics.
This is a yellowish trans-
~~a.~~~~~~~ CrtssTisyl sdry-cleaning
parent vegetable oil extracted from flax seeds.
When exposed to the atmosphere, this oil dries
oroxidation
cures by to form a tough and
flexible film: It is the most widely used oil
for .angeneral
for general painting purposes.bare
purposes.
b. Use.
(1) As a sealer on bare wood as in finish
systems 29.2, 29.3, and 29.4.
(2) As a vehicle for paints, a thinner for
paints, and in the formulation of ole-
oresinous varnishes and enamels.
c. Application. Apply by dipping or brush-
ing. By dipping allow the wood, which must
be completely dry, to soak in the oil for 24
hours, remove from the oil, wipe the excess
with a squeegee or cloth, and allow to dry.
d. Drying Time. Air-dry (cure) for about
16 hours. A second coat may then be applied.
Caution: Wiping cloths, soaked with linseed
oil, must either be destroyed or spread open
and dried in well-ventilated area to prevent
possible spontaneous combustion.
39. Stain, Wood, Olive-Drab (MIL-S-
13913 (ORD))
a. Characteristics. This is a penetrating,
wipe-off type stain containing a fungicide.
b. Use. The stain partly penetrates clean dry
wood and is used on wooden items where cam-
ouflage and protection against fungi is de-
sired. It is also used in finish system 29.1
(MIL-STD-171 (ORD)).
c. Application. Apply the stain as issued by
brushing, dipping, spraying, or wiping.
Section IV. PRIMERS
41. General
Primers are applied to metal to provide an
adherent coating to which a subsequently ap-
plied coating will firmly adhere. The pigment
composition of primers, for ferrous-base metals
18
d. Drying Time.
(1) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry for 2 hours.
(2) Full hardness. Air-dry for 24 hours.
(3) Recoating. Recoat after 2 hours air-
drying.
e. Thinners. If thinning is required, use
solvent or mineral spirits paint
g s
thinner, or gum
Warning hisspirits
stain turpentine.
contins a toxic ingre-
Warning: This stain contains a toxic ingre-
dient that is a skin irritant. Contact with the
hands should be avoided.
40. Varnish, Shellac, Bleached, Type I,
Medium Body, and Orange, Type II,
Medium Body (TT-V-91)
a. Characteristics. Shellac varnish is a solu-
tion or "cut" of a resin made from the secre-
tion of certain insects. It dries to a transparent
film that is soluble in shellac thinner. It is
not durable under exterior exposure conditions.
b. Use.
(1) As filling or sealing coat on wood as
in finish systems 28.5 and 29.5 of
MIL-STD-171 (ORD).
(2) As an intermediate coat to prevent the
bleeding of oil-soluble colors as in
finish system 29.1.
(3) As
typeansealer
intermediate coat over
as in systems 29.2an29.3,
oil-
type sealer as in systems 29.2 29.3,
and 29.4.
(4) As a topcoat in finish system 28.5.
c. Application. Shellac varnishes are usual-
ly applied as issued by brushing. They can be
sprayed when thinned as required.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. Air-dry for 15 minutes.
(2) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry for 1 hour.
(3) Full hardness. Air-dry for 24 hours.
(4) Recoating. Recoat after 2 to 3 hours
air-drying.
e. Thinner. If thinning is required, use
denatured alcohol, grade III.
usually consists of iron oxide, titanium oxide,
lead chromate, red lead, zinc chromate, zinc
dust or zinc oxide, or a mixture of these.
Zinc chromate is the principal pigment in
primers used on aluminum, magnesium, and

their alloys and on items for very wet and very
damp operating conditions.
42. Enamel, Rust-Inhibiting, Olive-Drab
(TT-E--485)
a. Characteristics. This is a combination air-
drying and baking enamel that provides a
smooth, semigloss, olive-drab (color No.
24087) film, possessing excellent corrosion-in-
hibiting properties.
b. Use.
(1) As a one-coat painting system over
phosphate-treated or solvent cleaned
steel surfaces, such as sheel metal
surfaces, metal containers for ammu-
nition, gasoline drums, etc., as in
finish system 21.1.
(2) For a two-coat system, as the primers
and top coat alkyd finish for general
use, as in systems 21.5 and 27.3.
(3) As a baked primer in a two-coat semi-
gloss baked finish on steel and wood
as in systems 21.7 and 27.3.
(4) As an undercoat for all metals except
aluminum and magnesium as in sys-
tems 23.1 and 23.2.
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or thin
with not more than 5 percent by vol-
ume of thinner.
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning with
not more than 15 percent by volume of
thinner.
(3) Roller coating. Thin to consistency
recommended by manufacturer.
d. Thickness of Coating. This depends on
the purpose of the application. When used as
a priming coat, a thin (04-0.6 mils thickness),
uniformly applied coat is effective. When
used as an intermediate or topcoat, a fairly
heavy coating should be applied (0.9-1.1 mils).
e. Drying Time.
Air-dry Bake
(1) Dry-to-handle:
(a) Types I, 16 hours 45 minutes
II, III at 2500
F.
(b) Types IV __ 8 hours or 30
minutes
at 300 °
F.
TM 9-213
Air-dry Bake
(2) Full hard- 72 hours Bake as
ness above
plus 24
hours air
dry.
(3) Recoating -_--After air-dry 6 hours
or bake as in (1)
above.
f. Thinners. If thinning is required, use
dry-cleaning solvent, mineral spirits paint
thinner, or synthetic enamel thinner.
Warning: This enamel contains toxic pig-
ments. Care should be exercised to avoid breath-
ing the mist from the enamel when spraying.
Spray dust from this enamel is subject to spon-
taneous combustion if allowed to accumulate
on surfaces of enclosures or booths. Spray dust
accumulations must be removed by scraping at
frequent intervals.
43. Primer-Surfacer, Synthetic (TT-P-659)
a. Characteristics. This is a tinted or white
primer that provides a smooth hard film, free
from pebbling, and other surface imperfections.
It has no rust-inhibiting properties and must
not be used as a substitute for corrosion-resist-
ing primer. This is an alkyd-resin-base product
that serves both as a primer and as a surfacer.
It is an undercoat in a finish system, over which
synthetic enamel, gloss or other finish is ap-
plied as a top coat. As a first coat surfacer
and filler on wood surfaces, it can be lightly
sanded to provide a smoother finish over which
the ton coat is applied.
b. Use.
(1) As a primer on metal for two-coat
lusterless alkyd finish for interior use
(light colors) as in system 20.7.
(2) As a primer on metal for two-coat
semigloss alykd finish for light colors
not exposed to the weather as in sys-
temrn 21.2 -and two-coat full gloss
alkyd finish not exposed to the
weather, as in system 22.1.
(3) As a first coat surfacer and filler on
wood surfaces and as a primer on
metal and wood surfaces not exposed
to the weather, as in systems 21.2,
28.2, and 22.1.
19
 TM 9-213
(4) As a surfacing coat over old enamel
in good condition.
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued. (Dilute
with not more than 5 percent of
thinner.)
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning in ac-
cordance with manufacturer's instruc-
tions.
(3) Dipping. Apply after thinning in ac-
cordance with manufacturer's instruc-
tions.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. Air-dry 10 minutes to
2 hours.
(2) Dry through. Air-dry 18 hours or
bake 45 minutes at 250 ° F. or equiva-
lent.
(3) Recoat. After air-dry 18 hours or
bake 45 minutes at 2500 F. or equiva-
lent.
e. Thickness of Coating. 0.9 to 1.1 mils.
f Thinners. Thin primer as required with
dry-cleaning solvent or mineral spirits paint
thinner (TT-T-291).
Note. This primer when dry may be wet- or dry-
sanded if necessary.
44. Primer Coating, Synthetic, Wood, and
Ferrous Metal (TT-P-636)
a. Characteristics. This is a red or brown
iron oxide alkyd-resin-base primer that has
good adhesion, durability, and flexibility and
covers in one coat. It has good resistance to
weathering, although its intended use is as an
undercoat.
b. Use.
(1) As a priming coat on bare or phos-
phate-treated ferrous metal parts of
motor vehicles, guns, gun mounts,
tanks, and metal shipping containers,
and other Ordnance materiel as in sys-
tem 20.8, 21.3, 22.2, and 23.3.
(2) As a sealing undercoat on the wooden
parts of motor vehicles as in systems
26.1 and 27.3.
Note. This primer should not be used on
the inside of steel drinking water tanks,
for amphibious vehicles, on steel exposed to
strong acid fumes, to air containing ex-
cessive amounts of sulfuric acid or sulfur
dioxide fumes, or on steel structures de-
signed to stand many years of exposure
to weather.
20
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or by
thinning with not more than 5 per-
cent by volume of thinner. Apply
one coat of primer for a two-coat fin-
ish and two coats for a three-coat
finish.
(2) Spraying. For spraying, thin with 15
percent by volume of dry-cleaning sol-
vent, mineral spirits paint thinner, or
turpentine.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. Air-dry 20 minutes-2
hours,
(2) Dry through. Air-dry 18 hours or
bake 45 minutes at 250 ° F. or equiva-
lent.
(3) Full hardness. Air-dry 18 hours or
bake 45 minutes at 2500 F. or equiva-
lent. Then air-dry 24 hours.
(4) Recoat. After air-drying 10 hours.
e. Thinner. Thin primer as required with
dry-cleaning solvent, mineral spirits paint
thinner, or turpentine.
Note 1. Use olive-drab rust-inhibiting enamel (TT-
E-485) when stocks of (TT-P-636) are exhausted.
Note 2. Zinc yellow primer coating (TT-P-666)
may be substituted for the corrosion-resisting primer
only when protection against salt-water corrosion is
desired.
45. Primer, Coating, Synthetic,
Rust-Inhibiting, Lacquer-Resisting
(TT-P-664)
a. Characteristics. This is a fast-drying
primer that provides a hard smooth satin finish
on iron or steel and requires no sanding.
b. Use.
(1) As the first coat on bare iron or steel,
with an enamel as topcoat as in sys-
tems 20.5 and 20.9.
(2) As an intermediate coat over a syn-
thetic enamel when nitrocellulose lac-
quer is applied ,as a topcoat.
c. Application. Apply primer by dipping,
brushing, or spraying when thinned as recom-
mended by the manufacturer.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. 3 to 6 minutes.
(2) Dry hard. 15 minutes.
Dry-after-tack-free. 20 minutes.
(4) Dry through. 25 minutes.
e. Thinner. Use thinner specified by the
manufacturer.

46. Primer, Lacquer, Rust-Inhibiting
(MIL-P-11414)
a. Characteristics. This is a quick-drying,
rust-inhibiting cellulose nitrate primer. It is
of one type and one grade, pigmented. The
color is characteristic of red or brown iron ox-
ide pigments.
b. Use.
(1) As a base for lusterless lacquer fin-
ishes for automotive and general use,
systems 20.4 and 20.10.
(2) As a base for semigloss lacquer fin-
ishes for automotive materials, sys-
tems 21.11, 21.12, and 21.13.
(3) As a base for full gloss lacquer fin-
ishes for automotive use, systems 22.3
and 22.4.
c. Application. Apply primer by dipping or
spraying when thinned with one part by vol-
ume of lacquer thinner.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. 1-1/2 to 3 minutes.
(2) Dry through. 6 minutes.
(3) Full hardness. 48 hours.
e. Thinner. Thin lacquer with lacquer
thinner as specified (TT-T-266).
47. Primer Coating, Zinc Yellow, for
Aluminum and Magnesium Surfaces
(TT-P-666)
a. Characteristics. This primer has corro-Cs c
sion-inhibiting properties and is prescribed for
use on materiel and equipmentuse. on. matsevere
where l coat over a primed automotive steel prior to
use. on. materil
corrosive conditions exist such as exposure to
salt water or spray. A slight silking of the
dried film is permissible.
b. Use.
(1) On iron and steel exposed to acid, and
salt water spray, as in system 22.7.
(2) On aluminum or magnesium, as in
system 21.18.
(3) As a substitute in systems 20.5, 20.7,
20.9, 21.5, 21.7, 21.8, and 21.9 for
the priming of aluminum or magne-
sium alloys.
(4) On all contact surfaces with other
metals or wood.
TM 9-213
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. If not in brushing con-
sistency in package, thin with xylene
to the following viscosity: 23-40 sec-
onds on a No. 4 Zahn, or 75-150 sec-
onds on a No. 4 Ford cup.
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning with
1 volume of thinner with 2 volumes of
primers, or the following viscosity:
43-75 seconds in a No. 1 Zahn
Cup.
15-25 seconds in a No. 4 Ford
Cup.
d. Drying Time. Air-dry Bake
(1) Dry-to- 15 minutes
handle
(2) Dry through__30 minutes
(3) Full hard- 24 minutes 45 minutes
ness at 2500 F.
(4) Recoating ____30 minutes
e. Thinner. This primer with xylene (TT-
X-916), toluene (TT-T-548), or synthetic
enamel thinner (TT-T06).
48. Surfacer, Sanding, Lacquer Type
(MIL-1 0181)
a. Characteristics. This is a blue-gray sur-
facer (color No. 37038) that has a semigloss
finish when either wet- or dry-sanded.
b. Use. This surfacer is used as a surfacing
the application of a gloss lacquer finish coat
to obliate slight scratches and dents.
c. Application. Surfacer is applied prefer-
ably by spraying. Surfacer is thinned with ap-
proximately three parts of lacquer thinner to
two parts of surfacer. An 0.9- to 1.1-mil
(0.0009 - 0.0011 in.) coating is sprayed on the
primed metal surface, allowed to air-dry for 1
hour, and then wet- or dry-sanded to a smooth
and uniform finish 0.6 mils (0.0006 in.).
d. Drying Time. (Dry- or wet-sand). 4
hours
e. Thinner. Thin surfacer with lacquer
thinner (MS-35626).
21
TM 9-213
Section V. ENAMELS
49. General
Enamels are materials
pigmented
Enamels are pigmented finishing materials finishing
that, in general, dry to a hard gloss, semigloss,
or lusterless finish. The nonvolatile vehicles in
enamels may be oils, natural or synthetic res-
ins, soluble cottons, or their combinations.
50. Enamel, Lusterless, Quick-Drying
(for Ammunition) (MIL-E-10687)
a. Characteristics. This is a quick-drying,
synthetic resin-base enamel. It comes in several
colors.
b. Use. This
This enamel
b. Use. enamel is
is used
used as
as aa finish
finish coat
coat
on projectiles, bombs, grenades, and pertinent
ammunition components and for finish system
20.1 of MIL-STD-171 (ORD).
20.1
of MIcaSTD-171 (ORD).
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued.
(2) Spraying. Thin with two parts of the
specified thinner to five parts by vol-
ume of the issued enamel.
(3) Dipping. Thin with one part of the
specified thinner to three parts by
volume of the issued enamel.
d. Thickness of Coating. Apply coating at
0.8 to 1.1 mils thickness.
e. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. 3 to 6 minutes.
(2) Dry hard. 10 minutes.
(3) After tack-free. 15 minutes.
(4) Dry through. 20 minutes.
(4) Dry through. 20 minutes. (1) It is used on exterior and interior
(5) Full72hardness.
hours.
f. Thinner. When thinner is required, use
aromatic petroleum naphtha or a blend of 60-
percent aliphatic naphtha land 40 percent by
volume xylene. (Where the naphtha or naph-
tha-xylene blend i's not available, dry-cleaning
solvent or mineral spirits paint thinner may be
used, requiring a longer drying period.)
Caution: Do not use this enamel where re-
sistance to gasoline is a prime requisite, such
as on automotiveequipmeThe white is the appropriate paint for
as on automotive equipment.
51. Enamel, Nonskid, Lusterless (2) It is also suitable for machinery.
(MIL-F-18176)
a. Characteristics. This enamel provides a
very coarse, gritty coating, similar to coarse
sandpaper. It is applied over a previously
painted or primed surface.
22
b. Use. A heavy olive-drab coating is ap-
plied on surfaces that might become wet, to
provide a more secure footing. For painting
tank turret floors, a heavy coating of white
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or by
thinning with not more than 5 per-
cent by volume of thinner.
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning with
15 percent by volume of thinner.
(3) Troweling. Apply as issued.
(4) Thickness of coating. The thickness
of the coating should be 1/32 to 1/16
inch to insure retention of maximum
durability and nonskid properties.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Tack-free. 4 hours.
(2) Full hardness. 24 hours.
e. Thinner. When thinning is required, use
synthetic enamel thinner.
52. Enamel, Synthetic, Gloss (TT-E-489)
a. Characteristics. This is a high-gloss air-
drying alkyd-resin-base enamel with excellent
weather-resistant properties. It is flexible and
has satisfactory gloss and color retention.
b. Use.
metal surfaces, particularly on smooth
exterior metal. Its main use is for re-
finishing automobiles. For this latter
finishing automobiles. For this latter
purpose, it should be noted that, when
alkyd enamels of this type are applied
to steel surfaces, the bare or phos-
phatized steel should
sh first be given
a priming coat, such as an oxide, zinc-
chromate alkyd, or primer surfacer.
interiors of combat vehicles.
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued.
(2) Spraying. Thin in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions.

d. Drying Time.
Air-dry Bake
(1) Dust free ____ 2 hours
(2) Dry hard -___ 8 hours 45 minutes
at 250 °
F. or
equiva-
lent.
(3) Full hard ....
__48 hours 24 hours
air-dry
after
bake.
(4) Recoat _----- 24 hours 45 minutes
at 2500
F. or
equiva-
lent.
e. Thinner. Thin enamel with synthetic en-
amel thinner, dry-cleaning solvent, or mineral
spirits paint thinner.
Note. This enamel is not intended for painting8
houses or exterior walls.
53. Enamel, Synthetic, Lusterless
(TT-E-527)
a. Characteristics. This is a combination air-
drying and baking enamel with a oil-modified
alkyd-resin base. It has satisfactory weather
characteristics 'insofar as chalking, fading, and
color changes are concerned but, because of
film porosity, the enamel is applied in a finish
system requiring the use of a primer contain-
ing a zinc-chromate pigment. It will also, with-
out a primer, adhere firmly to stainless steel
and other high-alloy steel, and will withstand
high temperatures without blistering or flak-
ing from the metal surface to which applied.
b. Use.
(1) This enamel is applicable, when ap-
plied as in a above, over a primer
where extreme weathering conditions
are encountered.
(2) In camouflage.
(3) For two-coat lusterless alkyd finish
for interior use, light colors, and for
general use, and for interior surfaces
of optical instruments as in systems
20.7 and 20.8.
(4) To enamel (with black enamel) the
gas cylinder of cal. .30 rifles, M1
and M1C.
TM 9-213
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Thin with not more than
parts by volume of thnner to 95
parts by volume of enamel.
(2) Spraying. Thin with not more than
15 parts by volume of thinner to 85
parts by volume of enamel.
d. Thickness of coating. The thickness of
the wet coating applied to obtain required hid-
ing depends on the color of the enamel.
For instance, black, gray, red, and olive-drab
have satisfactory hiding-power and a relatively
thin film will suffice. Orange and yellow re-
quire a film at least twice as heavy. White
enamel requires a heavy film to obtain com-
plete hiding.
e. Drying Time.y Bake
(1) Set-to-touch __ 2 hours
(2) Dry hard .... 8 hours
hours 45
45 minutes
minutes
F. or
equiva-
lent.
(3) Full hard .... 72 hours 24 hours
air-dry
after
bake.
(4) Recoat _-----. after dry
hard
Thinner. Thin enamel with synthetic
Warning: The dry spray dust of lusterless
enamels is an extreme fire hazard. Remove
dust daily. The danger can be materially re-
duced by the use of water-wash spray booths
whenever possible.
54. Enamel, Synthetic, Semigloss
(TT-E-529)
a. Characteristics. This is an alkyd-resin-
base enamel. It is issued in two types: class A,
air drying, and class B, baking. Both have
satisfactory weathering qualities.
(1) For exterior application where ex-
treme weathering conditions exist.
(2) In camouflange.
23
TM 9-213
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or by
thinning with not more than 5 parts
by volume of thinner (TT-T-306) to
95 parts by volume of enamel.
(2) Spraying. Thin with not more than
15 parts by volume of thinner (TT-
T-306) to 85 parts by volume of class
A enamel or 15 parts by volume of
xylene (TT-X-916) to 85 parts by
volume of class B enamel.
d. Thickness of Coating. A light coat of
olive-drab. or black enamel will provide suffi-
cient hiding. A considerably heavier coat is re-
quired when yellow or white enamel is ap-
plied.
e. Drying Time.
(1) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry class A for 8
hours. Bake class B at 2500 F., for
45 minutes.
(2) Full hardness. Air-dry class A for 72
hours. Air-dry class B for 24 hours
after baking at 2500 F., for 45
minutes.
Section VI. LACQUERS
56. General
Lacquers are finish materials that dry by
evaporation of the volatile portion only and
deposit a strong horn-like film that is, gener-
ally, thinner than the film provided by oleores-
inous products. The lacquers described in this
section are of this type.
57. Lacquer, Spraying, General Use
(TT-L-58)
a. Characteristics. This lacquer is a quick-
drying, cellulose-base material. It is issued in
two types: type I, clear, and type II, pig-
mented. After 24 hours of air-drying, the film
is sufficiently hard to permit rubbing to a
high gloss.
b. Use.
(1) On interior or exterior surfaces over
sealed wood surfaces, where a gloss
finish is prescribed as in finish 28.4.
(2) Where quick drying is required and
when specifically prescribed.
24
f. Thinner. Thin enamel with synthetic en-
amel thinner (TT-T-306), or xylene (TT-X-
916) as required.
55. Enamel, Baking, Phenol- or
Urea-Formaldehyde (JAN-E-480)
a. Characteristics. This specification covers
the following types of semigloss baking
enamel.
(1) Type I-Phenol-formaldehyde resin
base.
(2) Type II-Urea-formaldehyde resin
base.
b. Use. For steel surfaces in oil housings.
c. Application. By spraying.
d. Thickness of Coating. Apply coating at
0.9- to 1.1-mil thickness.
e. Drying Time. Bake
(1) Dry hard _ ._ .45 minutes
.---------.
at 3750
F.
(2) Full hard ____---------. 24 hours
air-dry
after,
bake.
(3) Where finish 29.3 is prescribed.
c. Drying Time.
'(1) Tack-free. Air-dry for 10 minutes.
(2) Full hardness. After 24 hours of
air-drying, it can be rubbed to a high
gloss.
(3) Recoating. Air-dry for 1 hour.
d. Thinner. Thin lacquer when required
with clear lacquer thinner (TT-T-266)
58. Lacquer, Lusterless, Hot Spray
(MIL-L-11195)
a. Characteristics. This lacquer is a one-
type and one-grade cellulose nitrate material
which can be applied at either elevated or
room temperature. Color is as specified.
(1) As a one-coat lusterless finish for pro-
jectiles, grenades, etc., as in system
20.2.

