Project Phase II Final Report

,
I I
: I
! !
Final Report
on
Alabama Department of Transportation
Research Project 930-608
Stability of Highway Bridges
Subject to Scour - Phase II
PROJECT PHASE II FINAL REPORT
Prepared by
G. Ed Ramey
Dan A. Brown
Doug Hughes
Joslyn Daniels
Lewis Agnew
Highway Research Center
and
Department of Civil Engineering
at
Auburn University
APRIL 2006
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ v
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Statement of Problem ................................................................ : .................... 1-1
1.2 Research Objective ......................................................................................... 1-2
1.3 Work Plan ....................................................................................................... 1-2
2. Theoretical Considerations ....................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 General ........................................................................................................... 2-1
. 2.2 Pile Tip "Kick-Out" Failure ............................................................................... 2-2
2.3 Pile Plunging Failure ....................................................................................... 2-5
2.4 Pile Buckling Failure ......................................................................................... 2-6
2.5 Pile Bent Pushover Failure ............................................................................ 2-22
3. Preparation Work for Using the Screening Tool ....................................................... 3-1
3.1 General ........................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 Information on Bridge Superstructures and Bents Currently Available in
ALDOT's BIS or Other Databases ................................................................... 3-1
3.3 Additional Bridge and Site Information Needed to Use "Screening Tool" ....... 3-3
3.4 Maximum Applied Pile and Bent Loads at a Site ............................................ 3-4
3.5 Closure ............................................................................................................ 3-5
4. Determining Maximum Applied Pile and Bent Loads ............................................... .4-1
4.1 General ........................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Maximum Applied Pile and Bent DL. .............................................................. .4-1
4.3 Maximum Applied Pile and Bent LL ............................................................... .4-6
4.4 Example Determination of and P:.:tAPPlied for a Typical Bridge ...... .4-15
4.5 Maximum Applied Bent Flood Water Load, F
t
................................. ..4-18
4.6 Maximum Applied Pile Flood Water "Kick-Out" Force, Ftip ........................... .4-22
...
4.7 Load Combinations ....................................................................................... 4-25
5. Screening Tool ......................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 General ........................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Macro and Micro Plans for Screening Tool ..................................................... 5-1
5.3 Assumptions Included in the ST ...................................................................... 5-5
5.4 Bridge/Site Information Needed to Make ST Checks .................................... 5-10
5.5 Check for Bent Pile Tip "Kick-Out" Failure .................................................... 5-12
5.6 Check for Possible Bent Pile Plunging Failure .............................................. 5-15
5.7 Check for Possible X-Braced Bent Pile Buckling About Weak Axis .............. 5-27
5.8 Check for Possible Unbraced Bent Pile Buckling About Weak Axis .............. 5-34
5.9 Check for Possible Bent Pushover Failure .................................................... 5-40
5.1 0 Summary ....................................................................................................... 5-68
6. Implementation Procedure for the Screening Tool ................................................... 6-1
6.1 General ........................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 What to Check to Assess the Adequacy of a Bent and Bridge ........................ 6-1
6.3 Preparations for Using the Screening Tool ..................................................... 6-5
6.4 Closure ............................................................................................................ 6-6
7. Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................ 7-1
7.1 General ........................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2 Conclusions .................................................................................................... 7-2
7.3 Recommendations .......................................................................................... 7-4
8. Notations .................................................................................................................. 8-1
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ R-1
Appendix A .................................................................................................................. A-1
Pushover Analysis Results for HP10x42 Pile Bents of Various Geometrical
Configurations, P-Loadings, and Scour Levels ........................................................ A-1
Appendix B .................................................................................................................. B-1
Pushover Analysis Results for HP12x53 Pile Bents of Various Geometrical
Configurations, P-Loadings, and Scour Levels ........................................................ B-1
ii
. I
Appendix C .................................................................................................................. C-1
Pile Capacity Based on Modified Gates Formula for Four Final Driving
Resistances Given in Inches Per 10 Blows and bpf
iii
"
I
ABSTRACT
A common design/construction procedure for highway bridges in Alabama
is the use of steel HP piles driven to a firm stratum with a length above
ground/water up to the level of a concrete bent cap which supports the bridge
superstructure. The use of 3,4, 5, or 6 such piles in a row with the two end piles
battered are very common bridge pile bents. The bents are sometimes X-braced
in the plane of the piles for lateral support and sometimes the piles are encased
in concrete from the bent cap down to 3 feet below ground level (and the X-
bracing eliminated).
The Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) is currently
performing an assessment of scour susceptibility of it bridges, and a part of this
assessment requires an evaluation of the structural stability of these bridges for
an estimated scour event. Because of the large number of bridges in the state,
there is a compelling need to develop a simple "screening tool" which can be
used, along with the scour analyses, to efficiently assess the susceptibility of the
pile bridge bents to failure during an extreme scour event.
The objectives of the Phase I research work on this multi-phase project
was to identify the primary parameters of importance in assessing the adequacy
of pile bents for extreme scour events, and to identify the best approach to follow
in developing a screen tool. The objective of this Phase II research work was to
develop a screening tool, and a user's guide explaining the proper use of the
tool, for use in evaluating the stability of simple pile bent supported bridges in an
extreme scour event. The screening tool should address a broad range of typical
iv
bridge layouts, substructure designs, pile bent foundations, geotechnical
conditions, and scour events encountered in Alabama. It should be as simple to
use as possible, within the constraint of providing reliable results, require only
bridges/foundation/site parameter data which are available to ALDOr engineers,
and lend itself to later automation.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was prepared under cooperative agreement between the
Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) and the Highway Research
Center (HRC) at Auburn University. The Pis are grateful to the ALDOT and HRC
for their sponsorship and support of the work.
The Pis are also grateful for the assistance and guidance of several
ALDOT engineers during the execution of the research work. Specifically, thanks
are due to George Conner, Eric Christie, and Randall Mullins of the ALDOT.
vi
, J
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of Problem
Alabama has hundreds of highway bridges that were designed and
constructed prior to 1990 and therefore not designed for scour. I n addition, there
are hundreds of county bridges constructed using standardized designsfor which
scour analysis is not part of the foundation design. ALDOT is currently
performing an assessment of scour susceptibility of its bridges, and a part of this
assessment requires an evaluation of the structural stability of these bridges for
an estimated scour event.
superstructure. The use of 3, 4, 5, or 6 such piles in a row with the two end piles
battered are very common bridge pile bents. The bents are sometimes X-braced
in the plane of the piles for lateral support and sometimes the piles are encased
in concrete from the bent cap down to 3 feet below ground level (and the X-
bracing eliminated).
Because of the large number of bridges in the state, and because stability
analyses of each bridge bent-represents a considerable effort in time and money,
there is a compelling need to develop a simple "screening tool" which can be
bridge bents to failure during an extreme scour event. Such a tool could be used
to identify those bridge bents which are most likely to be deficient and should be
1-1
prioritized for more detailed study. Because of the tendency to use standardized
designs with pile bent foundations for many of the smaller bridges in Alabama, it
is feasible to pursue the development of such a screening tool.
1.2 Research Objective
The objective of this Phase II research was to develop a screening tool,
and a user's guide explaining the proper use of the tool, for use in evaluating the
stability of simple pile bent supported bridges in an extreme scour event. The
screening tool should address a broad range of typical bridge layouts,
substructure designs, pile bent foundations, geotechnical conditions, and scour
events encountered in Aiabama. it shouid be as simpie to use as possible, within
the constraint of providing reliable results, require only bridges/foundation/site
parameter data which are available to ALDOT engineers, and lend itself to later
automation.
1.3 Work Plan
The work plan to accomplish the research objective cited above is given below.
1. Complete the preliminary work started in Phase I on checking for possible
pile plunging failure to develop a simple procedure for checking for this
failure mode in the screening tool.
2. Evaluate cases of piling founded in hard layers with almost zero
embedment after a scour event, and decide on the appropriate procedure
for checking for possible pile tip "kick-out" failure in the screening tool.
1-2
3. Evaluate further the requirements for pile encasements to achieve
composite behavior up to the buckling load for common pile loading
conditions based on information available in the literature.
4. Perform pile bent/frame stiffness analyses to determine the lateral
stiffness and kequivalent provided by the bent batter piles. If this keq is greater
than kideal needed for the bent to buckle in a non-sidesway mode, then the
presence of pile encasements and/or sway bracing is not vital for lateral
stability.
5. Evaluate flood debris build-up and resulting bent transverse loading and
possible failure under this loading.
6. Model and determine bent vertical failure load (buckling load) using
GTSTRUDL Pushover Analysis procedures. This has the potential of
providing an easier modeling and more accurate failure load estimation
than does FB Pier for the cases requiring closer examination.
7. Draft the screening tool to assess the adequacy of bridge pile bents in the
event of an extreme scour event. Include in the narrative description of
the step-by-step procedure employed in the screening tool an associated
commentary for each step which provides background and the "whys" and
"haws" of the working of the screening tool.
8. Draft a user's guide to outline and explain the procedure in using the
screening tool.
9. Meet with ALDOT bridge maintenance engineers to discuss the screening
tool and user's guide and make refinements as necessary after this
meeting.
1-3
10. Meet with select ALDOT personnel to test the screening tool and user's
guide. ALDOT's bridge maintenance engineer will select the personnel to
participate in the "Test Meeting". Further refine the screening tool and/or
guide based on feedback from the "Test Meeting".
11. Prepare and conduct a training seminar at ALDOT's office in Montgomery
to train ALDOT personnel in how to use the screening tool.
12. Prepare Phase II Final Report.
1-4
""
',-_.!
2. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
2.1 General
As indicated in the Phase I Report (I), possible failure modes of bridge pile
bents during extreme scour events are as follows:
(1) Buckling of Bent Piles in Longitudinal Direction
(2) Buckling of Bent Piles in Transverse Direction
(3) Crushing or Reaching P
y
of Piles
(4) Plunging Failure of Piles (Soil Failure)
(5) Local Yielding of Piles (o-z =-: =o-y)
(6) Flexural Failure of Bent Cap
(7) Bent pushover failure from combined superstructure gravity load
and transverse flood water load on pile bent.
(8) Bent failure from piles tips being "kicked" out due to zero or almost
zero embedment after scour.
Failure modes (7) and (8) above were identified in post Phase I meetings with
ALDOT personnel.
As indicated in the Phase I Report (I), flexural failure of the bent cap can
only occur if Pgirderrnax > or In such a case, flexural failure of the cap
must be prevented to gain lean-on support from the adjacent piles in the bent. If
Pgirderrnax is less than and is less than then flexural failure of the bent
cap will not occur. In almost every situation, this should be the case.
2-1
Local yielding of a bent pile is normally not a catastrophic situation and
only results in local permanent deformations in the pile. Note that the piles may
reach a fully plastic moment state at the section of M
max
, i.e., the pile ground line,
and not have a catastrophic situation. Thus this is not a failure condition of
concern.
Crushing of the pile, or the pile reaching the Py load, is implicitly checked if
inelastic buckling is considered. Also P
max
applied and Pyof the piles are unaffected
by a scour event, and therefore crushing of the piles will not occur.
Thus, only buckling of the bent piles (either elastic of inelastic buckling),
plunging of the piles (soil failure), bent pushover failure from combined
superstructure gravity and flood water lateral loads, or bent failure from the pile
tips "kicking-out" due to excessive scour and flood water loads will be
catastrophic failure modes. Thus these are the only four modes of failure of
concern and requiring checking.
2.2 Pile Tip "Kick-Out" Failure
In checking for bent failure from the pile tips being "kicked-out" due to zero
or almost zero embedment after scour, if we call J! re the remaining pile
embedment after scour (see Fig. 2.1 b), then if
J! re :::; 3.0 ft
such a "kick-out" mode is very possible and corrective action should be taken in
such cases immediately, i.e.; before the occurrence of a major scour event. The
best corrective action would probably be to place rip-rap around the bent piling.
2-2
" ,
, I,
If .e re > 3.0 ft then the piles and bent should be safe from this mode of failure.
See Section 4.5 for a discussion of the pile tip "kick-out" force.
2-3
r
1 ! 1 1 J
VIo", ..

\

! ! !
0'(
longitudinal axis of pier or bent
a. Plan View of Pier Showing Stream Flow and Lateral Pressure
I
.-;
g .. t----ilo Bridge Longitudinal Direction
(H VlL)
\ . Bem Cao"i' .
t
I
.....

\, L Pile Bent
I,
I '
'. \
" ,
F -,--
L.\T ,
s
b. Side Evaluation View of Bent Pile Showing "Kick-Out" Load and
Failure from Extreme Flood/Scour Event
Figure 2.1. Pile Tip "Kick-Out" Failure
2-4
v .
design
V V
lateral= L
2.3 Pile Plunging Failure
In checking P: for possible plunging failure, if the length of a steel HP
pile (with its tip founded in a firm soil stratum) below ground before scour is
greater than 3.0 S, then plunging should not occur. That is (see Fig. 2.2), if
then Ppile capacity> P: and the pile should not plunge. For cases where this
condition is not met, but 2.0 S < ,e bg < 3.0 S, and the pile tip is founded in a firm
cohesive soil layer or the pile is a prestressed concrete pile, then the pile should
be safe from plunging. If these conditions are not met then a more
SWAYBRACE "H" = Lo ORIGINAL
GROUND
S
t a-
s
LINE (OGL)
J I 1 1 I NEW
" .. / '!f: 1 11 \
---..-r---- GROUND
I
I
/ 1 I LINE (NGL)
1/
1
1
.. 1
.:" ,"
SOIL AT ..
PILE TIP Ptip
AND/OR
PILE DRIVING
RESISTANCE
FOR LAST FOOT
L. = "H" + I = "H" + S + t
plle "bs as
Figure 2.2. Typical Pile Bent
2-5
comprehensive analysis should be made to determine if the pile/bent is safe
against a plunging failure. Obviously to make the above checks, the engineer
must know the pile type and length below ground, f
bg
, and the extreme event
scour, S (see Fig. 2.2). Additional information that may be needed in borderline
cases is a description of the soil stratum that the pile tips are embedded in and/or
the pile driving resistance over the last foot.
2.4 Pile Buckling Failure
In checking P:' for possible buckling failure, the first step is to verify that
the piles and bent can not sidesway a significant distance in either the
longitudinal or transverse directions. To verify that the bents can not sidesway in
the longitudinal direction requires that the superstructure be positively connected
to the bent caps and that the superstructure is restrained from significant
longitudinal movement by the bridge abutments. To verify that the bents can not
sidesway in the transverse direction, the pile bents must be x-braced and have a
batter pile at each end of the bent, and/or the superstructure must have
continuous spans (or spans made continuous for live load) and be positively
connected to the bent caps and abutments. If the pile bent can not sidesway
significantly in either direction (which should be the case), then nonsway buckling
of steel HP piles in the transverse direction (about their weak axis) will control
and PCR (either elastic of inelastic) can be determined from Fig. 2.2.
2-6
600
500
400
i
g 300

