Future Demographic Australia

16 Sep 2008

KEY POPULATION TRENDS Total population

Chart 1 Age Structure of the Population at a Glance, Each Dot Represents a Single Age Group

Source: Euromonitor International from National Statistics

Chart 1 known as a heat chart depicts changes in the age structure in Australia over time. Each dot represents the number of people in a specific age group in a given year. Accordingly, a dark red dot represents the largest concentration of people, by age, in a particular year while deep blue dots show the lowest concentrations. A single dark red dot is the equivalent of more than 1.1 million people while each deep blue dot represents just over 36,000 and other colour shadings correspond to intermediate population totals (each by age group). A prominent feature is the large area of reds and yellows which descends from left to right across the middle of the chart. This area becomes larger over time and by 2020 will apply to most of the age range between 0 and 60 years. A large portion of the gains depicted here are the result of immigration rather than any population boom among the native born. However, the number of newborns and young children will begin to increase during the next decade after a prolonged period of slow growth. At the bottom of the chart is another area of dark blue in the age range where population is rather sparse. In the 1980s and 1990s, this blue area refers to all those over 60 years but it gradually becomes smaller over time. During the present decade, a portion of the dark blue is replaced by lighter shades of blue and green indicating an increase in the population of the elderly. The number of these people will continue to rise in the future as Australian society ages. National population is rising at a steady pace. In 1980-2000, total population was increasing at an average rate of 1.33% per

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year and the expected pace in 2000-2020 should be around 1.28%. Between 1980 and 2020, Australia will add just over 10 million people, giving it a total population of 24.7 million by the end of the period. The potential workforce (those between 15 and 64 years) will be increasing at an even faster pace as a result of immigration. Australias potential work force was 9.6 million in 1980 and should be about 15.8 million by 2020. Proportionally, however, some of the largest gains over the 40-year period will occur among those over 60 years. The population of this group will jump from 2.0 million in 1980 to 5.8 million in 2020. Australias growing economic links within Asia will provide most of the dynamism for future growth. A wave of Chinese investment could sweep through the country over the next ten years. This development would be crucial, given Australias very low rate of domestic savings; Population ageing coupled with a modest birth rate poses problems for policy makers. To partially counter these trends, the government plans a series of programmes to boost labour force participation and raise productivity; An inadequate infrastructure and a lack of investment in human capital slow growth in productivity. The number of older workers is increasing but this, too, limits growth in productivity; According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, net immigration presently accounts for 56% of total population growth. Nonetheless, there are continuing labour shortages in crucial fields such as health care and mining. Further changes in immigration laws are expected in order to attract more skilled workers to the country; The medium-term outlook for consumer markets is generally good as Australia should continue to benefit from strong demand in world commodity markets. As the population continues to age, the significance of elderly consumers will become more apparent.

Chart 2 Population Age Shift 2000 and 2020, Each Column Represents a Single Age Group

Source: Euromonitor International from National Statistics

Chart 2 looks at the countrys demographic structure in 2000 and 2020. The population of all ages will be greater in 2020 than it was in 2000 but the largest gains will be among those 55 and over. Australia had 4.1 million people over 55 years in 2000 (21.6% of total population) and the number will rise to 7.3 million by 2020 (29.7%). Population ageing will slow rates of productivity growth and increase spending on healthcare and pensions. The youth dependency ratio (the number of people 0-14 years relative to the number aged 15-64) will fall from 0.310 in 2000 to 0.286 in 2020; The elderly dependency ratio (the number of people over 65 years relative to the number aged 15-64) will rise from 0.186 in 2000 to 0.275 in 2020; Employment rates are high and rising, particularly among older workers. Nevertheless, the flow of immigrants continues and their numbers will probably increase over the medium term. Recent studies have shown that immigrants add hundreds of

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millions of dollars to the economy each year.