(2) As a two-coat lusterless lacquer fin-
ish for automotive and general use,
as in system 20.4.
(3) As a three-coat lusterless lacquer fin-
ish for automotive and general use,
as in system 20.10.
c. Applncatgon.
0.2 parts of thinner,
(2) Hot spray. As issued.
(3) Cold spray. When thinned with one
part
by volume of thinner to two
parts by volume of packaged material.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. 4 to 8 minutes.
(2) Dry through. 10 minutes.
(3) Full hardness. 48 hours.
(3) Full hardness. 48 hours.
e. Thinners. Use thinner conforming to
TT-T-266.
59. Lacquer, Automotive, Hot Spray
(MIL-L-12277(ORD))
a. Characteristics. This lacquer is a one-type
and one-grade high gloss, cellulose nitrate
material which can be applied at either ele-
vated or room temperature. Color is olive-drab
and shall match color No. 14087 of Federal
Standard 595.
b. Use. As a multiple coat full gloss lacquer
finish for automotive use in systems 22.3 and
*22.4.
*(1)
c. Application.
(1) Hot spray. As issued.
(2) Cold spray.. When thinned, one part
thinner to two parts of packaged ma-
terial.
Section VII. PAINTS
61. General
Paints are mechanical
mixtures or dser
sions of pigments in a nonvolatile liquid (ve-
hicle) (par. 9). A volatile solvent or thinner
is used to reduce the paint to the proper con-
sistency for application. The pigmented liquid,
after application to the surface by brushing,
spraying, or dipping, dries to form a solid and
opaque coating. An oil paint contains a drying
oil or oil varnish as the basic ingredient. A
paste paint is one that permits a substantial
addition of the vehicle and/or thinner to ob-
TM 9-213
d. Thinner. Use lacquer thinner conform-
ing to TT-T-266.
60. Lacquer, Semigloss, Cellulose-Nitrate
(MIL-L-52043(ORD))
a. Characteristics. This lacquer may be ap-
plied at either elevated or room temperature.
It is a cellulose nitrate semigloss lacquer. It
is pigmented to match the following colors and
color numbers: olive-drab, 24087; light green,
24533; slate gray, 26132; accent gray, 26251;
'sand gray, 26306; and white, 27875. Refer to
Federal Standard 595.
b. Use.
(1) As a two-coat semigloss lacquer fin-
ish for automotive materials, system
21.11.
(2) As a three-coat semigloss lacquer fin-
ish for automotive materials, systems
21.12 and 21.13.
(3) As a three-coat semigloss lacquer fin-
ish
ish for
for aluminum
aluminum and
and magnesium,
magnesium, asas
in system 21.18.
c. Application.
(1) Hot spray. As issued.
(2) Cold spray. When thinned with three
parts by volume of thinner to five
parts by volume of lacquer.
d. Drying Time.
Set-to-touch. 4-8 minutes.
(2) Dry through. 10 minutes.
(3) Full hardness. 48 hours.
e. Thinner. Use lacquer thinner conform-
ing to TT-T-266.
tain the consistency for application. As asphalt
paint contains asphaltum or a similar substance
as the principal nonvolatile ingredient; this
also provides the coloration, black or brovn.
62. Paint, Acid-Proof, Black (MIL-C-450,
Tye 11)
a. Characteristics. This paint consists of a
natural or petroleum asphalt (bitumen) or a
combination of both, cut back with dry-clean-
ing solvent or mineral spirits paint thinner to
the required nonvolatile content. It contains
25
TM 9-213
no drying oils, resins, or pigments. This paint
is
is highly resistant to acids.
b. Use. It is used on metal or wood battery
boxes and supports and in the assembly of cer-
tain ammunition items as in system 24.2.
c. Application.
i1) Brushing. Apply as issued.
(2) Spraying. Apply as issued or thin as
required.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Dust-free. Air-dry for 10 minutes.
(2) Tack-free. Air-dry for 30 minutes.
(3) Recoating. Recoat after air-drying for
4 hours.
e. Thinner. Use dry-cleaning solvent or
mineral spirits paint thinner.
63. Primer, Weld Through (MIL-P-13380
(ORD))
a. Characteristics. The pigment is aluminum
paste conforming to TT-A-468, type II, class
B. It is furnished in a separate compartment
from the vehicle to be mixed with it in the
ratio of 2 pounds to the gallon of vehicle. The
vehicle shall be a para-phenyl phenol-formal-
dehyde resin alkali-refined linseed oil varnish
of 12-1/2-gallon oil length thinned with xy-
lene.
b. Use. This primer is intended for applica-
tion to ferrous metal surfaces that are not
readily accessible for painting after spot weld-
ing such as interior surfaces on trailer assem-
blies.
Note. Care must be exercised in the application of
this primer to avoid the use of coats heavier than
0.6 mils. Thick films act as an insulator and may
prevent welding.
c. Application.
(1) Spraying. With three parts of the
mixed primer reduced by two parts of
thinner by volume.
(2) Dipping. With four parts of the
mixed primer reduced by 1-1/2 parts
of thinner by volume.
d. Drying Time. Air-dry Bake
(1) Set to 6 minutes
touch
(2) Tack dry ----. 75 minutes
(3) Full hard- 72 hours 30 minutes
ness at 275 °
F.
26
e. Thinner. Xylene (TT-X-916).
64. Coating, Underbody (for Motor
Coting, nderbody (for Motor
a. Characteristics. The compound is a mix-
ture of asphalts, fillers, solvents, and additives
processed to meet the requirements stated
herein.
b. Use.
(1) As a protective underbody coating
for automotive equipment.
(2) As a sound deadener.
c. Application. Spraying at a temperature of
650 F ± 50 F. with a tank pressure of 80
pounds per square inch (psi). and with no
more than 80 psi on the gun nozzle.
d. Drying Time (1/16-inch dry film).
(1) Set-to-touch. 4 hours.
(2) Full hardness. 24 hours.
Note. The coating shall be free from pin-
Note. The coating shall be free from pin-
65. Paint, Heat-Resisting (Silicone,
Aluminum) (MIL-P-14276)
a. Characteristics. This is a product of one
type and one grade of aluminum heat-resist-
ant paint, which will withstand heat, solvents,
and normal weather exposure. It is an air dry-
ing, or, air drying and baking, product with
an aluminum pigment, powder or paste, and a
vehicle.
b. Use.
(1) For painting equipment, where oper-
ating temperatures preclude the use
of conventional paints.
(2) For application to engraved, stamped,
or stenciled lettering or numerals on
components exposed to temperatures
up to 1,0000 F.
c. Application.
(1) Spray as issued.
(2) Brush only as required.
d. Film Thickness. 0.8 to 1 mils.
e. Dryng-tme.ake Air-dry Hake
(1) Dust-free -_. 15 minutes
(2) Dry through _60 minutes
(3) Full hardness _.-. .__.minutes
..60
at 400 °
F ± 5°
F.
 TM 9-213

66. Red Fuming Nitric Acid-Resistant
Coating (MIL-P-22636+MIL-P-14458)
a. Characteristics. The coating consists of a
primer conforming to MIL-P-22636 and a
paint conforming to MIL-P-14458.
b. Use. For the use of red fuming nitric
acid-resistant coating, refer to the technical
manuals on materiel, equipped for storing or
transporting this acid.
67. Paint, Stencil, Flat (TT-P-98)
a. Characteristics. Stencil paint shall be of
one grade and two types.
(1) Paint consistency (black, white, gray, vol. 2; and List of Items -and Marking for Ship-
primary, and secondary colors).
(2) Paste form (black, white, red,
(2)
Paste form (black, white, red,
yellow).
b. Use. For marking bales, crates, fiber-P-13340)
bound boxes, ammunition, etc.
c. Application. By means of brush and paste form to be diluted to proper consistency.
stencil board or mask to surfaces for varying
textures and absorptive properties.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch. 10 minutes.
(2) Dry hard. 1 hour.
e. References: Federal Catalog C5-1-SL,
Department of the Army SM 5-1-C5-1-SL,
vol. 2; and List of Items and Marking for
Shipment and Storage (MIL-STD-129).
68. Paint, Stencil: Black (MIL-P-15149)
a. Characteristics. Black, nonvolatile con-
tents 65 percent by weight.
b. Use. For stenciling drums, crates, etc.
c. Application. By means of brush and sten-
cil board or mask to surfaces of varying tex-
tures and absorptive properties.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Set-to-touch.
(2) Dry hard.
e. References: Federal Catalog C5-1-SL,
Department of the Army SM 5-1-C5-1-SL,
ment and Storage (MIL-STD-129).
69. Paint, Water, Paste, Camouflage
a. Characteristics. This is a water paint in
It comes in different colors, black, brown,
green, white, and yellow.
b. Use.
(1) Diluted in the ratio of one to one, it
is suitable for application to wood
and metal surfaces.
(2) Diluted in the ratio of one part paste
to three parts water, by volume, it
is suitable for application to fabrics.

Section VIII. VARNISHES

70. General
Varnishes are nonpigmented liquids that,
when applied as a thin film, dry on exposure
to the air and provide a protective coating.
Most varnishes are clear or translucent but cer-
tain asphaltic-base materials, which are used
for protection against moisture or acids and for
technical purposes such as electrical insulation,
are called "varnishes" although they are black.
Colored varnishes contain dyes or similar
transparent or semitransparent substances.
71. Varnish, Asphalt (TT-V-51)
a. Characteristics. This varnish is composed
of natural asphalts, such as gilsonite, which are
run (fused by heat), blended with drying
oils, and thinned with solvent, together with
the necessary amount of driers. It dries to a
smooth black lustrous finish similar to black
enamel.
b. Use.
(1) As a two-coat acid resistant finish for
battery racks, interior of high explo-
sive projectiles and other surfaces re-
quiring similar protection, as in
painting system 22.6.
(2) As a three-coat acid resistant finish as
in painting system 22.7.
c. Application. Apply varnish by brushing.
d. Drying Time
(1) Set-to-touch. Air-dry for 3 hours.
(2) Full hardness. Air-dry for 24 hours.
(3) Recoating. After air-drying for 3
hours.
e. Thinner. When thinning is required, use
dry-cleaning solvent or mineral spirits paint
thinner.
27
 TM 9-213
72. Varnish, Moisture- and Fungus-
Resistant for the Treatment of
Communications, Electronic, and
Associated Electrical Equipment
(MIL-V-1 73)
a. Characteristics. This is a transparent
phenolic-resin-base varnish. The presence of
this varnish can be determined in the inspec-
tion of electrical equipment by a "black
light," which activates a fluorescent dye, which
can be added for this purpose in the original
application of the varnish. This varnish has a
high dielectric strength.
b. Use. It is used as a surface or finish
coat on electrical equipment and components
such as coils, circuit wiring, and chassis of ra-
dar and radio assemblies as protection against
moisture and fungi (TB ORD 350).
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or after
thinning with not more than 5 per-
cent by volume of thinner.
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning with
15 percent by volume of thinner.
(3) Dipping. Dipping consistency de-
pends on the type and shape of com-
ponents and construction of assem-
blies. Degree of thinning is deter-
mined by trial.
(4) Minimum coating. Dry film should
not be less than 1 mil (0.001 in.) in
thickness.
(1) Dust-free. Air-dry for 1 hour.
(2) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry for 5 hours.
(3) Full hardness. Air-dry for 24 hours.
Section IX. FINISH SYSTEMS
74. General
This section describes specific finish systems.
For general information on finish systems and
materials, see paragraphs 31 and 32.
a. Surface Preparation. Surface preparation
is discussed in TM 9-208-1.
b. Thickness of Paint Films. Unless other-
wise specified, thickness of dry paint films as
per Military Standard MIL-STD-171(ORD)
should be as shown in table I.
28
(4) Recoating. Recoat after air-drying for
2 hours minimum.
e. Thinner. Thin varnish with synthetic en-
amel thinner (MIL-T-306).
Caution: This varnish contains a fungicidal
ingredient and the manufacture's precautions
should be observed in the handling of this ma-
terial.
73. Varnish, Spar, Water-Resisting
(TT-V-1 21)
a. Characteristics. This is a durable water-
proof varnish with satisfactory weathering
qualities. It is composed lof high-grade resins
and polymerizing drying oils.
b. Use.
(1) As issued, on exterior surfaces where
durability is the prime requisite and
a high gloss is not required.
(2) As a vehicle, for exterior enamels
where high resistance to the elements
is required.
(3) Where system 28.3, 29.1, 29.2, 29.5
or 29.6 is prescribed.
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or after
thinning with not more than 5 per-
cent by volume of thinner.
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning with
15 percent by volume of thinner.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Dust-free. Air-dry for 2 hours.
(2) Dry-to-handle. Air-dry for 8 hours.
(3) Full hardness. Air-dry for 24 hours.
(4) Recoating. Recoat after air-drying 4
hours.
e. Thinner. Thin varnish with synthetic en-
amel thinner (par. 54f).
Table I. Paint Films on Metal and Wood Surfaces
Thickness ms
Specifications
MIL-C-15328 -0.3-0.5
TT-P-666 __----------------------- 0.4-0.6
MIL-P-11414 _______________________ 0.6-0.8
TT-E-485, TT-P-636, TT-P-664, other )
primers,
MIL--S-10103, TT-P-662, TT-P-659 __) 0.8-1.2
All top coats, clear or opaque ----__-- 0.9-1.2

75. For Artillery Materiel
a. Metal Surfaces. Metal ·surfaces ·are
painted with two coats of rust-inhibiting en-
amel according to TT-E-485, system 21.5. The
color of the enamel top coat is specified as
olive-drab No. 24078 semigloss of Federal
Standard 595.
b. For Wood. Wood that previously has re-
ceived preservative treatment in accordance
with MIL-STD-171 (ORD) (finish 25.1, 25.2,
or 25.3) is painted a two-coat semigloss alkyd
finish (system 27.3) of same standard, with
either two coats of enamel (TT-E-485), or a
primer coating (TT-P-636) and a synthetic en-
amel (TT-E-529) as a top coat.
76. For Rocket and Guided Missile
Materiel
When guided missile materiel is to be painted
or prepared for painting, refer to the technical
manuals on that particular equipment for spe-
cific instructions. The finishing requirements
for guided missile materiel are diverse and of-
ten extremely critical.
77. For Ammunition
For painting and marking of ammunition,
refer to TM 9-1900 and MIL-STD-709.
78. For Tactical Vehicles (Tracked and
Wheeled)
a. Exterior and Interior Surfaces. Exterior
surfaces exposed to outside view, including un-
derside of hatches, ramps which hinge out-
ward, and fender storage boxes are painted
olive-drab. All interior surfaces of combat ve-
hides including engine compartments are
painted white for better reflection of light. All
exposed metallic surfaces of the vehicle are pro-
tected by both priming and finish coats of
TM 9-213
paint. Table II covers paint systems for metal
surfaces of tactical vehicles (tracked and
wheels). For further information, refer to
MILSTD-193.
b. Metal Surfaces
(1) Ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are
painted according to (1) of table II.
(2) Aluminum wrought (except castings).
Aluminum castings as painted accord-
ing to (2) of table II.
(3) Aluminum castings. Aluminum cast-
ings are painted as in (2) above. In
stripping to bare metal for better ad-
herence of the priming coat, a wash
primer (formula 117) conforming to
MIL-C-15328 may be applied.
(4) Magnesium alloy metals.
(a) Cleaning. Magnesium metal sur-
faces shall be cleaned in accordance
with method II of TT-C-49; in
addition for magnesium alloy cast-
ings, acid pickling in accordance
with method specified in MILM-
3171.
(b) Pretreatment. The clean surfaces
shall then be treated in accordance
with the required surface coating
specified in MIL-M-3171 or anodic
coated in accordance with MIL-M-
4502.
(c) Priming and finishing.
(c)1. Priming
Regular and finishing.Priming and
application.
finishing will be in accordance
with table II (3)B.
2. Severe conditions application. Mag-
nesium alloy parts subject to
temperatures up to 5000 F. and
severe exposure such as impact
and abrasion will be prepared
and finished to MIL-W-45347,
dipping compound, as indicated
in table II(3)A.
'29
TM 9-213
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 TM 9-213
c. Reinforced Fiberglass Parts. Reinforced painted with synthetic enamel paint as in table
fiberglass parts to be painted, which have been III.
stripped of paint and surfaces smoothed, are

Table III. Reinforced FiberglassParts-Surfaces

(1) Olive-drab, semigloss (2) White. gloss

Specs Thick- System Specs Thick- System

mils mils

(a) Primer TT-P-636 0.75-1.25 (b) Primer TT-P-659 0.75-1.25

or MIL-P-14553 0.40-0.60
(b) Enamel TT-E-529 1.25-1.75 21.3 (b) Enamel TT-E-489 0.75-1.25 22.1

d. Interior Surfaces of Ammunition Boxes. Antibloom and water-repellent agents may be

The interior surfaces of reinforced fiberglass
ammunition boxes remain unpainted.
e. Wood. All solid wood and plywood parts
or items shall be dried so as to contain no more
than 16 percent, by weight, of moisture (dry
basic prior to treatment), and then shall be
surfaced to the correct cross-sectional dimen-
sions before pressure treatment according to
TT-W-571. The preservative solution shall
consist of, not less than 5 percent, by weight,
of pentachlorophenol conforming to TT-W-
570, dissolved in a light solvent which is com-
pletely volatile in air, or a solution conform-
ing to type II, composition A of TT-W-572.
added as needed to the preservative solution.
After final impregnation of the wood with
the preservative solution, a vacuum shall be
applied where practicable to remove excess
preservative solution from the wood. The
treated wood is than freed of solvent by stor-
age or mild heating. As an alternative, ply-
wood shall be treated by sealing the surface
with sufficient sealer conforming to MIL-S-
13518, and thoroughly dried. The treated
wood shall be paintable. The finish shall be a
specified number of coats of enamel conform-
ing to TT-E-485, or TT-E-529 as indicated in
table IV.

Table IV. Finish Systems - Wood - Tactical Vehicles

(Tracked and Wheeled)
(1) Olive-drab, semigloss (2) White

Specification Thick System Specification Thick System

mils mils

(a) Primer TT-P--636 0.75-1.25 (a) Primer TT-P-636 0.75-1.25

or TT-E-485 0.40-0.60 (b) 2d coat TT-E-529 1.25-1.75
(b) Top coat TT-E-529 1.25-1.75 27.3 (c) Top coat TT-E-529 1.25-1.75 27.1
or TT-E-485 1.00-1.50

Note. Dry paint film thickness, refer to MIL-STD-193.

f. Ammunition Racks, Boxes, and Feed- (1) Ferroussurfaces.

ways. The interior and exterior surfaces of (a) Interior. Interior surfaces of am-
ferrous and aluminum racks, boxes, and feed- munition racks, boxes, and feed-
ways are painted as in (1) and (2) below, ex- ways which are in direct contact
cept that the top surfaces of any interior racks with ammunition shall be cleaned
or boxes upon which operating personnel are and treated in accordance with TT-
expected to stand are painted in white non-skid C-490 or MIL-C-15328. Then fin-
enamel conforming to MIL-F-18176 with a ish with varnish conforming to type
film thickness of 1/32 to 1/16 inch. II of MIL-V-12276.

31
TM 9-213
(b) Exterior. Exterior surfaces of am-
munition racks, boxes, and feed-
ways which are not in, direct contact
with ammunition, shall be primed
and finished as shown in table II
(1) A and B. The olive-drab syn-
thetic enamel finish is to be pre-
ceded by cleaning and treatment ac-
cording to type I of TT-C-490 or
MIL-C-15328. Priming and finish
shall conform to table II, (1), A, 1,
system 21.3, except the choice of
finish should be TT-E-529. The
white synthetic enamel priming and
finish after proper cleaning should
be system 22.1, as shown in table
II, (1), A, 2. Hot-spray lacquer is
to be applied, if preferred, as olive-
drab finish, system 21.11, table II,
(1), B, 1 and as white finish, sys-
tem 21.12 or 21.13, table II, (1),
tem
B, 2.21.12 or 21.13, table 1
(2) Aluminum surfaces.
(a) Interior. Interior surfaces of am-
munition racks, boxes, and feed-
ways which are in direct contact
with ammunition shall be treated
with chemical film conforming to
MIL-C-5541, or anodized in ac-
cordance with MIL-A-8625, and
left unpainted.
(b) Exterior. Exterior surfaces of
ammunition racks, boxes, and feed-
ways which are not in direct contact
with ammunition shall be primed,
and finished in synthetic enamel,
system 21.3 and 22.2, table II, (2),
A, 1, and 2. As an alternative
prime, surface and finish in hot-
spray lacquer, system 21.12 or
21.13, table II, (2), B, 2, except
that color shall be as specified.
79. Ferrous Fuel Tanks (Tracked Combat
Vehicles)
a. Interior Surface. Interior surface of fer-
rous fuel tanks shall be slushed with alkaline
cleaner, rinsed with hot water, and checked for
cleanliness, before the application of phosphate
coating conforming to MIL-P-16232, type Z,
class 1, followed by a rinse with cold water.
32
Then rinse with a chromic acid solution (1
pound of chromic acid to each 25 gallons of
water) and dry thoroughly. Do not use rust-
inhibiting oil. As a finish coat, slush or spray
with aromatic fuel resistant lacquers conform-
ing to MIL-L-6047. The refinishing of in-
terior surface will require removal of tank and
the skill of a specialist at a 'field or depot
maintenance unit.
b. Exterior Surface. The exterior surface of
ferrous metal tank shall be cleaned in accord-
ance with method II of TT-C-490 and thor-
oughly dried. It should then be coated accord-
ing to MIL-C-15328, or to type Z of MIL-P-
16232, or to type I of TT-C-490. All holes,
threads, and machined or mating surfaces
shall be masked, before painting. Apply
primer and finish in synthetic enamel, system
22.1, table II, (1), A, 2. Use white or color
as specified.
80. Fuel Servicing Tank Trucks, Semitrailers,
and Trailers
a. Ferrous Fuel Tanks. Ferrous fuel tanks
of fuel servicing, tank trucks, semitrailers, and
trailers, shall be prepared and finished as
stated below.
(1) Interiorsurface. Interior surface shall
be cleaned according to method I of
TT-C-490, before applying finish
coating conforming to MIL-C-4556.
(2) Exterior surface. Exterior surface
shall be cleaned in accordance with
MIL-M-10578. Primer pretreatment
coating applied shall conform to
MIL-C-15328 or type I of TT-C-
490. Primer and finish coat shall be
in system 21.3, table II (1), A, 1,
with primer coat conforming to TT-
P-636, and finish with enamel con-
forming to TT-E-529. Color shall be
as specified.
b. Refinish of Ferrous Fuel Tanks. The re-
finishing of interior surface will require the
removal of the tank truck, semitrailer, or
trailer to a field or depot maintenance unit.
81. Aluminum Fuel Tank Assemblies
(Tracked Combat Vehicles)
a. Interior Surface. Treat in accordance with
MIL-M-10578, rinse with water and dry.

