NEUTRALIZATION REACTION

A neutralization reaction is a double displacement reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and water. The salt is formed from the negative ion of the acid and the positive ion of the base. When just enough base is added to react exactly withthe acid in a solution, we say the acid has been neutralized. There are 5 forms of neutralization reaction, they are: 1. Reaction between acid and base produce salt and water ACID + BASE SALT + WATER Example: HCl (aq )+ NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) 2. Reaction between base oxide and acid produce salt and water BASE OXIDE + ACID SALT + WATER Base oxide is metal element that can be react with oxygen Example: CaO(s)+ 2 HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O(l) 3. Reaction between acid oxide and base produce salt and water Base oxide is non- metal element that can be react with oxygen ACID OXIDE + BASE SALT + WATER Example: CO2 (g)+ Ba(OH)2(aq) CO2 ( g ) + Ba(OH ) 2 ( aq ) BaCO3 ( s ) + H 2 O( l )
4. Reaction between acid oxide and base oxide produce salt

ACID OXIDE + BASE OXIDE Example:

SALT

Na 2O( s ) + SO3( g ) Na 2 SO4( aq )

5. Reaction between ammonia (nitrogen hybrid) and acide produce ammonium salt AMMONIA + ACID Example : SALT

NH 3( g ) + HCl( aq ) NH 4Cl( aq )

DETERMINE pH of ACID-BASE MIXTURE

1. Mixture of strong acid and strong base.

- if the mole of H+ = mole of OH-, so the mixture becoming balance (neutral) - if the mole of H+ > mole of OH-, so the mixture will becoming acidic solution - if the mole of H+ < mole of OH-, so the mixture will becoming basic solution There are some steps to find the pH of the solvent, they are: a. find the mole of the compound b. Find the pH of each compound c. Compare them, if the result is different, so find the remain mole of the compound d. Divide the remain moles by the total volume
e. Find the pH= (-log

[H ] = M
+

valency

[OH ] = M

valency

[H+])/ pH= (-log [OH-]) 14

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

OR Determine what species actually exist in solution. Any sodium or potassium salt will dissociate completely as will any strong acid or base. Write out a balanced chemical reaction to describe any interactions that will occur. Remember that the reactants must be present in the original solution as identified in step 1. Look for possible Ka or Kb reactions. Or for reactions of a weak base with a hydronium ion or a weak acid with a hydroxide ion that will react 100%. Sometimes there will not be an appropriate chemical reaction! Generate a reaction table based on the balanced chemical reaction. Remember that the initial concentrations for the products are not necessarily zero. Calculate the equilibrium composition of the mixture. This is only possible if the equilibrium constant for the reaction is known or if the reaction goes to completion. Calculate the pH. Once the [H3O+] or [OH- ] is known, the pH can be calculated as above in the pure solutions.

2. Mixture of acid and acid

[H ]
+

You can use this formula:

mixture

= V1 H + 1 + V2 H + 2 V

[ ]

[ ]

3. Mixture between base and base

[OH ]

mixture

= V1 OH 1 + V2 OH 2 V

4. Mixture between strong acid and weak base / strong base with weak acid

[H+] = Ka Ma

[OH-] =

Kb Mb

Redox Reaction
a. Reaction Redox With Strong Acid Metal + Strong Acid Salt + H2 (g) Example : Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) FeCl2(aq) + H2(g) There will not a reaction if the metals are: Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, and Au b. Reaction Metal With Salt Metal L + Salt MZ Salt LZ Low Valence + Metal M Rule : The metal L have to more reactive than metal M, based on Volta Arrangement Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb (H) Cu Hg Ag Pt Au Example : Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Mg(s) + KCl(aq) there will not be a reaction because as we know that K is more reactive than Mg.

Sedimentation Reaction
AB(aq) + CD(aq) AD + BC Rule : One of product in right side must to sedimentation (s)

Example :
Key : Remember all of molecules that very easy to be soluble like ( NO 3- , CH3COO- , ClO3- , Li , Na , K , PbCl2 , PbBr2 , PbI2 ) so, if there isnt one of that molecules maybe it is a sedimentation reaction.

Limiting Reactant
Limiting Reactant - The reactant in a chemical reaction that limits the amount
of product that can be formed. The reaction will stop when all of the limiting reactant is consumed.