Chart 3 Population Pyramid

Source: Euromonitor International from National Statistics

The figures in chart 3 are known as population pyramids because they typically have a wide base with tapering sides rising to an apex. That description loosely applies to the figure for 1980 but over time population ageing, immigration and relatively low birth rates combine to alter the appearance. The figure for 2020 is much more rectangular in shape with abruptly rounded corners at the top which refers to those aged 60 and over. Under the age of 40, males slightly outnumber females but the relationship is reversed among those over 40 and the gender gap widens with age. In 2020, the number of females over the age of 60 will total over 3.0 million compared with about 2.7 million males. The gender gap is partly due to the longer life expectancy of females. In 2007, at 60 years of age females had another 20.5 years of healthy life expectancy while the figure for males was 18.6 years. Males also suffer more health problems from job-related illnesses and generally lead a less healthy lifestyle. The figures in Table 1 provide more details on the demographic structure. The population of young children between 0 and 9 years was at a low in 1984 but has been slowly and steadily rising. The upward trend will continue through 2020 when a new high is recorded. The population of tweenagers and teenagers declined throughout the 1980s and reached a low in 1994. Since then, the number has been on the increase and that trend will persist through 2020. Although Australias fertility rate has been stable and higher than that of most industrialised countries, it is slightly less than the replacement level of 2.1 children per female and will remain below this benchmark for the foreseeable future. Immigration is a more important contributor to population growth but most of these people are over 20 years when they enter the country; The number of women of childbearing age (15 to 49 years) is increasing over time but this effect is offset by delays in childbearing; There has been a steady fall in rates of cohabitation in the past 20 years which also serves to offset any rise in fertility. In 1986, 74% of all those between 18 and 44 years were either married or in a de facto relationship. By 2006, this figure had fallen to 51%.

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The population of those in their twenties has been rising slowly over time and the upward trend will continue until 2019 when a new high is reached. Among 30-39 year olds, the population was at a low in 1980 and has been steadily rising. The numbers will continue to grow in the future and a new high will be recorded in 2020. The pattern is similar for forty and fifty-year olds with new highs being reached in 2020. The population of those over 60 will see the largest proportional increase over the 40year period as their numbers nearly triple. Australia has one of the highest life expectancies in the world (currently 80.8 years). The healthy life expectancy at 60 years has also shown substantial gains and in 2007 stood at 18.6 years for 60-year-old males while that for females was 20.5 years; Most Australians have access to health care of high quality. Health care is free to the user and largely unlimited in access. The system is predominately financed through public funding along with a small compulsory health insurance levy. Around 68% of total health funding comes from either the federal government or the individual states; Immigrants are generally in better health than those born in the country. This result stems from the healthy immigrant effect which includes stringent eligibility criteria designed to ensure that only healthy immigrants are allowed in the country.

Table 1 Key Population Trends 1980-2020

000 Total Male Female 0-4 yrs 5-9 yrs 10-14 yrs 15-19 yrs 20-24 yrs 25-29 yrs 30-34 yrs 35-39 yrs 40-44 yrs 45-49 yrs 50-54 yrs 55-59 yrs 60-64 yrs 65-69 yrs 70-74 yrs 75-79 yrs 80+ yrs Median age 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 CAGR % 1.31 1.30 1.32 0.75 0.35 0.40 0.27 0.46 0.74 0.92 1.52 1.72 2.03 1.75 1.87 2.24 2.24 2.74 2.92 3.89 0.73 Period Growth 68.16 67.52 68.80 35.09 15.10 17.51 11.60 20.02 34.46 44.45 82.62 97.59 123.07 100.02 110.08 142.48 142.13 194.77 216.49 360.12 33.86

14,695 15,788 17,065 18,072 19,153 20,400 21,871 23,295 24,711 7,338 7,357 1,132 1,307 1,272 1,308 1,269 1,210 1,180 951 810 742 775 737 591 529 385 254 246 29 7,883 7,906 1,200 1,175 1,351 1,305 1,349 1,320 1,253 1,228 969 819 733 759 709 546 464 310 300 31 8,511 8,554 1,258 1,262 1,235 1,402 1,358 1,423 1,394 1,313 1,259 982 821 726 738 662 489 375 367 32 8,994 9,078 1,300 1,293 1,296 1,269 1,430 1,379 1,462 1,423 1,333 1,252 972 802 710 689 593 403 466 34 9,505 10,135 10,878 11,588 12,293 9,648 10,265 10,993 11,707 12,419 1,279 1,350 1,337 1,327 1,291 1,449 1,427 1,505 1,449 1,341 1,258 964 798 677 633 507 562 35 1,287 1,336 1,401 1,400 1,434 1,374 1,518 1,485 1,544 1,467 1,339 1,238 943 761 624 548 700 36 1,387 1,353 1,397 1,457 1,505 1,561 1,485 1,593 1,536 1,568 1,464 1,327 1,214 913 713 554 845 38 1,453 1,442 1,410 1,449 1,535 1,604 1,666 1,558 1,638 1,556 1,563 1,451 1,309 1,184 870 649 959 38 1,529 1,504 1,495 1,459 1,523 1,627 1,705 1,736 1,600 1,654 1,549 1,548 1,432 1,280 1,135 804 1,130 39