b. Exterior Surface. Exterior surface of alu-
minum metal tanks shall be prepared and fin-
ished by either of the following systems:
(1) Synthetic enamel.
(a) Olive-drab. After the application
of chemical film conforming to
MIL-C-5541, apply primer and
finish coat, system 21.3, table II,
(2), A, 1.
(b) White. After the application of
chemical film conforming to MIL-
C-5541 or a coating conforming to
MIL-C-15328, apply primer and
finish coat, system 22.2, table II,
(2), A, 2.
(2) Hot-spray lacquer (color as specified).
After the application of chemical film
conforming to MIL-C-5541, or a coat-
ing conforming to MIL-C-15328, ap-
ply primer, surfacer, and hot-spray
lacquers, systems 21.12 or 21.13, ta-
ble II, (2), B, 2.
82. Special Painted Surfaces
a. Engine and Engine Accessories. Engine
assemblies are to be painted only when so au-
thorized.
b. Interior of Van- and Panel-Type Bodies.
The interior surfaces of van- and panel-type
bodies of Ordnance wheeled transport vehicles
equipped with interior lighting, and in which
personnel are required to perform certain de-
tailed operations, are painted in conformance
with the following color chips of Federal
Standard No. 595; walls, ceilings, doors, and
mounted equipment semigloss light-green No.
24533, floors lusterless ocean-gray No. 36118.
c. Surfaces Requiring Special Treatment.
(1) Ferrous metal parts bolted or riveted.
Contact surfaces of ferrous parts,
bolted or riveted together shall be
primed prior to assembly with a coat
of primer conforming to TT-P-636.
(2) Interior surfaces of ferrous castings.
The interior surfaces of ferrous cast-
ings shall be cleaned and prepared
in accordance with method I, II, and
III of TT-C-490, and then finished
with a primer lacquer conforming to
MIL-P-11414.
TM 9-213
(3) Dissimilar metals. Contact surfaces
of dissimilar metals shall be coated
with unreduced zinc-chromate primer
conforming to TT-P-666, prior to as-
sembly or shall be insulated, one from
the other, with insulating material
conforming to MIL-I-631, MIL-P-
2829, MIL-I-7798, or HHG-156.
Compatibility of coupled metal in the
vehicle shall be in accordance with
MIL-F-14072.
(4) Spot-weld priming. Ferrous sheet
metal surfaces up to 1.25 inch thick,
including mating surfaces (which can-
not be primed after assembly) to be
joined by resistant welding shall be
cleaned in accordance with a specified
method of TT-C-490, and then
primed with a primer conforming to
MIL-P-13380 on each contact surface,
unless otherwise specified. Excep-
tions may be as follows:
(a) Weld and clinch nuts.
(b) Fuel tank and filler neck assem-
blies.
(c) Seat spring assemblies.
(d) Muffler, tail, and exhaust pipe as-
semblies.
(e) Plated surfaces.
83. Miscellaneous Finish Systems
These systems have been grouped in table X.
a. Battery Boxes. Use black, acid-proof paint
conforming to MIL-C-450, 1.50 mil thickness,
after the necessary surface preparation. Refer
to paragraph 62.
b. Underbody Coating. This is a mixture of
asphalt and asbestos that can be sprayed on
the underbody parts of automotive equipment
to form a protective coating and sound dead-
ener. Refer to paragraph 64.
c. Filler, Graduation. This material is ap-
plied over the base finish of a graduated part.
Using a scriber or other painted instrument,
clean out the graduations, indices, numerals,
or lettering and proceed as indicated in para-
graph 36.
d. Nonskid Coating. Flight deck compound,
nonslip, lightweight, abrasive filled, synthetic
binder type, conforming to MIL-F-18176, is
33
TM 9-213
used to provide a very coarse and rough sur-
face. It is applied to foot pedals and inside
surfaces on which personnel have to walk as
well as outside when a nonslip surface is re-
quired. This paint or the equivalent can be
requisitioned in olive-drab, gray, red, and
white. Refer to paragraph 51.
84. Organic Oil-Resistant Finish System
for Oil Housings
a. Finish for Metal Surfaces Except Alumi-
num and Magnesium. This is a two-coat, olive-
drab baked finish that is applied as indicatede
in (1) and (2) below.
(1)First coat. Use olive-drab rust-in-
(1) First coat. Use olive-drab rust-in-
.ibitin
(par. 42film
enamel
(hi)biptilng enamel (par. 42). spraytrapped
(a) Application. Applyby spraying.
(b) Film thickness. Apply a thickness
(Oc
f 0.4 to 0.6
(c) Drying. Bake for45mmlinuteas.
for 45 minutes att(3)
2500 F. After this bake, the film
will be sufficiently hard for recoat-
(2) Finish coat. Enamel, baking, phenol-
or urea-formaldehyde, type I, JAN-E-
480.
(a) Application. Apply
(a) Application. Apply by
by spraying.
spraying.
(b) Film thickness. Apply a thickness
(b) Film thickness. Apply a thickness
of 0.6 to 0.8 mils.
(c) Drying. Bake for 45 minutes at
3750 F. After this bake, the film
will be sufficiently
will be sufficiently hard to permit
hard to permit
handling. It will attain
handling. It will attain full hard-
f.ull hard-
ness in air 24 hours after baking.
b. Finish for Aluminum and Magnesium.
This is a two-coat olive-drab baked finish that
is applied as indicated in (1) and (2) below.
(1) First coat. Use zinc-yellow primer
(par. 47).
(a) Application. Apply by spraying.
(b) Film thickness. Apply a coating of
0.3 to 0.4 mils in thickness.
(c) Drying. Air-dry for 30 minutes
prior to top coating.
(2)Finish coat. Use phenol-formaldehyde
baking enamel if obtainable.
85. Finish System for Protection Against
Moisture and Fungi MIL-V-173
a. Description. This is a two-coat system
(par. 72) for the application of a moisture-
34
and fungus-resistant varnish to circuit wiring
and related elements of electrical equipment.
Two coats of the same varnish are applied.
b. Pretreatment. When specified, assembled
equipment in hot and humid locations will be
preheated before the protective coating is ap-
plied. Such preheating will be required only
under one or more of the conditions indicated
in (1) through (4) below.
(1) Pretreat items when humidity condi-
tions are so severe that treated equip-
ment cannot meet the electrical per-
formance requirements given in the
e i
applicable specifications.
(2) Preheat items whenever appearance of
indicates that moisture has been
beneath it. This is evidenced
by a milky appearance of the film or
dark spots beneath it.
Preheating temperature should not'
exceed 180 F. The drying time must
e
be moisture.
all sufficiently long for expulsion of
all moisture.
c. Masking. The following elements must
be masked or otherwise shielded when the
protective coating is applied:
(1) Movable electrical contact portions of
jacks, keys, plugs, receptacles, relays,
sockets,
sockets, and
and switches.
switches.
(2) Surfaces which rub together for elec-
trical contact, such as bearings, con-
tact fingers, contact rings, and vari-
d. Varnish. Use moisture- and fungus-re-
sstant varnsh (par. 72).
e. Application.
(1) By spraying. Preferable for overall
application.
(2) By brushing. To coat areas not
covered in spraying process.
(3) By dipping. Subassemblies may be
dipped if moving or sliding elements
are properly shielded.
Note. Preheated work must be cooled, to
room temperature (about 70°F.), when var-
nish is applied.
f. Thinning Ration.
(1) First coat. Thin with one part of
thinner to two parts of varnish.

(2) Finish coat. Thin with one part of
thinner to four parts of varnish.
g. Drying Time.
(1) First coat. Bake for 30 minutes at
160 ° to 180 ° F., or air-dry 5 hours.
(2) Finish coat. Bake for 1 hour at
1600 F to 1800 F.
h. Thinner. Use thinner recommended by
manufacturer.
86. Touchup and Refinishing Procedure
a. When touching up damaged areas, the
procedure should be as similar to the original
method of finishing as possible. A very clean
surface is imperative. A spray gun will blend
painted areas better than a brush. However,
touchup by brushing usually will be satisfac-
tory on assemblies.
b. If the undercoat has been damaged, care-
fully wipe the area to be refinished with dry-
cleaning solvent or mineral spirits paint thin-
ner, apply primer, and allow to dry.
*n
nerapply
c. When an invisible lap to
primer,
isdAy.will
required, the
edges of the damaged area should be smooth
or "feathered in" with flint paper to remove
all ridges and carefully wiped with solvent or
thinner before the primer and topcoat is ap-
plied.
d. If the old finish is in generally good con-
dition, carefully clean the surface with a clean-
ing solvent or thinner and apply the topcoat.
e. Where general disintegration of the sur-
face is evident or the under surface is corroded,
the film must be stripped clean from the part.
Corrosion must be removed or neutralized by
mechanical or chemical treatment or by utiliz- uti.iz-
ing both methods. If necessary, the surfaces
must be pretreated (anodized or phosphatized)
before the required finish is applied.
Caution: Optical elements, bearings, rubber,
or other components which might be damaged
by stripping materials or procedures must be
removed from the instrument before stripping
the coatings.
87. Baking Ovens and Baking Procedures
a. Baking Ovens. When the oven is heated
by oil or gas, it should be of the indirect heat-
ing type in which the products of combustion
do not pass through the baking chamber.
TM 9-213
(1) The oven should be provided with air
inlets and a dampered vent or vents,
to insure a uniform distribution of
circulating air and the elimination of
cold spots within the baking chamber.
(2) The rate of air replacement in the
baking chamber should be sufficient
to prevent undue fouling of the at-
mosphere in the baking chamber but
not so rapid as to make the mainte-
nance of a uniform temperature diffi-
cult.
b. Baking Temperature.
(1) Baking finishes mentioned in this sec-
tion require an oven temperature of
250 F., and a bakig period of 45
(2) Somewhat lower or higher tempera-
tures, with required adjustments of
baking time, may be used. although
baking time, may be used, °although
temperatures
not normally higher than 250
recommended andF.,films
are
not normally recommended and films
not cure properly at temperatures
substantially below 250° F.
c. (1)
Loading
Wet offilms
Oven.should not be baked im-
(1) Wet films
mediately aftershould not be baked
application. im-
Sufficient
me should elapse between applica-
time should elapse between applica-
tion and baking for leveling of the
film and partial evaporation of the
solvent or thinner. The time will vary
with the material used and the circum-
stances of the application. In most
cases, 10 to 15 minutes should suffice.
_ase,
The oven should be loaded in a man-
10(2)
ner that will permit the unimpeded
circulation of air to all wet film sur-
faces.
(3) Wire hooks for suspending work are
advantageous where other means of
support would mar films.
(4) Trays or racks should be of open con-
struction with narrow edges for sup-
porting the work.
(5) Where a quantity of small parts is ar-
ranged on a special rack or holder
ranged
for onspraying,
spraying,a the the holderholder
with the
work intact should be placed in the
oven. This procedure will reduce
handling time and the possibility of
smearing wet films. A sufficient
35
TM 9--213
number of holders must be available
if continuous production is contem-
plated.
(6) Do not overload the oven.
(7) If work is placed in a cold oven, the
time requiring to bring the oven up
to baking temperature should be con-
sidered.
(8) When a change is made from one
the thermal
another, the
type of work to another, thermal
controls should be reset if necessary
after the effect of shape, mass, and
arrangement of new work on air cir-
culation is determined,
(9) The films should be sufficiently hard
after baking and cooling to permit
handling or recoating.
(10) Work should be permitted to cool to
room temperature before any subse-
quent coat is applied.
Section X. FINISH SYSTEMS FOR FIRE-CONTROL MATERIEL
89. General
This section covers the application of organic
coatings on fire-control instruments and com-
ponents in accordance with MIL-STD-194
(ORD), systems for painting and finishing
fire-control materiel. Specific information on
cleaning and surface preparation is given in
paragraphs 92 and 93 for aluminum, magnesi-
um, and wood. For other materials and gen-
eral information, refer to TM 9-208-1.
90. Organic Coatings
The organic coatings are covered in this
manual according to the systems in MILSTD-
171. The
171. The dry
dry thicknesses according to
thicknesses according to this
this
same standard are given in table I. The finish
systems have been grouped in tables V, VIII,
and IX according to the surface to be coated
and the purpose of the coating.
91. Finishes for Instrument Graduations
and Dials
Items such as sights, scales, lens cells, and
other parts with adjusting scales are generally
painted with lusterless, synthetic enamel. Af-
ter the enamel is dry, the index lines are
36
88. Unpainted Surfaces
a. The interior surfaces of reinforced fiber-
glass ammunition boxes remain unfinished.
b. Items having special surface treatment re-
main unpainted, and should be cleaned for
c. Key slots, bearing surfaces, all machined
or moving parts, faces of instruments, gages,
and vision devices, are to be left unpainted.
They are masked for protection. Tapped holes
are to be plugged.
d. Rubber surfaces are to be left unpainted
and are masked, except as otherwise ordered.
e. All areas of quick-disconnect fittings are
to be kept free from paint and are masked.
All cable or harness assemblies or other parts
used with radio or electric equipment shall be
protected from paint unless otherwise in-
structed by proper authority.
opened up, and then filled with graduation
films of desired color. Refer to paragraphs 36
and 83c. See table X.
92 Finish Systems for Aluminum and
Magnesium
a. Cleaning. Prior to carrying out any fin-
ishing, clean all surfaces from dirt and corro-
sive products such as grease, oil, solder flux,
sand, rust, scale, and all other foreign material
that might interfere with the intimate applica-
tion of the finish. Such cleaning must be done
immediately before the finishing operation, or
adequate precautions must be taken to insure
that the surfaces remain clean for the finish-
ing operation.
b. Pretreatment.
(1) Aluminum and aluminum alloys. Sur-
faces will be cleaned by vapor de-
greasing (finish No. 4.3 of MIL-
STD-171 (ORD)). using solvent clean-
ing (TT-C-490, method II) or as
otherwise specified. The surfaces
will then be anodically treated in ac-
cordance with finish No. 7.2 of MIL-
STD-171(ORD) which consists of
 TM 9-213

Table V. Finish Systems-Fire-Control Materied-Steel and

Metal Surfaces other than Aluminum and Magnesium

Luster
or
type Color Primer Finish coat Exposure or use System

TT-E-485 TT-E-485 Exterior 21.3

Baked Baked
1o
00 (a) TT-P-636 (a) TT-E-529 Severe exterior 21.3
M. or or or
(b) TT-E-485 (b) TT-E-485 Marine atmosphere 21.5
Baked Baked
White TT-P-636 TT-E-529 Exterior 21.3
27875 Baked Baked or
_________4~~~ ~Air-dried
TT-P-636 TT-E-529 Exterior 21.3
Uo Baked or Baked
.~ Air-dried
QQ-Z-325 (a) TT-E-529 Severe extreme Finish
U2 o o Type II, Class 3 or 1.9.3.3
ee
o (a) TT-P-636 (b) TT-E-485 Marine atmosphere plus-
i c or Baked 21.3
(b) TT-E-485 or
Baked 21.5
TT-E-485 JAN-E-480 Steel surfaces 21.7
m~ Baked Baked in oil housings
TT-P-636 2 coats Interior Metal Surface
Baked TT-E-527 (Optical Instruments) 20.8
Xone o Baked
E P C One coat Fast drying on 20.1
-_
- - - - _-
- MIL-E-10687 interior metal
Air-dried surfaces

anodic film, sulfuric acid (MIL-A- pertains to the edges of magnesium

8625, type II (nondyed or dyed as re-
quired)) prior to being finished with
organic coating. If the part to be
treated is too large for available anod-
izing tanks and power equipment, a
surface chemical treatment with
chemical film (MIL-C-5541) may be
applied if specifically approved. For
treatment and finishes of aluminum
surfaces, refer to table VI.
(2) Magnesium and magnesium alloys.
Surfaces will be cleaned as in a above.
After the cleaning operation, the sur-
faces must be protected from finger-
marks, dirt, dust, and other foreign
matter. Neither primer coating, fin-
ishing coat, nor sealer will adhere to
bare magnesium metal which has not
been properly pretreated. This also
panels, that have been filed, sanded,
or touched up in any manner. Im-
mediately following the cleaning op-
eration, rigid parts, including interior
surfaces, where possible, will be
treated in accordance with finish No.
8.1 of MIL-STD-171(ORD) which
consists of anodic treatments (MIL-
M-45202 (type I, light coatings, thin,
or type II, heavy coatings, thick, as re-
quired)) or as otherwise specified.
Parts subject to flexing will be
cleaned and treated in accordance with
finish No. 8.5 of MIL-STD-171
(ORD), which consists of galvanic
anodizing (MILM3171, type IV).
Other systems may be used on permis-
sion from the procuring agency.
Treated surfaces which become

37
TM 9-213
scratched in handling will be touched
up in accordance with finish No. 8.2
which consists of chrome pickle
(MIL-M-3171, type I). Finish 8.6
of MIL-STD-171(ORD), Dow 19,
chromic acid brush-on for touch-up
application on smaller surfaces, may
be brushed on, using the following
solution:
Chromic acid (Cr 03) .____1-1/3 oz.
Calcium sulphate
(Ca S0 4 .2H 2 0) -_-_--- 1 oz.
Water to make __- ____-- 1 gal.
or finish 8.7 of same standard con-
forming to MIL-C-15328 with 25 to
50 percent of specified phosphoric
acid for larger surfaces, may be ap-
plied either by spraying or brushing.
Care must be exercised to confine the
treatment to bare surfaces only. The
specified paint coatings must be ap-
plied immediately after the treated
parts are thoroughly dry. When pre-
treatment according to MIL-C-15328
as indicated by MIL-C-8507 is ap-
plied to magnesium alloy, the phos-
phoric acid content of the pretreat-
ment solution will be reduced by 50
to 75 percent (finish 8.7 of MIL-
STD-171(0RD)). For treatment and
finishes for magnesium surfaces, refer
to table VII.
(3) Impregnation. The process and im-
pregnant
pregnant for all coatings requiring
for all coatings
requiring
be gas or moisture-vapor tight will be
in conformance with MILI-1-3857
(ORD), type I.
(a) Aluminum and aluminum alloy
coatings. These will be impregnated
after being anodically treated, with
the exception that they may be im-
pregnated prior to anodic treat-
ment if approved by appropriate au-
(b) Magnesium alloy coatings. These
will be impregnated after cleaning
and prior to application of a suit-
able surface treatment.
c. Drainage of Processing Solutions from
Parts. Where parts processed as indicated in
tables VI and VII, are fabricated with lock
38
seams, lap joints, spotwelds, or any means other
than soldering, brazing, welding, or die form-
ing, the finishing or passivating must be done
prior to fabrication unless the design is such
that the solutions involved will drain from the
part. For example, aluminum sheet to be lap-
seamed or riveted must be anodized prior to
the joining operation.
d. Holes and Recesses. Alterations of holes
and recesses may be made if practicable and ap-
proved by the appropriate authority.
e. Threaded Parts. Prior to assembly, all
externally threaded parts for use in parts made
of aluminum alloy or magnesium alloy must
be coated with antiseize compound or sealant.
For aluminum alloy, the antiseize compound
must be in accordance with TT-A-580. For
magnesium alloy, the antiseize compound must
consist of equal parts by weight of zinc dust
conforming to TT-P-460, type I, and petrole-
um conforming to VV-P-236. Other sealing
compounds such as materials conforming to
MIL-S-11030 and MIL-S-7502 may be used if
approved by the appropriate authority.
f. Compatibility of Dissimilar Metal Cou-
plings.
(1) Permissible couple series. Permissible
couple series are shown in MIL-STD-
171(ORD) for use in the design func-
tion. If bare metals intended for in-
termetallic contact form couples not
allowed by that standard, they must
be plated with metals which will re-
to
to duce the electric potential difference,
or they must be insulated with vinyl
tape, zinc chromatic primer, or other
suitable means. Where magnesium
is one of the metals of dissimilar met-
al fraying surfaces, it must be sepa-
rated by vinyl barrier tape or sealing
compound such as that prescribed in
MIpS-7502.
(2) Faying surfaces. Painting of metallic
faying surfaces is required because of
galvanic action between metals in di-
rect contact. Aluminum and magne-
slum faying surfaces, whether of same
or different metals will be given at
least two coats of primer (TT-P-
666). Wood in contact with metal re-
quires paint so that absorbed moisture
may be kept away from the metal.
 TM 9-213

Table VI. Treatments and Finishes for Aluminum

Surfaces of Fire-ConbrolMateriel

Table How specified

item (Specify only when
No. Finish No. 2 Use used alone and not
inherent in a specific
.system number.)

1 Anodic coatings Corrosion protection under Finish No. 7.1.2* of MIL-

Basic finish No. 7.1 for chromic acid coat- servere service conditions STD-171(ORD)
ings (MIL-A-8625, type I !(nondyed and or as a base for paint.
dyed)). *Specify appropriate number plus
Basic finish No. 7.2 for sulfuric acid coat- the word "dyed" and color where
ings (MIL-A-8625, type II) (nondyed and
dyed)).
Note. For dyed, specify color.

'Reference: MIL-STD-194(ORD).
2Reference: MIL-STD-171(ORD).

Table VII. Treatments and Finishes for Magnesium.

Surfaces of Fire-ControlMateriel

Table How, specified

item (Specify only awhen
2
No. ' Finish No. Use used alone and not
inherent in a specific
system number.)

1 HAE Process Corrosive, abrasion, and ther- Finish No. 8.1, Type I or
Basic finish No. 8.1 mal resistance. Do not use Type II of MIL-STD-171-
Refer to MIL-M-45202(ORD) on parts subject to flexing. (ORD)
Type I, light coatings, thin (Refer to MIL-M-45202
Type II, heavy coatings, thick, as (ORD)).
required.
2 Chrome pickle Type: MIL-M-3171, type I.
Basic finish No. 8.2
3 Sealed chrome pickle Provides increased corrosion Type: MIL-M-3171, type II.
Basic finish No. 8.3 resistance and a suitable
4 Dichromate (acid) treatment base for painting. Use on Type: MIL-M-3171, type
Basic finish No. 8.4 parts subject to flexing. III.
5 Galvanic anodizing Type: MIL-M-3171, type
Basic finish No. 8.5 IV.

'Reference: MIL-STD-194(ORD.)
2 Reference: MIL-STD-171 (ORD).

g. Inner Surfaces. These will be un-
painted unless otherwise specified.
h. Color Code. For identification of lubri-
cating points, water caps, plugs, and similar
points, colors of enamel will closely match the
designated colors of Federal Standard No. 595.
Gloss enamel will conform to TT-E-489. Ad-
jacent areas of plugs and caps will have a 1/4-
inch wide band of the required color painted
around the neck or hole to avoid loss of identi-
fication when replacing lost plugs or caps.
i. Headless Screws. Visible headless screws,
except adjusting screws, will be covered with
sealing compound conforming to MIL-S-
11030, type I, class I, or MIL-S-11031(ORD),
whichever is applicable.
j. Phenolic Environment. Unpainted parts
of zinc-base alloy or unpainted parts of other

39
TM 9-213
metals plated with cadmium or zinc will not
be used in totally unventilated assemblies
where phenolic vapors emanating from pheno-
lic insulating varnishes, phenolic encapsulating
compounds, or uncured phenolic material may
reach these unpainted parts.
k. Surfaces Not to be Painted.
(1) Surfaces, the painting of which
would interfere with their function-
ing.
(2) Machined surfaces that move with re-
spect to each other, such as, threads,
slices, bearing contacts, and gear
teeth.
(3) Electrical parts such as contacts, re-
lays, bearings, insulators, sockets,
plugs, connectors, and terminals.
(4) Plastic and rubber insulators, mounts,
spacers, and similar items, used with
electrical parts in (3) above.
(5) Fittings, cups, holes, and similar de-
vices or locations, used for lubrication.
Note. Surfaces not to be painted should
be marked or otherwise protected during
painting of adjacent parts.
1. Dressing. Filing, sanding, or other dress-
ing operations must not be done on a part or
assembly after it has been finished unless spe-
cifically permitted. If any of these operations
are permitted, the affected area will be refin-
ished in accordance with the finish specified
for the part.
m. Use of Steel Wool. Steel wool will not
be used on aluminum or magnesium alloy ex-
cept as follows:
(1) To clean surfaces prior to spot weld-
ing provided all particles resulting
from such use are completely re-
moved.
(2) To debur aluminum alloy parts, pro-
vided that both the steel wool and
the parts to be deburred are free from
wax, oil, grease, or other material
that would retard removal of the
steel wool particles with nitric acid,
and provided that the parts after be-
ing deburred, are immersed for 3
minutes at room temperature in a so-
lution consisting of equal volumes of
nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.42) and water,
followed by rinsing in clean water
and drying.
40
n. Welding, Soldering, and Brazing. These
operations will not be permitted on an assem-
bly after it has been finished with an organic
coating except as specifically authorized. This
restriction does not apply if the finish is that
prescribed in MIL-P-13380(ORD), 0.5 mil
maximum dry film thickness, system No. 24.1
of MIL-STD-171(ORD) for ferrous metals.
o. OrganicFinishes.
(1) Cleaning. Painting will be done in
clean, dry, well-ventilated locations
with air temperatures between 600 F
and 90 ° F, and relative humidity not
over 65 percent. Prepainted surfaces
will be thoroughly cleaned before
adding additional coat(s). The best
method of cleaning is with oil-free
solvent. Remove old paint, if neces-
sary, with solvent-type paint remover,
or by mechanical or abrasive clean-
ing (TT-C-490, method I), but this
method will be used only when con-
tamination from the process will not
harm the surface being cleaned or ad-
jacent parts. Remove all harmful res-
idue from the surface.
(2) Priming. For priming aluminum and
aluminum alloy, zinc yellow primer
(TT-P-666) will be used. The
primer specified in MIL-P-11414
may be substituted for TT-P-666 if
approved by the appropriate au-
thority. In priming magnesium and
magnesium alloy, either of the fol-
lowing may be used: zinc yellow
primer (TT-P-666), vinyl zinc chro-
mated primer (MIL-P-15930), or
epoxy primer (MIL-P-27316).
(3) Selection of painting systems for alu-
minum and magnesium surfaces. Se-
lection will be made from table VIII.
Good painting practice will be fol-
lowed. Apply paint by any method
that will insure smooth, uniform,
continuous film free from dried over-
spray, runs, sags, blisters, "orange
peel," and the like. Baking of coats,
where required, will be done at 2500
F. for 45 minutes. Bake finishes will
not be selected for castings previous-
ly impregnated, as heating softens the
impregnating material.