Excess Reactant - The reactant in a chemical reaction that remains when a reaction stops when
the limiting reactant is completely consumed. The excess reactant remains because there is nothing with which it can react. The value of ratio will not change if we times it with the same value => 3 : 4 = 3x : 4x Example :

Calculate the mass from reaction 50 mL timbel(II) nitrate 0,1 M with 50 mL kalium iodide 0,1 M. (ArPb = 207 ; I = 127) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) M: R: S: 5 mmol 2,5 mmol 2,5 mmol 5 mmol 5 mmol 0 0 2,5 mmol 2,5 mmol 0 5 mmol 5 mmol

KI is the limiting reactant and Pb(NO3)2 is the excess reactant. So, mass PbI2 = 2,5 mmol x {207 + (2 x 127)} mg/mmol = 2,5 x 461 mg = 1152,5 mg = 1,1525 g

Titration
The process, operation, or method of determining the concentration of a substance in solution by adding to it a standard reagent of known concentration in carefully measured amounts until a reaction of definite and known proportion is completed,

as shown by a color change or by electrical measurement, and then calculating the unknown concentration.

To calculate the concentration of a substance, we can use stochiometry or by using Normality and Grek(Gram equivalent). A. Stochiometry We use the ratio of mol to find the concentration B. Normality and Grek Grek = mol x valency of [H+ ] or [OH-]

N= Grek/ V N= Normality V= Volume In the neutral conditions, amount of Acid Grek is same amount of Base Grek Acid Grek = Base Grek

NaXVa=NbXVb The relation between N( normality) and (M) : N = Grek / V = mol x valence / V = M x valence So, for the acid is N = M x a

For Base is N = M x b

Question !

What is the pH of a solution of 25 mL of 0.20 M NaOH added to 40.0 L of 1.5 M HNO3? 2. Give 3 apparatus for doing titration ! 3. What volume of 0.075 M HCl is required to neutralize 100 ml of 0.01 M Ca(OH)2 solution? 4. 25 mL solution of NaCl 2M reacted with 25 mL H2SO4 2 M. (Ar Na= 23, Cl=35,5,S=32,O=16,H=1)
1.

Determine: a) Which is the limiting reagent ? b) Mass of reactant left c) Mass of salt produced in that reaction

5. 25 ml of a solution of sodium hydroxide is exactly neutralised by 15 ml of sulfuric acid of concentration 0.2 M. 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution!

Exercise
1. 2. a. b. 3. a. b.
4.

Question: Give the definition of acid and base based on Arrhenius theory! Write the ionic reaction from this acid/base below: Nitrate Acid Barium Hydroxide Determine the pH of the solution if given [OH-] as following. 8 x 10-3 M 7 x 10-5 M

On a temperature and a pressure condition, Kw of water is 5 x 10-13. So, that what is the pH of Barium Hydroxide 0,0025 M? 5. For pure water, the amount of [H+] = [OH-], so that what is the value of Ph?

Answer: 1. Acid is a substance which is release H+ ion in the water Base is a substance which is release OH- ion in the water 2. a. HNO3 (aq) H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) c. BaOH(aq) Ba+(aq) + OH-(aq) 3. a. [OH-] = 8 x 10-3 M pOH= -log (8 x 10-3 M) pOH= 3-log 8 pH= 14-(3-log 8)= 11 + log 8 b.[OH-] = 7 x 10-5 M pOH = -log (7 x 10-5 M) pOH = 5-log 7 pH = 14-(5-log 7)= 9 + log 7

4. Kw = [H+] [OH-] 5 x 10-13 = 0,005 [H+] 10-10 = [H+] pH =-log[10-10 ] pH =10 pOH =4 + 5. Kw = [H ] [OH-]

10-14 10-7

= [H+]2 = [H+] Because of [H+] = [OH-], so pH = pOH = -log [10-7] =7

Answer:

1. Let's first calculate the number of moles of each species. Mole of NaOH : 25 L NaOH 0.2 mole/L = 5.0 mole Mole of HNO3 : 40 L HNO3 1.5 mole/L = 6.0 mole