200
100
,,-
P
12x:!3 = SeS k
- - =_= = = - y = J
P
IOx42 = 446 k
- W"I- -y =
279
k
-------------------------------------
:: 223
k
--------======-=============== ===
t = "HI! + S
t= 35.74 I12P
y
t= 42.54 1/2P
y
INELASTIC '<I cr=c
t ELASTIC
0' - , - .I _ _ ,,35.74! ---- -,
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
t (ft)
Figure 2.2. TransverselWeak Axis Buckling of a Single Bent HP Pile of A36 Steel for a Given Length (e max)
Above Ground Line After Scour (1).
2-7
50
Note however, as shown in Fig. 2.3, for simply supported (SS) bridges
with large scour, we could get a transverse sidesway mode of buckling in the
region from the new ground line (NGL) to approximately 4 feet above the original
ground line (OGL). To determine what level of scour would be required to get
this failure mode, we can use the P ~ i equation in Fig. 2.3 and assume a
somewhat arbitrary but reasonably high value of P ~ i (so as to obtain a lower
limit level of SCR as, P ~ i =.!.. P
y
. Thus,
2
For a HP 10 x 42 pile of A36 steel,
(S+ 4 ,)2 = 1t
2
X 29,000 x 71.7 = 45,974 in2
36 x 12.4
S+4'= 214 in
S = 166 in = 13.87 ft
For buckling mode (1) to occur at this same load and scour level would require
an H value of (see Eqns. (c) and (d) in Fig. 2.3)
(H + S)2 = 4(S+4'?
= 4 (13.87'+ 4 ,)2
= 1277 fe
or,
2-8
I J
,
I
' __ i
Buckling Mode(1) - Nonsidesway
p(l) ~ 2Jr
2
Ely
CR (H+S)2
(a)
Buckling Mode(2) - Sidesway (Lower Portions of Piles)
- Assuming the Superstructure is
- not continuous
(2) 1 Jr2 Ely
P ~ - x (b)
CR 2 (S+4)2
Hand S for p(l) - p(2)
CR - CR
(c)
2Jr
2
Ely 1 Jr2 Ely
=-x
=
(H +S)2 2 (S+4)2
4(S +4)2 = (H +S)2 (d)
Eqns (c) and (d) are satisfied for the
following Hand S combinations.
H S H+S S+4
8' 0 8 4
10' 2 12 6
12' 4 16 8
14' 6 20 10
16' 8 24 12 ,-.,.
18' 10 28 14
:
--
20' 12 32 16
U1l
22' 14 36 18
24' 16 40 20
26' 18 44 22
Notes:
1.
For H = 8' & S = 0 p(l) = p(2)
'CR CR
:. For H= 8' and any S > 0, p ~ ; ) controls.
2.
For H = 24' & S = 16' p(l) =p(2)
'CR CR
:. For H= 24' and any S < 16', P ~ ~ controls.
3. If bridge is continuous, P ~ ~ controls.
n
... a
" ":2)
u
/I II
m
8
H(ft)
Figure 2.3. Controlling Transverse Buckling Modes for SS Bridges
2-9
1\
U
NGL
H + S = 35.74 ft
H = 35.74' -13.87' = 21.87 ft
Thus, if H < 21.87 ft then buckling mode (2) (see Fig. 2.3) controls and
1 446
k
k
PCR= -Py = -- = 223
2 2
for an HP 10 x 42 pile when S = 13.87 ft. If H > 21.87 ft when S = 13.87ft, then
buckling mode (1) (see Fig. 2.3) controls and
For whichever modes controls, if PCR > P:' applied then there will be no pile or bent
buckling failure.
Using the assumption made in Fig. 2.3, Hand S combinations satisfying
Eqns (c) and (d) in Fig. 2.3 are shown in columns 1 and 2 of Table 2.1. Also
shown in Table 2 1 are the values of P (1) and P (2) (P (1) = P (2) ) for the Hand
CR CR CR CR
S combinations for both HP10x42 and HP12x53 bent piles. Note in Table 2.1 that the
values of P g ~ and P ~ ~ corresponding to Py/2 of each pile size are
flagged/shaded. The H + Sand S + 4' values corresponding to these PCR values
can be viewed as critical values, i.e.
If (H + S )actual > (H + S)cR then the bent may experience
mode (1) buckling and should be
examined more closely.
2-10
If (S + 4')actual > (S + 4')cR then the bent may experience
mode (2) buckling and should be
examined more closely.
Conversely, if (H + S)actual < (H + S)cR and (S + 4') actual < (S + 4') CR, then the bent
is safe from mode (1) or mode (2) buckling.
Table 2.1. Hand S Combinations Satisfying P g ~ = P ~ ~ in Figure 2.3 and
Associated Values of PeR
HP10x42 HP12x53
p(l) _ p(2)
CR - CR
p(l) = p(2)
CR CR
H
8 0 4454 7889
10 2 12 1979 3506
12 4 16 8 1113 1972
14 6 20 10 713 1262
16 8 24 12 495 876
18 10 28 14 364 644
20 12 32 16 278 493
22 14 390
I 24 16
,
25 17
26 18 44 22 147 260
27 19 46 23 134 238
28 20 48 24 123 218
plOx42
*-Y-=223
2
p12x53
**-Y-=279
k
2
2-11
For cases where p::apPIied > P
CR
, then the bent must get "lean-on" support
from adjacent piles in the bent. To achieve this, Pg:
t
> P : ; ; ~ e d ' i.e.,
L PeR> L PAPpIied' If this is the case, the flexural capacity of the bent cap must
Bent Bent
be checked as indicated in Section 3.6 of the Phase I Report (1) to be assured
that it has adequate strength to allow "lean-on" support. If the above conditions
are not satisfied, then a more detailed and comprehensive analysis should be
undertaken.
In further considering pile/bent buckling in the transverse direction, an
alternative approach to that described above is as follows.
For a typical ALDOT sway-braced pile bent such as shown in Fig. 2.4, the
bent swaybracing should prevent a sidesway mode of buckling if no scour occurs
at the site. However, if large levels of scour occur, the unbraced lengths of Piles
2 and 3 in the transverse direction (in the plane of the bent) in Fig. 2.4 become
quite large and should be checked for nonsideway elastic buckling. As can be
seen in Fig. 2.4, Pile 3 has the larger unbraced length, but Pile 2 is probably
subjected to the larger applied P-Ioad since it is approximately at the center of
the roadway traffic lane. Thus, let us estimate the elastic buckling load of both of
these piles for a two story bent with "H"=25 ft. For this case, "E" = 11'-6", and
from Fig. 2.4, the unbraced length at the bottom of Pile 3 is
"E" 11 5'
.e 3 = - + 3'-6" + S = -'- + 3.5 + S = 9.25' + S
2 2
For Pile 2, the unbraced length at the pile bottom is
2-12

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Figure 2.4. Typical Pile Bent Geometry and Information
(From ALDOT Pile Bent Standard)
2-13
"E" 11 5'
f! 2 = - + 3'-6" + S = _.- + 3.5 + S = 6.38' + S
4 4
Assuming the piles to be fixed at the ground and pinned at the brace point,
For the two frequency used HP piles employed by ALDOT, i.e.,
HP
10x
42 and HP
12x53
,
I = 71.7 in4
I 12x53 = 127 in4
y
112x53
= 1.77
y
(2.1 )
Thus, the nonsidesway buckling loads for Piles 3 and 2 for various levels of scour
are shown in Tables 2.2 and 2.3 respectively.
Note in Fig. 2.5, that as S becomes large, the swaybracing in the upper
part of the bent should maintain the relative geometry of the bent in that region;
however, the lower section of the bent could sidesway. If one assumes that the
swaybracing in the upper section of the bent maintains the relative geometry in
that section, then the bent should sidesway as shown in Fig. 2.5a rather than
2.5b. Or, for individual piles, as shown in Fig. 2.6a rather than 2.6b. Thus, in this
lower region of the bent,
(2.2)
Thus, sidesway buckling in the transverse direction will control in the lower
regions of the bent after scour occurs, and the PCR values for Piles 2 and 3 will
2-14
Table 2.2. Elastic Nonsidesway Buckling Loads for Pile 3 in Fig. 2.4 for
Various Levels of Scour
S (ft) f 3 (ft) (kips) (kips)
0 9.25 3331 5896
5 14.25 1404 2485
10 19.25 769 1361
15 24.25 485 858
20 29.25 333 590
. .
*Dlvlde PeR values In last two columns by two to obtaIn PeR for sldesway bucklIng .
Table 2.3. Elastic Nonsidesway Buckling Loads for Pile 2 in Fig. 2.4 for
Various Levels of Scour
S (ft) f 2 (ft) (kips) (kips)
0 6.38 6923 12,253
5 11.38 2187 3871
10 16.38 1057 1872
15 21.38 621 1100
20 26.38 408 723
. .
*Dlvlde PeR values In last two columns by two to obtaIn PeR for sldesway bucklIng .
2-15
a. Geometrically Compatible Lower Region Sidesway Buckling Mode
b. Geometrically Incompatible Lower Region Sidesway Buckling Mode
Figure 2.5. Typical Pile Bent with Sidesway Buckling in Lower Region
Due to Large Scour
2-16
be determined by Eqn (2.2). Note that Eqn (2.2) gives PCR values that are one-
half of those given by Eqn (2.1) and one-half of the values shown in Tables 2.2
and 2.3.
Note in Tables 2.2 and 2.3 that the lowest value of pHP12X53 is 59 OK which
CR ,
would yield a value of 295 K for sidesway buckling, and this would exceed any
Pmaxapplied to a bent pile. Likewise, the lowest value of p ~ ~ l O X 4 2 is 333 K which
would yield a value of 167 K for sidesway buckling. This would probably also
exceed any P
max
applied, but not by a real comfortable amount. However, the 167
K
value is for Pile 3 which is the bent and bridge center line pile and is probably not
the most heavily loaded pile in the bent. Additionally the PCR values for Pile 2
and Pile 1 (see Fig. 2.4) will be larger because their unbraced lengths are shorter
(see Fig. 2.5a) than for Pile 3 and therefore Pile 3 can get "lean-on" support from
the other piles in the bent.
It should be recalled that for elastic buckling,
P _ CONsTANTn
2
EI
CR - .2
or,
.CR =
CONSTANT n
2
EI
P
or, for a given pile section and material,
. CR = CONSTANT J;;
2-17
-"
( J( J_
1:

p

e t

a. Fixed- Fixed with Sidesway b. Fixed- Pinned with Sidesway
Figure 2.6. Buckling Models of Lower Region of Bent Piles
Under Large Scour
Thus, f! CR varies inversely with square root of P, and is therefore not real
sensitive to the pile loading, i.e., a small error in P will not greatly affect the
predicted f! CR. As indicated in Table 2.4 and Figure 2.7, a 100% error in P (from
100 K to 200K) only results in a 29.3% decrease in f. CR.
2-18
! !
Table 2.4. Variations in f CR with Pile Load, P
~
f CR = CONSTANT ~
% Decrease in f CR from that
P (kips) corresponding to P = 100K
(%)
60 0.129 0.129 C -29.0
80 0.112 0.112 C -12.0
100 0.100 0.100 C 0
120 0.0913 0.0913 C 8.7
140 0.0845 0.0845 C 15.5 .
160 0.0791 0.0791 C 20.9
180 0.0745 0.0745 C 25.5
200 0.0707 0.0707 C 29.3
. ,
i
1]11)) D.4I 160
k\XlLt\L Il.DAD - P ~ ~
Figure 2.7. Percent Decrease in f CR as P Increases
2-19
For the case where "H" :s; 13 ft and the bent piles are encased from 3'
below the original ground line up to the bent cap, and the bent sway-bracing is
omitted, we have the situation depicted in Figure 2.8 after scour, 8. This bent
condition/case is permitted by the ALDOT.
nJ H
___ 1- ::D-
Tit
S /' .... .A'SSUNE lF1IXlEII>-FIXlED
SIDlESWAYlBllffCKLlNG
I U
__ It.._
--H----t---fl---If----L--+- INLG.L

1/
1/
1/
1/

II
--
--
II II
II
<th
II

II
Figure 2.8. Bent with Encased Piles and No Sway-Bracing
For the case of an HP pile bent and assuming the pile encasement spalls
off, we have an .e Max = "H" - 1 +8 when working with the bent centerline
dimensions. As can be seen in Figure 2.8, the bent piles would fail in buckling in
approximately a fixed-fixed sidesway mode. As in the case of sidesway buckling
for X-braced bents, due to the partial fixity at each end of the piles, we will
assume
(2.3)
or
2-20
(2.4)
Note that the assumption of using % to represent a partial fixed-fixed condition at
the top and bottom of the bent piles in the equations above, may in some cases
be slightly unconservative. However, in light of the fact that we are totally
neglecting the increase in pile stiffness and buckling capacity resulting from the
pile partial height encasement, neglecting "lean-on" support that the most heavily
loaded pile will receive from other piles in the bent, and neglecting the increase
transverse stiffness of the pile bent due to the end batter piles, these should
more than compensate for the factor of % overestimating the pile end fixity.
and,
If one takes a value of PCR = 1. 25PMax Applied to have a margin of safety, then,
S - -"H"+l'
CR - CR
(2.5)
(2.6)
If this value of SCR is greater than SMaxAPplied and if the remaining pile embedment
after scour is greater than approximately 10 feet (to approximate pile fixity at the
ground line), then this pile/bent without sway-bracing should be safe from
buckling even if the pile encasements are loss. The determination of CR and
SCR is examined for specific size bent piles in Section 5.8 of Chapter 5.
2-21
2.5 Pile Bent Pushover Failure
Pushover analysis is a nonlinear analysis procedure that was born in the
seismic analysis community. The technique is based on the conventional
displacement method of analysis. Standard elastic and geometric stiffness
matrices for the structure elements are progressively modified to account for
geometric and/or material non-linearity under constant gravity loads and
incrementally increasing lateral loads or vice versa.
Extreme flood/scour event loadings, in conjunction with ever present
gravity P-Ioads on a bridge pile bent can be a controlling load condition if the
bent transverse load, F;, and scour, S, are large (see Figure 2.9). Even for bents
which are X-braced in the transverse direction, we could get a significant P- /)"
effect and a bent pushover failure in the region from the new ground line (NGL)
to approximately 4 feet above the original ground line (OGL) as indicated in
Figure 2.9c.
In GTSTRUDL, a Newton-Raphson solution technique based on the
tangent stiffness method is used to solve the nonlinear equations resulting from
the geometric and material nonlinearities. This solution technique is illustrated in
Figure 2.10 (10). Load incrementation is particularly valuable for the nonlinear
analysis of structures which exhibit dramatic changes in stiffness during the
course of load application. Typical examples include cable structures, which
demonstrate stress-stiffening behavior, and frame structures, which exhibit
instability behavior (e.g. buckling). Stress stiffening behavior is characterized by
rapidly increasing stiffness for small changes in strain, typically during the early
2-22
Fit ---.. JL::j-'iF-.:....r..,...::......;;..;;.,,.....;.;:.......;...,....,,..;;.......-+
(INCREMENT
1OPMLURE)
a r
B I
B
--- --
IPILE
a Gravity + FllOOld Waiter Looded Pille Brent
C. X-Braced Pile Bent Pushover Failure
Figure 2.9. Typical Nonlinear Pile Bent Pushover Failure and Curve
2-23
stages of loading (see Figure 2.11a) (10). Frame structure instability is
characterized by rapidly decreasing stiffness for small changes in deformation
during the late stages of loading when the collapse load is approached (see
Figure 2.11 b) (10). Bridge pile bents under combined gravity DL + LL and lateral
flood water loadings behave in the manner shown in Figure 2.11 b. In situations
such as these, the nonlinear analysis may not converge if the total loading is
applied as a single increment of sufficient magnitude to encompass the regions
where the load-displacement response exhibits rapid stiffness change. Breaking
the total loading into a smaller number of increments, particularly in the regions
of rapid stiffness change, can significantly improve the success of the
convergence and subsequent analysis.
Pushover analysis is described in GTSTRUDL Reference Manual, Vol. 3
(10) as an automated incremental load analysis which also contains a procedure
that automatically searches for the load level at which structural instability or
collapse occurs. In GTSTRUDL, the Pushover Analysis Data and Perform
Pushover Analysis commands are used together to perform a pushover analysis.
The Pushover Analysis Data command is used to specify the values for a series
of parameters that control the pushover analysis procedure and must be given
first. The Perform Pushover Analysis command follows and is used to execute
the pushover analysis procedure. A Print Pushover Analysis Data command is
used to verify the parameter values specified by the Pushover Analysis Data
command.
2-24
Figure 2.10. Direct Iteration Solution Procedure (10).
2-25
load
Region of Rapnd
Sniff1ness Increase
Finer load Increments
needed.
, loard!
,r- Co!lllanse load
, II'"
I
/
I
l
Dlsp[acement
RegOtnD1) of Rapid
Sl!miI1less Decrease
!Fill1ler load ITlllcremell1lft:s
needed.
b,) Typical Insfi:abiilatty Response
Figure 2.11. Examples of Nonlinear Response Requiring
Load Incrementation (10).
2-26
Typical GTSTRUDL bridge pile bent pushover curves for an x-braced and
unbraced bent are shown in Figure 2.12. In this figure, the gravity P-Ioads on the
bents are held constant, and the lateral flood water load, F
t
, is incrementally
increased until failure occurs. After each load increment, the bent stiffness
matrix is modified to account for changes in geometry due to deformations of the
members of the bent and the stress-strain levels occurring in the members.
Thus, both geometric and material nonlinearity of the members of the bent are
included in the analysis, and this in turn provides a very accurate evaluation of
the behavior and capacity of the bents. See Section 4.4 for a discussion of pile
bent pushover loading.
2-27
60 _,.._.. ..... _",_u".:.:==-....:==-=--=-==.:::..::." - ... ... - .... --;-.. _'" --. "' .... .. ........
Ii 50
.-
.
LC
,;
t=!
& 40
E
r:

30
20 ".,
tt.J=L

;;JJi&i""",k"""J .. """I1
.......... Non X .. Bracod
=I!M= On@ Story X .. Sraced
=
-=_-00, --
il'V1I,UIIIJSIEI'.::'dS.,p .tt>f1
II fI I'