(4) Painting schedules. The first, or
priming, coat will be applied as soon as
possible (in no case later than 24
hours) after the surface has been pre-
pared for painting. This applies par-
ticularly to metal parts that have re-
ceived a surface treatment. Allow each
coat of paint to dry before applying
a second coat. Examples of drying
periods are: 24 hours for air-drying
paint such as that conforming to TT-
E-485; 15 minutes for lusterless ena-
mel (MIL-E-10687); and 10 minutes
for lacquer (MIL-L-11195). In no
case allow drying time to be less than
that specified for the recoating or the
self-lifting test (if required) in these
specifications.
(5) Unassembled parts. When practica-
ble, primers and intermediate coats
may be applied to unassembled parts
and the final coat applied after assem-
and the final coat applied after assemy
bly, making sure that the assembly is
thoroughly cleaned, if necessary with
a cleaner that will not change the in-
termediate coat of the primer.
(6) Film thickness. Required thicknesses
(in mils) of dry paint film with ap-
plicable specifications in accordance
plicable specifications in accordancbe
as*h
M In-STable (,Oexce when be
as o therwise
specified. , except wen
(7) Color. When a paint is available in
more than one color, the color will be
specified by appropriate authority.
93. Pretreatment of Wood Surfaces
Unless otherwise specified, use finish No.
25.3 of MIL-STD-171(ORD) for pretreatment
of wood, as follows:
a. Dress the wood part, which must not have
a moisture content of more than 20 percent of
its oven-dry weight, to correct dimensions.
b. Apply one liberal coat of pentachloro-
phenol solution (TT-W-572). If practicable,
apply this solution by immersion for not less
than 3 minutes; otherwise, brushing or low-
pressure spraying (not atomization) is satisfac-
tory.
TM 9-213
Caution: Pentachlorophenol produced in ac-
cordance with TT-W-572 may be used having
a flash point as low as (but not less than) 100 °
F., hence it should be used only in a relatively
cool well-ventilated place and kept away from
fire or sparks.
c. Allow the treated wood to air-dry or kiln-
dry before it is painted.
94. Requirement for Finish 29.1 (table IX)
For this finish, stain-varnish wax, proceed as
follows: Apply olive-drab stain (MIL-S-
13913) to bare wood. Let dry. Apply two coats
of varnish (TT-V-121). Let each coat dry
thoroughly. Apply wax (MIL-W-3688). Let
dry. Polish with a clean, dry cloth.
95. Requirement for Finish 29.2 (table IX)
For this finish, oil-shellac-varnish, proceed as
follows: Apply linseed oil (TT-0-369) to
bare wood. Let stand for 24 hours. Squeegee
off excess. Let dry for at least 16 hours. Ap-
ply one coat of shellac varnish (TT--91)
(TT-V-91),
type II, grade A). Let dry. Apply two coats
of varnish (TT-V-121). Let each coat dry
thoroughly.
96. Requirement for Finish 29.3 (table IX)
For this finish, oil-shellac-clear lacquer, pro-
ceed as follows: Apply linseed oil (TT-O-
369) to bare wood. Let stand for 24 hours.
Squeegee off excess. Let dry for at least 16
hours. Apply three coats of shellac varnish
(TT-V-91, type I, grade B). Let each coat dry
thoroughly and rub each coat lightly with
fine sandpaper. Apply two coats of clear lac-
quer (TT-L-58). Let dry between coats.
97. Requirements for Finish 29.4 (table IX)
For this finish, oil-shellac lacquer, proceed
as follows: Apply linseed oil (TT-0-369) to
bare wood. Let stand for 24 hours. Squeegee
off excess. Let dry for at least 16 hours. Ap-
ply three coats of shellac varnish (TT-V-91,
type I, grade B). Let each coat dry thoroughly
and rub each coat lightly with fine sandpaper.
Apply white lacquer (MIL-L-11195) to a
thickness of 2.5 to 3.0 mils: three coats if ap-
plied hot and six coats if applied cold.
41
TM 9-213

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 TM 9-213

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 TM 9-213
98. Selection of Painting System for Wood
Surfaces
Selections will be made from table IX.
Wood in contact with metal will be given a
coat of filler (TT-F-336), if needed, and a
coat of full gloss spar varnish (TT-V-121), or
two coats of the latter.
99. Graduation and Dial Finishes
Fill dial characters and graduations with
graduation filler (table X) of the appropriate
type and color thinned with turpentine to
proper consistency. Allow the filler to dry
partially (from 5 to 30 minutes). Remove sur-
plus filler from the surface with a clean
cloth. If necessary, moisten the cloth with tur-
pentine or kerosene. Air dry for 12 hours. Ap-
ply one coat of clear flat lacquer over the en-
tire surface on which the markings appear; add
one part of thinner to one part of lacquer to
reduce the lacquer to spraying consistency. Air
dry for 1 hour. If dials and graduations are
illuminated by argon lamps, fill the characters
and graduations with translucent white, instead
of white, graduation filler.
44
100. Telescopes and Fire-Control Equipment
in Interior of Combat Tanks
Parts of telescopes that are inside of tanks
and all other fire-control equipment in the in-
terior of tanks will be painted white. The part
of the telescope or other fire-control equip-
ment that extends outside of the tanks will be
painted olive-drab.
Table X. Miscellaneous Finish Systems
System
Description or
finish
Acid resistant paint for battery boxes,
MIL-C-450 ______________.-__________ 24.2
Coating, underbody, for motor vehicles,
1/16 in., TT-C-520 -------------------- 24.3
Filler, graduation-Frankford Arsenal Pur-
chase Description-
FED-1633 30.1
a. Crayon type; color as specified-
see belowl ________________________ 30.1.1
b. Paste type; color as specified-
see below 1 __-_________---___---___ 30.1.2
Nonskid coating, 1/32 to 1/16 in.,
Specification MIL-F-18176 ------------ 30.2
I Black, deep red, white, translucent white.

CHAPTER 3
APPLICATION TECHNIQUE
Section I. SPRAY GUNS AND PRESSURE CANS
101. Spray Gun Application
a. Use. Spray gun equipment can be used
for any type of finish and on any surface. It
does not supplant the brush for certain opera-
tions, yet there are definite types of work it
can do more easily and better than the brush.
The spray gun in obviously a tremendous time-
saver and its use is recommended when a large
volume of work is encountered. The spray gun
is particularly adaptable to "touchup" and
maintenance work when the ability to blend
old and new surfaces is important.
b. Training. The proper operation of spray
guns and auxiliary equipment is not difficult
to learn, but the necessity for training opera-
tors should be pointed out. Only through
such training (pars. 102-106) can the full flexi-
bility of the gun be realized.
102. Selection of Spray Guns
a. Definition. A paint spray gun (fig. 11)
is a mechanical means of bringing compressed
air and paint together, atomizing or breaking
up the paint stream into a spray and ejecting
it for the purpose of applying a coating.
b. Types. Spray guns are of attached con-
tainer or separate container types. These types
can be further subdivided into bleeder and
nonbleeder, external and internal mix, and
suction and pressure feed. The commercially
available pressure can belongs to the attached
container type. It has a limited use for patch-
ing where compressed air is inaccessible to job.
Airless spray equipment (portable), requiring
electric connection, belongs also to this type.
(1) "Bleeder" and "nonbleeder" guns.
(a) A "bleeder"-type gun is character-
ized by an intentional continuous
leakage of air from some part of
TM 9-213
the gun. This prevents building up
air pressure within the hose and
air pressure within the hose and
perm its use with small compress-
automatic pressure-controlling de-
automatic pressure-controlling de-
vice. The trigger n a bleeder
-type gun controls the flow of fluid
-type gun controls the flow of fluid
o
(b) A "nonbleeder" -type gun is one
passage of both air and fluid. Some
passage of both air and fluid. Some
type of pressure-controlling device
must be used with it.
(2) External and internal mis.
(a) An external-mix gun is one which
air cap.
(b) An internal-mix gun mixes air and
fluid within the air cap.
Note. The term external or internal
mix actually applies to the air cap alone.
(3) Suction and pressure feed.
(a) A suction-feed gun is designed to
feed the fluid into the air stream
through a vacuum created by rais-
ing the fluid tip above the air cap.
Generally, guns of this type are
used with quartersize containers or
smaller.
b A pressure-type gun feeds fluid n-
to the air stream (air cap and fluid
tip flush) by means of air pressure
applied to force fluid from con-
(4) Aerosol paints and airless spray
equipment.
(a) The "aerosol paints" are issued in
pressure cans and extensively used
in spite of the limitations of such
45
 TM 9-213

HOSE OR CUP CUP IS PART

ATTACHES HERE OF GUNl

SEPARATE CONTAINER TYPE ATTACHED CONTAINER TYPE

AIR BLEEDS OUT

CONTINUALLY WHEN
TRIGGER IS RELEASED

BLEEDER TYPE

AIR

HORN HOLE AIR

3FfI- I : '/ FLUID

FLUID MIX AI AIR AND

AIR
EXTERNAL MIX AIR CAP INTERNAL MIX AIR CAP

AIR CURRENTS
CREATE A VACUUM

FLUID TIP IS FLUSH

FLUID TIP PROTRUDES
BEYOND AIR CAP WITH AIR CAP-
SUCTION FEED CAP PRESSURE FEED CAP

ORD A1393
Figure 11. Spray gun types.
46

equipment. The pressure is pro-
duced by a vapor-producing com-
pound such as (freon), and the
spray is controlled by a manually
operated nozzle attached to a tube
originating at the bottom of the
can. This type cannot be recharged
with paint.
(b) Airless spray equipment (portable)
uses an electrically operated vibra-
tion element which forces the paint
up through a tube from the bottom
of the container to a nozzle in the
cover. This type can be recharged
with paint. See manufacturer's in-
structions for type of current and
voltage.
103. Selection of Air Caps, Needles, and
Nozzles
(fig. 11)
The performance of an air gun with any
kind of material depends primarily on the se-
lection of the proper air cap, fluid needle, and
fluid tip (or nozzle). Manufacturers identify
combinations of these parts intended to be
used together, and their recommendations
should be followed in respect to the proper
combination for a particular material. Occa-
sionally, changing the type of feed will neces-
sitate a different combination of air cap, fluid
tip,and fluid needle.
104. Spray Gun Technique
Warning: Personnel must use a respirator
(fig. 12) at all times when operating a spray
gun. All personnel in the paint shop or booth,
when spray painting is being done, must be
similarly equipped.
a. Holding the Gun. The gun should be
held perpendicular to the work at all times-
from 6 to 10 inches from the surface (A, fig.
13). An easy method of estimating the correct
distance is shown 'in B, figure 13.
b. Making the Proper Stroke (figs. 13 and
14). The stroke is made with a free-arm mo-
tion, keeping the face of the air cap parallel
with the surface at all points of the stroke. The
ends of the strokes are feathered out by
"triggering" the gun, that is, by beginning the
TM 9-213
7
l '
Figure 12. Spry painting respirator.
stroke before pulling the trigger and releasing
the trigger just before ending the stroke. Arc-
ing the gun during the stroke results in un-
even application and excessive overspray at the
end of the stroke.
e.. Spraying Corners (fig.
Spraying Corners (fig. 14). Spray within
14). Spray within
1 or 2 inches of corner. Then, holding gun
sideways, spray both sides of corner at once.
Spraying
Spraying in
in any
any other
other manner
manner wastes
wastes material
material
and causes overspray on the adjacent side.
d. Speed of Gun Travel. Most guns are
-capable of a speed of operation beyond the oper-
ator's skill in application. Adjust gun to op-
erate at maximum speed consistent with ma-
terial, rate of flow, surface, and individual
skill.
e. Dusting. "Bleeder" -type guns act as
dusters simply by allowing the continuously
escaping air to clean the surface. "Nonbleed-
ing" -type guns emit air alone through the
first half of the trigger travel and so can be
used as dusters. The point at which the trigger
starts to release material can be readily felt.
For large-scale or continuous dusting, special
dusting guns handling air only are available.
f. Masking. When spraying, it is necessary
to cover or mask all parts such as windows,
gages, lubrication fittings, instruments, and
other parts which are not to be painted.
47
TM 9-213
"A"-HOLD SPRAY GUN
PERPENDICULAR TO SURFACE
6 TO 10 INCHES /
WRONG POSITION
CORRECT
POSITION
Figure 13. Spray gun painting technique.
(1) Small areas or irregular-shaped parts
are covered with crepe-backed mask-
ing tape. On larger areas, a sheet of
wrapping or other paper slightly
smaller than the part to be masked is
used, the paper being held in place by
a strip of masking tape. The tape
overlaps the edge of the paper, holds
the paper to the surface being
masked, and is a convenient material
with which to work to irregular out-
lines. The method of applying the
tape and cutting close to edges is
shown in figure 15.
(2) There are also on the market liquid or
paste-like materials which may be put
on areas where paint is not desired.
After the paint is dry, these areas may
be wiped clean.
(3) (3)
When
When spraying
spraying vehicle
vehicle engines,
engines, the
the
use of bandages and socks instead of
masking tape to protect rubber hose,
ignition wires, and flexible tubing
saves much time and material. The
bandages are pieces of cloth cut to
fit the object to be covered, the
length being determined by the
48
/ "B"-MEASURING DISTANCE
v TO HOLD GUN
6 TO 10 INCHES
ORD A1394
length of the object, allowing for
hose clamps, and the width being de-
termined by the circumference of the
object, allowing the bandage to over-
lap about one-half the circumference.
Drawstrings at each end and a string
wrapped around the middle of the
bandage and tucked under prevent
overspray from striking the protected
object. The sock is a cloth bag which
fits over the ignition wires and dis-
tributor cap and has a drawstring
which is drawn and tied below the
distributor cap.
105. Leakage and Correction
a. Material Leakage From Fluid Needle
Packing Nut (figs. 16 and 17). This condition
is caused by a loose packing nut or dry fluid
needle packing. To remedy, remove and soften
packing with a few drops of light oil. Install
and tighten packing nut to prevent leakage,
but not so tight as to grip fluid needle.
b. Air Leakage From Front of Gun (fig.
16). This condition is caused by the air valve
not seating properly due to:
 TM 9-213
ARCING CAUSES
UNEVEN APPLICATION

6 TO 10 INCHES

-2- N
MOVE GUN IN
STRAIGHT LINE
DO NOT
… .1 ARC STROKE

-1- ,, / -3-
BEGIN STROKE IRELEASE TRIGGER
THEN PULL TRIGGER BEFORE COMPLETING
STROKE
CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHOD

SHOWING PROPER METHOD OF MAKING SPRAY GUN STROKE

SURFACE

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHOD

SPRAY PAINTING CORNERS RA PD 77523

Figure 14. Proper method of making spray gun strokes.
49
TM 9-213

STENCIL KNIFE

WRAPPING
t o'A

MaraG
n(c) Loose, , or damaged fluid inlet28

Figure 15. Paper

(figure 15. Paper ma.s construction
fterials.
mask and materials.
construction and inaby

(1) Foreign matter on valve or seat. (e) Loose fluid tip or damaged tip
(2) Worn or damaged valve or nseat. seat.
(3) Broken air valve spring. (2) Conditions which apply to suction
(4) Sticking valve stem due to lack of feedaonly are:
lubrication. (a) Material too heavy for suction
(5)
(5) Bent
Bent valve stem.
valve stem. feed.
feed.
Jerky or Flutterin Sprayht.
(6)d. g (b) Clogged air vent in container lid.
c. Materialpressage
LeaIn From Front f Gun (c) Loosendirty or damaged fluid inlet
(fig. 17). This condition is caused by fluid connection (fig. 18).
(d) Feed tube (fig. 18) resting on bot-
(1) Worn or damaged fluid tip or needle. tom of container.
(2) Lumps of material or foreign matter

(3) Packing nut too tight. (1) Heavy top pattern is due to:
needle
(4)not seating
Broken properlyline
fluid dueto:
needle spring. (2)(a)H Horn
eavybottom
holes pattern is duepartially
(fig. 11) to:
(5) Improper size needle (par. 10). plugged.
d. JerkyTor FlutteringeSpray. (b) Obstructions on top of fluide tip.
(1) In pressure or suction-feed type guns, (c) Dirt on air cap seat (fig. 18) or
this condition is caused by air leakage fluid tip seat.
into material line due to: (2) Heavy bottom pattern is due to:
(a) Lack of sufficient material in con- (a) Horn holes (fig. 11) partially
tainer. plugged.
(b) Tipping container at acute angle. (b) Obstruction on bottom side of
(c) Obstructed fluid passageway. fluid tip.
(d) Loose or cracked fluid tip in cap. (c) Dirt on air cap seat or fluid tip seat.

50
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52
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TM 9-213
NORMAL SPRAY PATTERNS
HEAVY HEAVY
TOP PATTERN BOTTOM PATTERN
Figure 19. Defective spray patterns.
(3) Heavy right side pattern is due to:
(a) Right side of horn holes (fig. 11)
partially clogged.
(b) Dirt on right side of fluid tip.
(c) On twin-jet cap, right jet clogged.
(4) Heavy left side pattern is due to:
(a) Left side of horn holes (fig. 11)
partially clogged.
(b) Dirt on left side of fluid tip.
(c) On twin-jet cap, left jet clogged.
(5) Heavy center pattern is due to:
(a) Too low a setting of spray width
adjusting valve (fig. 16).
(b) With twin-jet cap, atmoizing pres-
sure too low, or material of too
great viscosity.
(c) With pressure feed, too high fluid
pressure for cap's normal capacity.
(d) Nozzle too large for material being
used.
(6) Split spray pattern is due to air and
fluid pressure being out of balance.
(7) To remedy conditions described in
(1) through' (4) above, determine if
obstruction is on air cap or fluid tip.
Rotate cap one-half turn and spray a
test pattern. If defect is inverted, ob-
54
HEAVY RIGHT HEAVY LEFT
SIDE PATTERN SIDE PATTERN
SPLIT SPRAY HEAVY CENTER
PATTERN PATTERN
RA PD 77526
struction is on air cap; if not inverted,
obstruction is on fluid tip. Clean air
cap as instructed in paragraph 106.
(8) To remedy conditions in (5) and (6)
above readjust atomizing pressure,
fluid pressure (par. 134), and spray
width adjustment until desired spray
is obtained.
f. "Orange Peel" Finish (fig. 20). A com-
mon cause of this effect is the use of an im-
proper or inferior thinner. With some thinners
and paints, this condition may be noticed at
certain times of the year due to atmospheric
changes. Other causes are:
(1) Insufficient atomization.
(2) Gun held too far from surface.
(3) Gun held too close to surface, allow-
ing air to ripplesurface.
(4) Material not thoroughly dissolved or
agitated.
agitated.
(5) With synthetics and lacquers-drafts
in finishing room.
(6) With synthetics-too low humidity.
(7) Improper viscosity-usually too high.
Material should be reduced to specifi-
cation requirements.

'.
' '· ,, - care must be exercised in handling such a piece
E' An:r's-'>',
'or '_
~?'~'~:"'' ·d
RA PD 78474
g. Streaks in Finish (fig. 21). Streaks are
caused by:
(1) Tipping the gun, thereby causing one
side of' pattern to deposit more ma-
terial than the other.
(2) Improper spraying pattern.
h. Runs and Sags in Finish (fig. 21). Sags
and runs are caused by:
(1) Tipping the gun, resulting in uneven
deposit of material.
(2) Too much material on surface due to
too much pressure or too slow an op-
erating speed.
(3) Improper viscosity (f(7) above).
i. Mist or Fog (fig. 21).
(1) This condition is caused by overatom-
ization due to:
(a) Atomizing pressure too high.
(b) Wrong air cap for material used.
(c) Wrong fluid tip for material used.
(d) With pressure feed, fluid pressure
too low.
(2) It is also caused by improper use of
gun:
(a) Incorrect stroking.
(b) Gun held too far from surface.
j. "Starving." This condition is caused by
insufficient air reaching the spray gun due to:
(1) Waste in air transformer packed too
tightly or clogged with rust or dirt.
(2) Air cocks too small.
(3) Air lines clogged.
(4) Air line of improper diameter.
(5) Inadequate air supply. This refers
to volume of air delivered by com-
TM 9-213
pressor and not necessarily pressure
at which air is delivered.
(6) Air intake clogged.
106. Care of Spray Equipment
a. General. A spray gun is an instrument
-that has been very carefully designed and ma-
chined to very close tolerances. Obviously,
of equipment so that the balance between func-
tional parts is not destroyed. Spray guns and
related equipment require cleaning immediate-
ly after use. Paint that has hardened in gun or
hose is extremely difficult to remove, and in
practically every instance, causes malfunction
of equipment for a considerable length of time.
Be sure that the solvent used to clean equip-
ment is one in which the finishing material is
soluble. Be sure to read the instruction that
comes with the pressure can for the preserva-
tion of the nozzle.
b. Suction Cup Type (fig. 22). Remove
cup, keeping fluid stem inside cup, or con-
tainer as shown; then hold cloth over air cap
and pull trigger. This diverts air into fluid
passageways, thus blowing back into the con-
tainer any paint that may be in gun. After
cleaning out cup, clean gun by spraying a
small amount of clean solvent or thinner. Re-
peat spraying two, three, or more times until
solvent or thinner draining back through ma-
terial feed tube (fig. 18) is clear. Remove air
cap and fluid tip and wash off in solvent or
thinner. Extreme care should be exercised in
the removal of fluid tip so as not to split,
mushroom, or otherwise injure tip or needle.
When loosening fluid tip, the trigger of gun
should'be compressed so that needle is not in
contact with tip, thus eliminating the possibility
of splitting the tip due to friction or sticking
caused by dry paint. The entire spray gun
should never be immersed in solvent or thinner,
as this removes lubricants and dries out pack-
ing. Under no circumstances should air or
fluid ports of gun or nozzle be reamed with
any substance harder than soft wood, as de-
formation of spray pattern may result and the
spray gun may be rendered useless. Working
parts of gun should be kept lubricated with
light machine oil. This is especially true of the
55
TM 9-213
IF GUN IS TIPPED AT
ANGLE,MORE MATERIAL
IS APPLIED HERE
STREAKS
OCCUR HERE / )
LESS MATERIAL
IS APPLIED HERE
Figure 21. Spray painting faults.
needle, to prevent wear. The needle packing
should also be kept pliant with an occasional
drop of light lubricating oil.
c. Pressure Feed Type. Shut off air supply
to pressure tank (fig. 42), release pressure in
tank, and blow back fluid as in suction cup
equipment (b above). Empty and clean pres-
sure tank. Place a container of clean solvent
or thinner inside pressure tank and install lid,
making sure that fluid delivery tubes (fig. 42)
is immersed in container of solvent or thinner.
Apply pressure and operate spray gun to clean
hose and spray equipment. Disconnect fluid
hose from gun and from pressure tank and al-
low hose to dry thoroughly before reconnect-
ing. Clean air cap and fluid tip as in suction-
cup equipment (b above).
107. Touchup Painting
a. General. When 'material has spots from
which the protecting paint has disappeared and
the rest of the paint surface is in a satisfactory
condition, it is often advantageous to do a
touchup rather than a complete painting job.
56
SAGS-TOO MUCH MATERIAL
RUNS-TOO THIN MATERIAL
'
EXCESSIVE
MIST AND FOG (
A )
(
RA PD 78452
The bare spots may have been caused by nat-
ural wear or abrasion, mechanical injury, rust
or corrosion of the surface under the original
paint, or other causes. In such cases, it is neces-
sary to clean the material beneath the spots
and repaint, using a method as near as possi-
ble to that used on the original paint job.
b. Cleaning. The spots to be painted must
be thoroughly cleaned so that no decay, dirt,
rust, corrosion, etc., remains. The remaining
paint should also be worked down to a feather-
edge if it is desirable to hide the lap.
c. Painting. While touchup painting may be
done by the brush method, spraying is superior,
because the edges of the new paint can be
feathered out to blend with the old surface
and, if the old and new colors match, the areas
of new paint will not be noticeable. In touch-
up work, it is of course necessary to use such
fillers, undercoats, finish coats, etc., as are re-
quired by the material being painted and that
the composition of the paint coating be the
same. General instructions for painting given
in paragraphs 101 through 105 are also appli-
ca'ble to touchup work.

