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Ccna Lecture :-Uploaded by Xafran Khan
Ccna Lecture :-Uploaded by Xafran Khan
Lecture 2 Review
Frequency Reuse Cluster Cells Adjacent Channels Co-Channels Co-Channels reuse strategy
Outline
Channel Assignment Strategies
Handoff and Roaming
Handoff Strategies Handoff Management General Handoff Procedure Generic Database Handoff Management Prioritizing Handoffs
Roaming allows subscribers to initiate or receive calls when visiting a different cellular network.
Handoff Strategies
Must be performed successfully and as infrequently as possible, and be unnoticeable or imperceptible to the users. An optimum signal level is defined that initiates the handoff handoff threshold.
It is typically higher than the minimum signal level.
Margin is given by = Pr(handoff) Pr(min usable) If is too large unnecessary handoffs, burden on MSC(Mobile Switching center). If is too small insufficient time to complete handoff before a call is lost due to weak signal conditions. BS(Base Station) monitors the signal level for a certain period of time before a handoff is initiated to be certain that the mobile is actually moving away from the serving Base Station. Dwell time: over which a call may be maintained within a cell, without handoff.
Handoff Management
Network Assisted Handoff (First Generation)
In the first generation system signal strength measurement is done at the base station. Each base station continuously monitors the signal strength of all of its reverse channels to measure the relative distance of each mobile user with respect to the base station. There is a locator receiver in each base station that monitors the power level at the mobile nodes in the neighboring cells indicating the handoff situation for those nodes .
Sample RSS from two BSs as seen by the MS travelling in a straight line
BS1
-60
BS2
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
-120
-130 -140 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
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TC xy MSC BS1 MS
2- Send handoff request to MSC
BS2
11
TC xy
MSC BS1 MS
BS2
12
TC xy
MSC BS1 MS
TC xy
1- Send measurement data of channel xy to MSC
BS2
13
TC xy
MSC
BS1 MS
4b- Send handoff order to MS (start listen wz and wait signalling in wz) 3b- Initiate TX in wz and send signalling
FTC wz
BS2
14
X
FTC wz MS
BS2
15
X
TC xy BS1
MSC
X
TC wz MS
2b- No more reception in RTC xy, inform MSC (channel is free) 2a- Detects connectivity signalling from MS
BS2
16
TC wz
BS2
17
Prioritizing Handoffs
Guard channel concept: A fraction of the total available channels in a cell is reserved exclusively for handoff requests.
18
19
e.g. co-channel and adjacent channel interference along with the received signal strength.
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