; ( I

==="---"="--
'" _ .._ .._-..,--"......."." .. ,_..
o -'-'-Y"' -'] ===,======="'=r--
o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
O/tiit)llaC(itT19nt, A, in
Figure 2.12. GTSTRUDL Pushover Analysis for HP10x42 4 Pile Bents,
Bents Pinned at Ground, H=13ft, S=Oft, p=100k.
2-28
3.5 4
3. PREPARATION WORK FOR USING THE SCREENING TOOL
3.1 General
For each bridge over water which is supported by pile bents and may
require an assessment of the adequate of such bents in an extreme flood/scour
event, ALDOT's current bridge/bent information database (see Section 3.2)
should be expanded to include the additional bridge parameters and values
shown in Section 3.3. This upgrading of ALDOT's Bridge Information Database
should be performed prior to applying the "screening tool" to assess the
adequacy of a bridge bent during an extreme flood/scour event.
3.2 Information on Bridge Superstructures and Bents Currently Available
in ALDOT's BIS or Other Databases
The bridge information listed below is currently available in ALDOT's
bridge information system (BIS) or other computer system databases. The
information is broken down here into the categories, (1) stream and scour
information, (2) pile bent geometry and design information, (3) pile and pile
driving and support soil information, and (4) superstructure information. It should
be noted that other bridge related information may be available, but is not viewed
as relevant to using the "screening tool."
3-1
1. Scour, High Water Level and Stream V
design
Information
- Verification that bridge is over water, supported by pile bents, and in a
scour possible setting
Estimated magnitude of scour of extreme scour event from stream
crossing hydrologic and soil setting data
Estimated stream flood high water level (HWL) relative to top of bent
cap and the design flood water velocity (V).
2. Pile Bent Geometry and Design Information
Longitudinal spacing of pile bents
Bent height from top of cap to original ground line, Le., "H"
- Original ground line (OGL) elevation of bent
Type, size, spacing and number of piles per bent
Bent has steel angle iron sway bracing
Bent has steel HP piles encased from 3 ft. below ground up to bottom
of cap
Approximate size of bent cap, Le., cap width and depth
Manner of connection between bent cap and piles
3. Pile Driving and Soil Profile Information
Pile length and tip elevation
Ground elevation
Driving resistance of last foot
Soil bearing strength (or descriptive characteristics) at pile tip
4. Bridge Superstructure Information
SS or continuous spans (or made continuous for LL). If continuous, for
how many spans
Number of bents or spans
Span length(s)
Girder type, size, number per span, and spacing
Deck thickness
Barrier rail type and estimated weight per foot if other than Jersey
barrier
Outside-to-outside deck width
Curb-to-curb deck width and number of traffic lanes
Design LL
Connection of superstructure to bent caps and abutments
3-2
3.3 Additional Bridge and Site Information Needed to Use "Screening
Tool"
For each bridge over water which is supported by pile bents and may
require an assessment of the adequate of such bents in an extreme flood/scour
event, ALDOT's current bridge/bent information database should be expanded to
include the additional bridge parameters and values listed below. This upgrading
of ALDOT's Bridge Information Database should be performed prior to applying
the "screening tool" to assess the adequacy of a bridge bent during an extreme
flood/scour event.
Estimated flood high water level (HWL)
Max flow depth after scour = HWL - OGL + S
Is formation of a debris raft possible? - < ~ ; s
Debris raft dimension B
Debris raft dimension A
Design flood flow velocity V
Water pressure on debris raft = p(in pst) = 1.4 V
2
(where V is in ft/sec)
Transverse flood water loading on bent = F
t
= p [ ~ ABJ
Location of F
t
load is A13 down from the estimated flood high water
level (HWL)
Estimated maximum stream flow angle w.r.t.
the longitudinal axis of the bent
3-3
Pile/Bent Maximum Load Information:
P:;!PPlied (gravity DL + LL)
P;:::;;'PPlied (gravity DL + LL)
(flood water load near to'p of bent in plane of bent)
F:J'axAPPlied (flood water load at pile tip normal to plane of bent)
See Section 3.4 and Chapter 4 for definitions and descriptions of the parameters
above.
The updated information that should be in ALDOT's bridge information
system (BIS) prior to using the checking the bent adequacy "screening tool" are
given in Section 5.4 in Chapter 5.
3.4 Maximum Applied Pile and Bent Loads at a Site
Before using the ST to assess the adequacy of the pile bents during an
extreme flood/scour event at a bridge site, the maximum applied loads to the
piles/bent at the site should be determined. These loads are:
P:;!PPlied (gravity DL + LL)
P;:::;;'PPlied (gravity DL + LL)
(flood water load near top of bent in plane of bent)
F:J'axAPPlied (flood water load at pile tip normal to plane of bent)
It should be noted that for each ALDOT bridge at its specific stream site,
all four of the maximum applied loads above can and should be predetermined
prior to the occurrence of an extreme flood/scour event, or prior to applying the
ST to assess the adequacy of the bridge in the event of a major flood. Since
knowing these maximum applied pile/bent loads is essential to using the ST, it is
3-4
recommended that this be done beforehand and added to the ALDOT's computer
database for each bridge which may require checking with the ST. Since the
determination of these maximum applied loads is somewhat intricate, the
procedures for doing this are presented in detail in Chapter 4.
3.5 Closure
The upgrading of ALDOT's SIS via the addition of information identified in
Sections 3.3 and 3.4 should be performed prior to applying the "screening tool"
(ST) in order that the ST may be used more quickly and effectively in the event of
the occurrence of a major flood/scour. It is expected that the bridge information
listed in Sections 3.2-3.4 can be used with the ST to predetermine SCR and/or
PCR values prior to the occurrence of an extreme flood/scour event. This should
be investigated in follow-up research work to further refine, simplify, and improve
the ST.
, ,
.. !
3-5
4. DETERMINING MAXIMUM APPLIED PILE AND BENT LOADS
4.1 General
The maximum applied loads to a bridge's pile support bent must be rather
accurately determined before one can access the adequacy of the bridge bents during an
extreme flood/scour event. These loads are,
P:;!PPlied (gravityDL + LL)
(gravityDL + LL)
(flood water load near top of bent in plane of bent)
F:JaxAPPlied (flood water load at pile tip normal to plane of bent)
The top two loads require modified determination procedures for DL and LL, and for simple
span vs. continuous vs. continuous for LL support systems. The bottom two loads above
require determination of stream high water level (HWL), flow velocity, possible flood debris
raft build-up at a bent and other factors related to extreme flood water loading's on
piles/bents. The procedures for determining the above pile/bent maximum applied loads
are described in the sections below.
4.2 Maximum Applied Pile and Bent DL
Typical ADLOT Bridge Superstructure information needed and assumptions made
for making an accurate estimate of DL for purposes of determining and
for use with the "Screening Tool" are as follows:
4-1
Deck Thickness .... In database (round up to nearest %")
Deck Thickness outboard of exterior girders = deck thickness + 2"
Deck overhang beyond center of exterior girders = 4' - 0" each side
Barrier Rails - Assume Jersey barriers with WDL = 3901b/ft each
Diaphragms:
Steel girders - neglect diaphragm weight
Concrete girders -9" x girder depth x center-to-center dimension between
girders for P:::: or between exterior girders for
For Q 30' .... 1 diaphragm each end of span
(2 Diaph. Wts. per bent = No. Diaph/span)
30'< Q 60'_ 1 diaphragm each end of span and one at midspan
(3 Diaph. Wts. per bent = No. Diaph/span)
60'< diaphragm each end of span and one each at % points of span
(4 Diaph. Wts. per bent= No. Diaph/span)
Deck Width .... I n database .... Out-to-Out width of superstructure or roadway width +3'
Deck Length .... Span length .... In database
Deck Support Girders .... Number, spacing, type/size/weight per ft. - In database
Girder Support Arrangement .... Simple support or continuous for "xx" number of spans
Bent Cap Length = Girder/Pile spacing x (No. Piles -1) + 4ft.
Bent Pile Cap Size = 2.5' x 2.5' x Cap Length .... In database
Maximum Girder Reactions due to Uniform DL- See Fig 4.1 for simple or
continuous span bridg.es
4-2

, I
I
I i
I
TWO EQUAL SPANS-UN1FORM LOADED
CONTINUOUS BEAM-THREE EQUAL SPAN5-ALL SPANS LOADED
VIZ wl rz,l
At:' III i II i I "" ill:t:t"" I ':to.
RA = 0.400 wI Rs = 1.10 101 Rc = 1.10 101 Ro = 0.400 101
CONTINUOUS BEAM-FOUR EQUAL SPAN5-AU SPANS LOADED
101 wl wI wl
A f I I I I I 't I I I I I "Z' I ," I I '" I I I I I j I I '; III I ]E
RA = 0.393101 Rs = 1.143 101 Rc = 0.928 101 RD = 1.143 wl RE = 0.393 wZ
Maximum Girder R's Due to Uniform DL *:
SS Girder: R
Max
= l.Ocu
2-Equal Span Continuous Girder: R
Max
= 1.25cu
Max
= 1.10cu
Max
= 1. 15lV
More Than 4-Equal Span Continuous Girder: R
Max
= 1. 15cu
*Note that these Rs do not include the Bent Cap weight.
Fig 4.1. Girder/Beam Reactions for 55, Two, Three, Four or More Equal
Span Continuous Bridges Under Uniform Dead Load.
4-3
For the example bridge superstructure and bent shown in Fig 4.2, assume the
bridge is SS with span lengths of 34 ft., and by girder line analysis
I
" 40' )1
I( ?']'-
1{1-Jersey Barrier
I;:L
t
ft f Type II
--tI 8 ' ""P'"M..u .
I GIrders (S.imple Spans
WIth
.. x 2.5' Cap
Fig 4.2. Example Pile Bent and Superstructure
Determine
Deck: Deck Thickness x Gir. Spac. x Span Length x 0.150
k
/ ft.3
8' X 34' X 0.150
k
/ ft.3
12
4" Assumed Diaphragm Thickness
Diaph: x Gir. Depth x Gir. Spac. x 0.150x No. Diaph.l Span
12
9' '
-x3.0'x8'xO.150
k
/ ft3 x 3
12
Girder: Girder Wt.l ft. x Span Length
0.384
k
/ ft x 34'
Cap: Cap Width x Cap Depth x Gir. Spac. x 0.150
2.5' x 2.5' x 8' x 0.150
k
/ ft.3
4-4

, i
1 i
I
! I
Superstructure Supports:
Simply Supported Bridge - P!;MaxAPPlied =52.5
k
Bridge Made Continuous For LL - P!feMaxAPPlied =52.5
k
2-Equal Span Continuous Bridge- P!;MaxAPPlied =1.25(45
k
)+ 7.5
k
=63.8
k
3-Equal Span Continuous Bridge- P:U:MaxAPPlied =1.1 O( 45
k
)+ 7 .5
k
=57 .Ok
4-0r More Equal Span Continuous Bridge-
P!;MaxAPPlied =1.15(45
k
) +7.5
k
=59.3
k
Determine
Deck: Deck Thickness x Out-to-Out Deck Width x Span Length x 0.150
k
I ft.3
. Z x 40' x 34' X 0.150
k
I ft.3
12
=119.0 k
Thickened Deck Overhang: iJOverhang Thickness x Overhang Width x Span
Length x 0.150
k
I ft.3 X 2
x 4' x 34' X 0.150
k
I ft.3 X 2
12
4Assumed Diaphragm ThiCkness
Diaph 9'
-x Girder Depth x Distance Between Exterior Girders x
12
0.150
k
I ft.3 X No. Diaph I Span
9'
- x 3.0' x 32' X 0.150
k
Ift.3 X 3
12 .
Girder: Girder wt. 1ft x Span Length x No. GirderslSpan
0.384
k
I ft. x 34'x 5
Barrier Rail: Jersey Barrier Wt. 1ft x Span Length x 2
0.390
k
1ft x 34' x 2
Cap: Cap Width x Cap Depth x Cap Length * x 0.150
k
I ft.3
2.5' x 2.5' x 36'x 0.150
k
I ft.
*If Cap Length is not available, use
(Distance Between Exterior Girders + 4')
4-5
=32.4 k

250.0
k
Superstructure Supports:
Simply Supported Bridge - Pi:,;tMaxAPplied =283.8
k
2-Equal Spans Made Continuous For LL - Pi:,;tMaxAPPlied =
. 223.5
k
+1.25(26.5
k
) +33.8
k
=290Ak
3-Equal Spans Made Continuous For LL-Pi:,;tMaxAPPlied =
223.5+1.10(26.5) +33.8=286.5
k
4-0r More Equal Spans Made Continuous For LL- LL-P:e;tMaxAPPlied =
223.5+1.15(26.5) +33.8=287.8
k
2-Equal Spans Continuous P:e;tMaxAPPlied =1.25(250.0
k
) +33.8 k=346.3
k
3-Equal Spans Continuous P:e;tMaxAPplied =1.1 0(250.0
k
) +33.8 k=308.8
k
4-0r More Equal Spans Continuous
P:e;tMaxAPPlied =1.15(250.0
k
) +33.8 k =321.3
k
4.3 Maximum Applied Pile and Bent LL
Bridge superstructure and LL information needed and assumptions made to
for use with the "Screening Tool" are as follows:
Girder Support Arrangement --+ SS or continuous for "xx" spans --+ In database
Girder Spacing --+ In database
Span length --+ In database
Impact Factor --+ Assume to be 1.1
Roadway Width --+ curb-to-curb width --+ In database
Number of Traffic Lanes --+ In database
Design LL --+ In database
An impact factor of 1.1 was assumed in determining maximum applied pile and bent LL
rather than 1.3 due to the fact that we are investigating failure of the bridge piles/bents
4-6
which are far removed from the point of truck impact loadings, and secondly we are
investigating pile/bent buckling and plunging failures which require a more sustained load
to cause these failures.
Most of ALDOT's bridge superstructures and pile bents of interest in this
investigation were designed for H20 or HS20 truck and lane loads. These standard
AASHTO loadings along with the H15 and HS15 loadings are shown in Figs. 4.3 and 4.4.
In placing truck and lane loads in traffic lanes, the AASHTO design truck and lane loadings
are meant to cover a 10-ft. width. These loads are then placed in 12 ft. traffic lanes spaced
I , across the bridge from curb-to-curb. If the curb-to-curb width is between 20 ft. and 30 ft.,
I
I
, I
two design lanes are used, each of which is half the curb-to-curb distance. The number
and spacing of design traffic lanes is based on the layout which creates the maximum
stress. Table 4.1 shows the number of design lanes based on a bridge's curb-to-curb
width. Most of the bridges of interest in this study have widths in the range of 24-40 ft., and
thus would have 2 to 3 design traffic lanes of load applied to them.
Table 4.1. Design Traffic Lanes (8)
Curb to Curb Width No. of Lanes
20 to 30 ft. 2
30 to 42 ft. 3
42 to 54 ft. 4
I I
54 to 66 ft. 5
66 to 78 ft. 6
78 to 90 ft. 7
90 to 102 ft. 8
. j
102 to 114 ft. 9
114 to 126 ft. 10
4-7
Dt
., p'LL
e ermlnmg PileMaxApplied:
A girder-line approach is taken to estimate the maximum vehicular LL (plus impact)
on a bent pile, and the approach is illustrated with its application to a simple supported
superstructure, with span lengths of 34' and a girder spacing of 6' as shown in Fig. 4.5.
The loads shown in Fig. 4.5. are for an HS20 loading with those in parenthesis being for an
HS 15 loading. is the larger of those determined from truck line load of (a) or the
lane loading of (b).
IIZII-44 8,000 LB 32,000 LB
1115-44 6,000 LB 24;000 LB
:0:'
NIt
QI ,=
... ---.
I . ,
, ,
I I
--c::ll:\J ---- -----. - __ e.
o 0
W " TOTAL WEIGHT OF
lRUCK AND LOAD
Standard H Tnacks
V .,,,<=<
Nt i iii Iii:!
' =

, ' I I
" ,
"I ,

o 0 0
W. COMBINED WEIGHT ON THE ARST 1WO AXlES, WHICH IS THE
SAME"::' FOR THE CORRESPONDING H TRUCK.
V VARiABLE SPACiNG ";14'FTTO 30 FT INCLUSIVE. SPACING
TO BE USED IS THA)''VfflJtH PRODUCES MAXIMUM STRESSES.