CLOSE HOLES TO FORCE
MATERIAL BACK
CLOTH INTO CONTAINER
Figure 22. Spray gun cleaning.
Section II. BRUSH OR ROLLER APPLICATION
108. When to Use Brush or Roller
Application
Brush or roller application is used when:
a. Volume of work does not justify setting
up
spray apparatus. is not available or is in-
bc Sprasytoequipment is not ava.lable or is i-
accessible
job.
c ie t owith moderately soft and fine bristles are best.
o. The operation es that of priming wood or
other porous surfaces. king-outpartstoremai
d. The task of masking-out parts to remain
unpainted is extensive.
e. Mist from spray gun would damage sur-
roundings or create fire hazard.
109. Selection of Brushes and Rollers
(fig. 23)
la. General. Factbuoras determciig the proper
selection of a brush for a specific task are:
(1) The material to be applied.
(1)The matureri to be appliced on whic
(2) The nature of the surface the on atr
which
te
3the material is to be
eapplied
(3) The area to be coveredushes
withrathand
b. For Stains. Brushes with rather stiff
bristles, preferably rubber set, are used to ap-
ply stains on wood with open pores. The
stiffness of the bristles is essential to work the
,stain into the pores of the wood. A softer
brush is needed for close-grained wood.
TM 9-213
CLEAN OUT CUP THEN SPRAY
SOLVENT THROUGH GUN
ORD A1395
c. For Paints. Flat brushes with long soft
bristles or hair are required to apply paint.
The width will vary with the area and nature
of the surface to be covered.
d. For Enamels. Brushes used for enamels
should be relatively large with a chisel point.
Skunk hair (fitch), rubber-set varnish brushes
This type of brush can be used to touch up a
surface by rebrushing the coat with the brush
slightly wet, providing the brushing is done
very soon after the enamel film has been ap-
plied
e. Paint Rollers. Paint rollers are replacing
brushes more and more. They are of two
types: quench and fill. The quench roller re-
quires a tray for quenching with paint. The
fill roller does not require a tray, but a funnel
is needed for filling. Both require buckets for
is needed for filling. Both require buckets for
easy handling. They are most practical on un-
e broken large wall areas and floors, but are also
used for ceilings. The material to be applied
the nature of the surface to be treated
limit their usefulness
a. General. Brushing is used where rolling
is impractical. A right-handed operator should
57
TM 9-213

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start at the right edge of the surface and pro-
ceed toward the left. By this procedure the
full paint brush is applied to the uncoated sur-
face by brushing back into the wet film. By
decreasing the pressure at the end of the stroke
in the wet paint, brush marking is minimized.
b. Stain. Apply freely, rapidly, and evenly
in the direction of the grain of the wood and
brush well into the pores. (Certain types of
stain must be wiped off with clean, lint-free
cloths to produce uniform effect.)
c. Paint (fig. 24). On exterior woodwork,
use long sweeping strraghtstrokes 25) First
make short strokes in one direction until a
small area is covered. Then go back over the
area with strokes at right angles to the first, in
order to obtain aa smooth,
order to obtain even
smooth, even coat.
coat. (This
op-
(This op-
eration is called "laying-off" the finish.) Fol-
low with an adjacent area of similar size before
the enamel in the first area sets.
e. Lacquer, Quick-Drying Enamel, and Shel-
lac. These materials must be applied rapidly.
Each stroke of the brush must completely
cover the area traversed, and the brush must be
kept well charged with the material so that
no retouching of spots is required, otherwise a
rough finish will be obtained. This procedure
is sometimes referred to as "flowing on" a
coat.
,I~~~~P-
Figure 24. Correct, long, sweeping strokes for outside painting.
TM 9-213
f. Varnish (fig. 25). Use a well-charged
brush and, depending upon the speed with
which the varnish dries, quickly flow on. If
possible, cross-brush to give a smooth film.
g. Brushing Technique. See figures 26
through 28.
111. Cleaning of Brushes and Rollers
a. General. In order to keep paint brushes
soft
soft and
and pliable,
pliable, they should be
they should be cleaned
cleaned im-
im-
mediately after use. Once material has been
allowed to harden in a brush overnight, no
amount of subsequent cleaning will restore the
original pliability or remove the curd, granula-
tion, and skins from the heel of the brush.
Solvents of the paint material just used in the
brush are the best possible cleaners. Dry-clean-
ing solvent, mineral spirits paint thinner, kero-
sene, gasoline, alcohol, xylol, turpentine, and
synthetic enamel thinner are
synthetic enamel thinner are the
the common
common sol-
sol-
vents and brush-cleaning fluids.
b. Steps in Cleaning
(1) Save cleaning material by pressing
rush firmly against rim or side of
materialcontainer, squeezing out as
(2) In the event paint has hardened in
brush, it should be softened and
worked out with a putty knife.
,
RA PD 77828
59
TM 9-213

SECOND I -
STROKESj -'-' '

.' ffi
I fr

SMALL AREA _i

OF SURFACE FIRST STROKES RA PD 77518

Figure 25. Brushing technique for varnish and enamel.

/
PATH OF "
CROSS
STROKES

1i) I

Il\ < RA PD 77512 i

Figure 26. Technique for painting a ceiling.

60
 TM 9-213

STROKE WITH GRAIN

I
CORRECT GRIP RA PD 78472

Figure 27. Brush technique for flat surfaces.

~ SECOND STROKES

,.i iRA ' PD 78626

Figure 28. Brush technique for painting in corners.

61
 TM 9-213
(3) Pour small amount of solvent into a
shallow, wide-mouthed container and
work it thoroughly into the brush,
making sure that solvent gets up to
base of bristles or hair in the setting.
(4) When this small amount of solvent is
"loaded" with paint from the brush,
discard the solvent. Take a somewhat
larger amount of fresh solvent, and
repeat operation as many times as
necessary. Continue this procedure
until all traces of pigment and paint
disappear from brush and bristles
are soft and pliable.
(5) For rollers, proceed along similar
lines. Use a pan instead of a pail and
soften, following the instructions given
'by the roller manufacturer.
1 12. Care and Storage of Brushes or Rollers
a. General. Proper care of paint brushes
and rollers is simple, provided the following
rules for their care are applied:
(1) Never stand brushes, wet or dry, on
their bristles. This will cause the
bristles to "set" in a curve and ruin
the brush. No amount of effort will
restore it to its original condition.
(2) In charging a brush with paint, do
not rub bristles over edge of con-
tainer to remove excess paint (fig.
29). This tends to wear off the
bristles. Tap them lightly against the
inside of the container above the paint
level. This means that the painter
cannot work from original paint con-
tainer.
(3) Break in new brushes on first coats.
Their pliability and elasticity will in-
crease if this rule is followed.
(4) Under no circumstances should a Note. Brushes used for lacquer, synthetics,
brush be left overnight without put-
be overnight
left without put-containing
ting it in a keeper.
(5) For care of rollers, follow the manu-
facturer's instructions.
b. Storage Overnight.
(1) All paint brushes in daily use should
be kept overnight in a brush keeper
(fig. 30). Immersion of the cleaned
brush bristles in the proper oil, sol-
vent, or thinner will assure that
62
RIGHT WRONG
{.)
RA PD 87235
Figure 29. Right and wrong method of charging a
brush.
bristles will remain soft and pliable.
Segregate brushes according to the
type of paint material with which
used and keep in separate keepers.
Use linseed oil in the keeper for
brushes used for paints and varnishes;
dope and lacquer thinner for brushes
used with lacquers; synthetic-resin
enamel thinner for brushes used with
enamels; and alcohol for brushes used
with shellacs. Insure that cover of
keeper fits tightly to prevent evapora-
tion of solvents and thinners. New
brushes coming to the shop should
have their handle pierced to proper
suspension in the keeper at the correct
level.
(2) Use sufficient oil, solvent, or thinner
in the keeper to cover the bristles of
all brushes. Brushes in the keeper
should not touch each other or the
bottom. Brushes kept in linseed oil
should be cleaned before use by press-
ing out oil and by washing in thinner
for paint or varnish to be used.
or shellac should be placed in brush keepers
lacquer thinner, synthetic thinner,
or alcohol, respectively. Traces of linseed
oil will spoil such materials and the finish-
ing job performed with brushes so stored.
(3) For rollers, follow the manufacturer's
instructions.
c. Indefinite Storage. When brushes are not
to be used for some length of time, they may
be prepared for storage as follows:
(1) Clean thoroughly.
 TM 9-213

0 ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~y
0~~~~~~~~~~
0~~~~~~~~

d
z
Z Ln~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C

y, > \°

or

vZ
W
Qu~~~~~~~~~a
\i: L
~~~~~~~~~~L
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s

~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~L
LU

4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.>

h~~~~6

63
TM 9-213
(2) Immerse in raw linseed oil for a short
time. This can be done in the brush
keeper.
(3) Remove from keeper and press out
most of the raw linseed oil.
(4) Wrap brush in oiled paper or brown
wrapping paper as' indicated in figure
31. Brushes treated in this manner
should be stored flat. They will not
BROWN WRAPPING PAPER DIPPED IN LINSEED OL
Figure 31. Brush storage for indefinite period.
Section III. DIP APPLICATION
113. When to Use Dip Application
The dipping method of applying paint is
generally utilized for relatively small articles
and is especially suited to the coating of items
of irregular design and possessing surfaces dif-
ficult to reach by brush or spray, for instance,
the interior of a narrow tube. It is also more
economical and timesaving compared to the
other methods on articles of an open design
such as wide-mesh screens.
114. Dipping Technique
Care should be taken to insure that the
paint has been properly reduced to dip-
64
set if no weight is put on the bris-
ties. While such treatment will allow
brushes to be stored for a reasonable
length of time, it is advisable to open
package and retreat
package and brush as
retreat brush above at
as above at
least every 6 months.
least every 6 months.
(5) A procedure similar to this should be
followed for storage of rollers. Fol-
low the instructions given by the
manufacturer for these items.
RA PD 77829
RA P 77
ing consistency. The consistency suitable
for dipping varies with,stheach aita
for .ip. varie. ech and
paint
for each article. It must of necessity
be arrived at by the "cut and try" method.
The proper consistency will also vary with the
type of reducer used. The optimum is that
consistency which provides coverage at the
highest point and yet allows the paint to drain
off well from the lowest point of the article
being coated. Suspend the article to be dipped
with cord, wire, or any suitable means in a
manner providng the shortest drain without
developing pockets of paint. Immerse the arti-
cle in the paint. Remove the article slowly and

regularly, and allow to dry in a comparatively
draft-free location over the dipping tank or a
draining pan.
115. Dipping Limitations
Dipping is not economical except where a
large number of items are to be painted in a
production manner.
116. Equipment Required
A receptacle to hold the paint is required.
This can be a pail, pan, or specially constructed
tank. In general, the receptacle should be just
Section IV. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
117. Hazards
a. Fumes.
(1) Thinners used with paints and enam-
els may have harmful effects. Con-
tinued of
tinued breathing ofbreathn
ffumess during and
after painting operations should be
avoided, since the fumes may cause
sickness, or complete disability, or in
extreme cases even death as a result
Of suffocation.
(2)
(2) Toxic
Toxic fumes
fumes will
will persist, in some
persist, in some
cases, for many days indoors after
painting operations. Inhaling ben-
zene fumes is extremely injurious to
health.
b. Contact with Paint Materials.
(1) It must be kept in mind that very
poisonous compounds are sometimes
used in painting materials. Cuts and
wounds on the hands are dangerous
points from which poison may enter
the blood circulating system. Un-
washed hands may convey poisonous
matter to food.
(2) Many painting materials contain lead
sulfide, lead carbonate, chromium
compounds, and other poisonous ma-
terials.
(3) Lead chromate is particularly danger-
ous, and like other lead paints, may
enter the system during eating or
handling.
(4) Many of the thinners are also poison-
ous and can enter the human system
TM 9-213
large enough to conveniently permit the inser-
tion of the article to be coated. Large recepta-
cles or tanks with large areas exposed to the
air result in wastage of paint, excessive evapor-
ation of reducer, and rapid settling. The paint
supply in the dipping receptacles may be re-
plenished as often as required. Paddles are
necessary in order to stir the paint at frequent
intervals. If the receptacle is large, a drain-off
~valve should be provided in order tha.t the
paint may be removed and placed in sealed con-
tainers when dipping operations are interrupted
for several hours.
through the skin, through inhalation,
or through carelessness in handling
food.
c. Fire.
c. Fre.
(1) Fire hazards due to flammability of
paint and paint materials may be seri-
ous. The mist that comes from a
spray gun is highly flammable. A
spark will cause it to flash.
spark iill cause it to flash.
(2) Smoking is prohibitited in paint
shops. It may cause an explosion.
(3) Open cans containing paint removers,
thinners, paints, and paint materials
are a definite hazard. Empty drums
or other containers in which solvents,
thinners, and similar materials have
been shipped are potential hazards,
since they often contain enough va-
porized material of a flammable na-
ture to cause explosions.
(4) Aside from the fact that illness or
possible death can result from work-
ing in confined spaces filled with
fumes from solvents, paint thinner,
and other volatile materials, there is
the serious danger of explosion due
to the properties of such fumes when
mixed with air.
(5) Accumulated spray in booths and in
cracks and corners of the paint shop
is particularly dangerous, for it easily
flares up in spontaneous combustion.
and many fires have started in that
way. Oily or solvent-soaked cloths, if
65
 TM 9-213
not promptly disposed of, may cause
fire by spontaneous combustion.
(6) Fires which occur in spray booths re-
sult from six principal causes: broken
electric lamps and other electrical de-
fects; cleaning interior of booths,
fans, and motors with highly flamma-
ble solvents; accumulation of deposits
in the booths, tubes, and vent pipes;
defective fans and motors used for
ventilating the booths; poorly de-
signed vent tubes; or static electricity.
118. Safety Precautions
a. Safe Air.
(1) If it is at all practicable, painting of
materiel should be accomplished in
the open air. Adequate forced draft
ventilation for indoor work should be
provided always to carry off fumes.
(2) Respirators should be worn during all
spray-painting operations.
b. Safe Practices.
(1) Preparations containing benzene
should not be used for spraying.
Never use flammable solvents to clean
the walls of spray booths.
(2) Only vaporproof lamps (fig. 53)
should be used where spraying is be-
ing done.
(3) The precautions outlined for the han-
dling of gasoline in TM 743-200
must be followed also for paint thin-
ners and paint removers, and solvents.
66
(4) If it is at all practicable, paints should
be stored in a steel cabinet in a small
building away from the work build-
ing. Once opened, cans containing
paint removers, thinners, paints, and
paint materials should be covered
tightly before being stored or put
away overnight.
(5) Do not apply heat or flame such as in
welding or soldering operations, to
drums or cans or other containers that
have contained solvents, thinners, and
similar material unless they are first
thoroughly steamed out, then filled
with water, and inspected to make
sure that all traces of the odor of sol-
vent or thinner is removed.
(6) Oily or solvent-soaked cloths should
be promptly disposed of after use or
proof container (fig. 55).
(7) Keep the paint shop clean. Scrape all
spray mist off walls, beams and
trusses, and out of spray booths, cor-
ners, or any other place, in which it
accumulates. Special nonsparking
bronze scrapers are desirable for this
purpose. Before throwing the scrap-
ings away, wet them with water. Clean
frequently.
(8) Refrain from eating with paint-
covered hands. Wash them before
eating. Clean paint or paint material
from wounds immediately. Protect
your health.

CHAPTER 4
SPECIAL TECHNIQUES
Section I. STENCILING
119. Purpose
Stencils enable personnel untrained in hand
lettering and design to apply lettering and de-
signs to materiel quickly and efficiently. A
stencil is a metal or paper pattern which has
the letters or design cut out, so that when the
stencil is held in position over a surface and
paint applied to the cutout portions, the de-
sired lettering or design will be accurately re-
produced. When a large number of signs, iden-
tification marks, or designs are to be
reproduced, time is saved by using a stencil.
120. Stenciling Methods
a. Stencil Sets. Stencil sets ready-cut from
sheet brass (par. 138) are sometimes used.
These are applied with masking tape and used
over again. The letters and numerals are re-
movable and can be assembled to form any re-
quired identification marking (fig. 48). More
satisfactory results are usually obtained, how-
ever, with ready-cut paper stencils (par. 138)
which can be used once and thrown away.
b. Stencil Alphabet. Typical stencil alphabet
is shown in figure 32.
121f.Stencil
33)Applicatpaint
a. Attach Stencil to Surface. After the sur-
face is thoroughly dry (if it had recently been
painted), make sure it is free of dust and dirt.
Use masking tape to hold the stencil securely
in position in the spot where the lettering or
design is to be placed. Be sure the stencil lies
perfectly flat and close to the surface, without
wrinkles or buckling.
TM 9-213
b. Apply Paint. Spray paint it possible with
the paint required for the surface; otherwise,
use a brush and stencil paint or paste paint
(TT-P-98). Apply white lusterless stenciling
synthetic enamel over olive-drab finishes on
combat and transport vehicles and upon artil-
lery, unless otherwise specified. After the
marking has thoroughly dried, any gum
smudges can be removed with drycleaning sol-
vent or mineral spirits paint thinner and a
cloth. Avoid getting solvent or thinner on
marking.
c. Specific Materiel. For instructions per-
taining to stenciling markings on specific ma-
teriel not discussed in this manual, refer to AR
746-10 and AR 746-2300-1 an marking of
clothing, equipment, vehicles, and property.
d. Registration Markings on Vehicles. The
markings will be located on the vehicle as pre-
scribed in AR 746-2300-1. They are applied
as follows:
(1) Remove the crepe paper backing-pro-
tector from the gummed-back paper
stencil as shown in A, figure 49.
(2) Apply the gummed back paper sten-
cils to vehicle as shown in B, figure
49.
(3) Mask between and around stencils as
shown in C, figure 49. Apply stencil
by spraying (C, fig. 49) or
brushing. Spraying is the preferred
method.
(4) After stencil paint has been applied,
remove masking tape and gummed-
back stencils.
(5) After stencil has been removed, the
web portion must be painted in us-
ing a small brush as shown in D, fig-
ure 49.
67
 TM 9-213

A 13 C I: I'G I
JIK 5 ) P;

7 89
!) () RA PD 112527

Figure 32. Stencil alphabet.

68

Figure 33. Applying a stencil.
Section II. DECALCOMANIA TRANSFERS
122. Description
Decalcomanias (transfers) are designs or
patterns prepared in paint films which are
temporarily deposited on a paper background
for storage, support, and convenience in han-
dling. When needed, this paint film is re-
moved from the paper backing and fixed on
the item of materiel through the use of one of
several types of adhesives.
123. Types
There are three general types of decalco-
manias:
a. Varnish-applied (varnish adhesive).
b. Water- (slide-off) applied (water-soluble
~~~~~~adhesive).~c.
c. Solvent-applied (lacquer-type adhesive).
TM 9-213
STENCIL
WRAPPING PAPER
RA PD 108390
124. Application
(fig. 34)
a. Replacing Decalcomanias. Decalcomanias
which need replacing must be installed in the
same locations as placed originally. In paint-
ing areas upon which decalcomanias have been
placed, the decalcomania should be masked,
unless it has been obliterated, in which case, a
new decalcomania should be applied.
b. Surface Preparation. All dirt and grease
must be removed from the surface to which
the decalcomania is to be applied. Wash the
surface thoroughly with drycleaning solvent,
mineral spirits paint thinner, or any approved
cleaning solution. Allow sufficient time for
the cleaning solvent to evaporate.
c. l .
Direct Application. It is imperative that
the specific instructions for application issued
by the manufacturer of a specific decalcomania
69
 TM 9-213

k ;07 CLEAN CLOTH

DRY-CLEANING PAINTED METAL WATER DECALCOMANIA

SOLVENT SURFACE

PAPER DECALCOMANIA DECALCOMAN IA PAPER

PAINTED METAL
SURFACE

DECALCOMAN IA

CLEAN CLOTH PAINTED METAL

SURFACE RA PD 77823

Figure 34. Application of decalcomania.

70

be followed explicitly. The instructions are
usually printed on the paper backing of each
transfer. For this reason, no other instructions
are given in this section.
d. Coating of the Decalcomania. In some in-
TM 9-213
stances, the manufacturer prescribes that a
clear coating be applied over the decalcomania,
in order to improve resistance to the elements.
The clear coating is designated by the manu-
facturer.
71

CHAPTER 5
SPRAY EQUIPMENT
Section I. COMPRESSORS (GASOLINE AND ELECTRIC DRIVE)
125. Description of Types
a. General. An air compressor is a mecha-
nism designed to supply compressed air contin-
uously at a predetermined pressure and vol-
ume. Compressors for paint spray gun use are
of two general types-single-stage and two-
stage. These can be further divided into many
types, some of which are portable or station-
ary, unloader or pressure switch controlled,
horizontally, or vertically mounted tanks, air-
or water-cooled compressor, and gasoline en-
gine or electric motor drive. Technical manuals
on air compressors are listed in DA Pam 310-4.
Supply manuals on air compressors are listed
in DA Pam 310-25.
(1) Single-stage compressors (fig. 35). A
single-stage compressor is one having
one or two cylinders in which air is
drawn from the atmosphere, com-
pressed to its final pressure, and de-
livered through an aftercooler to the
,air receiver. Compressors of this type
are intended for use where maximum
pressures do not exceed 100 pounds
per square inch. Their use is not
limited to this maximum pressure, but
beyond it, their efficiency and econo-
my fall off rapidly.
(2) Two-stage compressors (fig. 35). A
two-stage compressor is one in which
a relatively large cylinder first com-
presses the air to an intermediate
pressure considerably lower than the
final pressure. Air compressed to this
point is delivered through an inter-
cooler to a small cylinder where it is
compressed to the final pressure. It
is then delivered through an after-
cooler to the air receiver. An outfit
TM 9-213
of this type is intended for use where
pressure exceeds 100 pounds per
square inch. Such pressure will be
encountered infrequently in everyday
painting.
(3) Gasoline engine drive (fig. 36). Gas-
oline engines of small horsepower
are used with compressors under the
following conditions:
(a) Where electric current is not avail-
able.
(b) Where spray-painting outfits must
be used in localities served with
different types of current.
(c) In localities where insufficient cur-
rent is supplied.
(d) For all other uses, electric motor
drive is obviously much more de-
sirable.
(4) Electric motor drive (fig. 37). A ma-
jority of paint spray-gun compressors
are powered by electric motors of 1/4
to 5 horsepower. Naturally, the use
of an outfit of this type is confined
to locations in which proper current
is available. Electric motor-drive is
generally chosen for more or less per-
manent installations while gasoline
drive is to be preferred where port-
ability is the prime consideration.
(5) Unloader and pressure switch control.
(a) Gasoline engine-driven compressors
(fig. 38) have unloaders which au-
tomatically open the intake valve
when a predetermined pressure has
been reached and allow the com-
pressor to run idle. Simultaneous
to the opening of the intake valve,
the unloader also partially closes
the throttle and allows the engine
73
TM 9-213
SINGLE STAGE
LOW PRESSURE
OOAAIR
RECEIVER
AFTER COOLER
Figure 35. Single- and two-stage compressors.
and compressor to operate at a re-
duced speed. When the pressure
falls to a predetermined point, the
unloader closes the intake valve,
opens the engine throttle, and
causes the pressure to be built up
again.
(b) Electric motor-driven compressors
have a pressure switch (fig. 37)
which shuts off the motor when a
predetermined pressure has been
established and restarts it when the
pressure has fallen to a predeter-
mined point,
mally, compressor tanks are mounted
in a horizontal position, serving as a
base for the compressing unit. Where
space must be held to a minimum or
where ground clearance or corner
installation is important, tanks can be
mountedin a vertical position.
(7) Air-or water-cooled compressor (fig.
39). The physical process of compres-
sion produces heat and for that rea-
son it is particularly important that
air compressors be adequately cooled.
Most compressors intended for use
with paint spray-gun equipment are
air-cooled. To accomplish this, the
74
TWO STAGE
HIGH PRESSURE
OR OR
FIRST STAGE SECOND STAGE
TO AIR
RECEIVER
INTERCOOLER AFTER COOLER
RA PD 78621
exterior surfaces of cylinders, after-
coolers, and intercoolers are greatly
increased in area by the use of fins.
Increased surface area allows heat to
be radiated more rapidly. Larger
compressors, when used continuously,
cannot be adequately cooled by air.
Such outfits make use of a water
cooling system consisting of radiator,
pump, fan, and water jackets built
around the cylinders-similar to that
of an automobile engine.
b. Truck Outfits (figs. 36 and 38). Air
compressors (usually with gasoline engines for
power) are available mounted on light, easily
moved trucks. These units are ideal where
portability is a factor with painting to be done
at varied locations.
126. Inspection and Lubrication
a. Gasoline Engine (figs. 36 and 38).
(1) Gasoline-driven air compressors are
furnished with engines manufactured
by many industrial concerns. Gener-
ally speaking, they are of low horse-
power and of simple construction.
For instructions with respect to their
proper inspection, lubrication, and ad-
justment, refer to pertinent technical
manuals or other appropriate instruc-
tions.
 TM 9-213

CRANK_ HOSE
CONNECTIONS

AIR CLEANER _ FUEL TANK

Jj _AIR CLEANER

__ iM

AIR TANK

TRUCK _

RA PD 77517

Figure 36. Gasoline powered air compressor.