Source: Euromonitor International from National Statistics

Vital statistics
Birth rates reached a peak in 1983 and have been falling since then. The downward trend will continue through 2020 when an all-time low is recorded. The number of live births was at a low in 1980 and will rise over time, driven by steady gains in population. A new high will be reached in 2020. Australias fertility rate has not breeched replacement level (2.1 children born per female) since 1960. The all-time high was reached in 1981 (1.94 children born per female). Fertility fell until 2001 when a low was reached. Since then, the rate has stabilised and will rise very slightly by 2020. The average age at childbirth also reveals a secular upward trend. It was at a low in 1980 and a new high will be reached in 2020. During these 40 years the average age will rise by 3.9 years. The secular decline in birth rates and fertility rates is largely due to the fact that more women either remain permanently childless or opt to have only one or two children. Presently, an estimated 16% of women of childbearing age are childless; Several factors combine to keep fertility rates below replacement. They include increased female participation in the labour force, longer periods of education and widespread access to modern means of contraception and abortion; More than two-fifths of the women over 30 who give birth are having their first child. This percentage is steadily rising;

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Many policy makers argue that a rise in birth and fertility rates will be in the countrys long-term interests. This conviction has led to expansion of the countrys network of family policies. Death rates reached a high in 1983 and remained around that level until the 1990s when they began falling. They are expected to edge upward again in the coming decade and will be near the all-time high by 2020. The number of deaths was at a modern-day low in 1980 and has been steadily rising as population increases. It will reach a new all-time high in 2020. Australias population enjoys good health relative to other countries and the risk of dying is falling for people of all ages. By 2020, the life expectancy of males should reach 79.8 years, an increase of 8.7 years compared with the figure for 1980. Females will have a life expectancy of 85.1 years in 2020 7.1 years greater than the average in 1980; Circulatory diseases are the leading cause of death with heart disease accounting for a quarter of all deaths. Statisticians have identified poor diet and a lack of physical activity as the main risk factors. The proportion of overweight and obese people is increasing rapidly; The proportion of regular smokers has been declining over time and currently stands at 20.2%. The percentage of male smokers is expected to decline further in the future but the percentage of female smokers could rise during the next decade; Australias Aboriginal people and those living in rural areas have significantly lower life expectancies and higher mortality rates than people living in urban areas. Natural changes in population (defined as the number of births less the number of deaths) have consistently been positive and that relationship will hold through 2020. Annual additions to population range between 120,000 and 140,000. Net migration has been rather volatile, ranging between a high of 157,000 in 1989 and a low of 30,000 in 1993. Annual additions via migration have been generally rising over time and will range between 150,000 and 160,000 in the foreseeable future. Immigration since World War Two has transformed Australian society and population. Government statisticians calculate that in 2006 22% of the current Australian population were born overseas. In addition, another 26% of those born in Australia have at least one parent who was born overseas. For much of the post- war period, the UK and Ireland were the major source of immigrants although there were also successive waves from various non-English speaking countries. The latter groups first came from Eastern Europe followed by waves from the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Greece, and the Middle East. By the late 1970s, substantial flows from Asia had begun and continue today. Since the late 1980s, Asia has been a more important origin of migrants than Europe. These patterns reflect some significant shifts in immigration policy. Australia experienced persistent labour shortages in the early post-war period. When these opportunities could not be filled by immigration from traditional sources, the government turned to Eastern Europe, providing assistance to more than 300,000 displaced persons to settle in Australia and fill vacant jobs. In the 1970s, immigration policy shifted from an emphasis on the recruitment of semi-skilled and skilled foreign workers for manufacturing to a more sophisticated approach designed to appeal to immigrants with more skills. The revised policies also allowed for family reunification, the acceptance of refugees and special provisions for New Zealanders who can move more or less freely across the Tasman Sea. Later, a points system to assess applicants for economic migration was introduced and the government specified the number of each of four types of immigration (economic, family reunification, refugees and special categories such as New Zealanders) that would be accepted annually. Immigration policy has not always been consistent over the past ten years but these four groups have retained their status as groups of primary focus. Refinements in immigration policy over the past ten years are mainly characterised by an increased emphasis on skilled migration. During this time, the pattern of migration has also changed. Migrants from the UK and New Zealand are still the two most important overseas-born groups, but the proportion of those coming from China, India and South Africa has increased sharply. Recent studies clearly suggest that immigrants make a strong contribution to economic growth. Analysts estimated that the migrants entering the country in 2007 would make a net fiscal benefit of A$610 million at the end of their first year and A$965 million at the end of their second year. After 20 years, their net contribution is forecast to be A$1.5 billion. The positive fiscal benefits are, of course, most pronounced for skilled immigrants. More than half of all immigrants are between 15 to 34 years, while just 2% are 65 or older. Thus, immigration appears to be slowing Australias ageing process; Opponents of increased immigration argue that the costs outweigh the benefits but government studies have concluded that if higher rates of immigration are allowed through 2025, the countrys GPD per capita contribution will rise by a small amount (around A$335).