I
Standard HS Trucks
.-J
Figure 4.3. AASHTO Standard H & HS Design Trucks
4-8
_I
1.,k
1 ~ _ .. LDAIl '" LB,'" lINEAA FOOT OF LJlAD W<
-
JI2II-.C4 LOADIIIG
HS2D-44 LOADING
I'V;k
, ~
815-44 LOADING
HS15-44 LOAIIJRG
Figure 4.4. AASHTO H & HS Lane Loading
a. Truck Line Load b. Design Lane Loading
Fig. 4.5. Girder Lane Loading to Determine P};7eMaxAPPlied
P;;7eMaxAPplied is determined from Fig 4.5. as follows:
SS Spans 2-Span Continuous
a. Truck Line Load: [2(3.12) + 16 + 9.36]1.1
= [16 +9.41 + 2.35] 1.1 = 30.5
k
4-9
55 - Spans 2-Span Continuous
b. Design Lane Load: [ 0.064 ;, x6' x34 '+ 26' ] 1.1 [ (0.064x6x34 )1.25 + 26]1.1
=[13.1 +26] 1.1 = 43.0
k
[16.32+26]1.1
:. PXieMaxAPPlied = 43.0
k
for Simply Supported Bridge
:. Pf;;7eMaxAPPlied = 46.6
k
for 2-Span Continuous or Continuous for LL
:. P!:ieMaxAPPlied = 46.6
k
for 3 or More Span Continuous or Continuous for LL
Ot
.. n LL
e ermlnlng .LBentMaxApplied
The maximum bent vehicular LL is illustrated for the same superstructure and HS20
loading in Fig. 4.5 and assuming the curb-to-curb width of the bridge is 32 ft. as shown in
Fig. 4.6. Again, as with determining , the is the larger of those
determined from the truck lane loading of Fig. 4.6a, or the design lane loadings of Fig.
4.6b.
4-10
3 Trucks side-by-side with
only 1 truck per lane
" ... Or
3-64psf (48psf) DESIGN LANE LOADS
32k(24k)
...
34'
. .
' 2 . 1 _ ~ ~ .--f!:/' - . 2'-/.'
r-----
5i
~ ~
SECTION A
a. Truck Lane Loading b. Design Lane Loading
Fig. 4.6. LL to Determinep;;';tMaxAPPlied
Pie:tMaxAPPlied is determined from Fig. 4.6 as follows:
SS Spans 2-Span Continuous
a. Truck Lane Load: pLL =[32
k
+32
k
(2)+8
k
(2o)JX3 xLI [2(6.24) +32+ 18.72]3x1.1
Bent 34 34
=[32+18.82+4.71]3.3 [63.2
k
J3.3
=183.2K ~ Governs 208.6
K
~ Governs
b. Design Lane Load: pi;;;, =[ 0.064 ;, xlO'x34'+26' }Xl.1 [(0.064 x6x34)L25 + 26'] 3xl.1
=[21.76+26]3.3 [16.32+26]3.3
4-11
:. Pie:tMaxAPplied = lS3.2k for Simply Supported Bridge
:. Pie:tMaxAPplied = 20S.6
k
for 2 or More Span Continuous or Continuous for LL
(Note in Table 4.2 this is a fairly accurate, but upper bound,
estimate of Pie:tMaxAPplied
:. MaxApplied = 20S.6
k
for 3-Span Continuous or Continuous for LL
Note in the above, that the design lane loads governed while the truck lane
loads governed Bent Applied'
To determine the maximum continuous span girder reactions and or P-Ioads on a
bent cap when under a uniform lane live load, let's look at the case of PLL = 64psJ and
thus a lane uniform load ofwLL = 0.64 Y.tt, with all of the lane load assumed to be going to
one support girder. First, from Fig. 4.7, for a uniform load of W
LL
(see yellow highlighted
cases),
Rljax = 1.25wR (for 2-span continuous girder)
Thus, for the case of a 10ft. girder spacing, w
LL
= 0.64 Y.tt as indicated above, and the
maximum girder reactions/maximum girder load applied to the bent cap for 2-span, 3-span,
and 4-span continuous bridges with equal span lengths of various lengths would be as
shown in Table 4.2.
4-12
As can be seen from Table 4.2, for purposes of estimating the maximum pp'1za;
applied to a bent cap and pile, using the upper bound value of p:ax-LL = 1.25w
LL
.e would be
appropriate for the "screening tool" for equal span continuous bridges of any number of
continuous spans. Also, since the uniform lane loading (rather than truck wheel loadings)
controls by a sizeable margin for SS bridges, so too would we expect this loading condition
to control for continuous bridges.
\ ,I
If the girder spacing is less than 10ft., then the w
LL
= 0.647fl should be reduced to
where S=girder spacing in feet. Recall when using lane loading, we must add one
concentrated P-Ioad of 26
k
(for HS20 loading) or 19.5 k (for HS 15 loading) per lane on top
of the lane load. To attain the maximum load on a bent cap or pile, this concentrated P-
load would be applied directly over the girder intermediate reaction or support bent.
Therefore, for a continuous span bridge and a HS20 loading,
or
and for an HS15 loading
4-13
TWO EQUAL SPANS-UNIFORM LOADED
CONTINUOUS BEAM-THREE EQUAL SPAN5-0NE END SPAN UNLOADED
wl wi
A r I I I I .1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I '; I I I , , I ' , l..c 1
1
0

RA == 0.383 wI Ra == 1.20 wI Rc == 0.450 w1
RD == -0.033 w1
CONTINUOUS BEAM-THREE EQUAL SPAN5-END SPANS LOADED
A C I I I I , , , , ! I I I I I i :t.
8
. 1
RA = 0.450 w1 Rs = 0.550 wI
wI
I
Rc = 0.550 wE RD = 0.450 wE
wi. .
CONTINUOUS BEAM-THREE EQUAL SPAN5-ALL SPANS LOADED
wI wZ wI
A t:' I I I II, '; I I I I I" I:t
o
RA = 0.400 wI Rs = 1.10 wI Rc = 1.10 wI RD = 0.400 wI
CONTINUOUS BEAM-FOUR EQUAL SPANS-THIRD SPAN UNLOADED
wi wi wI
. l .tW""i"l/'ot
E
RA = 0.380 wI Rs == 1.223 wi Rc == 0.357 wi RD == 0.598 wi RE == 0.442 wI
CONTINUOUS BEAM-FOUR EQUAL SPANS-LOAD FIRST AND THIRD SPANS
wI wI
A t: " " lit ' " '1e 1 Ii I I 't" Ii :1.
0
1 .1 E
RA == 0.446 wI Rs == 0.572 wI Rc = 0.464 wl RD = 0.572 wI RE = -0.054 wI.
CONTINUOUS BEAM-FOUR EQUAL SPAN5--ALL SPANS LOADED
wI wI wI wI
A to ' , 1/ ' 't " I I 1/ " "z" ' II! Id I , II , I , , , , , I I ' 'I' " , I 'J E
RA = 0.393 w1 Rs = 1.143 wl Rc == 0.928 wI RD = 1.143 wI RE == 0.393 wl
Figure 4.7. Girder/Beam Reactions for Two, Three, and Four Equal Span
Continuous Bridges Under Uniform Loading
4-14
Table 4.2 Maximum Girder Reactions/Applied Bent Loads Due to a W
LL
= 0.64k / ft
Girder Loading on Equal Span Continuous Bridges*
IEqual Span
Intennediate Bent p;ax (kips)
Lengths
LL
2-Span Cont. 3-Span Cont. 4-Span Cont.
(ft)
P
B
= RB = 1.25we P
s
= RB = 1.20w P
B
= RB = 1.223w
25 20.0 19.2 19.6
30 24.0 23.0 23.5
35 28.0 26.9 27.4
40 32.0 30.7 31.3
45 36.0 34.6 35.2
50 40.0 38.4 39.1
60 48.0 46.1 47.0
70 56.0 53.8 54.8
80 64.0 61.4 62.6
*Note that these are maximum values of RB due to WLL and do not include the
Concentrated P-Ioad in Fig. 3.5b nor an impact factor.
4.4 Example Determination of and P!::tAPPlied for a Typical Bridge
Superstucture and Pile Bent
For the bridge superstructure and bent shown in Fig. 4.8, assume the bridge is SS
with span lengths of 34 ft., and determine PPileMax by girder line analysis and PBentMax
10( 4- I 1
I( o?7' '1
r:\ 7
11
I J:k. Jersey B arri er
8
f
, t't' Type II
MAX G' d
J If ers (Soimple Spans
..,.;..' " \Vlth Q=34ft)
-..0 : ,0 ' Cap
Figure 4.8. Typical Pile Bent and Superstructure
4-15
D t . pPile
e ermme Max Applied
PDL: Deck: Deck Thickness x Gir. Spac. x Span Length x 0.15rflff.
Assumed Diaphragm Thickness
Diaph.: x Gir. Depth x Gir. Spac. x 0.150 x No. Diaph. per Span
12
9'
- X 3.0' X 8' x 0.15cf I ft.
3
x 3
12
Girder: Girder Wi. I ftI x Span Length
0.384k 1ft x 34'
Bent Cap: Cap Width x Cap Depth x Gir. Spac. x 0.150'Vft.
3
2.5' x2.5' x8' xO.150
k1
ft.3 = 7.5
k
POL = 52.5
k
P
LL
: Design Lane Load: [O.064
k
/ ft? x Gir. Spac. x Span Length + 26
k
] IF
= 47.7
k
-f-Governs
Truck Line Load: [16
k
+16' ]1.25Xl.1
D t
. pBent
e ermme Max Applied
POL: Deck: Deck Thickness x Out-to-Out Deck Width x Span Length x 0.150
/ ft.3
12
4-16
= 119.0
, ,
I
I
Thickened Deck Overhang: 11 Overhang Thickness x Overhang Width x
Span Length x 0 .150
k
ft.
3
/ jt.3 x2
12
Diaph: Girder Width x Distance Between Exterior Girders
12
x O. 15if / ft.
3
X No. Diaph/Span
9'
-x3.0'x32'xO.150
k
/ jt.3 x3
12
= 32.4
k
Girder: Girder Wt.lft x Span Length x No. Girders/Span
O.384k / jt.x34'x5 = 65.3
Barrier Rail: Jersey Barrier Wt.lft x Span Length x 2
O.390
k
/ jt.x34'x2
Bent Cap: Cap Width x Cap Depth x Cap Length * x O.150
k
/ ff
2.5'x2.5'x36'xO.150k / jt.3
*If Cap Length is not available use
(Distance Between Exterior Girders + 4') PDL = 283.8
k
PL
L
: Design Lane Load: [O.064k / jt.2x10'x34'+ 26.0
k
J3x1.1 = 157.6
k
:. P-Ioad to be used above each
pile in pushover analysis
=
No. of Piles
p,Bent 6 k
Max Applied __ 4 7.1 934k '1
--= . perple
5 piles
=
4-17
4.5 Maximum Applied Bent Flood Water Load, F
t
To determine the maximum applied bent flood water load, F
t
, current bridge/bent
information database may need to be expanded to include the additional parameter
values listed below. This expansion is needed in order to check the bent for a possible
pushover failure from combined gravity and flood water lateral loads in conjunction with
scour. It should be performed prior to applying the "screening tool" to assess the
Estimated flood high water level (HWL)
Max flow depth after scour = HWL - OGL + S
I" a f,.... .. t'Y"Ia+i"n ,....f,... r/,....h .. ;,... .. ".j:j. -,YES
IVIIII ,'V" VI CI UCUIIi:) I Clll !-'U;::' IU t::! -.. NO
Debris raft dimension B
Debris raft dimension A
Design flood flow velocity V
Water pressure on debris raft = p(in psi) = 1.4V
2
(where V is in ft/sec)
Transverse flood water loading on bent =F; ABJ
Location of F
t
load is A/3 down from the estimated flood
high water level (HWL)
The parameters above are identified and/or defined in Figs. 4.8 and 4.9, and
guidelines and the procedure for determining F
t
are presented in Fig. 4.9. The variations
in the F
t
force over a wide range of debris raft dimension A and B are shown in Fig.4.10.
4-18
I
" I,
r
gg
:}
P
LOADS
}
P n
NOT SHOWN
... :.:......., DIRECTION
............ OFSTREAM
FLOW
BENT HT.="H"
V .
desIgn
ill
ill
BENTS = 1- WITH AND WITHOUT
{
3 - PILE}
6 = SWAY BRACING
ESTIMATE
HWL*
*HWL ELEV. OR HEIGHT
RELATIVE TO TOP OF
BENT CAP
NOTE: 1. F
t
FL
2. MOST OF FL IS TRANSMITTED
TO THE ABUTMENTS VIA THE
SUPERSTUCTURE
3. CHECK BENT FOR PILE TIP
"KICK-OUT" DUE TO PORTION
OF FL GOING TO PILE TIPS
(SEE SECT(D)
PLAN VIEW
Figure 4.9. Typical Pile Bent Support Bridge Over Stream
4-19
Water Surface (HWL)
Debris Raft area = ORA
B is determined based on bridge span length, L, as follows:
L < 25' take B= 20'
25' ::;L ::;35' take B= 30'
35 < L take B = 40'
A is determined based on depth of water at bent, 0, as follows:
(Note, 0= HWL - OGL + S)
o < 7' take A = 3'
7::;0 ::;15' take A = 6'
15 < 0 take A = 9'
The design flood water pressure is taken as follows:
p = C
D
L
V
2
= C
D
V
2
2g
Where V = design flood water velocity in fps
V = 6mph = 8.80 fps (unless a higher value is know to exist)
Co = 1.4
p = 1.4(8.80)2 = 108ps!
The design lateral force F
t
on the bent is taken as
F; = pxDRA
F; = A. BJ x 54ps! x A x B
The variations of ORA and F
t
over a wide range of A and B Values are shown in
Fig 4.11.
Figure 4.10. Debris Raft And Flood Water Load For Checking Adequacy of
Pile Bent During Major Flood Event
4-20
'j
'I
i
I
,
"
I
\- ;
,--.
N
~
'-"
1-<
II
-<
):Ll
~
p'= CD y2 = 1.4y2psf (where Y = fps)
-<
~
-<
Pv =6 mph = Pv = 880 fps = 1.4 (8.80)2 = 108 psf
0:::
- - -
,--. CZl
r/) .......
0..
~
.....
,.:,a o:l
F
t
= p x A = 108 x A (lbs) = 0.108 A (kips)
'-" ):Ll
u:
Q
~ ~
19.44 180
16.20 150
12.96 120
9.72 90
/
/
/
6.48 60
/
/
./
/
./
./
/
./
/ ./
3.24 30
/
./
/
./
-
./
-
/./
-
- /./
-
-
/../ --
0 0
~ -
0 10 20 30 40
B (ft)
Figure 4.11. Bent F
t
Force For Various Debris Raft Dimensions For VOesign =
Smph
4-21
4.6 Maximum Applied Pile Flood Water "Kick-Out" Force, Ftip
To determine the maximum applied bent "kick out" flood water force, Ftip,
ALDOT's current bridge/bent information database may need be expanded to include
the additional parameter values listed below. This expansion is needed in order to
check the bent for a possible "kick-out" failure at the pile tips from the lateral flood water
loads. It should be performed prior to applying the "screening tool" to assess the
Estimated maximum stream flow angle w.r.t
the longitudinal axis of the bent
Remaining pile embedment after scour
Soil description at pile tip -+ In database
=8 = 20 or 30
=.e re (in ft)
AASHTO is somewhat vague in describing the stream velocity and floW direction
when taking into account the lateral drag force of flood water on a bridge pier or pile
bent. AASHTO states the lateral, uniformly distributed pressure on a substructure due to
water flowing at an angle, e , to the longitudinal axis of the pier or bent shall be taken as
Where V
Co
p
= design flood water velocity in fps
= pier drag coefficient
= water pressure in psf
However, logic and physic would indicate that the Voesign should be broken up into
VLateral and VLongitudinal as shown in Figure 4.12. Also, CD should be taken as the drag
coefficient for VLateral, i.e. as COL with a value of approximately C
DL
~ 2.0 from fluid
mechanics. Thus, P L = C DL V
L
2
4-22

,
i.
PL Va",.

r
--
'\
v.

desIgn
1 1 1 1 l ! ! !
0\(
e
V V
lateral= L
longitudinal axis of pier or bent
Figure 4.12. Plan View of Pier Showing Stream Flow and Lateral Pressure
i ,. I
T +---1>- Bridge Direction

