OCEAN ELECTRICITY (pelamis)

A NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCE

AVR & SVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

NANDYAL (KURNOOL.DIST)

PRESENTATION BY:

FURQUAN NADEEM, III EEE, 8500783663, AVR & SVR CET, NANDYAL, KURNOOL (dist), A.P. eeenadeem@gmail.com.

V.DINESH, III EEE, 9160836151, AVR & SVR CET, NANDYAL, KURNOOL (dist), A.P. Dineshv2203@gmail.com

Abstract:
Over the last few years development associated with low or even zero based greenhouse gas emitting energy sources is on its peak. More recently volatility in the price of oil and gas has increased the number of problems of low greenhouse gas emitting energy sources. Our paper mainly concerns in this aspect to produce electricity with the lowest p/kWh with no-fuel and delivers power at round the clock without any pollution at 88% efficiency with 750Kw rated value . Hence we go for Ocean energy with Gaint Sea Snake - ( Pelamis Wave Energy Converter).

2001 ongoing: 1/7-scale model tested in large tank

(regular waves) and Firth of Forth (random waves) to develop control system

2002 ongoing: Full-scale power module bench rig

tested to qualify mechanical and electrical components and to assess MTBF (reliability) and control system performance Commercial Devolopment:

About Wave Energy: Wave energy is a concentrated form of solar energy: the Sun produces temperature differences across the globe, causing winds that blow over the ocean surface. These cause ripples, which grow into swells. Such waves can then travel thousands of miles with virtually no loss of energy. Dont confuse these deepwater waves with the waves you see breaking onthe beach. When a wave reaches shallow water (roughly when the depth of the water is less than half a wavelength), it slows down, its wavelength decreases and it grows in height, which leads to breaking. The major losses of energy are through breaking and through friction with the seabed, so only a fraction of the resource reaches the shore.A wave carries both kinetic and gravitational potential energy. The total energy of a wave depends on two factors: its height H and its period T.The power carried by the wave is proportional to H*H and to T, and is usually given in watt per meter of incident wave front. P=(H)square*(T)/2 KW/m. Pelamis Wave Power Ltd : Pelamis Wave Power (www.pelamiswave.com) has been developing the Pelamis technology for the past 10 years, Headquartered in Edinburgh,Scotland. The prototype for the Portuguese machines was launched in February 2004 and first supplied electricity to the UK grid in August 2004. The company has worked closely with a wide range of Portuguese suppliers in the development of this project and with a view to the onward commercial roll out of the technology in Portugal. And successfully Pelamis power plant was established in jan-2007 with commercial success at PORTUGAL. Developing of Pelamis Engineering development:

Two main requirements governed the design of the Pelamis machine: survivability and availability .A wave energy converter should be designed to resist any sea state, even the most extreme one, and then designed to maximize the power capture. In addition,Pelamis is designed to use readily available components; it is innovative in its over-all design and assembly. Pelamis Wave Power were very thorough in their development of Pelamis. They used several numerical (computer) models of different levels of complexity, and many scale models were built and tested in wave tanks to validate the numerical predictions .In 2004 a full-scale prototype was tested in the North Sea and later installed in the European Marine Energy Centre. The success of the test programme led to the sale of three machines to a Portuguese consortium lead by Enersis. These machines have been assembled in a shipyard in Portugal and they are being installed about now (autumn 2007). A second stage with 27 more machines is already planned. The next few years will determine if the new wave energy industry can emulate what has been created for wind energy in the recent past. The technology exists, conditions have never been better and the sea has been waiting for far too long. Pelamis Wave Energy converter: The Pelamis Wave Energy Converter also known as GAINT SEA SNAKE - (Pelamis Wave Power, 2009) was developed by Pelamis Wave Power Ltd (previously Ocean Power Delivery). This is worlds first medium scale commercial successfully running wave/ocean energy power plant producing 1,407 MWH/year with a rated capacity of 750kw at a efficiency of 88% . Depending on the wave resource, machines will on average produce 25-40% of the full rated output over the course of a year. Each machine can provide sufficient power to meet the annual electricity demand of Approximately 500 homes