Table 2 Vital statistics 1980-2020

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 CAGR % Period Growth Birth rates Live births ('000) 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.3 13.0 12.5 11.7 11.1 10.7 -0.88 0.67 -29.90 30.64 225.5 247.3 262.6 256.2 249.6 259.8 274.0 285.7 294.6

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Fertility rates Age at childbirth Death rates Deaths ('000) Net migration ('000)

1.9 27.1 7.3 75.9

1.9 27.6 7.2

1.9 28.3 7.3

1.8 29.0 7.0

1.8 29.8 6.7

1.8 30.3 6.5

1.8 30.7 6.5

1.9 30.9 6.7

1.9 31.0 7.1

-0.03 0.33 -0.07 1.12 1.81

-1.34 14.17 -2.75 56.43 104.95

108.7 118.8 120.1 125.1 128.3 130.7 144.2 157.0 170.0 73.7 124.6 80.1 107.3 123.8 155.4 155.6 155.6

Source: Euromonitor International from National Statistics

Note: Birth and death rates refer to the number per '000 population and fertility rates to the number of children born per female. Age at childbirth refers to average age of women in years.

Growth of Urban Agglomerations

Chart 4 Major cities: 1980, 2000 and 2020

Source: Euromonitor International from National Statistics

Sydney, Australias largest city, is on the southeast coast. It is built in a coastal basin bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the east and the Blue Mountains in the west. Melbourne, the second largest city, is further south but also on the southeastern coast. Melbourne is located on Port Phillip Bay. Canberra, the capital, is about 280 kilometres southwest of Sydney and around 650 kilometres northwest of Melbourne. West of Melbourne is Adelaide on the Southern Ocean. Adelaide is near the Fleurieu Peninsula and the Mount Lofty Ranges. About 160 kilometres north of Sydney is Newcastle, located on the mouth of the Hunter River. Further north and also on the Pacific Coast is Brisbane. It lies on a low-lying flood plain and is situated on the Brisbane River and near Moreton Bay. In the far west of the country is Perth. It is located on the Swan River between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Range. Hobart is the only major city on the island of Tasmania. It is on the Derwent River in the southeast of the island. Australias population density is the lowest of any major country 2.77 people per square kilometre in 2008. It has been slowly rising over time and by 2020 is expected to be around 3.22 people per square kilometre. The distribution of population is also unusual owing to the fact that much of the central part of the country can support little more than scattered, tiny communities. Thus, urban residents made up 85.8% of the total in the 1980s and their share will be 95.4% by 2020. In most states including New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia the vast majority of residents are concentrated in major cities. Urban migration has been forced on some residents as the result of severe droughts but most settlers and recent immigrants choose to live near the coast. Indigenous Australians make up nearly half the population in very remote areas. They tend to have higher fertility rates than the national average, meaning that there is a higher percentage of children between the ages of 0 and 14; The smaller cities and towns along the coast have the highest percentage of people over 50 years. The lower cost of