"IT'
p,
L
(HWL)
Bcm Cap'
,
\ 't
\ '\
- I, \
1- L\T " \
---,;;.- -- -- '11- -\- - - -. OGL (Ori2:inal Ground Line)
'I - .
S \ .
: \"
I f I, \
U (New Ground Line)
i .., t t:p
{ {Hcm;unln
g
p Soil Description at Pile, TiD,.
;:; , ;ip
Figure 4.13. Evaluation of Bent Pile "Kick-Out" Load from
Extreme Flood/Scour Event
4-23
Normally, bridge piers or bents will be aligned with their longitudinal axis parallel
to the direction of stream flow. However, in an extreme flood event and with possible
stream channel direction changes with time, the direction of stream flow is probably at
some angle 0 w.r.t. the bent axis as indicated in Fig. 4.12. The most probable
maximum value of e is estimated to be 20
0
and an upper bound value is estimated to
be 30
0
Using these value of 0 and assuming a design flood water velocity of 6 mph (or
8.80 fps), the resulting flood water lateral pressure, PL' shown in Fig. 4.12 would be as
shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3. Estimates of Maximum Flood Water Lateral Pressures
on Pile Bent for VDes;gn = 6 mph
Parameter Maximum Probably Estimated Upper Bound
Angle, 0 = 20
0
Angle, 0 = 30
0
VDesign
6 mph = 8.80 fps 6 mph = 8.80 fps
C
DL
2.0 2.0
V
L
= VDesign Sin 0
3.01 fps 4.40 fps
2
PL =C
DL
V
L
18.12 psf 38.72 psf
The lateral drag force on a pile bent (lateral to the longitudinal axis of the bent)
will be the lateral pressure, P L ' times the projected area of the bent on a vertical plane
perpendicular to V
L
' and will be as shown in Fig. 4.13. As can be seen from Fig. 4.13,
F,HPIOX42 P x 10' x (" H" + S)
LAT L 12
PL x 12' x ("H" + S)
12
4-24
pHPlOx42 >::;j!x 10' xp x ("H" + S) = ~ x p x("H"+ S)
Tip 2 12 L 12 L
1 IX 1
pl!P12x53 >::;j-X-XP X ("H" + S) =-xp x ("H" + S)
Tzp 2 12 L 2 L
Values of F
Tip
for HP10x42 and HP12x53 piles for flow direction attack angles, e , of
20
0
and 30 for a wide range of "H" + S values are shown in Table-4.4.
Table 4.4. FTipValues for HP10x42 and HP
12
x 53 Piles for e Values of
20 and 30 for a Range of "H" + S Values for Voesign of 6 mph
"H"+S
Fti;Plied Values (in lbs)
Value
e = 20 e = 30
(ft)
Hp,lOx42
Pile
Hp,12x53
Pile
Hp,lOx42
Pile
Hp,12x53
Pile
15 113 136 242 290
20 151 181 323 387
25 189 227 403 484
30 227 272 484 581
35 264 317 565 678
40 302 362 645 774
45 340 408 726 871
50 378 453 807 968
4.7 Load Combinations
In checking for a bent plunging failure due to insufficient soil strength after
scour to support the maximum applied gravity DL plus LL loading, the bent pile carrying
P;;:APPlied will be checked to make sure that the pfo1z
e
supportCaPicity is not exceeded. If this pile
is safe then it will be assumed that the bent will not fail in plunging. This same approach
will be taken in checking for pile tip "kick-out", i.e. if a single bent pile will not fail in pile
tip "kick-out", then it will be assumed that the bent will not fail in "kick-out" .
4-25
The P:;::APPlied from a DL plus LL combination will also be used in checking
against a buckling failure, If the most heavily loaded pile in a bent, i.e. P:;::APPlied will not
buckle (elastic or inelastic buckling whichever controls), then it will be assumed that the
bent will not buckle. An example determination of P:;::APplied and for a typical
ALDOT bridge superstructure and pile bent is given in Section 4.4.
Lastly, in checking against a bent pushover failure, the load combination of DL
plus maximum LL gravity loads on the bent in combination with the maximum applied
bent flood water load, F
t
, will be checked to make sure that this F
t
load is not greater
than then the bent F
t
pushover load under the same gravity loading condition. The
pushover anaiysis is a noniinear anaiysis which considers both the geometric and
material nonlinearities present, and thus it implicitly checks for possible buckling of the
bent as well as failure due to inadequate strength or stiffness
4-26
,'. )
, "
I I
{, (
I I
'_ ,i
5. SCREENING TOOL
5.1 General
The Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) is currently
performing an assessment of the scour susceptibility of its bridges, and a part of
this assessment requires an evaluation of the structural stability of these bridges
for an estimated scour event. Because of the large number of bridges in the
state, and because the stability analysis of each bridge represents a
considerable effort in time and money, there is a compelling need to develop a
simple "screening tool" which can be used to assess the adequacy of these
bridges for an estimated scour event. Such a tool could be used to identify those
bridges which may be deficient and should be prioritized for more detailed study.
Because of the tendency to use standardized designs with pile bent foundations
for many bridges in Alabama, it is feasible to pursue the development of such a
screening tool.
5.2 Macro and Micro Plans for Screening Tool
The macro plan used in the development of the "screening tool" (ST) to
evaluate the adequacy of ALDOT bridge pile bents for an extreme flood/scour
event is shown in itemized checklist form below, and in macro flowchart form in
Fig. 5.1.
5-1
What to Check:
1. Is the bridge over water and is it supported on pile bents?
2. Is the bridge at a site where significant scour (S > 3ft) can occur?
3. Number, size, type and spacing of bent pile, and bent height?
4. Bent cap width and depth?
5. Are bent embedded in bent cap or welded to steel plates that are
embedded in cap?
6. Is bent sway-braced?
7. DoeS bent have a horizontal compression strut at 4' above ground in
sway-bracing system?
8. Do bent piles have considerable loss of section (25% or greater) in the
splash zone or elsewhere?
9. The projected maximum scour at the site/bent in an extreme flood

10. The projected HWL (relative to the top of the bent cap) and the design.
flood water velocity (V)? .
11. Is the angle of attack of flood water w.r.t bent longitudinal axis () S; 30?
12. Maximum pile and bent applied gravity and flood water loads?
13. The length of pile embedment before (e bS) and after (e as) scour?
14. Soil description at the bent pile tips and the depth of embedment of the
pile in this soil after scour?
15. Can bent pile tips kick-out due to transverse (transverse to bent
longitudinal axis) flood water loading and insufficient embedlTlent after
scour?
16. Can bent piles have a plunging fa!lure due to iqsufficient soil ,support
capacity after scour? '
17. Can bent piles buckle abQut their weak axis, i.e., in transverse
direction of the bridge?
18. Can the bent have a push-over failure under a combination of gravity
and transverse flood water loading?
A detailed flowchart showing the micro plan to check the adequacy of
ALDOT bridge pile bents for an extreme flood/scour event, i.e., a flowchart of the
ST, is shown in Fig. 5.2. This flowchart is a detailed enactment of the macro plan
shown above in checklist form and in Fig. 5.1.
5-2
\ ,
I I
, I
I

E\':.4.LUAnON
KlCK...ut1JT
P'UlJNIGINlG
,m1\u:.r'JA'DOiN

BOC1K!LJIiNiG

Figure 5.1.
t,lInN:llt JViiIlce3;
fft'Qlr WtlSl!iJltlre
a&l\lm!L
uilndiJr

ff'.{!lf !1llliY;;51ib':e

Screening Tool (ST) Macro Flowchart
5-3
-'
Fig. 5.2. Screening Tool Flowchart for Assessing Pile Bellt Adequacy During an Extreme Flood/Scour Event
pilc- -
Pmax:tapplied
"'"' Pmaxapplled

PRELIMINARY
EVALUATION
(See Chapter 3 in ST Users
Guide)

Bent piles
have lost more
than 25% of No
1
1
1

area in splash
zoncorat
ground line.
Take immediate
corrective action
to build-up pile
section backro
original or greater
dimensions where
more than 25%
of material has
been lost due to
1
1
1
1
1
------------------1
corrosion.
_________ 1
The following information is known or can resonably be estimated No
about the bent piles: 1-------,
1. Driving resistance in blowslin at cnd of driving
2. 1YJ>e of driving hammer and hammer driving energy
3. Piles are known to be primarily "End Bearing Piles" or "Friction
Piles"
4. Pile embedment length before scour and Smax
5. Pmaxapp1ied=P L25)
Using Figs. 5.6 - 5_11, determine the critical value of "Percentage
Loss of Embedment", Multiply this value by the length of pile
embed!f1ent before scour to determi.De the critical plunging
scour.Lc,
Is Sm Sma>; for the site?

KICK-OUT AND
PLUNGING
EVALUATION

1 A 81
1 BUCKLING 1
I CombineGravityDL+LL EVALUATION I
1 1
I determinations to get Nonsidesway _ Mode 1 Buckling: Noosidesway _ Mode 2 Budding: I
1 p'::"",,,,, 1
I beru (. _ .. I 21t::!EIy .. I 05x
2
EIy I
I P maxappJiod CRI - 'I pile tCR2 = 'I pile I
I FS*P ...a.x.applied FS*PmaxappJied I
where FS = 1.25 where FS = 1.25 I
Bent should be checked by other
methods for adequacy against a
bucktiogfailure
and and I
SCRI = tCRI - H + I' SCR2 = t
cru
-4'for 1-or2-story bent if member HBI is in place I
SCR2 = (.CR2 - (4' + "E") for 2-story bent if only member HB2 is present I
SCR2 = t
CR2
- H + l' for I-story bentifHBl is not present and for2-story
bent ifHBl and HB2are not present
(see Figs. 5-12a,b,c for values of""E'" and for 10 of members HBI and HB2)
The smaller of SCRI and SCR2 is SeR
for the pile!bent
'Compare SCR with Srnax ' Le., is
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1

o 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
BENT
PUSHOVER
EVALUATION
Arethepilebcnts
3,4,5, 6-pile bents with or without X-bracing with HPI0x42 or
HPI2x53 piles?
Detennine P to apply to bent cap above each pile in pushover analysis. i.e.,
.,.
P= -::-_P""="",""',,,liod=,;,-::-
No. of Piles in Bent
For the given bent size (number of piles and height, level of gravity P-load,
bracing condition and size of HP pile, go to the appropriate tAble of Tables
5.19-5.22 in ST nnd determine the critical scour, SCR"
Bent should be
checked more closely
for possible push-over
failure during an
extreme scour/flood event
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
----------------------------------------
For partial fixed-ftxed transverse side-sway buckling mode,
(SeeSectioo5.8 jnST)
1 x
2
EIy

where t:=H+S-l'

Use the lower bound value of
Therefore,
I where FS", 1.25
1
I and
I SCR'" tCR-H+l'
I IsS CR >Smax
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 _________________ 1
__ .l
5.3 Assumptions Included in the ST
Assumptions explicitly or implicitly included in checking the adequacy of
bridge pile bents during an extreme flood/scour event via the "screening tool" are
as follows.
1. For a given pile bent, if the pile where is acting is safe from pile
"kick-out", plunging or buckling failure, then assume the bent is safe from
failure in these modes as well.
2. For a bent push-over failure in the plane of the bent, the total gravity load
on the bent plus the flood water loading on the bent must be considered.
3. A pile and/or bent is considered safe from failure if PFailure>1.25PMaxAPPlied for
pile buckling or bent pushover failures and for pile kickout or plunging
failure.
4. The procedures described in Chapter 4 for determining P:;'::; Applied and
are based on bridges with equal span lengths which may be
simply supported spans or continuous (or continuous for LL) spans. If the
bridge under investigation has spans of significantly different lengths, then
a modification of the procedures described in Chapter 4 should be made
to determine P
Max
Applied . Other than this, the ST can be used as shown
herein.
5. Scour and/or a flood water loading does not change the gravity loading on
1 b t pPile d pBent d h th .
a pi e or en, I.e., DL+LL an DL+LL ,an c anges e maximum
5-5
very little. Also, Pjailure vs. curves for the bent piles are
assumed to be as shown in Figs. 5.3 and 5.4., and the bent piles were
designed with a F.S. >2 against squashing. Therefore we will assume that
P max applied < P
y
/2 and thus if a pile or bent buckles, it will be an elastic
buckling as can be seen in Fig 5.3.
P",-c-n
lI<i11llUlUIre
e
Figure 5.3. Qualitative Assessment of Pile Buckling Load Abo'ut
Its Weak Axis.
6. Due to the aqutments, bridge superstructures and thus the bents and bent
caps have very little movement capability in the longitudinal direction of
the bridge. Therefore, the piles/bents cannot buckle in a sideswaymode,
or be pushed-over in the longitudinal direction. Because of this, and the
rather large /I
weak
axis ratio for the bent piles, and the bent boundary
conditions, weak axis buckling of the piles/bents will govern the buckling
failure mode as indicated and discussed in the Phase I Report.
5-6
600-
500
400'
i

- Y
""' ....'e= ___ u 12)(42
ry
300 t = _ .. _ _ .... _ = = = = = = = = = = ...... ....