1998 2003: 1/20 and 1/33-scale models tested to

physically validate numerical simulations of wave energy absorption efficiency and mooring loads (survivability).

hydraulic cylinders, accumulators, reservoirs and electrical control cabinets. These systems are delivered to the module population facility where they are installed, assembled and the completed power conversion module commissioned. The main structural fabrication consists of steel tubes, nose and yoke sections. The nose section is installed with transformer, switchgear and control systems and is commissioned. Each tube is fitted with cabling and connecting transits as well as ballast to ensure the correct displacement and trim of the machine. The machine is assembled of modules and tube segments which are joined together. These joints can be made both on land and in the water depending on the facilities used. The fully assembled machine then undergoes quayside commissioning prior to sea-trials and on-site installation at the wave farm. Fig: Pelamis wave enery convertor in off-shore sea level. The device is a semi-submerged structure composed of cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints. The wave-induced motion of these joints is resisted by hydraulic rams, which pump high-pressure fluid through hydraulic motors via smoothing accumulators. The hydraulic motors drive electrical generators to produce electricity. Power from all the joints is fed down a single umbilical cable to a junction on the sea bed. Several devices can be connected together and linked to shore through a single seabed cable. Single Unit Details Offshore infrastructure: The offshore infrastructure consists of three main components which are necessary to install: (i)Mooring spreads (ii) Mubsea power cables and (iii)Latch assembly which connects the main moorings to the dynamic cables.The latch assembly provides a single point to connect the Pelamis units to both the main moorings and the power cables. All components and sub-systems within the Pelamis power take-off and conversion systems have been. Pelamis has been designed to be a fault tolerant generating system with the incorporation of multiple levels of redundancy throughout all systems (structural, moorings, hydraulics, electrical and control) and with all failure paths ending with inherently safe modes so that the survivability, station-keeping and in most cases; generating functionality of the system is not compromised. This unique, fault tolerant capacity is central to operating and maintaining a generator in the harshest of environments, where opportunities for maintenance interventions can be very limited, especially through heavy storm seasons (Pelamis Wave Power, 2009). There are several projects both ongoing and planned which involve Pelamis device deployment: Fig: Pelamis unit at the service center in portugal. (i) Current units are 140 m long and 3.5 m in diameter with 3 power conversion modules per machine. Each unit is rated at 750 kW. Conditions of the installation site affect the amount of energy produced by Pelamis. (Pelamis Wave Power, 2009). The units provide hands free operation. No maintenance is needed to be carried out offshore and no offshore intervention is required. According to the developers it has a built in survivability. The technology has been developed and tested for a number of years, so it has been verified and insured. The first stage of production is manufacturing power conversion modules which contain power capture systems. The module consists of a fabricated and painted steel structure that is populated with systems that include motor generator set, Aguuadoura, Portugal (Power Technologies, 2009) the first multiunit wave farm, with three machines in operation, planned Orcadian Wave Farm, UK four Pelamis machines planned to be installed in Orkney mainland, Scotland, Wave Hub, UK the UK first offshore facility for the demonstration and proving of the operation of arrays of wave energy generation devices (Pelamis Wave Power, 2009).

(ii)
(iii)

How does it work? Ocean Power Deliverys solution is named Pelamis, after Pelamis platuru s, a meter-long sea snake which lives in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Pelamis wave energy converter is 150 m Long and has a diameter of 3.5 m. 74 members of staff work on Current projects and are also developing future generations of Machines. The Pelamis is a semi-submerged, articulated floating structure composed of four long cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints. At each joint there is a power conversion module. Its mooring System ensures that the Pelamis machine aligns itself head-on with incoming waves. How does Pelamis make electricity? As waves travel down the length of the machine the structure Bends around the joints. This motion pushes hydraulic rams that pump high-pressure oil Through hydraulic motors. The hydraulic motors drive generators to produce electricity. Power from all the joints is fed down a single umbilical cable to a junction on the seabed.

diameter is 4.6m. Figure 7 shows the device being tested off the Scottish coast. Individual units are arranged in wave farms to meet specific energy demands in a particular site as illustrated in Figure.

