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Full Hopf Tori Solution
Full Hopf Tori Solution
Two unit circles in , one in the x-y plane and the other in the z-w plane, form the basis
of a curious structure on . The surface of a tubular neighborhood a fixed distance from
either of these circles forms a torus in . The Clifford Tori are the family of tori
generated by tubular neighborhoods around either of these centerlines. A tubular
neighborhood at a distance of n from one centerline is the tubular neighborhood at a
distance of from the other, where . The family of tori generated by
varying are called the Clifford Tori. The tubular neighborhood at a distance of forms
the flat torus in mentioned above.
Now that we have all of this machinery, we can consider another curious property of ,
the Hopf fibration. First we will consider a fibration on , and then examine what it
looks like when this fibration is extended to the Clifford Tori.
We can think of the as a square, or , with edges identified. Each pair of parallel
and identified edges becomes one of the generators. First, draw a diagonal from one
corner to it's opposite. Now, draw a series of lines parallel to that diagonal.
Now consider what these lines become when the square is wrapped up into a torus. They
become a series of circles, each one circling the torus exactly once in the direction of one
generator, and once in the direction of the other generator. Notice that the circles are
linked, each one passing through each other one.
In the Hopf torus chart ds^2 = cos(r)^2 dz^2 + dr^2 + sin(r)^2 du^2,
e_2 = d/dr
e_2 = d/dr
One also thinks of the Hopf tori as orbits under left multiplication by
some unit quaternion in S^3 = SU(2) = the group of unit norm
quaternions.
Basically, you then have a bipolar ring type field around a central area of normal
space-time. Since this could be formatted to be casually connected to the inner
region(that of the craft). You’d have a bipolar region forming a wormhole throat
attempting to pull the craft along. This would yield something akin to the sub-way to the
stars method self generated by the craft itself. The interesting thing is the Hopf tori field
itself would still form an embedded sub-space region. Yet, outside of transfer of velocity
to the craft due to casual connection all of its Hawking radiation and stress effects are not
focused at the craft itself, but out into space. Since the ship remains in normal space-
time it can still detect only one lightcone system, however, highly Doppler shifted due to
its abnormal Lorentz view. Even though its velocity would be higher than C, everything
coming at it would be an at C motion with higher blueshifts than normal. Here some
form of shielding would be required.
Here is an interesting idea. If one could casually connect such a space-time field to
a regular EM signal so that the Hopf tori becomes the carrier of that signal than one
would have Warp Communication. This field method also lends itself with small
shielding to warp drive capable probes that could be lauched from a craft in warp. All
the shields would have to do is deflect the oncoming photons in towards the Hopf tori
region and thus away from the craft.
Consider this method to reconcile the two sequence-approaches by using some ideas of
Alastair Couper, who points out that "... as has been pointed out by mathematician Jason
Sharples ... cross addition of any number n, in base b, is equivalent to the result of n
mod(b-1) ... the column of cross added numbers [of the Fibonacci sequence]... will ...
repeat every 24 elements of the Fibonacci sequence, ad infinitum. In addition the
elements of this repeated pattern show an additional bipolar symmetry, whereby the sum
of any element plus the element 12 places away always results in 9. These relations are
shown by plotting the 24 repeating elements on a wheel, bringing out the symmetries
clearly:
Combine this with the regular Hopf tori model inspected for Rodin's archetypal
'doubling circuits' and 3,6,9 'gap circuit', we find that they are indeed there:
engineer with rotating superconducting machines, perhaps using ideas from Gabriel
Kron for example it might be possible to show that a lumped or distributed impedance
network, surrounded by its own electromagnetic field, is actually the sum of four
different types of multidimensional networks:
“Our findings confirm that a body reacts to the EM field by minimising its energy, i.e. it
is attracted (repelled) by regions of lower (higher) EM energy. When travelling waves (of
real wavevector) are involved, forces can be additionally understood in terms of
momentum exchange between the body and its environment. However when evanescent
waves (of complex wavevector) dominate, the forces are complicated, often become
attractive and cannot be explained by means of real momentum being exchanged. We
have studied the EM forces induced by a laser beam ona crystal of dielectric spheres of
GaP. We observe effects due to the lattice structure, as well as due to the single scattering
from each sphere. In the former case the two main features are a maximum momentum
exchange (and largest forces) when the frequency lies within a band gap; and a multitude
of force orientations when the Bragg conditions for multiple outgoing waves are met. In
the latter case the radiation couples to the EM eigenmodes of isolated spheres (Mie
resonances) and very sharp attractive and repulsive forces occur. Depending on the
intensity of the incident radiation these forces can overcome all other interactions present
(gravitational, thermal and Van der Waals) and may provide the main mechanism for
formation of stable structures in colloidal systems. ...".