200'-
100
1I2P :.; 223 k

"WI + S
t!ill 35.74' FOR 11211"
t",42.54' FOR 1/211y
P CR "" 2tTEly (for Elastic Buckling)
n
INI1LASTIC
0' v q -' Rlf if '0- ,.. wi _.L!""' I "k
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 40
t (rt)
ii
50
Figure 5.4. Quantitative TransverselWeak Axis Nonsidesway Buckling of a Single Bent HP Pile of A36 Steel
for a Given Length (RmaJ Above Ground Line After Scour.
5-7
7. In the transverse direction, prior to any scour, the bent X-bracing will
prevent sidesway displacement and thus prevent a sidesway buckling
mode, and will also greatly increase the bent transverse push-over load.
8. In the transverse direction, when scour becomes large, sidesway bending
or pile buckling from the lowest horizontal compression strut in the X-
bracing system to the new ground line is possible and this will control the
pile/bent buckling load as well as the bent push-over load. This is
dis,cussed and the buckling and pushover loads analyzed in Sections 5.7,
5.8, and 5.9.
9. For the case of no sway-bracing and the exposed portion ofthe piles
encased in concrete, if we use the largest allowable value of H prior to
scour of H = 13' in order to determine the minimum level of scour to render
the piles unstable, neglect the concrete encasement, and assume 50%
fixity at the pile ends, we obtain a sidesway elastic buckling load of
approximately PeR :=::l..!.. 1l'2Ely 2 . This equation yields the following pile
2 (H+S)
elastic buckling loads.
,H
(ft)
13
13
S
(ft)
15
20
H+S
(ft)
28
33
HPIOx42
(k)
91
65
p ~ ~ e (kips)
HP12X53
(k)
161
116
This case is discussed and the buckling loads analyzed more closely in
Section 5.8.
5-8
10. The bridge superstructure is positively connected to the bent caps and
abutments with allowances for small longitudinal movements due to thermal
expansion/contraction. Thus sidesway buckling or pushover failure of the
bents in the longitudinal direction of the bridge is not possible.
11. Buckling and/or pushover failures of the piles/bent are limited to failures in the
transverse direction, Le., to failures in the plane of the bent.
12. The bridge bents are limited to single row pile bents with 3, 4, 5, or 6
unbraced or X-braced HP 10x42 or HP 12x53 steel piles. (Expansion of the
ST to include 3, 4, 5, or 6 unbraced prestressed concrete pile bents, and/or to
include bents with more than 6 piles can be done at a later date).
13. For bents with concrete encased HP 10x42 and HP 12x53 piles, the
contribution of the concrete encasement is neglected and the bent is treated
as an uncased and unbraced steel pile bent.
14. The pile tops have an attached end plate and are embedded 1 ft into the bent
cap, or are welded to steel plates which are embedded in the bent cap such
that the pile-to-cap connection is approximately a rigid connection in the plane
of the bent.
15. Pile bent caps are adequate in strength and stiffness and will not be the
cause of a bent failure.
16. The superstructure girders are placed on the bent cap directly above each
pile and/or the bent cap is sufficiently strong and stiff to effectively distribute
the girder loads to the piles.
5-9
17. The bridge design LL is known and is either an HS 15 or HS 20 loading.
18. The bridge soil setting, to include total depth of pile embedment in the soil,
the soil layer at the pile tips and the depth of embedment of the pile tip in the
tip soil layer are known ..
19. The information listed in Section 5.4 is available in ALDOT's computer
database for use with the ST.
20. For events of large scour, i.e., S>10ft, bridge maintenance crews will take
corrective actions after the event such as back-filling and rip-rapping around
the bent piles to approximately restore them to their original state.
5.4 Bridge/Site Information Needed to Make ST Checks
Information needed to perform the "checks" indicated in Section 5.2, and thus
evaluate the adequacy of ALDOT bridge pile bents for extreme scour events are
evident in many of the checks indicated in Section 5.2. However, in some of the
"checks" in Section 5.2, such as (9)-(15), the. information needed to perform the
check is not self-evident. Some of the information needed to perform the "checks" is
required to determine the maximum applied loads on a bent pile or on a bent, and
this information is identified in various sections of Chapter 4, and some of the
information is needed to determine the load capacity of a pile or bent. In either case,
the information needed is given/repeated below for completeness.
1. Scour, High Water Level and Stream V
design
Information
- Verification that bridge is Over water, supported by pile bents, and in a
scour possible setting
- Estimated magnitude of scour of extreme scour event from stream
crossing hydrologic and soil setting data
5-10
,
-I
! I
- Estimated stream flood high water level (HWL) relative to top of bent
cap and the design flood water velocity (V)
- Estimated maximum flow depth after scour=HWL-OGL +S
- Is formation of a debris raft at bridge site possible?
- Estimated debris raft dimensions A and B
- Water pressure on debris raft = p=1.4V
2
(where V is in ftlsec and p is
psf)
- Estimated maximum flow angle a w.r.t. longitudinal axis of bent, i.e.,
a = 20 or a = 30 ?
2. Pile Bent Geometry and Design Information
- Longitudinal spacing of pile bents
Bent height from top of cap to original ground line, i.e., "H"
Original ground line (OGL) elevation of bent
Type, size, spacing and number of piles per bent
Bent has steel angle iron sway bracing
Bent has steel HP piles encased from 3ft. below ground up to bottom
of cap
Approximate size of bent cap (depth and width)
3. Pile Driving and Soil Profile Information
- Pile length and tip elevation
- Original ground level or elevation
Original depth/length of pile embedment in soil before scour(.t'bS)
- Length of pile embedment in soil after scour (fas =.t're)
Pile driving resistance of last foot
- Soil bearing strength (or descriptive characteristics) at pile tip
4. Bridge Superstructure Information
SS or continuous spans (or made continuous for LL). If continuous, for
how many spans
- Number of bents or spans
- Span length(s)
- Girder type, size, number per span, and spacing
- Deck thickness
Barrier rail type and estimated weight per foot if other than Jersey
barrier
- Outside-to-outside deck width
Curb-to-curb deck width and number of traffic lanes
- Design LL's
5-11
5. Pile/Bent Maximum Load Information:
- p};:!: Applied (gravity DL + LL)
- P:!t:;tApPlied (gravity DL + LL)
- (flood water load 'near top of bent in plane of bent)
- F:taxAPPlied (flood water load at pile tip normal to plane of bent)
5.5 Check for Bent Pile Tip "Kick-Out" Failure
A bridge bent "kick-out" failure is described as an event where the flow of
the water against the driven piles imposes forces that act transversely to the
. .
plane of the pile bent, i.e., parallel to the centerline of the bridge. If the force, Ftjp
(see Fig. 5.5b), exceeds the passive earth pressure at the tip of the driven pile,
the bent might experience "kick-out" faiiure. See Figure 5.5a for an iiiustration of
the acting forces. The following paragraphs are a description of how "kick-out"
adequacy was determined and how the results have been inCluded in the
screening tool.
The first step to investigate possible bent "kick-out" failure was to
determine Ftip in Fig. 5.5b. These values are presented in Table 5.1 for various
design parameter values. Normally, bridge piers or bents will be aligned with their
longitudinal axis parallel to the direction of stream flow. However, in an extreme
flood event and with possible stream channel direction changes with time, the
direction of stream flow is probably at some angle e w.r.t. the bent axis as
indicated in Fig. 5.5a. The most probable maximum value of e is estimated to
be 20 and an upper bound value is estimated to be 30. Using these values of
e and assuming a design flood water velocity of 6 mph . (or 8.80 fps), the
, . ,
5-12
resulting flood water maximum values of F ired were determined to be as shown
in Table 5.1 for various "H" + S bent heights (see Section 4.6).
In order to determine the required embedment depth in order to provide
resistance for these forces, it was assumed that the soil would resist such forces
through passive pressures. The equation for the passive earth pressure is given
as:
A factor of safety (FS) of 1.5 was used. The buoyant weight of the soil, r,
was assumed to be 60 Ib/ft3, and the coefficient of passive lateral earth pressure,
K
p
, was assumed conservatively to be 2.
The first calculations were only run on the highest loadings in Table 5.1 to
determine the largest value of required embedment for safety against "kick-out"
failure. This value was determined to be 2.89 feet. Rounding up, to be
conservative, we would not want to have a pile with less than 3 feet embedment.
Therefore, 3 feet has been established as the minimum required embedment
depth to avoid "kick-out" failure.
This analysis was only an investigation of one individual pile; therefore, it
was assumed that if the individual pile was safe from kick-out failure, then the
entire bent was safe from kick-out failure. In the screening tool flowchart, the
Section labeled as "Block 2" checks against kick-out and plunging failure. If a
pile has less than three feet embedment, the screening tool will conclude that the
pile bent be examined more closely for possible kick-out failure.
5-13
a. Plan View of Pier/Bent
F J ~ -
---t-- --
II .
b. Side Elevation View of Bent
Figure 5.5. Bent Pile "Kick-Out" Load
. from ExttemeFlood/S.cour.Event
Table 5.1. FTipVa[ues for HP10x42 and HP 12x53 Piles for e Values of 20 and
30for a Range of "H" + S Values for Vo . of 6 mph
eSlgn
"H"+S
Fti;Plied Values (in lbs)
Value
e = 20 e = 30
(ft)
Hp,lOx42
Pile
Hp,12x53
Pile
Hp,10x42
Pile
Hp,12x53
Pile
15 113 136 242 290
20 151 181 3.23 .. 387
25 189 227 403
484'
30 227 272 484 581
35 264 317 565 678
40 302 362. 645 774
45 340 408 726 871
50 378 453 807 968
5-14
5.6 Check for Possible Bent Pile Plunging Failure
A possible mode of failure for bridge bents exposed to extreme flood/scour
events occurs when the pile has inadequate axial resistance to support the axial
pile loads, with the result that the pile bearing capacity is exceeded and the pile
fails by "plunging." For purposes of this simple analysis, it is assumed that all of
the individual H piles must be safe from plunging to ensure that the entire bent is
also safe from plunging. Thus, the maximum load on any individual pile is used
to analyze for plunging failure.
I 1
.1
The axial resistance of a pile is
-
provided by a combination of side friction and
Pile
end bearing (as illustrated at right) and the
magnitude of these load resisting forces is a
function of the soil properties. Information on
soil properties at each specific bent is often
inadequate or incomplete. However, the
driving resistance (blows per foot of
penetration during pile driving) of the pile at
End Bearing
the time of construction provides a crude, but
reasonably reliable indication of the magnitude of soil resistance that has been
mobilized by the pile. In addition, information on the driving resistance of the pile
is often the most commonly available information that can be used to indicate pile
capacity. The major variables affecting the axial resistance of a pile (after scour)
as indicated by the driving resistance during pile driving are:
5-15
1. The driving resistance at the end of pile driving, usually indicated in blows
per foot (bpf) or blows per inch (bpi, = bpf/12) of penetration.
2. The energy of the hammer used to drive the pile, usually expressed in kip-
feet and related to the weight of the ram (kips) times the height of the drop
(feet).
3. The type of soil which provides the resistance, specifically the relative
contribution of end bearing to pile resistance as a proportion of the total
resistance. A greater proportion of end bearing would mean less loss of
resistance for a given amount of scour.
4. The amount of scour which has occurred, as well as the nature of the
scour event. Local scour, which is confined to a small area around the
pile, will reduce the amount of soil in contact with the sides of the pile and
thereby reduce the side friction. However, local scour does not have a
major effect on the magnitude of the confining pressures on the soil at the
tip and therefore does not reduce the end bearing resistance in proportion
to the amount of soil removed alongside the pile. General scour of the
entire streambed around the bent would be likely to reduce the confining
pressures in the ground at the pile tip and therefore may reduce the end
bearing resistance as well as the side shearing resistance.
Correlations of driving resistance to axial static pile capacity have been
developed using a simple pile driving formula. The most appropriate model to
correlate driving resistance to axial static capacity is provided by the wave
5-16
equation computer modeling technique as is required by ALOOT to establish pile
driving criteria for new projects. However, in order to be effective this model
requires a greater level of knowledge about the pile driving system than is
commonly available from records on older projects. A simple but crude method
to develop similar correlations is provided by pile driving formulae; the current
AASHTO specifications recognize and allow the use of the Modified Gates
equation where insufficient information is available to perform a wave equation
model.
For this project, the method used to develop correlations of axial static
resistance as a function of scour was as follows:
1. The Modified Gates formula was used to develop correlations of pile
capacity with hammer driving energy and driving resistance at the end of
driving (EOO) for a range of pile hammer energy. The Gates formula is
referenced in the most recent draft of the AASHTO specification as
follows:
P = 0.875 EO.
5
Log (1 ON
b
) - 50
Where:
P = nominal resistance in tons
E = energy produced by the hammer per blow in foot-pounds
Nb = the blow count in blows per inch
EOO blow counts ranging from 3 to 8 bpi were considered. A common
refusal criterion is 10 bpi, beyond which additional pile driving would
5-17
probably Cease. In order to maintain a degree of conservatism in a rather
uncertain scenario, it is suggested that 8 bpi" be used as a maximum.
2. The axial resistance prior to scour was assu'med"to be represented
reasonably well by one of two cases: a) a predominantly tip "bearing pile in
which 76% of the axial resistance would be' provided by end bearing and
25% by side shear, or b) a predominantly friction pile in which 25% of the
axial resistance would be provided by end bearing and 75% by side shear.
The latter case is obviously more susceptible to scour, as removal of the
soil alongside the pile would have a greater effect on side shear than on
end bearing.
3. After scour (represented as a percentage loss of embedment), the axial
resistance in side shear was assumed to be reduced by a percentage of
the total side shearing resistance which is proportional to the percentage
loss of embedment. In a homogeneous soil profile with general scour of
the streambed instead of localized scour, it is conceivable that the
reduction could be greater than the proportional percentage due to the
reduction in confining stress associated with scour. However, it is
anticipated that a significant proportion of the scour loss Will usually be
due to localized scour which will not have a significant effect on confining
pressure. It is also expected that the more common situation is one in
which side shearing resistance increases with increasing depth, and so a
proportional reduction in side shear is thought to be c()nservative.
5-18
4. In order to account for the reduction in confining stress at the pile tip
associated with scour, the end bearing resistance is reduced by an
amount equal to % of the proportional loss of embedment due to scour.
This reduction is probably realistic for piles bearing in cohesionless sand,
and conservative for cemented bearing strata which have significant
cohesion.
The results of the analyses described above are presented in tabular form
in Table 5.2 and in graphical form in Figures 5.6 through 5.11. In order to use
these table/figures, the following information is required:
1. Hammer driving energy. The driving system used for installing the pile
must be known or estimated. Hammer driving energy is often given as a
"rated energy" which corresponds to the weight of the ram times the drop
height for a simple single acting hammer. However, the rated energy
must then be reduced by some factor less than 1.0 to account for losses
due to inefficiency inherent in the driving system (friction losses, etc.).
Piles for small bridges in Alabama have typically been driven by one of
several types of hammers, with estimated energy as follows:
Hammer Type
Single acting air/steam
Double acting air/steam
Diesel
Drop hammers
5-19
Estimated Efficiency (in percent)
67
50
80
50*
* note that drop hammers can vary widely and are not currently
used on ALDOT projects. However, these have been used on
many older bridges. With very high drop heights (more than 3 to 5
feet)and low ram weights, the energy losses can result in
significantly lower efficiency than 50%.
Note also that rated driving energy of a wide variety of hammers can be
obtained from www.pilehammerspecs.com.
2. Driving resistance, blows per inch. The driving resistance at the end of
driving must be obtained from the pile driving records from the job. In
some cases these pile driving records may not be available, in which case
the engineer must make a best estimate of the likely conditions under
which pile driving would have been allowed to stop. Often, piles may have
been driven to some commonly accepted refusal criterion (or near to
refusal) without detailed recording of the blow counts. In such a case,
prudent engineering would suggest that one err on the side of caution by
using a conservative (Le., low) estimated driving resistance. The figures
provide for a range10f 3 to 8 bpi, and interpolation between figures is
acceptable.
3. End bearing pile or friction pile. Two sets of charts are provided, one for
piles which derive capacity from predominantly end bearing and one for
piles which derive capacity from predominantly side friction. The
interpretation of which condition best represents the situation at hand
requires some knowledge of the soil conditions either byborings or from
5-20
I
, !
an examination of the driving records. Dense sand strata, hard clays or
marl, or rock underlying soft alluvial soil all likely represent a case where
end bearing dominates resistance. Similarly, pile driving records which
show relatively low blow counts followed by a dramatic increase in the
driving resistance at some depth just prior to the end of driving would
suggest a strong bearing layer. Friction piles would be likely used where
there are deep clay strata with no hard bearing layer; in such a case the
pile embedded lengths would likely be great.
4. Pile embedded length, and scour. In order to assess the effect of scour, it
is necessary to know the embedded length of the pile and the amount of
scour relative to this length. The figures are developed to express the
scour in terms of percentage loss of embedment.
With the information above, Table 5.2 or Figures 5.6-5.11 can be used to
estimate the pile capacity (with a factor of safety of 1.25) against plunging failure
as indicated in the example below.
Example Problem: The estimated axial load for an extreme scour event
on a pile is 80 kips (40 tons). The pile is a 12HP53 driven to an
embedment of 30 feet in a sandy soil profile with a Vulcan 1 hammer,
which is a single acting air hammer with a 5000 pound ram and a 3 foot
drop. The pile was driven to an estimated final driving resistance of 8
blows per inch or more. The driving resistance increased substantially in
the last 4 feet, indicating that the pile encountered a dense bearing layer
5-21
and achieved a high proportion of its resistance in end bearing. Scour of
15 feet is possible at the bent location.
Solution: The Vulcan 1 hammer has a rated energy of 15 kip...feet, and
with a 67% efficiency as is typical for a single acting air hammer, the
estimated driving energy is 10 kip-feet. The 15 feet of scour represents
50% of the embedded length. Using the figure for end bearing piles with 8
bpi final driving resistance (Le. Figure 5.8), 50% loss of embedment, 10 ft-
k driving hammer, the indicated capacity of the pile is slightly more than 60
tons with a F.S. of 1.25. The 60 tons estimated capacity exceeds t h ~ 40
ton demand and thus this pile does not appear subject to failure in the
plunging mode.
Alternate tables and figures to Table 5.2 and Figures 5.6-5.11 which
present pile capacities for four different final driving resistances given in inches
per 10 blows and in blows per foot (bpf) are given in Appendix C.
5-22
\
--'
Table 5.2 PILE CAPACITY IN TONS WITH FS = 1.25 - BASED ON MODIFIED GATES FORMULA
Friction Pile Load Capacity
End Bearing Pile Load (tons)
Hammer Energy Final Driving Resistance Allowable Resistance
Capacity (tons) (assume 25% tip
(ft-Ib)
(blows/inch) (tons) lassume 75% tip resistance) resistance)
% loss of embedment % loss of embedment
o I 20 I 40 I 60 I 80 o I 20 I 40 I 60 I 80
4000 3 25 25 22 19 16 13 25 21 17 12 8
6000 3 40 40 35 30 25 20 40 33 26 19 12
8000 3 52 52 46 39 33 26 52 43 34 25 16
10000 3 63 63 55 48 40 32 63 52 41 30 19
12000 3 73 73 64 55 46 37 73 60 48 35 22
15000 3 87 87 76 65 54 43 87 71 56 41 26
20000 3 106 106 . 93
80 66 53 106 88 69 50 32
4000 5 35 35 31 26 22 18 35 29 23 17 11
6000 5 52 52 46 39 33 26 52 43 34 25 16
8000 5 66 66 58 50 41 33 66 55 43 32 20
10000 5 79 79 69 59 49 39 79 65 51 37 24
12000 5 90 90 79 68 56 45 90 74 59 43 27
15000 5 106 106 92 79 66 53 106 87 69 50 32
20000 5 128 128 112 96 80 64 128 106 83 61 38
4000 8 44 44 39 33 28 22 44 37 29 21 13
6000 8 63 63 55 47 39 32 63 52 41 30 19
8000 8 79 79 69 59 49 40 79 65 51 38 24
10000 8 93 93 82 70 58 47 93 77 61 44 28
12000 8 106 106 93 79 66 53 106 87 69 50 32
15000 8 123 123 108 92 77 62 123 102 80 58 37
20000 8 148 148 130 111 93 74 148 122 96 70 45
- _.- ----
5-23
It)
C'!
....

"'""-0 ___
LL.
;5
.
...
...
...
---
---
... <>-
...
i __ _____
--0 ..........
...
..
...
...
...
"'Ow
o
-
i-
'0 40 _
III
Co
III
U
.......
...
-X ...
"'-
--
...
..
--
...

-
...
... ... ...
0+------------.------------.------------r----------__1
o 20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
-0-20 ft-k hammer
-0 '15 ft-k hammer
.. <>- 12 ft-k hammer
-a '10 ft-k hammer
-X '8 ft-k hammer
-)I( , 6 ft-k hammer
-'-'4 ft,k hammer
Figure 5.6. End Bearing Piles, 3 blows/inch Driving Resistanee
at End of Driving

It)
C'!
.. ___
.......... 0 ..........
.c ....... --- ..........
j 80
Ii
s:::
o
-
:>:
-'0
[ 40
III
U
.. ...... .. .. .. ...
..- -- .. _ .. ...................... "Ow
--.. ...... -. ....
.. - --"'--
- -><-.. ...
.. - .. ..
-

o 20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
-0-20 ft-/< hammer
-0 '15 ft-k hammer
-a '10 ft-k hammer
-X ' 8 ft-k hammer
-)I( '6 ft-k hammer
-'-'4 ft-khammer
Figure 5.7. End Bearing Piles, 5 blows/inch Driving Resistance
at End of Driving
5-24
I()
C'!
.....
(I
en
LL
.s::.
-":
iii
c
0
-
>;
- "u
Ct!
0-
Ct!
U
160
140
120
100
---
.. ..
80 X ......
---
60
-
-
40
........ .. ....... .. .....
-X .... -...
........ - ........