75
 TM 9-213

INTERCOOLER
AR 7 AFTERCOOLER
SN
AIR STRAINER PRESSURE SWITCH

COMPRESSOR ELECTRIC

,(~¥",,~ j CHECK
VALVE

SAFETY VALVE '

OUTLETi°
VALVE I

PRESSURE GAGE.

STORAGE TANK
RA PD 108395

Figure 37. Air compressor-electric drive.

GASOLINE ENGINE FUEL TANK UNLOADER VALVES

FAN FINS

\r- AIR CLEANER

AIR TANK
AIR
CLEANER

TRUCK

RA PD 108396

Figure 38. Heavy-duty air compressing truck outfit.

76

aL* m_
r w
RA PD 78636
Figure 39. Air-cooled air compressor for use as
separate unit.
(2) Adjustments of carburetor, gasoline
lines, and ignition systems should not
be made in or near the paint shop.
While the maintenance and repair of
gasoline engines is not the responsi-
bility of the painter, he should be
sufficiently familiar with them to cor-
rect minor stoppages caused by im-
proper adjustment. Gasoline engines
used on compressors are adjusted at
the factory to run at a constant speed
and no throttle adjustments should be
necessary.
(3) Do not attempt to make adjustments
or repairs unless qualified to do so.
b. Electric Motor (fig. 37). For lubrication
of electrical motors, refer to pertinent techni-
cal manuals or other -appropriate instructions.
The adjustment of electric motors, even of
a minor nature, is not the responsibility of the
painter and should be undertaken only by quali-
fied personnel. It is, however, the responsibility
of the operator to see .that the electric motor
on his compressor is not damaged through
improper use. All electric motors when over-
loaded heat up, usually very rapidly. If this
condition is allowed to persist even for a brief
interval, the insulation on the windings may
TM 9-213
burn out and break down. The use of fuses and
_ circuit breakers is intended to prevent this,
and the operator should familiarize himself
with them. In, no event should fuzes be shorted
or circuit breakers tied down.
c. Compressor. For care and preservation
of compressors, refer to pertinent technical
manuals or other appropriate instructions.
127. Operation
a. Installation. Proper operation of a com-
pressor outfit depends to a great extent on cor-
rect initial installation of the equipment. The
· , -following points are important to proper in-
stallations:
(1) Electrical wiring, whether for a per-
manent or portable installation,
should be installed and inspected by
a competent electrician. Electrical
wiring presents a fire hazard at all
times. Fire in a paint shop is devas-
tating and almost impossible to con-
trol.
(2) Overload protection should be fur-
nished for the electrical circuit.
(3) Compressors should preferably be lo-
cated in a room adjacent to the paint
shop. This reduces the fire hazard
considerably, improves the perform-
ance of the compressor, and reduces
operator fatigue caused by noise.
(4) Permanent installations should be at
least 1 foot from adjacent walls, to al-
low free air circulation over the cool-
ing fins.
(5) Air intakes should be piped to the
outside of the building, where they
can pick up clean, cool air.
(6) Air pipe lines should be of sufficient
size. The following should be used
as a guide:
For' Pipe size (min.)
1-1/2- and 2-horsepower 1/2 in., up to 50 ft; over
outfits. 50 ft, 3/4 in.
3- and 5-horsepower 3/4 in., up to 200 ft; over
outfits. 200 ft, 1 in.
(7) An air compressor should be mounted
on a solid foundation, with all four
feet resting firmly on the floor or
foundation. Unless the weight is
equally distributed on all four feet,
77
TM 9-213
excessive vibrations are set up, which
may break one of the feet loose from
the tank or contribute to noisy oper-
ation. It should be installed so that
it is both level and plumb. This is
important to assure the proper func-
tion of the compressor oiling system.
b. Replacement. Like all mechanical de-
vices, air compressors eventually wear out and
should be replaced or rebuilt when:
Outfit
(1) Operational efficiency has decreased
through wear and mechanical adjust-
ments fail to restore it.
(2) Insufficient air output is supplied.
(3) The time interval from cut in to cut-
out is prolonged to'the point of wast-
ing power. The following will serve
as a guide for normal cut in and cut-
out interval (50-percent deviation
should be reason for replacing or re-
building outfit):
Tank dimensions Cut-in Cutout Time interval
dia. x length pressure pressure pump cutin to
HP (in.) (psi) (psi) cutout (min.)

Single-stage ---------------------------------------- 1/2 16 x 40 120 150 5.76

Single-stage ________________________________________ 1 16 x 40 120 150 3.27
Single-stage ________________________________________ 3 20 x 48 120 150 1.92
Single-stage ______________________.---- ------------- 5 20 x 48 120 150 1.17
Two-stage ________________________________________-- 3/4 20 x 48 160 200 9.66
Two-stage _____________.___________________________ 1 20 x 48 160 200 6.57
Two-stage ________________________________________--3 20 x 48 160 200 2.42
Two-stage _________________________________-_______ 5 20 x 60 160 200 1.74

128. Precautions-Draining 129. Servicing

The operation of compressing air (which al-
ways contains some moisture) induces conden-
sation. Water condensed in this manner col-
lects in the air receiver of the compressing out-
fit be
fit and it must andremoved
be it must each
removed each day
day by
by drain-
drain-
ing through the air receiver petcock. Proper
location of the air intake will cut down the
amount of water condensed in this manner.
Section II. TANK (PAINT CONTAINER)
130. Description of Types
Material containers for paint spray guns are
metal or glass vessels connected to the spray
gun which serve as supply reservoirs for the
material to be sprayed. They are of two gen-
eral types, cup and tank. Tank types have an
insert container.
a. Cup Containers (fig. 40). Containers of
this type are generally used where a variety of
colors in rather small quantities are to be
sprayed. They are available for suction or
pressure feed. Pressure-feed cups are recom-
mended for small quantities of enamels, plas-
tics, and other materials too heavy for suction
feed and where fine adjustment and speed of
application are desired. The commercial pre-
loaded and precharged pressure spray cans
(par. 102b(4)(a)) are unrechargeable.
78
Mechanical servicing of air compressors by
personnel using air compressors should be con-
fined to the instructions given in paragraph
126. For further servicing by maintenance per-
sonnel, reference should be made to technical
manuals on specific compressors or other appro-
priate instructions.
b. Tanks (figs. 40 and 41). Paint spray gun
tanks are material containers for pressure feed
that provide a constant flow of material at
uniform pressure. They range in size from 2-
to 55-gallon capacity. Essentially, they consist
of a shell, clamp-on lid, fluid tube, outlet
valves, fluid header, and safety valve (fig. 42).
They are furnished with either top or bottom
outlet and various accessories. They are of
two distinct types:
(1) Regulator type (fig. 43). Regulator-
type tanks offer the advantage of sup-
plying large quantities of material to
the gun under accurate control of
fluid pressure. Regulator-type tanks
are frequently further subdivided into
single and double regulator types,
depending on whether the control is
 TM 9-213

INSERT CONTAINER
FOR PRESSURE TANK

I-QT METAL
CUP CONTAINER
CLAMP TYPE
ATTACHMENT

j r 0_
PRESSURE TANK
)
1-PT GLASS CUP CONTAINER
SCREW TYPE ATTACHMENT
t Jftl
RA PD 112529

Figure 40. Spray gun material containers.

applied to the material pressure alone
or to both the material and gun pres-
sures. Regulator-type tanks are
equipped with a pressure regulator,
safety valve, release valve, etc., and
are operated with different pressures
on the air line and material.
(2) Equalized-pressure type. Equalizing-
pressure tanks, on the other hand, are
equipped only with a safety and re-
lease valve and operate with the same
pressure on the air line and material.
c. Insert Containers (fig. 40). Insert con-
tainers are pail-like metal vessels, designed to
set inside the tank. This eliminates cleaning
out the tank and is convenient in changing
from one color or one material to another.
Their use permits several batches of material to
be mixed ahead of time. This construction also
permits feeding directly from small cans of
paint instead of from the full-sized container
inside of the tank.
131. Agitators
(fig.
42)
Certain materials require constant or fre-
quent agitation while in the tank, and to meet
this requirement, tanks are frequently supplied
with mechanical agitators which can be acti-
vated by an air motor or by electric drive.
Some tanks are provided with handles for man-
ual operation of agitators.
132. Operation
Material containers of all types are rugged,
substantially built, and should present few, if
any, operating difficulties. Provided regulator-
type tanks are properly adjusted, air vents kept
free, and agitators used when needed, little
thought need be given to their proper opera-
tion beyond thorough and adequate cleaning.
The use of a dolly (fig. 41) greatly extends the
working area of a tank when used for multi-
ple-gun operation. Tanks are available which
provide for two-gun operation at one time (fig.
43).
133. Precautions
Observation of the following will insure the
proper operation of material containers at all
times:
a. Clean thoroughly after use. Many spray
gun malfunctions (par. 105) can be traced to
improper cleaning of the material container.
b. Never attempt to remove a cover from a
material container of the pressure-feed type un-
less it is certain that pressure in the container
has been released.
c. Be sure fluid and air valve connections on
container are proper size for hoze being used.

79
 TM 9-213

-iTANKS

O; ADO

RA PD 78630

Figure 41. Dollies for material container tanks.

SAFETY VALVE - AGITATOR DRIVE SHAFT

COVER LUGS -'tA _ AIR INTAKE VALVE
TANK PRESSURE REGULATOR

PRESSURE MAUAL
GAGE i AL
o AGITATOR
HANDLE

MATER HL
OUTLET VALVE
FROM 2 TO 60

TUBE

AGITATOR AIR MOTOR

PROPELLER AGITATOR

UTER SHELL
INSERT PAIL - RA PD 78637

Figure 42. Pressure feed paint tank.

80
 TM 9-213

LAM_s
|VAPOR-PROOF E

SPRAY GUN.

| r

TANK RA PD 78631

Figure 43. Two-man operation from portable tank.

TM 9-213
d. Test tank safety valve regularly.
e. Keep material containers full. They do
not function efficiently when nearly empty.
f. Use agitator regularly. Where paint is
being applied very rapidly, agitators are seldom
needed, yet failure to agitate certain materials
promptly, results in the formation of surface
"skin" which rapidly clogs filters and hose.

Section III. MISCELLANEOUS ACCESSORIES

134. Hose 60 pounds per square inch. For example, with

a. Construction. Two types of hose are used
with
with paint
paint spray
spray guns-air
guns--air and
and fluid.
fluid. Air
Air
hose has a red rubber or orange braid cover
while fluid hose is black. The inner tube of
fluid hose is constructed of a solvent-resisting
material practically impervious to the action of
any of the common solvents used in paint.
b. Size. Hose of adequate inside diameter
must be used with all paint spray gun outfits.
Too often a spray gun is blamed for function-
ing improperly, or a material is considered of
inferior quality when the real cause of the
trouble is an inadequate supply of compressed
air at the gun. Usually, this condition is
caused by improper size hose. As will be
seen from table XI, there is a natural pressure
drop wherever compressed air is transmitted,
and the amount of this pressure drop increases
in inverse ratio to the inside diameter of the
hose.
c. Pressure Drop. Table XI shows the air
pressure drop expected from various lengths
of 1/4- and 5/16-inch air hose when used with
spray gun equipped with air cap consuming ap-
proximately 12 cubic feet of air per minute at
Table XI. Drop In Air Pressure
Air pressure
Air pressure
at
transformer 5-foot 10-foot
(psi) length
70 pounds air pressure at the transformer
only
spray47-1/2
wgun pounds
hen 25 pressure will existhose
feet of 1/4-inch at thes
used
to wnterconnect the two units.
used to interconnect the two units
d. Cleaning. The fluid hose should be
cleaned immediately after using. Delay in
cleaning will make the operation much more
difficult. In no event should fluid hose be left
uncleaned overnight. Clean hose as instructed
in paragraph 107c.
e. Storage (fig. 44). When not in use, all
hose must be coiled and hung up where it will
be out of the way and free from possible dam-
age.
Valves and gages used on paint spray gun
equipment are of rugged construction and nor-
mally will need little attention to insure their
correct operation. The following suggestions,
however, may be helpful in maintaining this
equipment in good condition:
a. Keep valves free from paint. Paint im-
pairs their operation and can be removed
quickly by a cloth dipped in solvent or
Air pressure drop at spray gun (psi)
15-foot 20-foot 25-foot 50-foot
length length length length length

40a 6 8 9-1/2 11 12-3/4 24

50a 7-1/2 10 12 14 16 28
60a 9 12-1/2 14-1/2 16-3/4 19 3.1
70a 10-3/4 14-1/2 17 19-1/2 22-1/2 34
80a 12-1/4 16-1/2 19-1/2 22-1/2 25-1/2 37
90a 14 18-3/4 22 25-1/4 29 39-1/2
40b 2-1/4 2-3/4 3-1/4 3-1/2 4 8-1/2
50b 3 3-1/2 4 4-1/2 5 10
60b 3-3/4 4-1/2 5 5-1/2 6 11-1/2
70b 4-1/2 5-1/4 6 6-3/4 7-1/4 13
-Bob 5-1/2 6-1/4 7 8 8-3/4 14-1/2
90b 6-1/2 7-1/2 8-1/2 9-1/2 9-1/2 16

'Air hose. 1/4-inch.

b Air hose, 5/16-inch.

82

l.PRESSURE
t1'j
IknAIRHOSE
7-l'
I! ~~E~1\\\ hthe
IraYICQ/ Rlill~l~l/~W
· <MIIIMtfW
i RES c. Installation (fig. 45). Proper installation
RAPD
Figure 44. Hose coiled and hung up when not in rise.
thinner. Do not immerse valves in solvent or
thinner, as this will dry out the packing.
b. Be sure that valve nipples are of the cor-
rect size for the inside diameter of the hose
being used. Incorrect mating of hose and nip-
ple. is a common cause of spray gun malfunc-
tion and is often overlooked.
c. No attempt should be made to repair air
gages in the field. Their mechanisms, while
not delicate, require special tools and skills for
proper adjustment.
TM 9-213
d. Air line gages record pressures only at
the point at which they are installed. Do not
assume that the air gages on the air trans-
former in any way indicate the pressure at
the fluid tip of the gun.
136. Air Transformer
a. General. (figs. 45 and 46). An air trans-
former (or separator) is a device which con-
l l\ );fdenses
oil and moisture; regulates, filters, and
strains the air; indicates, by gages, main line
and regulated pressures; and provides outlets
through which spray guns and dusters, can be
connected.
b. Operation (fig. 47).
(1) Oil and moisture are collected by the
baffles and filter pack, allowing only
'1\\llllclean,
, dry air to reach the spray gun.
Further drying may be accomplished
by the use of cartridges filled with
silica gel installed in the outlets.
(2) Moisture collecting at the bottom of
air separator or transformer
should be removed daily.
of the air transformer is essential to maintain
correct operation. The following points will be
observed:
(1) Install transformer at least 15 feet
from the compressor.
(2) Air takeoff from the compressor line
7,7522 should be from the top of the line.
(3) Compressor air line to which air
transformer takeoff is attached
should slant toward a permanently in-
stalled drain leg, which should be
drained daily. In localities where reg-
ulated air is available and only clean-
ing and filtering are needed, an air
condenser (fig. 46) can be used to
supplant the air transformer. Size of
air lines necessary is given in para-
graph 127a(6) and figure 45.
d. Filter replacement. The filter pack in an
air transformer should be removed and re-
placed whenever it shows signs of becoming
clogged by dirt or oil.
83
TM 9-213

PIPE RECOMMENDATIONSEREO
SLOPE TOWARDS TK-F
1.1/2 AND 2 H. P. OUTFITS DRAIN LEG FRO
MIN. 1/2 -IN. UP TO 50-FT. OF
OVER 50-FT. 3/4-IN.
TRANSFORMER
3 AND 5 H.P. OUTFITS TAKE-OFF
MIN. 3/4-iN. UP TO 200-FT.
OVER 200-FT. 1-IN.

MAIN AIR LfNE DRAIN LEG

--

AIR TRANSFORMER

DRAIN HERE DRAIN HERE

AIR COMPRESSO I DAILY DAILY

RA PD 78493
DRAIN HERE DAILY

Figure 45. Air transformerinstallationwith other equipment.

CONDENSER
AIR
TRANSFORMER
ORD A774

Figure 46. Air transformer (separator) and condenser.

84
 TM 9-213

GAGE
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
INDICATES
AIR ENTERS
HERE
VALVEASSEMBLY
AIR INLET
ADJUSTING SCREW
REGULATESPRESSURE

CAP
REGULATOR

DIAPHRAGM
REGULATOR t

AIRREGULATED
HERE l
AIR IS FILTERED
AND CLEANED
AS IT PASSESTHROUGH FILTER

THROUGH BAFFLES-
AIR PASSES

OIL AND MOISTUREDROP TO BOTTOM

RA PD 78487

Figure 47. Operation of air transformer (or separator).

85

CHAPTER 6
MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
Section I. PAINTING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
137. Scrapers
Scrapers made of bronze, which do not pro-
duce sparks when rubbed on metal or concrete
duce
sparks
when rubbed
surface, are used for cleaning paint residue out
of spray booths and off the floor. Metal
scrapers in various sizes are used to scrape
paint from metal and wood surfaces. Flexible
carbon scrapers should be used on aluminum
and magnesium, since metal scrapers may leave
deposits of metal, thereby promoting galvanic
corrosion and in some instances, metal particles
could cause the shortening of electrical circuits.
138. Stencil Key Set
Note. Refer to paragraph 119 through 121.
a. Brass Stencils (fig. 48). Brass stencils in
1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-inch sizes are sometimes used
for stenciling.
b. PaperStencils.
(1)
areStarinsignia
available in various diameters.
(2) Paper stencil sets of all numbers, 0 to
9, are avail
vi . . cleaning off loose paint and rust, and putty
c. Gummed-Back Paper Stencils. Gummed-
back paper stencils are available to aid in ap-
plying the registration number (fig. 49).
139. Availability of stencil key sets
Stencil key sets indicated in paragraph 138
may be requisitioned under stock numbers
listed in Department of the Army Supply Man-
ual 10-1-7500 (Class 7510) (Office Supplies).
140. Miscellaneous Tools and Supplies
a. Layout Tools. Straightedges, a yardstick,
steel square, and dividers are used for laying
out lines to guide the location of letters and
insignia when they are stenciled. Otherwise,
TM 9-213
guidelines can be made by snapping chalked
string against the surface.
b. Hydraulic
b. Hydraulic Jack. A good hydraulic jack is
Jack. A good hydraulic jack is
required,
onmetal
orsince
concrete
the wheels of a vehicle are usu-
iron horses are also needed to support the ve-
hice for painting while the wheels are off.
c. Supplies for Preparing Surfaces. Paint-
removing, cleaning, and rust-removing solu-
t an
tions and sanding materials are required for
preparing surfaces.
d. Masking Tape. Masking tape is re-
quired to cover all body parts that are to be
protected from the spray. Tape alone is used
to mask small areas. For larger areas such as
windows, the tape is used to fasten paper over
the area to be protected.
e. Sanding Disks. Sanding disks are avail-
able for the motor sander, as well as polish-
ing pads and solutions for the electric buffer.
A different
ardboard
stenils
solution -is used for hand polishing.
f. Other Tools. Other tools required in the
paint shop are paint brushes, wire brushes for
knives and scrapers for removing old paint.
Razor blade scrapers are useful for removing
paint from glass. A 16-ounce graduated glass
is needed for mixing paint and thinners in the
required proportions.
g. Cloths. An abundance of wiping cloths
is required at all times for wiping off paint
spilled or applied by mistake, for cleaning
spray guns, and related equipment.
141. Electric Sander
Portable, motor-driven, flexible disk sanders
are occasionally required for smoothing the
body or fender metal before it is painted, al-
though this is not usually the work of the paint
shop. This should not be used within the
spray-painting area.
87
TM 9-213

Figure 48. Stencil key set.

142. Electric Buffer tion sand-buffers, however, which operate at

Ordinarily, the same tool is not used both two speeds controlled by gearshift are avail-
forsanding and buffing, beca use
t sander
he able.
rotates much faster than the buffer. Combina-

88
 TM 9-213

A-REMOVAL OF
PROTECTOR

B-GUMMED-BACK PAPER STENCILS

APPLIED TO VEHICLE

NOTE:
IN CASE OF SPACES
BETWEEN NUMERALS,
. '1zj 0 MASK WITH NARROW
STRIPS OF TAPE.

C-APPLYING STENCIL PAINT BY MEANS OF SPRAYING

WEB

D-PAINTING IN STENCIL WEBS

RA PD 252726A

Figure 49. Application of registration markings.

89
TM 9-213
Section II. SHOP EQUIPMENT
143. Booths and Hoods
a. Description (figs.
(figs. 50
50 and
a. Description and 51).
51). A
A paint
paint
spray booth is designed to collect and exhaust
the fumes arising from use of the spray gun
indoors. The nearly perfect atomization of
material and air provided by the spray gun in-
creases the volume of flammable and toxic
fumes over the amount produced by any other
type of painting. These must be removed from
the atmosphere continuously. A permanent
spray-painting shop requires well-ventilated
and well-illuminated booths or hoods. The
booth is simply a room or compartment open
at one end to accommodate the materiel to be
painted. The items to be painted are brought
in through the open end. The hood is a large
sheet-metal structure hung over the location
of painting. Both the booth and the hood are
provided with exhaust fans and ducts to carry
off the fumes. They are usually made of sec-
tions of sheet metal, so any desired length or
capacity can be obtained.
b. Cleaning. The floor and walls of spray
booths accumulate excess material very rapidly
and should be cleaned at least once a week.
Cleaning is facilitated by covering the interior
l ii \ !bsenti,
:~~
i . BAFFLE BOARDS
RA PD 78469
Figure 50. Small paint spray booth.
90
of the booth with wrapping paper and mask-
ing tape before painting is begun. When it is
necessary to clean, nonmetallic scrapers can be
used to remove the masking tape and wrapping
used to remove the masking tape and wrapping
paper very quickly. It is particularly important
that all electrical wiring and equipment used
in or near a paint spray booth be installed, in-
spected, and repaired, keeping in mind the very
great fire hazard.
144. Exhaust Fans
a. General. The purpose of exhaust fans
used in connection with paint spray booths or
shops is to continuously remove the flammable
and toxic fumes generated within the booth.
b. Installation (fig. 52). Where fans are in-
stalled in homemade booths or shops, the fol-
lowing will be a guide to their suitability:
(1) With fan operating, very little atom-
ized material should be visible in
the booth while gun is operating.
(2) Such material as is visible should dis-
appear almost at once when gun is
shut off.
(3) Baffle boards (fig. 50) should be in-
stalled in booths to assure absence of
"dead spots" in air circulation. Such
boards break up the air stream go-
taking air only at its point of installa-
tion.
(4) Exhaust piping used with fans should
meet the following requirements:
(a) It should be the same diameter as
the fan.
(b) Pipe sections should be joined
smoothly and in a manner to pre-
a minimum obstruction to the
a passage of air.
(c) The smallest possible number of
elbows should be used.
.(d) Clean-out doors should be in-
stalled at least every 10 feet.
145. Portable Floodlights
Portable floodlights provide good illumina-
tion directly on the area to be painted. Their
use will avoid many places being skipped or
slighted. All lights used should be of the va-
porproof type.
 TM 9-213

LAMP
1/ I

,I .7' DEFLECTOR PLATE \.

COVERING EXHAUST
OPENING ,

RA PD 78624

Figure 51. Auto spray booth.

146. Vaporproof Lamps used, the paint booth or hood should be

When a special room is used as a paint shop
instead of a paint booth, it should be equipped
with vaporproof lamps (fig. 53) which are
not affected by flammable vapor circulating in
the air when spray painting is done. Likewise,
when portable floodlights (par. 145) are not
equipped with vaporproof lamps.
147 C Shaker
A motor-driven can shaker is a valuable
piece of paint shop equipment. It save consid-
erable time in mixing paint which would
otherwise have to be stirred by hand with a
paddle.