So here again there is a possible EM method for generating a warp field. I still favor the
EM approach, even if the devices to achieve this have not been built yet. We understand
EM enough to mold it to our usage far better than we do gravity.
Recall that L2(R) means the Hilbert space of square-integrable complex function on the
real line. If we define the unitary operators u and v on L2(R) given by
uv = qvu
where q = exp(is).
The algebra of operators on L2(R) generated by u and v and their inverses is called the
noncommutative torus T_q. (If you know how, it's better to take the C*-algebra generated
by two unitaries u and v satisfying
uv = qvu.
This is actually quite a bit bigger for q = 1.) This is clearly a natural sort of thing because
it's built up out of simple translation and multiplication operators, and all of Fourier
theory is based on the interplay between translation and multiplication operators.
The shape of the field depends on the parameter q. If we take q = 1, T_q is the C*-algebra
generated by two unitaries u and v that *commute*. This may identified the algebra of
functions on a torus if we think of u as multiplication by exp(i theta) and v as
multiplication by exp(i phi), where theta and phi are the two angles on the torus. So we've
got a one-parameter family of algebras T_q such that when q = 1, it's just the algebra of
(continuous) functions on a torus, but for q not equal to one we have some sort of
noncommutative analog thereof. The parameter q measures noncommutativity or
"quantum-ness", and one can relate it to Planck's constant (which also measures
"quantum-ness") by
q = exp(i hbar).
This example is actually called "deformation theory". One can read more about it Marc
Rieffels' paper "Deformation quantization and operator algbras," Proc. Symp. Pure Math.
51 and in, "Deformation theory and quantization' by Bayen, Flato, Fronsdal,
Lichnerowicz and Sternheimer, in Ann. Physics 111, p. 61-151.
R(u x u) = u x u
R(v x v) = v x v
and
R(u x v) = q v x u.
Strong simply means that R2 is the identity, so R(v x u) = q-1u x v.) One may thus go
ahead and define "r-commutative differential forms" for the noncommutative torus,
which satisfy
Suppose we have a particle on the plane - with no magnetic field. Then in quantum
mechanics the momenta in the x and y directions are given by the operators,
Now let's turn on the magnetic field pointing perpendicular to the plane. Let's say our
particle has charge = 1, and the field strength is B. The curious fact about quantum theory
is that (if we neglect the *spin* of the particle) the only effect of the magnetic field is to
make us redefine the momentum operators to be
where A, the vector potential, has curlA = B. Now p_x and p_y don't commute, and in
fact the commutator
is just -iB
This means that if you grab your charged particle and move it first along the x direction
and then the y direction:
^
|
|
------->
the particle winds up in a different state than if you first go in the y direction and then the
x direction:
^------>
|
|
|
Another way of thinking of it is as follows: take your particle, move it counterclockwise
(say) around a rectangle:
v------<
| |
| |
>------^
and it'll be back in the same place. Thus, the near-Kerr like frame dragging, but also the
connection to the field generation idea.