.)K........ -........ ....... - ......
.. --- )K.. .. -X .. .. .........
----.. ......
*.. .. .....X
- ....
20
0
0 20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
-0-20 ft-k hammer
-0 '15 ft-k hammer
.. o 12 ft-k hammer
'10 ft-k hammer
-X ' 8 ft-k hammer
-::I( '6 ft-k hammer
-"-4 ft-k hammer
Figure 5.8. End Bearing Piles, 8 blows/inch Driving Resistance
at End of Driving
I()
C'!
.....
(I
en
LL
.s::.
-":

80
..
........ 0........
..
60
..
.......
..
X_
"""-n. ..
---

o 20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
-0-20 ft-k hammer
-0 '15 ft-k hammer
.. o 12 ft-k hammer
'10 ft-k hammer
-X '8 ft-k hammer
-::I( '6 ft-k hammer
-"-4 ft-k hammer
Figure 5.9. Friction Piles, 3 blows/inch Driving Resistance
at End of Driving
5-25
140
120
10
C'!
100 ....
II
t/)
IL.
.0...0-20 ft-k hammer

-
80
'
iii
c
0
..
.. -0 ' 15 ft-k hammer
..
-o 12 ft-k hammer
""
.. <> ..
-tI ' 10 ft-k hammer .. ..
..
..
..
..
-x ' 8 ft-k hammer
-

-
'(3
m
40 Co
m
"
..
"""'X ..
-:I: ' 6 ft-k hammer
""
ft-k hammer
-...
.. )!(
..
-... o)K ..
20
0
0 20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
at End of Driving
160
140
10
120
C'!
....
II
t/)
.......
IL.
100
.c
-
..
..
..
'
iii 80 X .....
c
0
-
""
..
..
"" ..

60
-
-
'(3
.. -...
m
Co
m
40
"
20
0
0
"0
..
..
..
...
"".; .. <>
"""'X.. ""....
.. ..
"" .. ..
.. )j( -.....' .. X"" "".... <>.. .......
.. ,-...
-... .. .. .. "" .. : .... : ..
""-)1(.... .. ",,"
....... .. .. .:
20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
-0-20 ft-k hammer
-0 '15 ft-k hammer
-tI . 10 ft-k hammer
-X '8 ft-k hammer
-:I: ' 6 ft-k hammer
ft-k hammer
at End of Driving
5-26
5.7 Check for Possible X-Braced Bent Pile Buckling About Weak Axis
To investigate pile/bent buckling, we should recall that due to bridge
abutments and connectivity of the bridge superstructure to the abutments and
bent caps, bent piles can not buckle in a sidesway mode in the longitudinal
direction of the bridge. Additionally, the bent piles will not buckle in a
nonsidesway mode in the longitudinal direction of the bridge as this would
constitute the piles buckling about their strong axis which have an
IStrong.AJ:is l::::: 3I
weak
.AJ:is' Thus, if the bent piles buckle, they will buckle about their
-
weak axis, i.e., in the transverse direction of the bridge.
For an X-braced bent, the bracing will prevent sidesway buckling when the
scour, S, is zero or is a small value. For this case, Mode 1 (Nonsidesway)
Buckling in the transverse direction will control as shown in Fig. 5.12a. For Mode
1 buckling, we assume the light angle iron diagonal X-braces will themself buckle
and the horizontal compression struts HB1 and HB2 (if present) will undergo
rigid-body horizontal movement as all piles in the bent buckle and will not provide
a bracing point for the piles. Thus, in Mode 1, we assume a buckled shape from
the bent cap down to the new ground line (NGL) as shown in Fig. 5.12a.
When S is not small, the X-braced bent could buckle in a transverse
sidesway mode from approximately 4 feet above the original ground line (if the
bent has a horizontal bracing strut at this location) down to the new ground line
after scour as shown in Fig. 5.12a if the bridge spans are simply supported. If
the bent does not have a horizontal bracing strut at approximately 4 feet above
the original ground line, then the transverse sidesway buckling mode will assume
5-27
to occur from the location of the lowest horizontal bracing strut down to the new
ground line after scour. If the bent does not have a horizontal bracing strut, then
the transverse sidesway buckling mode will assume to occur from the bent cap
down to the new ground line after scour, i.e., the X-braced bent will assume to
buckling like an unbraced bent. The above is indicated in Fig. 5.12a.
Because of the possibility of transverse sidesway buckling in the lower
unbraced regions of pile bents after scour, simply supported bridge spans will
have smaller values of p;;'le than continuous span bridg'es because continuous
span superstructures will prevent transverse sidesway buckling of the bents. For
purposes of the screening tool, we will assume that if the most heavily loaded
pile in a bent will not buckle, then the bent will not buckle.
In determining P;;:::APPlied ' continuous span bridges will result in larger
P;;:::APPlied loads at intermediate supports/bents than for simple spans of the same
span length by as, much as 25% l a ~ g e r loads (see Chapter 4(1 )). However,
continuous, span superstructures will provide transverse support to the
intermediate bents and prevent sidesway buckling and thus increase their
PeR value substantially, i.e., from approximately PeR:::::: 17[? ~ l y to approximately
2 .e
7[2E1
PeR:::::: 2 .e
2
Y This is a factor of four increase in PeR. For purposes of the
screening tool, for continuous span superstructures we will assume a
conservative scenario, i.e.,' that PMaxApplied values are equarto those for simple
spans (this is somewhat unconservative), and p;;'le values are equal to those
5-28
, i
I
I

" ::
4'
1 :HB1
- -I---\- ..1- __
f
I \ I
S / \ }(2)
I
....... '.. , 2- .' ... -'1'
. #.-'._'
\
\
\
\
l
h
,
, J:::

i-OGL
I
J
I

Buckling Mode 1 - Nonsidesway (assuming bracing members
buckle and piles have a 50% fixity at the cap and ground)
21[2Ely
PCRI:=:;j 2
CRI
where = S+"H"-1'
CRl
(5.1 )
Buckling Mode 2 - Sidesway (lower portions of piles)
1 1[2Ely
P
CR2
:=:;j -x 2 (5.2)
2 CR2
where CR2 = S + 4' for 1 or 2-story bent if member HB 1 is
present
CR2 = S + (4 '+ II E ") for 2-story bent if only member
HB2 is present
fCR2 =S+("H"-l') for 1-story bent if HB1 is not
present and for 2-story bent if HB1 and HB2 are not
present
Figure S.12a. Transverse Buckling Modes and Equations for X-
Braced Bents
5-29
"H'*
20'-0
21'-0
22'-0"
23'-0"
24-'-0
25'-0"
TWO STt'lRY 8s::'/\/T
--

SWA'tBRAQNG DETAILS
1tLS.
SWAY8RACING -TASLES
"E" "A" "S" "e
W
wr. L8S.
6'-1 29'-10' 30'-0" 31'-6" 1407
7'-,
29'-10 30'-0" 31'-10 1412
8'-1" 29'-10 30'-0 32'-2" 1417
9'-'" 129'-10' 30'-0 32'-7" 1423
10'-1 29'-10 .30'-0 3.3':"0 14.30
11'-1" 29'-10 30'-0" .3.3' -5" 1436
SA TTE:N P[GHT TO 8[ AI)/}[O TO ASOV: TA8!.fs' la-SA TTF:NS
Il[OIJIRfD, S/6 X 7 1/2" ;( 1'-0 I/r {J 12.1/ fAOi
NOTE: Kf:JCHT ClYfN IS TOTAl. FCR llItl P1CCS or fAO!
f.(NGTH CF SWA't8RACJNG SHO'MI IN 80TH TABLES.
SINGLE STORY BENT
SWAYS RACING TABLES
HI-C. "G" -0
WT. LaS;
t 3'-0 7'-0" 29'-1 OW 459
1+'-0 8'-0" 30'-3" 465
IS' -0 S'-o 30'-S" 472
16'-0 10'-0" 31'-," 478
17'-0 11'-0" 31'-6" 485
18'-0 12'-0" 32'-0" 493
1.3'-0" .32'-6" 501

. -
.'
OCTAfl "A'
Jt:.IU) -V4' t-4"
IfiI! OJ( IS I!! 11/.11( lJ rcrr.

J;( IDI7aI. (F lI c,rp

Mml,
,Off.( fNCASf.'lINT
OCTAIl.S
II?" 1'-0'
Figure S.12b. Typical ALDOT Pile Bent Geometry
5-30
C 4.' ....jl',..,..,.... IZ ..
bi!'1'JlfldM t!J:#.l. tiM ,",,,,,4 :J(Jd1r

jkV.,.
Iltqn ... "i/N <1'-4.6""
q:ca.nd;G bI"C'p
.rna .m;f.t;.I.
SINGLE STORY SENT
SWAY8AACING TASLES
"H" "G" "0" WT. LaS.
1:\'-0' 7'-0' 2S'-10' 459
14'-0' 8'-0' 30'-:r 466
15'-0 g'-O" 30'-S" 472
16' -0 10'-0' 31'-1 478
17'-0' If-a" 31'-6" 4S5
18'-0' 12'-0' 32'-0" 493
19'-0 13'-0" .32'-6" 501

..
Figure 5.12c. Typical ALDOT Single-Story X-Braced Pile Bent Geometry
5-31
for simply supported spans where sidesway in the lower regions of the bent are
possible as indicated by Mode 2 in Fig 5.12a (this is very conservative).
The levels of scour necessary to approach Mode 1 and Mode 2 (within a
FS = 1.25) are given below ahdlabel$d SCR1 and SCR2 respectively. The SCR
value for the pile/bent under investigation will be the smaller of these two SCR
values.
For Mode 1 (Nonsidesway) Buckling shown in Fig. 5.12a,
(5.3a)
where R CR1 = S+"H"-1' (5.3b)
Therefore, RCR1 = (5.3c)
L''S * nPile
r, .r Max Applied
and SCR1 = R CR1+1 '-"H" (5.3d)
will be known for the particular bridge/bent under investigation and thus
R CR1 can be determined from Eqn(5.3c) and then S CR1 from Eqn(5.3d).
For Mode 2 (Sidesway) Buckling shown in Fig. 5.12a,
where R CR2 = S+4' for 1-or 2-story bent if member HB1
is in place
5-32
(5.4a)
I
i
'. ,I
Therefore,
f CR2 = S+(4'+"E") for 2-story bent if only member
HB2 is in place
f CR2 = S+"H"-1' for 1-story bent if HB1 is not present
and for 2-story bent if HB 1 and HB2 are not present
fCR2 =
1 ;r2 Ely
-x----'--
2 "OS * p'Pile
.r , Max Applied
and SCR2 = f CR2 - 4' for 1- or 2-story bent if member
HB1 is in place
SCR2 = f CR2 - (4'+"E") for 2-story bent if only
member HB2 is in place
SCR2 = f CR2 -"H"+1' for 1-story bent if HB 1
is not present and for 2-story bent if HB 1 and HB2
are not present
(5.4b)
(5.4c)
(5.4d)
Again, P:;::APPlied will be known for the particular bridge/bent under investigation
and thus f CR2 can be determined from Eqn(5.4c) and then SCR2 from Eqn(5.4d).
The SCR for the pile/bent will be the smaller of SCR1 and SCR2. If
SCR ~ S Max Applied
then the bent is safe from buckling.
It should be noted that if both bent horizontal bracing members HB1 and
HB2 are not in place, then the bent should be considered to be unbraced. If this
is the case, then the bent can be checked by the procedure described above or
the one described in Section 5.8.
5-33
5.8 Check for Possible Unbraced Bent Pile Buckling About Weak Axis
For the case where "H" ~ 13 ft and the bent piles are encased from 3'
below the original ground line up to the bent cap, and the bent sway-bracing is
omitted, we have the situation depicted in Fig 5.13 after scour, S. This bent
condition/case is permitted by the ALDOT. It should be noted that ALDOT
engineers find many unbraced pile bents where "H">13 ft. The procedure in
checking for PCR and SCR for cases where "H">13 ft. is identical to the procedure
for "H":::; 13 ft. Hence the procedure described below is valid and applicable for
any value of "H".
For the case of an HP10x42 pile bent and assuming the pile encasement
spalls off, we have an QMax above ground after scour of QMax = "H" - 1 '+S when
working with the bent centerline dimensions. As Can be seen in Fig. 5.13, the
bent piles would fail in buckling in approximately a fixed-fixed sidesway mode. As
in the case of sidesways buckling for X-braced bents, due to the partial fixity at
each end of the piles, we wHlassume
(5.5)
or
(5.6)
5-34
. r ::
:;< 13 "H" f ENCASED PILE
l
f (NOT A STRUCruRAL
I ENCASEMENT)
---- -
I I
S /"- ASSUME FIXED-fiXED
I
I SIDESWAY BUCKLING
I
N.G.L
I
---
-
- --- --- J I I I \
I I
,
I I \
I I I

\

: .\:
...
"PROCEDURE FOR DETER1'vlINING
PCR, .e CR AND SCR FOR UNBRACED
BENTS IS APPLICABLE FOR ANY
VALUE OF "H".
Figure 5.13. Bent with Encased Piles and No Sway-Bracing
Note that the assumption of using % to represent a partial fixed-fixed condition at
the top and bottom of the bent piles in the equations above may, in some cases,
be slightly unconservative. However, in light of the fact that we are totally
neglecting the increase in pile stiffness and buckling capacity resulting from the
pile partial height encasement, neglecting "lean-on" support that the most heavily
loaded pile will receive from other piles in the bent, and neglecting the increase
transverse stiffness of the pile bent due to the end batter piles, these should
more than compensate for the factor of % overestimating the pile end fixity.
If we take a value of PCR = 1.25 PMaxAPplied to have a margin of safety, then,
Jr
2
EI
Y
1.
25P
Max Applied
(5.7)
5-35
For the case of PMaxAPplied =125
k
and a HP10x42 pile,
Thus,
fCR =
1(2 x 29,000 x 71.7 = 256in. = 21.3ft.
2x1.25 x125
SCR = kR- "H" +1'
SCR = 21.3-13' +1' = 9.3 ft.
(5.8)
If this value of SCR is greater than SMax Applied and if the remaining pile embedment
after scour is greater than 8 feet for HP10x42 piles and 12 feet for HP12x53 piles (to
approximate pile fixity at the ground line), then this pile/bent without sway-bracing
should be safe from buckling even if the pile encasements are loss. For
bent/piles with other pile sizes and PMaxAPPlied loadings, go to Eqn (5.7) and
determine QCR and then to Eqn (5.8) and determine SCR.
For the case of an HP12x53 pile bent, if we make the same assumptions
as above, then,
and
fCR = 1(2 x 29,000 x127 = 341in. = 28.4ft
2x1.25 x 125
SCR = Q C R ~ "H" +1'
SCR = 28.4.-13' +1' = 16.4 ft.
Again, if this value of SCR is greater than SMax Predicted and if the remaining pile
embedment after scour is greater than 12 feet (to approximate pile fixity at the
ground line), then this pile/bent without sway-bracing should be safe from
buckling even if the pile encasements are loss.
5-36
I
I I
I
I i
For the cases of the HP10x42 and HP
12x5
3 pile bents above, we assumed
the largest allowable value for the bent height "H" for an unbraced bent. Thus
using the maximum value of "H" will provide somewhat conservative values for
SCR for bents with "H" < 13 ft.
and
We may generalize the analysis shown above and say,
fCR =
1[2E1
Y
2 x F.S. x P max applied
(5.9)
(5.10)
For Pmaxapplied values of 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 kips and a F.S.=1.25,
Eqn. (5.9) and (5.10) yield the values of -CR and SCR shown in Table 5.3 for
HP10x42 and HP12x53 bent piles. For various values of H, the SCR data in Table 5.3
is plotted versus H for P-Ioads of 60,80,100,120,140, and 160 kips in Fig. 5.14.
It should be noted thatthe SCR vs. "H" curves and equations shown in Fig. 5.14
may be extended beyond "H"=13 ft. and still be valid.
5-37
Table 5.3. Values of fCR and SCR for Non X-Braced Bents (with F.5.=1.25)
PmaxapPlied f CR (ft) SCR (ft)
(kips)
HP10X42 HP12x53 HP-jOX42 HP12x53
:
60 30.82 41.02 31.82-"H"
80 26.69 27.69-"H" 36.53-"H"
100 23.88 31.78 24.88-"H" 32.78-"H"
120 21.80 29.00 22.80-"H" 30.00-"H"
140 20.18 26.86 21.18-"H" 27.86-"H"
160 18.88 25.12 19.88-"H" 26.12-"H"
5-38
i
"
, !
"
40
"
"
"
35
"
"
30
25
20
15
10
5
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
P=P max applied
"
"
"

"aof
"
"
"A

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
t>
" '.
......... ". ":.
, .": PILE: " ".
t>
: - HP12X53 PILES,'
"'":.:_:.':'" "".' '"0 .:.
, PILES:,
.. :
[
UPPER LIMIT OF BENT
HEIGHT FOR NON
X-BRACED BENTS

o 5 10 13 20
BENT HEIGHT "H" (ft)
Figure 5.14. SCR vs. "H" for Non X-Braced Pile Bents with F.S.=1.25
5-39
Values of "H" for typical unbraced bridge bent will be less than or equal to
13 ft, but the Pmaxapplied load and/or the factor of safety, F.S., may not be the
values used above. If this is the case, one must use Eqns (5.9) and (5.10) to
determine SCR for non X-braced pile bents.
5.9 Check for Possible Bent Pushover Failure
To check for a possible pile bent pushover failure from a combined bent
gravity loads of P
DL
+
LL
acting on the bent cap above each pile, and a lateral
(lateral to the bridge or in the plane of the bent) flood water loading applied near
the top of the bent, nonlinear analyses (considering geometric and material
nonlinearity) of the bent were performed using the pushover analysis subprogram
in GTSTRUDL. This subprogram basically models the pile bent as shown in Fig
5.15a and works with F; as fixed and increments the P-Ioads until failure, or
works with the P-Ioads as fixed and increments the F; load until failure. We
worked with the latter loading variation. The program modifies the bent stiffness
matrix after each load increment, via working with the deformed geometry and
member stress-strain relation, and thus E values, for each load increment. In this
manner the bent load-lateral deflection curve, i.e., pushover curve, is generated
as is the bent F; pushover load for a given bent and P-Ioad level. A nonlinear
bent pushover curve is shown in Fig 5.15b, and typical GTSTRUDL bent
pushover curves are shown in Fig. 5.16. In this manner, the bent pushover or
failure load is generated be it a strength or lack of strength issue, or an elastic or
inelastic bent buckling issue.
5-40
, I
Bent pushover loads, F;Pushover, for various bent sizes and number and size
of piling, heights, levels of P-Ioad, levels of scour, and with and without X-bracing
are given in tabular form in Tables 5.4-5.9. The pushover loads, F;ca
p
, shown in
these tables were determined from the bent pushover curves shown in
Appendices A and B of reference (1).
F
t
---.. "";';".,....1
.
(INCREMENT ::
TO FAILURE) :!:
. .
; : '
. .
. .