Figure : Pelamis pre-production prototype undergoing sea-trials

Figure : A typical Pelamis wave farm The following sections provide a high level overview of the different subsystems that are device specific. Subsystems covered include the power conversion modules (PCM), the structural steel sections and the mooring system. The summary table below shows the key specifications of the Pelamis. fig: power generating unit. The Technologies The WEC device chosen for the San Francisco point design is the Pelamis from Ocean Power Delivery (OPD). The device consists of a total of 4 cylindrical steel sections, which are connected together by 3 hydraulic power conversion modules (PCM). Total length of the device is 120m and device Table 1: Pelamis Device Specifications Structure Overall Length Diameter Displacement Nose Power Take Off

123 m 4.6m 700 tons 5m long conical drooped 3 independent PCMs

Table 2 : Pilot Plant Pelamis Performance Total Steel Weight 380 tons Power Conversion Module (PCM) Device Rated Capacity Power Take Off 4 x 750kW Ram Speed Annual Energy Absorbed hydraulic rams (2 heave, 2 1,229 MWh/year Device Availability 85% sway) Power 0.1 m/s Conversion Efficiency 80% 0 Power Smoothing Storage Performance Reduction to High 80% pressure Accumulators demo-site (35m) Working Pressure 100 350 bars Annual Generation at bus bar x 668 MWh/year Power Conversion 2 Generator Average Power Output at bus variable displacement 760kW barmotors 2 x 125kW Generator speed Table 5: Commercial Plant Pelamis Performance 1500 rpm Power Device Rated Capacity 500kW Rated Power 750kW Annual Energy Absorbed 1,683 MWh/year Generator Type Asynchronous Device Availability 3-phase, 95% System Voltage Transformer 950kVA step Power Conversion Efficiency 88% to required voltage 415/690VAC 50/60Hz up Annual Generation at bus bar 1,407 MWh/year Site Mooring Average Electrical Power at Water depth > kW 16150m busCurrent Speed bar < 1 knot Pelamis required to meet Mooring Type Compliant slack moored 213 target 300,000 MWh/yr

The Power Conversion Module (PCM)

compartment behind the ram bay so that in the event of seal failure only the hydraulic rams are immersed. Access to all system components is via a hatch in the top of the power conversion module. Maximum individual The wave- component weight is less than 3 tons to allow replacement using light lifting equipment induced motion of each joint is resisted by sets of hydraulic rams configured as pumps. These pump oil into smoothing accumulators which then drain at a constant rate through a hydraulic motor coupled to an electrical generator.

_______________________________________ Fig 1: System Level Design of PCM at San Francisco Offshore Wave Power Plant. As illustrated in Figure-2, a total of 3 power conversion modules (PCMs) connect the 4 individual steel tubes forming a Pelamis device. Each PCM contains a heave and sway joint. The modular power-pack is housed in a second fully sealed

Fig 2: 3-power generating units of Pelamis. The accumulators are sized to allow continuous, smooth output across wave groups. An oil-to-water heat exchanger is included to dump excess power in large seas and provide the necessary thermal load in the event of loss of the grid. Overall power conversion efficiency ranges from around 70% at low power levels to over 80% at full capacity. Each of the three generator sets are linked by a common 690V, 3 phase bus running the length of the device. A single transformer is used to step-up the voltage to an appropriate level for transmission to shore. High Voltage power is fed to the sea bed by a single flexible umbilical cable, then to shore via a conventional sub-sea cable. Manufacturing & Assembly Each Pelamis machine is made up of a number of similar sections, each of which contains an identical joint assembly and power take off equipment. The modular design of the machine allows PWP to maximise build efficiency and allows for easy transition to significant production volumes. Pelamis machines are an assembly of off the shelf proven technology. This use of existing technology widens the supply chain options and increases component reliability. PWP choose suppliers and manufactures who work to the highest quality, safety and sustainability practices. We are committed to developing strong relationships with both new and existing suppliers to share and develop knowledge.