If we call the particles wavefunction to start out with "psi," and when we're done "phi,"
where s is just the line integral of A around the rectangle. routes. By Stoke's theorem, s is
just the integral of B over the rectangle. We find that the magnetic field is really a
curvature, and that the difference in phase obtained by taking two routes is called the
"holonomy" of the connection. The idea then is to use that magnetic field curvature to
produce our desired Hopf tori warp field. Anyway, now suppose that the magnetic field
strength is a constant B. Let U denote the unitary operator corresponding to translation by
a unit distance in the x direction, and let V be the unitary operator corresponding to a unit
translation in the y direction. Then we have
UV = qVU
where q = exp(iB). Thus U and V satisfy the relations of a noncommutative torus. There
are two different regions, the "inside" and the "outside" of the loop, which count as
regions enclosed by the loop or a trapped surface embedded into normal 4D space-time.
Together they form a bipolar region.
Imagine a Pendulum (a pivoted weightless rod with a mass on the end). Now imagine that
you can turn gravity on and off. Turn on the gravity once a second. So the rotor spins
freely except when "kicked" by gravity. Hence the name...
The classical kicked rotor can exhibit several types of motion depending on how strongly
it is kicked. If the kicking is strong enough then almost all of the possible motions are
stochastic, i.e., seemingly random. For weaker kicking, several types of motion are
possible, depending on the speed at which the rotor is spinning when the kicking begins.
For some initial speeds the rotor spins almost as it did without kicking (or with gravity on
all of the time). For smaller speeds, the rotor vibrates around it's lowest point, exactly as
it might if gravity were on all of the time.
The most interesting motion in the weakly kicked rotor happens around the so-called
"separatrix" If gravity were on all of the time, there would be a certain initial speed and
angle such that the rotor would almost stop entirely as it reached the top. The motion
where the rotor does in fact stop and balance at the top is called the "separatrix motion"
In the kicked rotor, the separatrix motion becomes somewhat random. A "Poincare
Surface of Section" is shown below.
Now suppose you have two or more rotors and, at the same time as you turn on gravity,
you allow the rotors to influence each other. For instance, you could give rotor #1 a
bigger kick if rotor #2 is swinging down rather than up.
When two weakly kicked rotors are made to "interact" the stochastic regions in one rotor
can make the motion in the other rotor "diffuse" in ways it could not if the interaction
were not present. This diffusion is called "Arnold Diffusion"(1-5) because it was V.I.
Arnold who first realized that such diffusion was possible.
if x=xs we have
giving
ds^2 = dt^2
supressing dy
The classical kicked rotor can exhibit several types of motion depending on how strongly
it is kicked. If the kicking is strong enough then almost all of the possible motions are
stochastic, i.e., seemingly random. For weaker kicking, several types of motion are
possible, depending on the speed at which the rotor is spinning when the kicking begins.
For some initial speeds the rotor spins almost as it did without kicking (or with gravity on
all of the time). For smaller speeds, the rotor vibrates around it's lowest point, exactly as
it might if gravity were on all of the time.
The most interesting motion in the weakly kicked rotor happens around the so-called
"separatrix" If gravity were on all of the time, there would be a certain initial speed and
angle such that the rotor would almost stop entirely as it reached the top. The motion
where the rotor does in fact stop and balance at the top is called the "separatrix motion"
In the kicked rotor, the separatrix motion becomes somewhat random. A "Poincare
Surface of Section" is shown below.
Now suppose you have two or more rotors and, at the same time as you turn on gravity,
you allow the rotors to influence each other. For instance, you could give rotor #1 a
bigger kick if rotor #2 is swinging down rather than up.
When two weakly kicked rotors are made to "interact" the stochastic regions in one rotor
can make the motion in the other rotor "diffuse" in ways it could not if the interaction
were not present. This diffusion is called "Arnold Diffusion"(1-5) because it was V.I.
Arnold who first realized that such diffusion was possible.
The twin fields behave as if they were each a kicked rotor obeying the Arnold
Solution. They can exhibit a huge range of possible speeds and angles even if the kicking
and the interaction is weak. But the key is to keep the fields balanced and aligned
exactly right. This will be an area of concern for Engineers that develop this system.