91
 TM 9-213

E~~~~~~~~~~~~~

SWITCH Bo OX
., :

a_;.

1-'- I keins x
wi

b ·
do~~~~~~~~~~~~"
A-
1;;· \^
X R rows _l.I -- FAN
: n

~'
HIV~~~~~~~~~~ENT'SOTO
.~ ~ ADE
,.

~~~~~~~Fi.ur 5 . Insa.l ezars . -w

9 -F2<fBy<A..

Figure 52. Installed exhaust fan.

92
 TM 9-213

REFLECTOR

2=6•~ < LAMP GLOBE

IN I 1~1- \ LAMP

Figure 53. Vaporproof lamps for paint shop.

93
 TM 9-213

CHAPTER 7
PAINTING DATA

Section I. OPACITY AND COVERING DATA

148. Oil Paints Table XII. Oil Paint Coverage
Table XII indicates the approximate area (in Material Prime coat Second coat Third coat
square feet) which normally can be covered per Steel
gallon of oil paint. This information can be Sheet --------. 400-600 .500-600 600-700
used as a guide in estimating the amount of Heavy 400-550 450-600 550-650
paint required for a specific job. construction.
Medium ------- 350-500 450-550 500-600
149. Enamels, Varnishes, Stains, and Light ___--__-- 300-500 400-550 450-550
Bituminous Paints Wood:
New __________. 500-600 a 500-600 b 500-600
In general, the approximate area (in square Weathered ___ 300-400 a 400-500 b 400-500
feet) which can be covered per gallon depend- Repainted_____ 400-500 a 500-600 b 500-600
ing on surface and consistency of paint is as Concrete and brick - 1!50-300 c 300-400 d 350-450
follows: Plaster, etc. -------. 250-350 b 300-400 d 400-500
a. Enamels, 400-600. , To each gallon of paint is added approximately 2 quarts of
raw linseed oil and 1 pint of thinner.
b. Varnishes, 500-700. raw To each gallon of paint is added approximately 1 pint of
raw linseed oil and 1/2 pint of thinner.
c. Stains, 500-600. c Special primer or reducer added.
d Approximately 1 pint of reducer is added to each gallon of
d. Bituminous paints, 75-200. paint.

Section II. TIPS ON PAINTING

150. Painting "Don'ts"
Certain basic precautions in the application
of paint, varnish, enamel, and lacquer are gen-
erally applicable. The following should be ob-
served at all times:
a. Don't paint over an unclean surface. Be
sure all dirt, rust, scale, etc., are removed.
b. Don't fail to stir paint thoroughly.
c. Don't mix one paint with another unless
instructed to do so.
d. Don't fail to follow instructions which
may appear on containers, particularly with re-
spect to the addition of thinner and application
instructions.
e. Don't apply paint or varnish unless the
drying conditions are satisfactory.
f. Don't paint in wet or extremely cold
weather (below 500 F.).
g. Don't apply abnormally heavy coats.
h. Don't add too much thinner.
i. Don't use paint buckets, cans, paint roll-
ers, spray guns, or brushes which are not
clean.
j. Don't apply cold paints on varnishes.
k. Don't leave old paint- and old-soaked
clothes lying around in the paint shop. They
are a fire hazard (figs. 54 and 55).
1. Don't fail to clean brushes, paint rollers,
and spray guns immediately after using.
n. Don't release the tops of pressure-feed
material containers before releasing the air
pressure.
o. Don't use electrical connections that show
any inclination to become loose or to arc.

95
 TM 9-213
152. Engines, Engine Accessories and
Engine Compartments
a. General Instructions.
(1) Engines and engine accessories should
be painted in accordance with manu-
facturer's standard practice, except
the finish coat should be an olive
?~i-~ "bl~OLD DIRTY drab conforming to Specification TT-
E-485. Engines :received in -an un-
:METAL painted condition should remain in
WITH COVER that condition. Paint will frequently
impair the heat conductivity of metal
I P t>-
. i'A:
:i i' and should not be applied to engines,
unless it is the manufacturer's policy
to do so.
~>
P ~ -; SS==--'RA PO 108399 (2) Engines should ordinarily be painted
or repainted only when removed from
Figure 54. Proper method of old cloth, disposal. vehicles for remanufacture or rebuild,
and not when they are in the vehicle.
p. Don't pour paint out of a container in a
manner that obscures the label. (3) Engine assemblies should be painted
only after all operations concerning
q. Don't fail to strain paint before using. manufacture or rebuild have been
r. Don't fail to remove all traces of wax completed, and cylinder head or heads
from surfaces where paint or varnish is to be and crankcase or oil pan are assem-
used. bled to cylinder block, and only when
s. Don't paint without proper ventilation. so
so authorized.
authorized.
b. Removal of Old Paint. Proceed as indi-
t. Don't waste paint by spraying beyond cated in TM 9-208-1. Do not use alkali-type
the item being coated. remover on aluminum.
u. Don't paint over a moist or wet surface.
c. Cleaning and Rust Removal. Follow pro-
v. Make sure paint does not come between cedure indicated in TM 9-208-1.
ground strap and hull of tanks.groundstrap and hull ofCaution:
tanks. Mask intake and exhaust ports,
w. Avoid paint on operator-instruction breathers, etc.,carefully,to prevent dust, solu-
plates. tion, water, or metal conditioner from entering
engine.
151. Target Materiel d. Combat Vehicle Air-Cooled Engines. On
Target materiel generally is governed by the combat vehicle air-cooled engines, ferrous met-
policy that wooden parts usually destroyed by al parts are painted with olive-drab, semigloss,
bullets will not be painted. Timber frame sup- rust-inhibiting enamel conforming to TT-E-
ports of siding targets are, however, given one 485. Aluminum portions, including the cylin-
coat of commercial red paint. The pulleys, sash der fins are left unpainted. The base of the
cord and sash cord clamps, roller brackets, cylinders is coated with varnish, waterproofing,
rollers, slide racks, slide irons, and hook bolts electrical, ignition, conforming to MIL-V-
of sliding targets are not painted. All parts 13811.
of the car and track of rolling targets for ma- e. Engine Compartments. All exterior sur-
chineguns and all parts of sled targets, except faces of combat vehicles not exposed to outside
snatch blocks, ropes, staves, and pasteboard view are painted white for better reflection of
targets, receive one coat of commercial red light in accordance with paragraph 79, except
paint. as otherwise required.

96
 TM 9-213

ON*

OLD DIRTY CLOTHS ARE A FIRE HAZARD RA PD 108400

Figure 55. Dirty cloths should never be left in the open.

97

GLOSSARY
The following terms, many of which are
used in this manual, are defined as they are
used with respect to painting and related oper-
ations. Become familiar with them and refer
to this list whenever in doubt about a defini-
tion.
Abrasive resistance-Thisproperty is compara-
ble to toughness rather than hardness. It is
that property exhibited by the surface of a
paint, enamel, or varnish which will resist
being worn away by rubbing or friction.
Adhesion-As usually used in reference to
paint films, adhesion is the tendency of the
film when dry to adhere to the surface upon
which it has been applied.
Alligatoring (fig. 4)-Rupturing of the top
paint coat which causes the surface to break
up into irregular areas separated by wide
cracks in an "alligator hide" fashion is
known as alligatoring. It is checking in an
aggravated form.
Binder-The nonvolatile portion of a paint ve-
hide is known as the binder.
Bleeding-When the color of a pigment in a
previous coat comes through the topcoat, the
condition is called bleeding. This usually oc-
curs when a pigment already applied is solu-
ble in the medium of the newly applied top-
coat. Asphalt and colored resins may also
bleed.
Blistering (fig. 5)-Blistering refers to a con-
dition in which the paint coat is detached
and raised from the surface upon which it is
applied, as the result of gases or liquid (usu-
ally water) forming beneath the coating.
Blushing-The precipitation of ingredients of
a paint film when it dries, which may be
caused by condensation of moisture on the
film or by improper composition of the paint,
is described as "blushing."
Body (oil)-An oil is said to have "body" or
to be "bodied" when it is thickened above
TM 9-213
its normal condition. Thus the "body" of
an oil is its relative thickness, the degree of
"body" being in proportion to its viscosity.
Boxing-Boxing is the process of mixing paint
by pouring it back and forth from one con-
tainer to another.
Brightness-The brightness of a paint film is
measured by the percentage of incident
light reflected from the film.
Brushing property-The brushing property of
a paint is the quality it displays when it is
brushed onto a surface, as affected by its
viscosity, mobility, consistency, composition,
etc.
Catalyst-A substance used in the manufac-
ture of paint.
Chalking-When loose powder, which can be
removed by gentle rubbing appears on the
paint film or just beneath the surface, the
condition is described as chalking. A good
quality paint applied correctly should chalk
very slowly. Chalking should be a gradual
process over a period of years, so that when
repainting becomes necessary, the surface is
in good condition to receive the new coat,
with little if any preparatory work required.
Checking-A paint film condition with slight
breaks in the film surface, causing the under-
neath coats, but not the unpainted surface,
to be visible, is referred to as checking.
Coat Coating-A protective film of paint, var-
nish, primer, lacquer, etc., is known as a
coat or coating.
Cracking-Crackingdescribes breaks in a paint
film which extend through the film to un-
derlying material.
Crawling-Creeping (fig. 6)-Collection of
paint into little drops or islands on the ap-
plied surface is referred to as crawling or
creeping.
Drying oil-An oil which, when exposed in a
thin film to the air, possesses to a marked
99
TM 9-213
degree the property of readily absorbing
oxygen from the air and changing to a rela-
tively hard, tough, and elastic substance.
Dulling.-The loss of gloss which develops in
a varnish film after drying out is described
as dulling.
Enamel-A paint which has the ability to form
an especially smooth film is known as an
examel. An examel always contains pigment
and has moderate hiding power and color.
Some enamels dry to a flat or eggshell fin-
ish instead of a gloss finish.
Feather-This is to thin coating between a bare
and a painted surface by sanding to a fine
edge when preparing "touchup" spots for
painting and an invisible lap is required
(par. 93c).
Filler-A special paint used for filling pores
or other breaks in a surface to, make it smooth
for further painting. When applied and ex-
posed to the air, 'a filler should dry to a rel-
atively hard, permanent solid, capable of
supporting subsequent coats.
Flaking-When small pieces of the paint coat
fall away, the condition is described as flak-
ing.
Gloss-The degree of mirror-like reflection
of a painted surface is known as gloss.
Hiding power-The power of a paint or paint
material to cover up a surface painted with
it so the surface cannot be seen is termed
hiding power.
Leveling-The ability of a paint to flow, leav-
ing a smooth film when brushed onto a sur-
face.
Mildew-Mildew is a fungus frequently noted
on surfaces exposed in damp, warm climates.
This is usually found on surfaces covered
with paint of a soft nature. Such paints act
like flypaper and afford lodging for wind-
blown matter from decayed and dried vege-
tation. Sometimes the oil with which the
paint is made or mixed is infected and offers
a breeding place for mildew spores.a breeding Toxic-A
placefor mildew paint or other product is said to 'be
Opacity-The degree of obstruction to the
transmission of visible light offered by a
paint film is known as opacity.
Oxidation-The combination of a drying oil
with oxygen from the air to form a 'solid
film is known as oxidation.
100
Peeling-A more aggravated form of scaling,
usually due to the presence of moisture
when the paint was applied or to faulty ap-
plication of the priming coat, is known as
peeling.
Pigment-The fine solid particles used in the
preparation of paint, substancially insolu-
ble in the vehicle, are known as the pigment.
Polymerization-The reaction, usually at ele-
vated temperatures, in which two or more
components of the substance combine to
form a more complex molecular structure,
which has the property of curing or solidi-
fying with or without the absorption of oxy-
gen.
Primer-A paint which is intended for use as
the initial covering for a surface and usually
to be followed by other coats, often of a dif-
ferent type of paint, is known as a primer.
Runs-Sags (fig. 8)-Runs or sags are irreg-
ularities of the paint film due to uneven
flow of the paint.
Scaling-Flakingof the paint film in an aggra-
vated form, in which the paint coating falls
off in larged sections, is known as scaling.
Solvent-A solvent is usually a volatile
thinner, particularly for varnishes and lac-
quers.
Spotting-The appearance of discolored spots
on a painted or varnished surface is known
asspotting.
Stripper-Any solution used for paint removal
is known as a stripper.
Stripping-The process of removing paint from
a painted surface by means of a stripper is
known as stripping.
Sweating-Sweating is a term used to describe
the reappearance of luster on a varnished
surface which has been rubbed to a dull
finish.
Thinner-volatile-The liquid portion of a
paint, which evaporates, is known as volatile
thinner.
spores.
toxic when it has poisonous qualities. While
some paints and related materials have toxic
qualities with respect to the using personnel,
products which are named "toxic paints" are
developed for their poisonous qualities
against fungi, teredo, barnacles, and the like.
 TM 9-213

Vehicle-The liquid portion of a paint-that emulsion will be formed. This is termed

portion which carries the pigments. Any- "washing."
thing that is dissolved in the liquid portion Wrinkling-Wrinkling, sometimes referred to
as "crinkling," "puckering," or "crimping,"
of a paint becomes a part of the vehicle. describes aa condition
describes in*which
condition in which the
the paint
paint
Washing-Paint films sometimes allow the film gathers in wrinkles. It frequently oc-
pigment to "wash" out under action of the curs when paint or varnish is applied at low
elements, and when rubbed, a wet, soapy temperatures.

101
 TM 9-213

APPENDIX
REFERENCES

Publication Indexes
The following indexes should be consulted frequently for latest changes or revisions or refer-
ences given in this appendix and for new publications relating to material covered in this techni-
cal manual.
Index of Army Motion Pictures, Film Strips, Slides, and Phono-Record- DA Pam 108-1
ings.
Military Publications:
Index of Administrative Publications ------------------------------ DA Pam 310-1
Index of Blank Forms -------------------------------------- DA Pam 310-2
Index of Graphic Training Aids and Devices ---------------------- DA Pam 310-5
Index of Supply Manuals, Engineer ------------------------------ DA Pam310-25
Index of Supply Manuals; Ordnance Corps -----------.------------ DA Pam 310-29
Index of Tables of Organization and Equipment, Tables of Organiza- DA Pam 310-7
tion, Type Tables of Distribution, and Tables of Allowances.
Index of Technical Manuals, Technical Bulletins, Supply Bulletins, DA Pam 310-4
Lubrication Orders, and Modification Work Orders.
Index of Training Publications ---------------------------------- DA Pam 310-3
Ordnance Major Items and Major Combinations and Pertinent Publica- SB 9-1
tions.

2. Supply Manuals
The following Department of the Army supply manuals pertain to this material:
a. General.
Introduction --------------------------------- ORD 1
Office Supplies ---- - --------------------------------- SM 10-1-7500
b. Maintenance and Repair.
Brushes, Paints, Sealers and Adhesives, FSC group 80 ---------------- SM 5-1-C5-1-SL,
Vol 2

3. Other Publications
The following explanatory publications pertain to this material:
a. Camouflage.
Camouflage, Basic Principles and Field Camouflage ------------------ FM 5-20
Camouflage of Fixed Installations ---------------------------------- FM 5-21
Camouflage Materials -------------------------------------- FM 5-22
b. General.
Ammunition, General ---------------------------------------- TM 9-1900/
TO 11A-1-20
Logistics (General): Unsatisfactory Equipment Report ---------------- AR 750-5

103
 TM 9-213

Military Symbols __-__- -_____--__.____ _ -__ -____ FM._____

21-30
Military Terms, Abbreviations, and Symbols:
Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes __-----
_ __ _____ AR .....320-50
Dictionary of United States Army Terms -__- -- ___-__-__ -
-____ -__ AR 320-5
Military Training __-___ --_ ____ -- - -____
____
-- - -_______.FM 21-5
Safty: Accident Reporting and Records __- ____ -- ___ - ___-___-- -_____ AR 385-40
Techniques of Military Instruction ___----- .........
._.___
_____ _ ... 21-6
FM
c. Maintenance and Repair.
7 Cubic-Feet-Per-Minute Hand-Operated Nonbleeder-Type Paint Spray TB ORD 597-47
Gun (Master Mfg. Co. Model "Ace" Size 31-50) (4940-261-8413) and
4-1/2 Cubic-Feet-Per-Minute Hand-Operated Nonbleeder-Type Paint
Spray Gun (Master Mfg. Co. Model "Ace" Size 43-65) (4940-261-8414)
and 7-8 Cubic-Feet-Per-Minute Hand-Operated Nonbleeder-Type Paint
Spray Gun (Master Mfg. Co. Model "Ace" Size 31-30) (4940-261-8415).
Ammunition Color Coding ___- ____ .____
__.......________ MIL-STD-709
._____
Chassis Coating Compound (Underbody Coating Compound); Description, TB ORD 401
Method of Application, and Equipment Used.
Cleaning of Ordnance Material ______-_-__.______ __-___-__-__---__ TM 9-208-1
Colors: (for) (Ready Mixed Paints) _-_-____--____ --____----_______ FED-STD 595
Enamel, Semi-Gloss, Rust-Inhibiting __- __-- -___-___- - -_______
---- _ TT-E-485
Finishing of Metal and Wood Surfaces __-__-____--___......____ _ MIL-STD-171(ORD)
._
Heavy-Duty Air-Operated Undercoating Spray Gun Outfit (Gray Model TB ORD 597-49
250-459) (40-G-535); Rebuild Standards.
Materials Used for Cleaning, Preserving, Abrading, and Cementing Ord- 'TM 9-247
nance Materiel, and Related Materials Including Chemicals.
Paint, Primer, Zinc, Yellow for Aluminum and Magnesium Surfaces. TT-P-666
Paint Spray Gun (The Binks Mfg. Co. Model 18) (4940-261-8413, 4940- TB ORD 597-39
261-8414, and 4940-261-8415); Rebuild Standards.
Paint Spray Guns (The Black Mfg. Co. Model B-8800-AR-1) (4940-261- TB ORD 597-26
8413); (Model B-5500-AR-1) (4940-261-8414); (Models B-8900-AR-
1 and B1900) (4940-261-8415); Rebuild Standards.
Paint Spray Guns (The DeVilbiss Co. Model PMBC-510 No. 58-FX) TB ORD 597-30
(4940-261-8413); (Model PMBC-510 No. 45-E) (4940-261-8414);
(Model PMBC-510 No. 58-E) (4940-261-8415); Rebuild Standards.
Paint Spray Gun (The Electric Sprayit Co. Model GG-501) (4940-261- TB ORD 597-27
8414); and (GG-593) (4940-261-8415); Rebuild Standards.
Painting and Finishing Systems for Artillery Materiel _ ____.--- __-- _ MIL-STD 173(ORD)
Painting and Finishing Systems for Fire Control Instruments. _____-_ MIL-STD 194(ORD)
Painting Instructions for Field Use ___-________-____.__________- ___ TM 9-2851
Painting Procedures, Tactical Vehicles (Tracked and Wheeled) _-_----_ MIL-STD-193(ORD)
Primer, Coating, Synthetic, Rust Inhibiting, Lacquer-Resisting. ____-___ TT-P-664
Rigging ___.----- -_________--____--____ ___--____ TM 5-725
Thinner; Dope and Lacquer (Celluose-Nitrole) _-__-____ ------
-__ __ TT-T-266
Thinner; Synthetic-Enamel _.----------_____ _ _ -_-___ - _ __ -- ___ TT-T-306
Toluol (For Use in Organic Coatings) _.-....__...___. __.._ TT-T-548
Xylene (For Use in Organic Coatings) _.---______ - --- ________-----_ TT-X-916
d. Storage and Shipment.
Marking and Packing of Supplies and Equipment:
Color Marking of Vehicles and Equipment ___-_-_-- ____.__ AR 746-2300-1
____ ...
Marking of Personal Clothing and Orgnizational Clothing and Equip- AR 746-10
ment.
104
 TM 9-213

Marking of Supplies for Shipment ------

_____-__-_-_______________ AR 725-50
Marking for Shipment and Storage -- ___---_---_--_-- __--___----- MIL-STD-129
Moisture and Fungus Proofing Treatment of Antiaircraft Artillery "On- TB ORD 350
Carriage" Fire Control Equipment and Associated Cable Systems.
Storage of Supplies and Equipment: Storage and Materials Handling. TM 743-200
TM 743-200-1

105
 TM 9-213

INDEX

Paragraph Page

Accessories, compressor ____…_-_______---___________________-------------------- 134 82

Accessories, miscellaneous:
Air transformer ______-_________-__________---_-_____------_ 136 83
Engine __________________________________--_____________ _ ---- 152 96
Hose _______________--_ .. ________________________ . .............134 82
Valves and gages __________________________--_-_-____________________------ 135 82
Accidents, field report of -- ____________________-----_______--_______ _____.__ _3c 3
Air, safe _____ _________________________-___________________________________-li- 118a 66
Air caps ______…-----
- --________--______________________________________________ 103 47
Air leakage from front of gun ____…___________________________________ _________ 105b 48
Air transformers -- __________________-______________…_-____________ 136 83
Alcohol, denatured -________-_______--______________________________________----- 32e(1) 16
Alligatoring and checking ________________________________________-- ____________ 13 7
Aluminum, finish systems for -________--- -____-_________________ _________________ 92 36
Aluminum fuel tank assemblies (tracked combat vehicles) __--______________------ 81 32
Ammunition ______________-_______________________-______________________-----_ 77 29
Application (See also specific item) ----- _---------_--------------------------____ 29 15
Apply paint to stencil -_-----___--- --
_______--- - --
___-_____ ____ 121 67
Artillery materiel ____________.-----------------__________ 75 29
Authorized forms -- _____________________________________________ 3a 3
Baking ovens ____-_---_-----______ _____________.....__ ... ___________________ .. 87 35
Baking temperatures _____________________-___________________________________-_ 87 35
Binders __________________________-------------------------------------------- 9d(1) 5
Bituminous paints, coverage _________________________________________________ 149 95
Bleeding -_--_ ___--__----______--_____________________________
-- _____________ 14 7
Blushing -_--_____________--___________________________________________________ 16 8
Booths and- hoods ______________________________________________________ 143 90
Brass stencils ________________-__________________ ____________ 120a, 138a 67, 87
Brush and roller:
Care and storage ____-_____________________________________________________ 112 62
Cleaning _____.._____..__________________________________ …................. 111 59
Methods of brushing various materials ________-_____________________________ 110 57
Selection of ________________________________________-_____ 109 57
When to use, application _____-____--________________________________________ 108 '57
Brushing and rolling paint ________i______.__________________________________ 11d, 108-112 7, 57
Buffer, electric _____…______…__________ __________-_____________________…--
- -- - - 142 S8
Camouflage -____ _______--____--____________________________________________
-- 7 4
Can shaker __________________________________________________ 147 91
Care and storage of brushes or rollers ___________…__ __________________________ 112 62
Care of spray equipment --- ___________________________________________________ 106 55
Chalking __.-------------------------______------ 17 9
Cleaning brushes and rollers -_____________________…___________________________ _111 59
Cloths -... ___________.__________._-_-_______________ 140g 87
.....................
Coating, underbody (for motor vehicles) ____________________________________- _ 64 26
Coating, of decalcomania _______________________-_____________ _______________ 124d 71
Coatings, organic ________________________________________-___________________ 90 36
Color ___________----------------------------- 10 5
Composition, paint ________________________________________-___________________ 9 5

107
 TM 9-213

Paragraph Page

Compressors:
Description of types ------------------------------------------------------ 125 73
Inspection and lubrication -------------------------------------------------- 126 74
Installation ---------------------------------------- 127a 77
Operation --------- ______________---------------------------------------__ 127 77
Precautions - draining --____- ___---------------_________________________ 128 78
Replacement ----------------------------
__-_----------______ 127b 78
Servicing ____…___________________…_______________ 129 78
Contact with paint materials ______________-___________________________________ 117a 65
Container, insert ----------------- _-_-____------------------ ---------------
__ 130l 79
Corners, spraying ---_._------______ 1 4
______-----__---______--______________-___ 0 c 47
Corrective measures (See specific item)
Cranking ________________________________________-_______________ 18 9
Crawling ________________________________________-_____________________________ 19 9
Creeping ________________________________________-_____________________________ 19 9
Cup containers ____________________________________________________________
-- 130a 78
Data, opacity and covering -___-_______________________________________________ 148, 149 95
Decalcomania transfers:
Application _----_________---_______________________ 124 69
Description ______--- ________________________________________________________ 122 69
Types ______________________------------------ 123 69
Defective spray patterns -- ____________-_______________________________________ 105e 50
Definitions:
Color ---------------------------------------- 10a 5
Paint ______-__------------------------------------------------------ - 9 5
Spray gun ----------- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - 102a 45
Denatured alcohol ---------------------------------------------------------- 32e(1) 16
Dip application:
Equipment required ________________________________________-_____________ 116 65
Limitations ____________________________…_________________________________ 115 65
Techniques ________________________________________-_____________ 114 64
When to use ____________________________________________________
------- - 113 64
Dipping ________________________________________-___________________________ lie, 114 7, 64
Disks, sanding ________________________________________-___________________ 140e 87
Draining precautions, compressors ________________________________________-___ 128 78
Drying, slow ________________________________________-______________________ 24 11
Dulling ________________________________________-_____________________________ 20 10
Dusting, spray gun ________________________________________-___________________ 104e 47
Electric buffer ________________________________________ 142 88
Electric-motor drive:
Description __________-_--------------------------------------------------- - 125 73
Inspection and lubrication ________________________________________-_________ 126 74
Electric sander _______________________________________________________
--- 141 87
Enamel:
Baking, phenol- or urea-formaldehyde __________________________-___________-_ 55 24
Coverage ________________________________________-_________________________ 149 95