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housing in these areas compared with highly urbanised centres is the main reason why these groups choose to live where they do. The median age in these smaller coastal towns is expected to rise over time as life expectancy increases. Given the countrys high degree of urbanisation, policies influencing this process are extremely important. Most major cities exhibit a "doughnut" pattern of population growth whereby the inner cities are experiencing population declines due to residential land uses being replaced by higher rent activities. Meanwhile, the bulk of population growth relocates to the peripheries. Government officials have had some success in altering this traditional pattern by changing land use policy to encourage higher population densities in built up areas. Australias largest city, Sydney, is steadily growing at moderate pace. Its economy is well-diversified but jobs have gradually been shifting from manufacturing to services. The city accounts for roughly a quarter of national GDP and has the countrys highest median household income. It is the headquarters for more than 90 banks, over half of Australia's leading companies, and the regional headquarters for around 500 multinationals. Sydney also has one of the regions largest financial futures and options exchanges. Tourism is a major industry with more than 10 million visitors each year. Like Sydney, Melbourne is experiencing moderate growth and will see its population rise steadily between 1980 and 2020. Melbourne is a major centre for commerce, industry and tourism. It is the busiest seaport in the country and home to much of the countrys automobile industry, including Ford and Toyota. There is a large technology base with more than 60,000 being employed in the information technology industry. Melbourne is also home to one of the most influential financial centres in the Asia-Pacific region. It hosts more than nine million tourists each year and the industry is growing even faster than that of Sydney. Several of Australia's largest corporations have their headquarters there including the National Australia Bank, Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton. The countrys fastest-growing city and the third largest is Brisbane. The citys economy includes information technology, financial services and education as well as important manufacturing operations such as metalworking, petroleum refining and paper milling. New industrial zones are under development in the suburbs. The Port of Brisbane is the third busiest in the country and one of the fastest-growing areas of development in Australia. Most major Australian companies, as well as numerous international companies, have contact offices or distribution centres in Brisbane. Tourism is an important part of the Brisbane economy, both in its own right and as a gateway to other parts of Queensland. Darwin is growing almost as fast as Brisbane but is much smaller. The citys proximity to Asia makes it an important Australian gateway to countries in the region and as intra-Asian trade grows it will benefit. Darwins two largest industries are mining and tourism. The most important mineral resources are gold, zinc, bauxite and manganese. Significant energy production is carried out offshore with oil and natural gas being extracted from the Timor Sea. There are also uranium deposits near Darwin. Tourism employs 8% of the work force and is expected to grow as domestic and international tourists are now spending time in Darwin during the both the wet and the dry seasons. Federal spending is a major contributor to the local economy as well.

Table 3 Population of 10 biggest cities 1980-2020

000 Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Perth Adelaide Newcastle Canberra Hobart Darwin TOTAL % of total population 1980 3,292 2,812 1,114 1,035 928 378 224 169 71 68 1985 3,470 2,970 1,210 1,101 984 397 248 179 74 67 1990 3,644 3,127 1,331 1,175 1,045 415 280 189 77 66 1995 3,821 3,244 1,487 1,272 1,075 438 305 195 80 66 2000 4,096 3,450 1,624 1,378 1,096 484 311 194 90 66 2005 4,368 3,670 1,756 1,488 1,118 537 315 191 100 66 2010 4,618 3,870 1,874 1,585 1,145 581 320 191 110 65 2015 4,843 4,052 1,976 1,670 1,177 618 328 193 117 64 2020 5,045 4,216 2,066 1,745 1,210 650 336 196 123 63 CAGR % 1.07 1.02 1.56 1.31 0.67 1.36 1.02 0.36 1.40 1.11 -0.20 Period Growth 53.24 49.91 85.43 68.60 30.43 71.99 49.99 15.67 74.51 55.51 -7.52

10,023 10,633 11,282 11,916 12,723 13,542 14,295 14,974 15,586

Source: Euromonitor International from National Statistics

Population by country of birth

Australia has become increasingly diverse as a result of its immigration policies. In the immediate post-war period, 98% of the population were born either in Australia or another English-speaking country. By 1996, however, this figure had dropped to 86%. A distinctive feature of post-World War II immigration is that it has not been dominated by a single birthplace or ethnolinguistic group. People from the UK and Ireland still account for the largest number of foreign-born residents but their number has been falling since 1989. This group made up 7.8% of all residents in 1980 and today their share is down to 5.0%. It will fall to around 4.1% by 2020. New Zealanders are the second-largest group of foreign-born residents owing mainly to the relaxed