The quadrapole effect the field shows in twin format till aligned comes from the
least radiation produced by gravity. Below is a figure comparing EM to GR.
What we are doing as we shape the field by the overlap of the two field generator patterns
is reshaping gravity into the dipole which can be produced by electromagnetic sources.
It is a dipole gravity field that is required to utilize warp drive in the first place. If you
look at figure A and compare it to the below diagram you will see the similarity in the
two field setups.
varying are called the Clifford Tori. The tubular neighborhood at a distance of forms
the flat torus in mentioned above.
Now that we have all of this machinery, we can consider another curious property of ,
the Hopf fibration. First we will consider a fibration on , and then examine what it
looks like when this fibration is extended to the Clifford Tori.
We can think of the as a square, or , with edges identified. Each pair of parallel
and identified edges becomes one of the generators. First, draw a diagonal from one
corner to it's opposite. Now, draw a series of lines parallel to that diagonal.
Now consider what these lines become when the square is wrapped up into a torus. They
become a series of circles, each one circling the torus exactly once in the direction of one
generator, and once in the direction of the other generator. Notice that the circles are
linked, each one passing through each other one.
In the Hopf torus chart ds^2 = cos(r)^2 dz^2 + dr^2 + sin(r)^2 du^2,
e_2 = d/dr
e_2 = d/dr
One also thinks of the Hopf tori as orbits under left multiplication by
some unit quaternion in S^3 = SU(2) = the group of unit norm
quaternions.
Basically, you then have a bipolar ring type field around a central area of normal
space-time. Since this could be formatted to be casually connected to the inner
region(that of the craft). You’d have a bipolar region forming a wormhole throat
attempting to pull the craft along. This would yield something akin to the sub-way to the
stars method self generated by the craft itself. The interesting thing is the Hopf tori field
itself would still form an embedded sub-space region. Yet, outside of transfer of velocity
to the craft due to casual connection all of its Hawking radiation and stress effects are not
focused at the craft itself, but out into space.
Recall that L2(R) means the Hilbert space of square-integrable complex function on
the real line. If we define the unitary operators u and v on L2(R) given by
uv = qvu
where q = exp(is).
The algebra of operators on L2(R) generated by u and v and their inverses is called the
noncommutative torus T_q. (If you know how, it's better to take the C*-algebra generated
by two unitaries u and v satisfying
uv = qvu.
This is actually quite a bit bigger for q = 1.) This is clearly a natural sort of thing because
it's built up out of simple translation and multiplication operators, and all of Fourier
theory is based on the interplay between translation and multiplication operators.
The shape of the field depends on the parameter q. If we take q = 1, T_q is the C*-algebra
generated by two unitaries u and v that *commute*. This may identified the algebra of
functions on a torus if we think of u as multiplication by exp(i theta) and v as
multiplication by exp(i phi), where theta and phi are the two angles on the torus. So we've
got a one-parameter family of algebras T_q such that when q = 1, it's just the algebra of
(continuous) functions on a torus, but for q not equal to one we have some sort of
noncommutative analog thereof. The parameter q measures noncommutativity or
"quantum-ness", and one can relate it to Planck's constant (which also measures
"quantum-ness") by
q = exp(i hbar).
This example is actually called "deformation theory". One can read more about it Marc
Rieffels' paper "Deformation quantization and operator algbras," Proc. Symp. Pure Math.
51 and in, "Deformation theory and quantization' by Bayen, Flato, Fronsdal,
Lichnerowicz and Sternheimer, in Ann. Physics 111, p. 61-151.
R(u x u) = u x u
R(v x v) = v x v
and
R(u x v) = q v x u.