.Fig: Internal parts of PCM.

The key stages of manufacturing Sub assembly of major power take-off components Hydraulic cylinders, motors, generators, reservoirs, accumulators and associated piping and wiring are assembled and commissioned. A key difference between the P2 and earlier designs is that the power modules are assembled on an open frame before posting into the tube sections. This minimizes costs and speeds up manufacture.

Photo above: PWP engineers assemble the motor generator sets. Structural steel tube and power module fabrication: Tube fabrication can be carried out close to the site of the project to minimise transport costs.

Photo above: A tube section (with integrated power module) is lifted into the water. Final assembly & Commissioning: Tubes are joined together, bearing attachments are made and cable transits completed. Once in the water the machines are ballasted to the desired level of submergence. Over half the machines final weight is ballast. The machine is then commissioned at the quayside before being towed to the projectsit

Photo above: Steel cans are welded together to form longer tubes at PWPs facility in Leith photo courtesy of Rob McDougall. Tube assembly and painting: The power modules are joined to the tubes and installation of the sub assemblies and wiring is completed. Tube Launch: The tubes are currently individually lifted into the water prior to mating the joints. In future, a slipway could be used to cheaply and quickly launch fully assembled machines or individual sections.

The first P2 Pelamis machine, owned by E.ON, arrives in Orkney.

Installation of Pelamis WEC Plant Prior to Pelamis machines being installed on site and grid connected the wave farm site must first be prepared to receive the machines. This work includes:

Pelamis Related Offshore Infrastructure: There are three main components to the offshore infrastructure that it is necessary to install to support a Pelamis wave farm:

Mooring Spreads: Each machine requires its own individual mooring spread consisting of the main moorings and a yaw restraint line. The main moorings consist of a number of anchors connected to a central point. The yaw restrain line is a simple single anchor and mooring line configuration. There is scope for neighboring mooring spreads to share anchor points, depending on the anchoring techniques employed at the site. The Pelamis mooring spread has been designed to minimize its footprint area, allowing the highest concentration of MW capacity to seabed space and reducing infrastructure costs (on

a typical site up to 30MW of generating capacity could be installed within 1km2).

Fig: Sub Sea Cables

Latch Assembly:

Fig: Mooring Arrangement of Pelamis

Subsea Power Cables: A power export cable is required to take the power from site to shore. The export cable is laid by contracted cable installers in the manner and route identified in the development and specification stage (note larger projects may require more than one power export cable). From each array of Pelamis machines a dynamic down feeder cable connects to the export cable, with the machines in the array connected together via dynamic inter-connector cables. The dynamic cables are installed after the mooring spreads are complete and are then connected to the export cable. This split allows the export cable to be installed ahead of the other offshore infrastructure, in turn allowing work on the onshore sub-station to be conducted in parallel with the offshore work. Once connected, the subsea cable network can be commissioned and tested for integrity from the substation, prior to machine installation. PWP has developed a latching assembly which connects the main moorings to the dynamic cables. This latch assembly then provides a single point to connect the Pelamis machines to both the main moorings and the power cables. The latch assembly is the last piece of infrastructure to be installed. PWP has conducted all installation engineering necessary for the site construction work completed to date and has now used a wide range of installation vessels. The modularization in the design of the offshore infrastructure provides the greatest flexibility in the specification for the required installation vessels, which in turn also provides flexibility in the programming of the work and the ability to minimize installation costs (depending upon vessel availability and current market rates). It is worth noting that this flexibility also applies to decommissioning a Pelamis installation, something which PWP has already completed successfully. System Design Single Unit: Pelamis WEC device is floating on the surface and moored in a water depth of 35m. An umbilical riser cable is connecting the Pelamis to a junction box on the ocean floor. From this junction box, a double armored 3 phase cable is buried into

the soft ocean floor sediments and brought to the sewer pipe outfall, which extends 3.75 miles out from the shore. The cable landing site for the demonstration site is at the San Francisco Oceanside wastewater treatment facility. The wastewater treatment facility is connected by a 12kV distribution line to the nearest substation, which can be used to feed power into the grid. System Design - Commercial Scale Wave Power Plant:

Array Width Device Spacing Number of Rows System Voltage

1.8 km 150m 3 26kV

Operations & Maintenance Remote Control & Monitoring: Whereas the conceptual design of the demonstration plant system focused on finding existing easements, allowing the installation of a small demonstration system in a cost effective manner, the commercial scale wave plant design focused on establishing a solid costing base case, and assessing manufacturing and true operational costs for a the commercial-scale plant. The commercial scale cost numbers were used to compare energy costs to commercial wind farms to come to a conclusion on the cost competitiveness of wave power in this particular location. While the demonstration plant lying within the SF exclusion zone of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary provides an excellent demonstration opportunity, a location further offshore will yield better economics for the commercial plant as the wave power level is higher. The following subsections outline the electrical system setup, the physical layout and the operational and maintenance requirements of such a deployment. Electrical Interconnection and Physical Layout: the commercial system with a total of 4 clusters, each one containing 53 or 54 Pelamis units (213 Pelamis WEC devices), connected to sub-sea cables. Each cluster consists of 3 rows with 17 or 18 devices per row. Four sub-sea cables connect the four clusters to shore. The electrical interconnection of the devices is accomplished with flexible jumper cables, connecting the units in mid-water.The introduction of four independent subsea cables and the interconnection on the surface will provide some redundancy in the wave farm arrangement. The 4 clusters are each 2.67 km long and 1.8 km wide, covering an ocean stretch of roughly 11 km. The 4 arrays and their safety area occupy roughly 20 square kilometers. Further device stacking of up to 4 rows might be possible reducing the array length, but is not considered in this design, as subsequent rows of devices will likely see a diminished wave energy resource and therefore yield a lower output. Such effects and their impacts on performance are not well understood at present. Based on the above setup the following key site parameters emerged: Array Length 11 km Once Pelamis machines have been installed on site, operation of the machines is handed over to shore control. Pelamis machines are operated via a bespoke SCADA system with the capability of project operation to be incorporated within clients existing generator operating platforms. This has been successfully demonstrated in the Aguadoura project by machine control from the Pelamis offices in Edinburgh and real time data feed into the Enersis SCADA system. For further information see news story. Safety: Pelamis dedication to safety begins at the conceptual design and strategy stage. In terms of O & M strategy this means maintenance is done offsite at an appropriate operations base and machine handling techniques are designed to minimise manual intervention and proximity of vessels and machines to each other. Similarly Pelamis has developed through experience many tools and techniques for installation, surveying, modification and decommissioning of subsea infrastructure without the use of divers and full consideration of the many factors affecting safety at sea. Rapid hands-free connection and disconnection: Crucial to achieving high operability rates is Pelamis strategy of offsite maintenance and development of a rapid handsfree connection and disconnection system. In both connection and disconnection the only manual intervention is the connection of slack synthetic ropes on the surface prior to controlling the latching and unlatching mechanisms by remote wifi link from the tow vessel. This system has increased the weather conditions in which marine operations can take place and significantly reduce the time necessary for intervention. Connection and disconnection is now a matter of minutes allowing the use of much shorter weather windows which occur more frequently. Pelamis has successfully performed these operations in waves of over 2m significant height and is currently engineering developments to stretch the limiting weather criteria for recovery to 3.5m significant wave height. Reliability & Multiple Redundancy: Unlike many generators, which lose all generating capacity through single point failures, Pelamis has been designed to be