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set of regulations governing their immigration. However, New Zealanders make up only a small proportion of total population (2.1% in 2008). The fastest-growing groups of foreigners are Asians (Indians, Vietnamese and Filipinos). Between half and three-quarters of the countrys Asian-born residents live in New South Wales. The rate of labour force participation among Asian immigrants is high, many have at least some tertiary education and a growing number are professionals. The settlement patterns of immigrants are also distinctive. Immigrants are heavily concentrated in urban areas where up to four-fifths of them reside; They are especially concentrated in Sydney, where 32% of the overseas-born are located as well as 38% of those who have been in Australia for less than five years; Immigrants are also more concentrated in some states (New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia) than others. Australias immigration policies were initially based on the concept of assimilation. Later, however, a new policy of multiculturalism emerged. This approach was intended to encourage immigrants to retain their distinctive cultures while becoming part of broader Australian society. A number of mechanisms have been put in place to support this goal including the introduction of multicultural television and radio networks funded by the federal government. Immigration policies are being transformed under the present Labour government. The prime minister has announced that in 2008 his government will accept more than 190,000 permanent settlers, an increase of 25% over the figure for 2008. In addition, another 100,000 are expected to enter under a new short-term visa arrangement that permits employers to fill urgent vacancies from outside the country. Other changes are also expected to lead to a further relaxation in immigration requirements. Behind these changes is an economic boom that has lasted more than 15 years. This has created an extreme skills shortage. A related factor is the past failure to invest in skills and infrastructure to meet the demands of the current economic boom.

Table 4 Population by country of birth 1980-2020

000 Australia UK & Ireland New Zealand Italy China Vietnam Philippines India Greece Germany Other countries 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 CAGR % 0.72 -0.34 2.41 -1.25 4.96 2.00 2.99 3.66 -1.28 -0.09 3.67 Period Growth 33.13 -12.85 159.61 -39.53 593.59 120.99 224.99 320.77 -40.23 -3.63 322.85

11,442 12,149 12,931 13,416 13,840 14,228 14,559 14,888 15,233 1,152 216 274 35 77 43 36 149 109 1,161 1,178 238 269 50 95 55 46 146 112 1,449 1,191 265 262 74 120 71 60 141 115 1,836 1,156 292 247 106 148 91 76 132 113 2,295 1,117 350 228 139 157 104 94 121 111 2,893 1,080 413 208 170 161 115 111 111 109 3,500 1,046 468 191 198 164 124 127 102 107 4,028 1,022 517 177 222 167 132 140 95 106 4,500 1,004 560 166 242 171 140 152 89 105 4,910

Source: Euromonitor International from National Statistics

Population by language
Australia has no official language but it is largely mono-lingual with English being the de facto national language. Currently, 88.7% of all residents are thought to be fluent English speakers and the number is steadily growing. By 2020, a projected 89.1% of all residents will be fluent in English. Among immigrants who come from non English-speaking countries, the government estimates that 82% are proficient English speakers. The number of those speaking Cantonese or Mandarin is growing fastest but this growth is from a small base. The same applies to Vietnamese. Chinese, Italian and Greek are the most common languages (other than English) that are spoken at home. Altogether, the government estimates that languages other than English are spoken in 20% of households. Included are virtually all European languages and a great many Asian languages as well as Russian, Kurdish and Uzbek. None of these are believed to be spoken at home by more than 100,000 people however.

Table 5 Population by language 1980-2020

000 English 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 CAGR % 1.27 Period Growth 65.39

12,265 13,313 14,583 15,718 16,836 17,878 18,749 19,546 20,286

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Italian Cantonese Greek Arabic (including Lebanese) Vietnamese

434 29 287 127 73

435 47 291 141 86

422 79 286 158 105

376 132 263 176 129

354 207 261 202 164

339 279 264 227 200

329 334 266 246 227

322 378 269 262 249

319 413 273 276 267

-0.76 6.84 -0.12 1.95 3.30

-26.42 1,311.47 -4.84 116.84 267.03

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