Strong simply means that R2 is the identity, so R(v x u) = q-1u x v.) One may thus go
ahead and define "r-commutative differential forms" for the noncommutative torus,
which satisfy
One can then calculate the (r-commutative) de Rham cohomology of the noncommutative
torus. We find it to be isomorphic to that of the usual torus. This would be like a
negative energy solution. This fits into the philosophy that the noncommutative torus is
obtained from the usual torus by a "continuous deformation" - no holes have been formed
or gotten rid of. Thus, our needed negative energy state is self generated by the Torus
itself.
Now let's turn on the magnetic field pointing perpendicular to the plane. Let's say our
particle has charge = 1, and the field strength is B. The curious fact about quantum theory
is that (if we neglect the *spin* of the particle) the only effect of the magnetic field is to
make us redefine the momentum operators to be
where A, the vector potential, has curlA = B. Now p_x and p_y don't commute, and in
fact the commutator
is just -iB
This means that if you grab your charged particle and move it first along the x direction
and then the y direction:
^
|
|
------->
the particle winds up in a different state than if you first go in the y direction and then the
x direction:
^------>
|
|
|
v------<
| |
| |
>------^
and it'll be back in the same place. Thus, the near-Kerr like frame dragging, but also the
connection to the field generation idea.
If we call the particles wavefunction to start out with "psi," and when we're done "phi,"
where s is just the line integral of A around the rectangle. routes. By Stoke's theorem, s is
just the integral of B over the rectangle. We find that the magnetic field is really a
curvature, and that the difference in phase obtained by taking two routes is called the
"holonomy" of the connection. The idea then is to use that magnetic field curvature to
produce our desired Hopf tori warp field. Anyway, now suppose that the magnetic field
strength is a constant B. Let U denote the unitary operator corresponding to translation by
a unit distance in the x direction, and let V be the unitary operator corresponding to a unit
translation in the y direction. Then we have
UV = qVU
where q = exp(iB). Thus U and V satisfy the relations of a noncommutative torus. There
are two different regions, the "inside" and the "outside" of the loop, which count as
regions enclosed by the loop or a trapped surface embedded into normal 4D space-time.
Together they form a bipolar region.
If we consider this:
The matter tensor is diagonal and for low values of theta, we do not
violate the energy conditions. So with this we have density decreasing
from the central region and emanating from theta = 0) and tension along
the x-direction of each Hopf tori along with an increasing compression
around the y-direction.
For small values of theta, where the energy conditions are not
violated, the Riemann tensor takes the form:
Also consider:
Diagonal matter tensor again and if pressures are all equal we have h
as a constant value. From that we can try to find electromagnetic
solutions by using:
ds^2 = exp(2 theta) [dt^2 - (d theta)^2] - cos^2(t) [ cos^2 theta
dx^2 + sin^2 theta dy^2 ]
Showing a a singular solution using the Hopf Tori model. As compared to the same type
of model with a regular negative energy wormhole.
The effect is the same. But the means of generating the solution is different. The object
in the first is to create a compression in front of the craft that goes by the craft and
extends to the rear behind the craft at some desired distance. At this point the field ends
and the compressed space-time rapidly inflates causing a pressure difference from front
to back without the field. This lower pressure region creates the same effect negative
energy does in a regular Warp Metric solution. It moves space-time by the craft. The
velocity in this simply concept depends upon these factors:
1.) Amount of compression.
2.) Amount of inflation difference in pressure.
3.) Distance from front to back of the field.
4.) Rate of the field’s pulsing.
If field is pulsed at 100000 cycles per second and the field length was 1 mile you have
186300 Miles effected per second. Which translates, depending upon the pressure
difference to a moving frames system of 1C velocity. The reason is the compression and
inflation will always produce a 1 to 1 ratio unless we modify the field a bit. So we have
one unit movement per cycle.
The Lorentz system displays sensitive dependence in which neighboring trajectories separate exponentially
with time. Neighboring trajectories emanating from a are visibly separate by b and diverge into distinct
spirals by c1 and c2, so that their subsequent dynamics is unrelated. The Hopf bifurcation forms a periodic
closed orbit attractor. For v < 0 there is only a sink (attractor). As v crosses 0 an attracting periodic orbit
and source (repellor) are created.