Initial= Final =

HNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) 6 mole 5 mole 5 mole 5 mole 1 mole 0 mole

NaNO3 (aq) + H2O(l) 5 mole + 5 mole -

Excess=

[H+] excess= excess Total volume = 1 mole 65 L pH= - log 0,015 = 3- log 15 = 0,015 M

2. Buret , beaker glass , Erlenmeyer 3. Step 1: Calculate the number of moles of OH-. Molarity = moles/volume moles = Molarity x Volume moles OH- = 0.02 M/100 ml moles OH- = 0.02 M/0.1 L moles OH- = 0.002 moles Step 2: Calculate the Volume of HCl needed Molarity = moles/volume Volume = moles/Molarity Volume = moles H+/0.075 M moles H+ = moles OHVolume = 0.002 moles/0.075 M Volume = 0.0267 L Volume = 26.7 ml of HCl 26.7 ml of 0.075 M HCl is needed to neutralize 100 ml of 0.01 M Ca(OH)2 solution.

4.

Step 1 : make the complete reaction with the coefficients 2NaCl(aq) + H2SO4(aq) + 2HCl(l) 25 mL.2 M 50 mmol 25 Ml. 2M 50 mmol 0,05 mol 0,05 mol 0,05 mol 0 0,025mol 0,025 mol 0,05 mol Na2SO4(aq)

Initial :

0,05 mol

React : 0,025 mol Left :

0,025 mol

a) Limiting reagent is NaCl -because all of substance react b) H2SO4 : 2,45 gram -H2SO4 : 0,025 mol mass= mol Mr mass H2SO4 = 0,025 mol 98 =2,45 gram
b)

Salt (Na2SO4) = 3,55 gram mass= mol Mr Mass Na2SO4 = 0,025 mol 142 = 3,55 gram

5.

Step 1 : calculate the mol of H2SO4 mol = M x V 0.2M x 15 ml = 3 mmol

Step 2 : use the stochiometry of the balanced equation to calculate moles of NaOH. mol = 2 x moles of acid 2 x 3 mmol = 6 mmol Step 3 : Calculate the concentration of NaOH. M = mol / volume 6 mmol : 25 ml = 0.024 M We also can use Normality: Step 1 : We calculate the N a first. N a = M x Valence 0.2 x 2 = 0.4 N

Step 2 : We find the N b by using the equation of Na x Va = Nb x Vb Na x Va = Nb x Vb 0.4N x 15ml = Nb x 25ml Nb = (0.4 x 15) : 25 = 0.024 N `Step 3 :Nb = M x b M = 0.024M

1. a) b) c) d)

a) b) c) d) 2.

Write the the acid-conjugate base pair from this spesi: H2O NH3 CO32HSO4Answer: Each molecule add by one proton (H+) H3O+ NH4+ HCO3H2SO4 Identify each reactant and product as either a Bronsted-Lowry acid or a Bronsted Lowry base. NH3 (g) + H2O (l) --------> NH4+ (aq) + OH (aq)
<--------

Answer: NH3 (g) + H2O (l) ------> NH4+ (aq) + OH Base Acid <------ Acid conjugate conjugate Acid : H2O Base : NH3 H2O and OH = Acid and base conjugate NH3 and NH4+ = Base and acid conjugate

(aq)

base

3. Continue this reaction and identify the acid base conjugate from the reaction. a) H2O (l) + HCl (aq) b) OH (aq) + H3O+ (aq) . Answer : a. H2O (l) + HCl (aq) -----------+ > H3O (aq) + Cl (aq) Base acid <------------ acid conjugate base conjugate

Acid : HCl Base : H2O HCl and Cl = Acid and base conjugate H2O and H3O+ = Base and acid conjugate b. OH (aq) + H3O+ (aq) -----------> 2 H2O (l) <-----------

Acid : H3O+ Base : OH H3O+ and H2O = Acid and base conjugate OH and H2O = Base and acid conjugate

4.What is the weakness of using litmus paper as the pH indicator? Answer : It ca only show us that the substances are acid or base. It cannot show us the pH value of the substances. 5.What is the advantage of using universal indicator rather that uses litmus paper? Answer : It can show us the pH value of the substances through the color change of the universal indicator. It is more accurate than litmus.