General ________________________________________-_________________________ 9b(1),49 5,22
Lusterless, quick-drying (for ammo) -______________________________-------__ 50 22
Method of brushing (quick-drying) ________________________________________ 110e 59
Method of brushing (slow-drying) ________________________________________ 110d 59
Nonskid, lusterless _______.---
---------- ________________________________
----- 51 22
Rust-inhibiting, olive-drab ______________________________________…__ -42 ___ 19
Synthetic:
Gloss _______________________________________ 52 22
Lusterless ________________________________________ 53 23
Semigloss ________________________________________…54 23

108
 TM 9-213
Paragraph Page

Engine compartments ----- ___--- ___-----___------------- ----------------------_ 78a 29

Engines, engine accessories, and engine compartments ---_------------------------ 152 96
Engraving filler -_____--…--_________________-_________________________________ 36 17
Equipment, miscellaneous:
Electric buffer ___-- ________________________________________________ _______ 142 88
Electric sander -------------
__---_-----------…..... 141 87
Scrapers -----
______--- ___________________ _________________________________ 137 87
Stencil key sets ----___________ _____--_______________________ _________----- 1138, 139 87
Tools and supplies ---- _______________________ ___-___________________________ 141 87
Equipment, shop (See Shop equipment)
Exhaust fans __-______________________________________________________________ 144 90
Failures in spray painting ____-________---- ---- __________- ---- ---- 28 13
Fans, exhaust --____---- ____-- ____--_________---_ ____________________________-- 144 90
Ferrous fuel tanks (tracked combat vehicles) __---- ____-- ___---____--__---_------ 80 32
Field report of accidents --__----- ___---- __-----__----------------------------- 3c 3
Fire making ----- _-------____--_----- _________________________________________ 117c 65
Fillers:
General ____----___---_-----
----- ______ _________________________________
-- 33 17
Graduation or engraving -_-___--- _____-----_----______---_----- __________ _ 36 17
Sealing compound:
Curing ---___--- ___.________________ ______________---__ ._________----_ 34 17
Noncuring ___----------------_________________________-----_____ 35 17
Finish systems:
29.1, requirement for -_----__---- - ___--
_____. _ __----____--__________________ 94 41
29.2, requirement for -----------._------__------------------ ---------------
_ 95 41
29.3, requirement for ________________________________________ 96 41
29.4, requirement for -___---___--- ___---___---_______________________________ 97 41
Ammunition -- ____--_______________________________________________________ 77 29
Artillery materiel -- ______________________________________________________ 75 29
General ________________________________________ 74 28
Graduation and dial ---- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- -- 99 44
Instrument graduations and dials -___---_-- ______---___-_____---_-----_-----_ 91 36
"Orange peel" -_- ________________________ .........
….. 105f 54
Rocket and guided missile materiel ________--- _________________________._____ 76 29
System for protection against moisture and fungi ---------------------------- 85 34
Systems ______________________--_ ... ......................................
31-32 15
Tactical vehicles (tracked and wheeled) -___---___--- _____________________--__ 78 29
Fire-control materiel:
Aluminum and magnesium ___________________________-__------------------ 92 36
Finish 29.1, requirement for ------------------- _-______--------____ _______ -- 94 41
Finish 29.2, requirement for ----------------------------- _-------- ----- 95 41
Finish 29.3, requirement for -----___________________________________________ 96 41
Finish 29.4, requirement for ---------- ___________________ ____--_---__--_---- 97 41
General __-_____________________________________ 89 36
Graduation and dial finishes ---- _________________________---------------------- 99 44
Instrument graduations and dials _________________----------------------- 91 36
Organic coatings __-________________________________________________________ 90 36
Selection of painting system for wood surfaces __--_______________________-- - 98 44
Telescopes and fire-control equipment in interior of combat tanks ___---__---- __ 100 44
Wood surfaces, pretreatment of ----________________________--------____----- 93 41
Flaking _______________________.--_________________
--- ________________________ 18 9
Floodlights, portable ----
________________________________________________________ 145 90
Forms, authorized __-_________________________________________________________ 3b 3
Forms, records, and reports _______________________________-_-----____-_-------- 3 3
Fumes - __________________________ 117a 65
Fungi and moisture, finish system for protection against ___--__---- __---- ___--- _ __ 85 34
Gasoline engine:
Description _______________________________________________________________ 125 73
Inspection and lubrication ________________________________________-_____---- 126 74

109
 TM 9-213
Paragraph Page

Graduation and dial finishes ---------------------------------------- --------- 99 44

Graduation filler ---_----------------------_------------------------------------ 36 17
Handling, method of tSee specific item)
Holding spray gun -_-________---- __-______________________--------------------- 104a 47
Hoods and booths ---_--__-----_-------------------------- 143 90
Hose, cleaning -_______________________---______________________________------- 134d 82
Hose. compressor --__--__--- ___------________________________------------------ 121 67
Hydraulic jacks ---------------------------------------------------------------- 140b 87
Identification __…_-_____________________________________________________-------- 6 4
Illumination and visibility ------
_-____------ __________________------------------ 8 4
Importance in painting, color ---_______-----_---_ _________--------------------- 10 5
Indefinite storage, brushes, or rollers __--__________--------------- _ - -_-_
______
-- _ 112 62
Insert containers __________…______________________________________________ 130c 79
Installation of compressors -_____________________________________--------------- 127a 77
Instructions, brushing ---_---------__--------_------------------ -----------___ - ld, 108-112 7, 57
Instrument graduations and dials, finishes for ------------------------------------ 91 36
Jacks, hydraulic -__________-____________________________________________________ 140b 87
Jerky or fluttering spray _______---
___--------- _________-----________________---- 105d 50
Lacquer, method of brushing -_----____---- ________________________________----_ 110e 59
Lacquers:
Automotive, hot spray -------- _----- _______ ----------
_____ 59 24
General __.. _____________________________________. . ........... 9b(2),56 5,24
Lusterless, hot spray -____________________________________________________ 58 24
Semigloss, cellulose-nitrate -_____------- _____----
__________________________ 60 25
Spraying, general use ----------
____________ ------- _-_-_----__________
--- _ __ 57 24
Lamps, vaporpoof ---_-_._---___ ___________________--…____-- ______________ 146 91
Layout tools ____--____________________________________________________________ 140a 87
Leakage:
Material from fluid needle packing nut ------------------
_----------_______ _ lO5a 48
Material from.front of spray gun ---------...------- ___________-___________ 105c 50
Linseed oil ________________________________________-______________-___------- 32e(2), 38 16, 18
Lumping ________________________________________-____________________________ 22 10
Magnesium, finish systems for ----- ______________---_________
…__________________ 92 36
Making proper stroke, spray gun _____-----________________________-___________ 104a 47
Masking, spray gun -_______________________________________ 104f 47
Masking tape __--______________________________________________________________ 140d 87
Material leakage from fluid needle packing nut -___--____________________________ 105a 48
Material leakage from front of gun ------------- ____ _____---_--------_-____------ 105c 50
Materiel, target -----
______________________________________________________ 151 96
Mildew ________________________________________ 21 10
Miscellaneous paint systems -___-_______________________________________________ 83 33
Mist or fog __-----_ _______________________________________________________-
-- 105i 55
Moisture and fungi, finish system for protection against __________________________ 85 34
Nozzles _______________________________________________________________________ 103 47
Nut, packing, fluid needle ------
_____ ________________________________ ___ 92a 36
Oil, linseed, raw ------------------------
___________________
…-------------------- 32e(2),38 16, 18
Oil paints ________________________________________-________________________ 148 95
Opacity and covering data -_-----____________________________________ 148-152 95
"Orange peel" finish __________________________________________________ 105f 54
Organic coatings -________________________________________ -_ 90 36
Organic oil-resistant finish system for oil housings ______________________________ 84 34
Paint:
Acid-proof, black ________________________________________ 62 25
Coating, underbody (for motor vehicles) ____________________________________ 64 26
General ____________________________________________…_-
-____ 9b(4), 61 5,25

110
 TM 9-213
Paragraph Page
Paint-Continued
Heat-resisting (silicone, aluminum) -------- …------------------------------- 65 26
Method of brushing --------__--------------_------------------------------- 110c 59
Oil -_---_------- __-- __-- __--------__
__________________________--------
---- 148 95
Primer, weld through ------------------------------------------------------- 63 26
Red fuming nitric acid-resistant coating __---__-- __--_--- _------------------ 66 27
Stencil, block _----_---_--- ________--__--____________________------------ 68 27
Stencil, flat _--------______________________------------------------------ 67 27
Straining -------------_______._--___--------------------------------------- 11b(2) 6
Water, paste, camouflage __-------------------------------------------------- 69 27
Painting:
Data ---_---_---_------------_------- -------------------------
_---------
- 148-152 95
Discussion of terms:
Color ----------------------------------------------------------------- 10 5
Definition --_--------_---_---_---------------_------------------------ 9 5
Purpose of:
Camouflage -- __---_--_-----------_-- ----------------------------------- 7 4
Functions --__--_______---_------------------------------------------- '5 4
Identification ______-- ____----________________________----------------- 6 4
Visibility ---_---_----------____----_______________-------------- 8 4
Techniques of mixing __-____________---------------- ---------------------- _ 11 6
Tips on _______-__.__________________________-____________ 150-152 95
Tools and equipment:
Electric buffer --__--------___-_ _-_-_______.______________-----------
-- 142 88
Electric sander --__-----------_--------_------------------------------- 141 87
Miscellaneous tools and supplies ---_---------------------.-----------_-- 140 87
Scrapers ---_---_---____-----_----- ---
_____--_--- _-------------------- 137 87
Stencil key sets -_---_--------------- _ --- - ----
__-_.__ -------------
__ 138, 139 87
Peeling __--___--- _-__________________________________ ________________________ 18 9
Pigments --- _------____--_____________ _______________________________________
-- 9c 5
Portable floodlights -_________________-_____________________________-- 145 90
Practice, safe -_-------------…--…-------------.----- -- 118b 66
Precautions, safety --__------__--------- _______--- _______________-_- ___-------- 4 4
Pressure-feed-type spray gun ---_---------------------------------_---------___ __ 106c 56
Primer, weld through __--__--______________-____________ ____-__________________ 63 26
Primers:
Coating, synthetic, rust-inhibiting, lacquer-resisting -- __--__--__--___--____ ___ 45 20
Coating, synthetic, wood, and ferrous metal -------------- _____------------_-- 44 20
Coating, zinc yellow, for aluminum and magnesium surfaces ------------------ 47 21
Enamel, rust-inhibiting, olive-drab -_--_---_ ______---__--______________---__ _ 42 19
General __…______ .----- ------
____________________________________ - - -- -- 32b, 41 16, 18
Lacquer, rust-inhibiting -- __--______________________________________________ 46 21
Surfaces, sanding, lacquer type _______________-______________________________ 47 21
Surfaces, synthetic ---- ____________________ ... ...........................
43 19
Purpose of manual ------ _---__------____-- ______________--____________________ 1 3
Red fuming nitric acid-resistant coating --- _---__________--__--________________ 66 27
Resistration markings ---_---______-- ___________________--______________ ______ 122d 69
Replacing decalcomania -__---__-- __--____________________ ______.__ ____________ 12 5a 73
Replacement, compressors ________________________________________-_____ 127b 78
Rocket and guided missile materiel --- ___--__---_--- __________--__-________ ______ 77 29
Roller and brush (See Brush and roller)
Running, paint ____--__-_________________
---- ________________ ________________ 23 11
Runs and sags in finish -_----__-- ______________________________________________ 105h 55
Safe air _-______________________________________ 118a 66
Safe practice ---- ____--- _______________________________________________________ 118b 66
Safety:
Hazards ________________…_____________________ 117 65
Precautions _____________:____ _______________________________________ 4,118 4,66
Sagging ________-_______-----
------------------- 23 11

111
TM 9-213
Paragraph Page

Sander, electric -------___________________________------------------------------ 141 87

Sanding disks ____---___------------------------------------------------------ 140e 87
Scaling _________________________--_______________________________________----__ 18 9
Scope of manual -___-- ___-_-----_-------------------- -------------------------- 2 3
Scrapers -_____-_______----_______________________________-------------------- 137 87
Sealers:
General __--_____-- _______-----__----____________________________---------- 32c,17 16,17
Oil, linseed, raw __-______--- __-----__________________----------------------- 38 18
Stain, wood, olive-drab ------------------------------------------------------ 39 18
Varnish, shellac, bleached, type I, medium body, and orange, type II,
medium body ---------------------------------------- 40 18
Sealing compound, curing __--__--- __------------------------------------------- 34 17
Sealing compound, noncuring -_------------------------------------------------ 35 17
Servicing, compressors _________________--------------------------------
------- 129 78
Shellac, method of brushing -___---------_-------------------------- 110e 59
Shaker, can _______-_____.___----------
_________________________-------------- 147 91
Shop equipment:
Booths and hoods ----------------------------------. _-------------------- 143 90
Can shaker ---- __------________________________-------------------------- 147 91
Exhaust fans __---__---_ ____---_--___--______________________------------- 144 91
Portable floodlights …--------------------------------------- 146 91
Vaporproof lamps ---_------------------------------------------------------ 146 91
Slow drying __------------------______________________________________ 24 11
Solvent, dry-cleaning -------__ __--_-----_----------------_--------- ------------ 32e(3) 16
Special painted surfaces -_____-_--- _________---___--__-______-------- 82 .33
Speed of gun travel __---_----__---_---_ _____--_____
--. _ 104d 47
Spotting -________________________________---_________________________-- 25 12
Spray equipment, compressors:
Description of types ------------------------------------------------------ 125 73
Inspection and lubrication ---___------_---------__--------------- ---------- _ 126 74
Installation --
__-----------------________-_________________________________ 127 77
Operation ______________________________________________________________
-- 127 77
Precautions-draining ______________________________________________________ 128 78
Replacement ____--__________________________________________ 127b 78
Servicing _________________________________________________________________ 128 78
Spray guns:
Air leakage from front of gun -…_-___________----------____-____--________ __ 105 48
Application ________________________________________-______________________ 101 45
Care of -_--______________________________________________________________ 106 55
Defective spray patterns ---__----_--- _______________________________________ 105e 50
Dusting __________________…_______________________________________________ 104e 47
Holding -__--______________________________________________________________ 104a 47
Jerky or fluttering spray --_----_---- ______________________________________ 105d 50
Leakage and correction -___________________________________________________ 105 48
Making proper stroke -----------.---------------- __________________________ 104b 47
Masking ________________________________________-_________________________ 104f 47
Material leakage from front of gun __ ._--l____O_____________________________ 105c 50
Mist or fog ________________________________________-____________________ 105i 54
"Orange peel" finish _______________________________________________________ 105f 54
Pressure feed type ---_---___--- ___________________________ __________ _ 106c 56
Runs and sags in finish ____________________-l---_______________________ _ 105h 55
Selection of:
Air caps, needles, and nozzles -------------- _______________----------------------- 103 47
Definitions _____ _____________________________________________ ____..__ 102a 45
Types:
Aerosol paints and airless equipment spray _--_______________________ 102b(4) 45
"Bleeder" and "nonbleeder" guns -_________________________________ 102b(1) 45
External and internal mix ------- l_______________________________
102b(2) 45
Suction and pressure feed - _______________________________________ 102b(3) 45

112
 TM 9-213
Paragraph Page
Spray guns-Continued
Types-Continued
Speed of travel --------
_________________-______ -_________________________- 104d 47
Spraying corners --- _---__________________ ________________ 104c 47
"Starving" ________________________________________ 105j 55
Streaks in finish __---_______.____________________________________________ 1059 55
Suction cup type ---------------
_-------------------_______-__-__________ __ 106b 55
Technique -________________________________________________________________ 104 47
Touchup painting ------- __-- ____________________-------------------------- 107 56
Spray painting, failures in ---------__________________________--__--__---.____ __ 28 13
Spraying corners --- _--________________________________________________________ 104c 47
Spraying paint __---- _______________________________________________________ llc, 104 7, 47
Stain:
Coverage ________________________________________-_________--______________ 149 95
Methods of brushing -- ___________________________________ _______________ 110b 59
Selection of brush and roller ----- ___________________________________________ 109b 57
Wood, olive-drab -_________________
________________________________________ 98 44
"Starving" ---_ _______________________________________________________________ 105i 55
Stencil key sets __…----_-- _________________-________________
- -- 138, 139 78
Stenciling:
Application __________________________-------------------- ______________ --- 121 67
Methods -____________________________________________--___________________ 120 67
Purpose ____________________-------------------____________________ 119 67
Storage:
Brushes on rollers ---__________________________________------------------------ 112 62
General __________________________________________________- 30 15
Streaking ________________________________________-____________________________ 22 10
Streaks in finish -------
______________________ 105g 55
5.______
Suction-cup-type spray gun ______________________-___________________---------- 106b 55
Supplies for preparing surfaces _____________________________---------------- 140c 87
Surface, sanding, lacquer type ------ ___________________ _______---------------- 48 21
Sweating --____________________________________ ________________________________ 26 12
Tables:
Drop in air pressure (table XI)__________-_______________________--------- 82
Finish systems for aluminum and magnesium surfaces of fire-control materiel
,(table VIII) ________________________________------------------_________ __ 42
Finish systems for wood surfaces of fire-control and related materiel (table IX). __ 43
Finish systems-fire-control materiel-steel and metal surfaces other than
aluminum and magnesium '(table V) -----_______________----------------- -- 37
Finish systems-metals-tactical vehicles (tracked and wheeled) luster is semi-
gloss as noted (table II) --- ________________________----------------------- 30
Finish systems-wood-tactical vehicles (tracked and wheeled) (table IV) ------ _ 31
Miscellaneous finish systems (table X) __________________---------------------- 44
Oil paint coverage (table XII) _______________________------------------------ 95
Paint films on metal and wood surfaces (table I) ------------- _---------------- 28
Reinforced fiberglass parts--surfaces (table III) ____________________________-- 31
Treatments and finishes for aluminum surfaces of fire-control materiel (table
VI)' _-______________________________________________________________ __ 39
Treatments and finishes for magnesium surfaces of fire-control materiel (table
VII) ________________________________________-_________________________ __- 39
Tactical vehicles (tracked and wheeled) __________.-___________----------------- 78 29
Tank (Paint container):
Agitators __________________________________________________________________ 131 79
Description _________________________________________________________________ 130 78
Operation __________________________________________________________________ 132 79
Precautions ________________________________________________________________ 133 79
Tape, masking ________________________________________-_______________________ 140d 87
Target materiel ___ ___________________________________________________________ 151 96
Techniques of mixing ___________________________------------------------------- 11 6
Telescopes and fire-control eqiupment in interior of combat tanks ------------------ 100 44
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TM 9-213
Paragraph Page

Thinners:
Alcohhol, denatured _________________------------------------------------------------- 32e(1) 16
Enamel, synthetic -______________-------------------------------------------------- 32e(4) 16
General __________________________________________ _---- 9d(2) 5
Lacquer, cellulose nitrate, dope and lacquer, blush retarding ------------------ 32e(5) 16
Lacquer, clear -------------- ____--------------------------------------- 32e(5) 16
Oil, linseed, raw --------_____---- _______-------
---------------------- 32e(2) 16
Paint, mineral spirits ---____---------------------------------------- - 32e(6) 16
Solvent, dry-cleaning ----
________-- ___________________- _____---------------- 32e(3) 16
Turpentine, gum spine ____________________________------------------------------ 32e(7) 16
Tips on painting ___________________-------------------------------------------- 150-152 95
Tools, other ___________________________________________… ________________________ 140f 87
Topcoat ------------------------------------------------------------------- - 32d 16
Touchup and refinishing procedures ----- _----__--------------------- ------- 87 35
Touchup painting, spray gun --__-----------___------ ------------------------- 108 57
Transfers, decalcomania (See Decalcomania transfers)
Transformer, air ________--
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 137 87
Turpentine, gum spirits --- ____----_____---------------- ------------------------- 32e(7) 16
Unpainted surfaces __-_________________________________--______________________ 89 36
Unsatisfactory equipment report ___----__ ___--------_-------------
________------ 3d 3
Useful painting data ------________-- _________________________________--------- 149-152 85
Vaporproof lamps _…_-___________________________------------------------------- 146 91
Varnishes:
Asphalt ___________________…_______________________--_______________________ 71 27
Coverage of ____----_________________________________…_-
---- _ 149 95
General ___________________________________________________________________ 9b(3),70 5,27
Method of brushing i10f 59
1---_-____--_--________
Moisture- and fungus-resistant for the treatment of communications,
electronic, and associated electrical equipment ------------------------------ 72 28
Shellac, bleached, type I, medium body, and orange, type II, medium body __---- 40 18
Spar, water-resisting _________--- ________________________________---------- 73 28
Vehicles:
Binders -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9d(1) 5
Thinners ------------------------------------------------------------------ 9d(2) 5
Visibility ______________________________________________________________________ 8 4
Wood surfaces:
Pretreatment of ___________________________________…________________________ 93 41
Selection of painting system ______…_______________________________.--------- 98 44
Wrinkling ----- …_____---
_____________--…_--____________ 27 13

114
 TM 9-213

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY:

G. H. DECKER,
General, United States Army,
Chief of Staff.
Official:
J. C. LAMBERT,
Major General, United States Army,
The Adjutant General.

Distribution:
Active Army:

DCSLOG (1) Ft Sill (5)

CNGB (1) Ord Comd (3) except
Tech Stf, DA (5) except Ord Tk-Autmv Comd (20)
CofOrd (9) OWC (2)
CofT (none) GENDEP (4)
Ord Bd (1) Ord Sec, GENDEP (4)
USCONARC (3) Ord Dep (10)
ARADCOM (2) Svc Colleges (20)
ARADCOM Rgn (2) Br Svc Sch (20)
OS Maj Comd (2) except OSA (2)
USARE'UR (5) POE (2)
USARCARIB (5) Ord PG (10)
USARJ (5) Ord Arsenals (5)except
USARPAC (5) Frankford Arsenal (10)
LOGCOMD (2) Raritan Arsenal (10)
MDW (1) Ord Plants (2)
Armies (3) except Springfield Armory (3)
Seventh USA (8) Centers (2)
EUSA (8) MISMA (3)
Corps (2) Def Surplus Bidders Control Ofc (2)
Div (2) Def Surplus Sales Ofc (2)
Regt/Gp/Bg (2) Ord Dist (1) except
Bn (2) Cleveland Ord Dist (2)
Co/Btry (2) except New York Ord Dist (5)
Ord Co (15) except USA Corps (2)
TOE 9-17, 9-47, 9-377 (none) Mil Msn (2)
Ft Belvoir (5) MAAG (1)
Ft Bliss (5) JBUSMC (2)
Ft Bragg (5)
Ft Hood (5) JUISM;AGG (2)
Ft Knox (25) Units org under fol TOE:
Ft Sam Houston (5) 29-55 ' (2)

NG: State AG (3); units-same as Active Army except allowance is one copy to each unit.
USAR: None.
For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.

115