The Hopf bifurcation results in the formation of a closed orbit attractor (oscillation) from
a point attractor (sink) at the origin as v crosses 0. Because it uses non-linear
differential equations it cannot in general be integrated directly. However, we can resort
to techniques of numerical integration in which a discrete transfer function is constructed
which approximates a stroboscopic representation of the flow at discrete time intervals
Repeated iteration of the corresponding chaotic map similarly causes the separation of
two adjacent points to become exponentially increased. This provides a means of
calculating the exponent of growth, called the Liapunov exponent.
factor :
If the separation varies along the path, we can take limits as we have
This formula makes it easy to calculate the Liapunov exponent for any iteration. In a
chaotic system in one or more variables, sensitive dependence requires at least one of the
Liapunov exponents to be greater than 1, thus resulting in exponential separation of
trajectories.
Note that in the case of a continuous flow, the role of the constant a is slightly different.
In the flow ,
Consider a single iteration in which [0,1] maps to [0,1] under separation a.. At the initial
After one iteration, the resolution is reduced by factor , following the same
reasoning as in the above example for one step, giving states each with probability ,
so we have :
This also sets some limits on the type of field designed around a Hopf Tori metric we
could use. The attarctor or sink and the repeller points I would say are actually the
quadrapole being compressed into a bipolar solution. They tend to focus ahead and
behind the Tori itself once engaged and thus, increase the actual range over which the
field is working. Something in our favor here. In some graphs I have looked at they
actually double the effect range of the field. So, if our field reached a 1 mile limit it
would actually be effecting 2 miles. If the field pulsed at 100000 times a second you get
a 2C motion when the field is bipolar given a 1/1 front to back ratio on pressure
differences. If you could add negative energy into this approach you could get an even
better ratio. Say 1 to 2 which could even double this. The odd thing is this range on the
attarctor or sink and the repeller points varies the higher the compression goes following
that Clifford scale. This is the tie in to velocity. If you tailored a field just right in its
static natural case you could derive a velocity scale exactly equal to Startrek’s. With
each full compression jump you’d get velocities that are x^3. However, considering the
range of variables on this any velocity is possible as long as you have a field capable of
doing the required compression.
A Blackhole, no matter the type, can be considered a compression of space-time. Now if
that compression is tied to a region that is reversed so that it reexpands, even just back to
its natural state you form a bipolar region. The Event Horizon for such a compression is
described by:
2GM/(c^2)
Where: G = Newton's Constant of gravity
M = Mass of star
c = Velocity of light
The event horizon for the reexpansion is simply the original starting horizon at the entry
to our original compression event horizon. If the compression is prevented from hitting
a singularity point simply by the field’s structure itself then you have a warp drive metric
field being generated by positive energy alone since you do create a bipolar flow.
Consider
Versus
Same Geometry altered to eliminate singularity and tied to an exist region. You have
compression region in front and an expansion region in rear. The amount of
compression now controls velocity, not the amount of negative energy. You achieve the
same effect negative energy does, but with no negative energy needed to generate the
field. The effect is warp drive without negative energy. This same approach could be
utilized with any metric. Just the field generator shaping would have to be altered.
References
1.) Rasband, S. N. "Arnold Diffusion." §8.6 in Chaotic Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems. New York: Wiley,
pp. 179-181, 1990.
2.) Lichtenberg, A. and Lieberman, M. Regular and Stochastic Motion, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-
Verlag, 1994.
3.) Tabor, M. Chaos and Integrability in Nonlinear Dynamics: An Introduction. New York: Wiley, p. 74,
1989.
4.) http://atlas-conferences.com/c/a/d/y/20.htm
5.) Amadeu Delshams Tere M. Seara, Rafael de la Llave, Universitat Politècnica de
Catalunya Geometric methods for instability in Hamiltonian systems