a fault tolerant system with the incorporation of multiple levels of redundancy throughout all systems (structural, moorings, hydraulics, electrical and control). Additionally failure paths , where possible, have been engineered to end with inherently safe modes so that the survivability, stationkeeping and in most cases generating functionality of the system is not compromised. Pelamis can therefore continue generating electricity safely, in many cases with little or no loss of performance, with multiple failures within its systems. Intervention strategy can then be tailored to maximise economic performance of the farm using in-house software which Pelamis has developed rather than being driven by a simple need for earliest possible recovery. Preventative Maintenance: Pelamis uses risk-based methodology to determine inspection and preventative maintenance intervals and is gaining valuable in-application reliability data on its components through the operation of full scale working machines. Planned maintenance is carried out at a suitable O & M facility such as the one established in Leixes harbor with the work targeted to occur during the months of lower wave energy. Vessels: Pelamis Wave Power has gained tremendous experience in applying a broad range of vessels from large offshore anchor handlers to small workboats and survey vessels and optimized systems and procedures to suit. Developing this in depth knowledge of the vessel markets involved and the capabilities and working practices of the vessels and their crew has allowed Pelamis to tailor procedures and design to maximize operational efficiency and safety whilst building the flexibility needed to take advantage of market conditions to minimise cost. In doing so, Pelamis has also built effective relationships with key players in the industry.

Power smoothing. Tunable. Maximum site flexibility. Minimum work on-site. Off-site maintenance. Major advantage is no requirement of fuel.

Challenges Disturbance or destruction of marine life (including changes in the distribution and types of marine life near the shore) Possible threat to navigation from collisions due to the low profile of the wave energy devices above the water, making them undetectable either by direct sighting or by radar. Also possible is the interference of mooring and anchorage lines with commercial and sport-fishing. Degradation of scenic ocean front views from wave energy devices located near or on the shore, and from onshore overhead electric transmission lines Conclusion: In India there are many power plants producing electricity For production of electricity tones of coal is going to used but there is no land requirement and fuel cost for the pelamis power plant.. there is only needs to invest amount for installation and runs at very low operating cost. And the power plants 24 hrs and can provided electricity without interruption.so compared to all power plants this the best power plant producing electricity 24hrs in a day without pollution. Offshore Demonstration Wave Power plant for a lot of reasons, including but not limited to:

dvantages of pelamis wave power Pelamis offers technological, economic and environmental advantages including: Low cost of investment is less It also displace above 2000 carbon dioxide emissions tons per year Avoids pollution There is going to be only starting investment. Minimum environmental impact. Plenty of space plus high 'power-density'. Survivability - 100 year wave. 100% available technology. Hydraulic Power Take Off.

Good wave climate Nearby harbor facilities offering marine engineering and local infrastructure Forward looking city leaders with a renewable energy vision Supportive public who voted for a bond measure to implement renewable energy by a large percentage Existing wastewater outflow pipe reducing the cost of landing the transmission cable And reducing the difficulty of permitting Existing marine sanctuary exclusion zone useful for demonstration plant with Minimum permitting issues Existing environmental monitoring program provides the capability of determining

References: 1. Boud R., 2003, Status and Research and Development Priorities, Wave and Marine Accessed Energy, UK Dept. of Trade and Industry (DTI), DTI Report # FES-R-132, AEAT Report # AEAT/ENV/1054, United Kingdom Energy Systems Research Unit, 2009, website accessed 14/01/2009. www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/0102/RE_info/wa ve%20power.htm.

2. Pelamis wave power ltd, which an UK based power

generating company www.pelamiswave.com. 3. San Fransico Pelamis conceptual Report: E2I EPRI Global 006A SF,Principal Investigator: Mirko Previsic, Contributors: Roger Bedard, George Hagerman and Omar Siddiqui. Portuguese organizations including AICEP-Portugal Global (www.investinportugal.pt), Instituto Hidrogr.fico (www.hidrografico.pt), Wave Energy Centre (www.waveenergy-centre.org), INESC Porto (www.inescporto.pt) and INETI (www.ineti.pt ).

4.

5. From the blog of Joao Cruz is a mechanical engineer at

Pelamis Wave Power in Edinburgh, where he develops software and methods to better characterise and predict the state of the sea. He and his colleagues will be monitoring the worlds first wave energy farm which will be installed later this year (2007) in Portugal. www.pelamiswave.com.