PILE
a. Gravity + Flood Water Loaded Pile Bent
Pushover
.----------------------
P = constant
b. Bent Pushover Curve
Figure 5.15. Typical Nonlinear Pile Bent Pushover Curve
5-41
-
(/)
a..

-
u.:
60
50 +----....-. ::;11'1"=

. I
40 I '/:II
20 I III .,.. ........
10 I II ..,.r
. I
.
-+- Non X-Braced
-11!- One Story X-Braced
C.... I .... L.I ....
.. .
00:
o
o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Displacement, fl, in
Figure 5.16. GTSTRUDL Pushover Analysis for HP10x42 4Pile Bents,
Bents Pinned at Ground, H=13 ft, S=O ft, P=100
k
5-42
3.5 4
The pushover load, F;pushover, for the applicable level of bent gravity loads P,
can thus be determined and compared with F;MaxApplied . If
then the bent is assumed to be safe from a pushover failure.
!
Bent pushover loads, F;pushover, for various bent sizes and number of piling,
heights, levels of P-Ioad, levels of scour, and with and without X-bracing are
given in Appendices A (for HP10x42) and B (for HP12x53 piles) of reference (1) in
the form of F;vs ~ pushover curves.
Bent pushover capacities, F;ca
p
., were determined from the F; vs. ~
pushover curves in Appendices A and B of reference (1), and these are
presented in Tables 5.4-5.9. Table 5.7 summarizes the pushover capacities of
1 I
HP10X42 pile bents without X-bracing for 3,4,5, and 6-pile bents where the
pushover load, F;, is assumed to be applied at the bottom of the pile cap, and
the pile concrete encasement is neglected. Table 5.5 summarizes the pushover
1 I
capacities of HP10x42 pile bents with X-bracing for 3, 4, 5-pile bents with X-bracing
I
where the pushover load, F;, is assumed to be applied at the bottom of the pile
cap. Table 5.6 summarizes the pushover capacities of HP10x42 pile bents with X-
bracing for 6-pile bents of varying configurations where the pushover load, F;, is
assumed to be applied at the bottom of the pile cap. Tables 5.7-5.9 are sister
tables to those above for bents with HP12x53 piles.
i
. j
5-43
Table 5.4 Pushover Capacities of HP
10x
42 3, 4, 5, 6-Pile Bents without X-Bracing
No. of Piles Bent Height, 1- Scour, S
pushover Force,
in Bent
(ft) eft)
p = 100 kips p= 120kips
.. P = 140 kips
P == 160 kips
0 21.23 19.96 18.77 17.59
5 10.48 8.90 7.27 5.64
10 10 4.40 2.29 unstable unstable
15 unstable unstable unstable unstable
3
0 13.79 12.41 10.99 9.52
5 ' 6.59 4.69
1.78 ' tinstabie
13 10 1.49 unstable unstable unstable
0 37.28, 34.78 32.29 29.90
5 27.78 24.75 21.76 18.93
10 10 25.75 21.97 18.48 15.1 I
15 18.26 14.82
11'.56 8.39
20 12.13 9.00 6.25 3.75
4
0 . 30.23 27.50 24.81 22.00
5 25.98 22.67 19.27 15.97
13 10 21.66 17.79 14.31 10.93
15 14.42 11.13 8.00 5.25
20 9.25 6.50 4.13 2.50
0 45.58 42.28 39.23 36.26
5 36.06 31.73 27.82 24.09
10 10 36.63 31.34 26.33 21.64
15 27.69 22.91 18.13 13.8 I
5
20 19.31 15.00 11.25 7.75
0 38.07 34.05 30.66 27.28
5 34.99 30.67 26.28 21.87
13 10 32.39 26.91 21.91 16.95
15 22.43 17.77 13.58 9.75
20 15.50 12.00 8.38 5.50
0 50.42 47.03 43.53 40.26
5 37,32
,.
32.73 28.47 24.30
10 10 36.92 30.48 24.86 19.00
15 ,29.48 23.28 17.38 12.00
6
20 20.63 15.50 10.63 6.50
0 40.13 36.]6 32.41 28.55
5 35.83 30.59 25.61 20.68
13 10 26.86 20.74 14.89
IS 23.63 18.00 13.00 8.27
20 16.:;0 12.00 8.00 4.50
5-44
Table 5.5 Pushover Capacities of HP10x42 3, 4, 5, 6-Pile Bents with X-Bracing
NO.of?iies No. of Stories Bent Height., H Scour, S
Pushover
in Bent in Bent (ft) (ft) P 100 kips p= 120 kips P = 140 kips p= 160 kips
0 43.03 41.46 39.7J 38.33
5 15.96 14.41 12.8J 11.17
13 10 6.88 4.02 2.81 unstable
>-
15 1.15 unstable unstable unstable
!r
0
....
00
0 41.50 39.85 38.32 36.75
W
z
5 14.40 12.55 10.64 8.71
0
17 10 5.25 2.94 0.77 unstable
3
0 46.92 45.09 43.37 42.02
5 J6.90 15.11 13.24 11.34
21 10 6.69 4.28 2.01 unstable
>-
!r
0
....
00
0 45.22 43.55 41.94 40.J7
6

5 15.07 12.91 10.66 8.38
....
25 10 4.76 2.12 unstable unstable
0 54.49 51.18 48.24 45.27
5 27.82 24.73 21.96 19.31
!3 10 20.77 17.32 14.03 10.89
>-
IS 17.22 13.14 9.40 5.79
!r
0
20 11.19 8.00 5.00 1.75
....
00
0 48.85 45.49 42.59 40.22
W
z
5 24.73 21.36 18.27 15.45
0
17 10 18.04 J4.28 10.71 7.38
15 13.97 9.74 5.78 2.14
4
20 8.50 5.00 2.13 unstable
0 54.41 51.01 47.94 45.06
5 25.19 22.04 19.35 16.72
21 10 16.57 13.04 9.60 6.32
>-
15 12.03 7.89 3.92 unstable
!r
0
20 7.36 3.50 unstable unstable
....
ef)
0
6
49.08 46.07 43.57 41.20

5 22.06 18.67 15.66 12.67
....
25 10 13.75 9.90 6.28 2.80
0 63.59 59.53 55.73 52.02
5 34.76 30.67 26.92 23.23
, I I3 10 28.58 23.79 19.31 15.16
>-.
15 27.86 22.02 16.49 11.55
!r
0
20 20.42 15.25 10.53 6.32
f-
ef)
0 57.10 52.62
W
48.67 44.99
z
5 30.88 26.62 22.50 18.67
0
17 10 25.94 20.69 15.87 11.50
15 24.11 18.13 12.61 7.59
5
20 16.97 11.86 7.34 3.50
0 62.95 58.58 54.57 50.79
5 31.98 27.82 23.95 20.34
21 10 23.95 19.1 1 14.56 10.38
>-
15 21.60 15.48 10.03 5.09
n::
0
20 16.25 10.63 5.52 1.50
to

0 56.38 51.&3 47.98 44.58
....
S 27.89 23.48 19.40 15.68
25 ]0 20.93 15.71 10.89 6.47
15 J 8.22 12.05 6.59 1.56
20 13.07 7.50 3.03 unstable
5-45
Table 5.6 Pushover Capacities of HP10x42 6-Pile Behts with X-Bracing
No. of Piles Configuratio No. of Stories Bent Height, H Scour, S
pushover Force, If.fkips)
in Bent 11 in Ben1 (ft) (ft) P = 100 kips P = 120 kips P = 140 kips l' = 160 kips
() 69.18 64.39 59.91 55.48
5 37.31 32.41 27.82 23.46
13 10 29.82 24.12 18i5 13.88
>-
IS 29.87 22.57 15.69 9.74
a::
0
20 22.75 16.44 10.59 5.35
l-
e/)
0 61.94 56.71 52.01 47.90
uJ
z
5 33.17 28.10 23.34 18.93
>-
0
a::
17 10 26.92 20.76 15.07 9.95
0
I-
15 26.19 18.62 11.87 5.91
e/)
a::
20 19.59 {3.14 7.42 2.75
6
L!J
0..
0 68.25 62.61 57.57 53.01
x
L!J
5 35.06 30.02 25.33 20.91
-'
(9
21 10 26.35 20.35 14.91 9.87
z
en >-
15 24.10 16.38 9.70 3.88
a::
0
20 18.72 11.84 ~ . 5 0
1.00
f0-
CI(
0 60.98 55.59 50.89 46.79
~
5 30.65 25.51 20.76 16.52
25 10 23.03 16.71 10.94 5.72
15 20.46 12.71 6.14 0.63
20 15.56 8.64 3.00 unstable
0 84.56 80.16 75.99 72.47
5 39.30 34.54 30.33 26.54
13 10 31.02 25.37 20.31 15.73
>-
15 30.09 23.40 17.11 11.19
a::
0
20 23.J6 16.84 11.13 6.29
f0-
CI(
0 76.84 72.97 69.48 65.45
L!J
z
5 35.08 30.21 26.00 22.08
>- 0
a::
0
17 10 28.28 22.22 17.05 12.23
l-
e/)
15 27.32 20.31 13.85 7.81
a::
20.06 L!J 20 14.07 8.75 4.34
6
0..
x 0 85.81 81.43 77.51 74.11
w
5 38.56 33.74 29.68 25.92
-'
co
::> 21 10 29.29 23.54 18.57 13.84
0
Cl
>-
15 27.04 20040 14.15 8.33
a:
0
20 21.38 14.75 9.00 3.92
l-
e/)
~
0 79.14 75.50 71.93 67.84
I-
5 34.50 29.82 25.60 21.68
25 10 26.48 20.47 15.39 10.53
15 24.53 17.65 11.36 5.45
20 18.50 12.25 6.77 2.25
5-46
1
2x53 3,4, 5, 6-Pile Bents without X-Bracing
No. of Piles Bent Height, H Scour, S
Pushover
in Bent
Cft)
(ft) P = 100 kips P = 120 kips P = 140 kips P = 160 kips
0 35.35 34.23
33.10 31.95
5 20.24 18.89
17.62 16.31
10 10 12.85 11.24 9.56 7.84
IS 7.92 5.81 3.59 1.36
3
0 24.78 23.52 22.23 21.07
5 15.34 13.89 12.38 10.85
13 JO 9.74 7.83 5.86 3.82
20 1.56
unstable unstable unstable
0 57.01 54.44 52.29 50.05
5 41.80 38.72 36.16 33;67
10 10 36.89 34.04 31.00 27.84
15 35.30 31.38 28.13 24.40
20 27.23 23.43 19.89 16.54
4
0 45.45 42.84 40.48 38.09
5 38.44 35.28 32.42 29.56
13 10 36.68 33.13 29.61 26.33
15 30.09 26.90 23.05 19.53
20 22.68 19.25 16.00 12.75
0 68.10 65.20 62.57 60.13
5 52.83 48.10 44.12 41.02
10 10 52.27 46.06 42.19 35.77
15 51.47 45.35 40.80 35.36
5
20 40.59 34.88 30.14 25.36
0 55.95 52.30 49.00 46.03
5 51.57 47.82 40.88 37.04
13 10 50.29 45.31 40.43 36.04
15 44.25 39.60 34.16 29.22
20 34.13 29.44 24.88 20.38
0 77.11 73.98 71.02 68.09
5 55.36 51.06 47.33 43.80
10 10 53.81 49.13 44.38 35.75
IS 52.63 46.88 40.30 32.70
6
20 43.41 36.61 30.56 24.80
0 61.00 57.10 53.73 50.47
5 52.21 46.56 41.99 37.94
13 10 51.92 45.33 40.30 34.61
15 46.00 39.81 33.03 28.01
20 36.81 30.94 25.00 20.00
5-47
Table 5.8 Pushover Capacities of HP12x53 3, 4, 5, 6-PUe Bents with X .. Bracing
No. of Piles No. of Storie s Bent Height, H Scour, S
Pushover Force, Jf,'(kips)
in Bent in Bent (ft) (ft) P == 100 kips p== 120 kips P== 140 kips P == 160 kips
0 66.93 64.82 63.09 61.36
5 28.52 26.87 25.17 23.79
13 10 16.20 14.52 12.84 lUI
>-
15 9.57
7.46 5.30 3.14
a::
0
r-
tf)
:0 63.36 61.31 59.24 57.15
rl.;
z
5 26.81 25.09 23.54 21.95
0
17 10 14.90 13.00 11.06 9.06
15 &.20 5.82 3.41 1.11
3
0
71.00 68.92 66.90 64.84
5 30.58 28.71 26.97 25.44
21 10 17.03 15.08 13.09 11.05
>-
15 9.48 7.01 4.49 2.05
a::
0
r-
~
0 6&.33 66.25 64.13 61.98
S:
5 28.69
26.85 25.07 23.26
r-
25 10 15.44 13.22 10.95 8.60
15 7.87 5.09 2.36 unstable
0 83.44 79.98 76.73 73.73
5 45.18 41.92 38.84 35.88
13 10 3437 30.96 27.76 24.68
>-
15 30.52 26.61 22.94 19.43
a::
0
20 26.35 22.16 18.19 14.44
r-
tf)
0 79.62 76.26
rl.;
72.70 68.99
z
5 41.77 38.21 34.94 31.82
0
17 10 31.92 28.13 24.64 21.33
IS i7.78 23.50 19.68 15.94
20 23.04 18.73 14.57 10.70
4
0 86.73 82.73 78.89 75.22
5 43.32 39.83 36.58 33.53
21 10 30.96 27.30 23.86 iO.60
>-
15 25.53 21.33 17.57 13.91
a::.
0
20. 21.21 16.66 12.51 8.51
r-
'1
0 81.69 76.25 70.13 69.25
~
r-
5 39.71 35.90 32.52 29.48
25 10 28.16 24.13 20.53 17.27
15 22.48 18.28 14.27 10.42
20 18.25 13.65 9.27 5.02
0 95.82 91.16 87.16 83.47
5 55.78 51.51 47.38 43.49
13 10 44.72 40.17 35.78 31.50
>- 15 .
42.92 37.72 32.51 27.64
a::
0
20 41.66 35.98 30.07 24.56
r-
tf)
rl.; 0 88.89 83.21 78.97 74.95
z
5 51.77 47.04 42.73 38.70
0
17 10 41.73 36.74 32.11 27.80
15 40.98 34.97 29.26 24.11
5
20 37.73 31.70 25.78 20.11
0 100.17 94.50 89.16 83.95
5 53.94 49.25 44.74 40.68
21 10 41.53 36.56 31.93 27.51
>-
15 38.01 32.16 26.77 21.75
a::
0
20 36.01 29.28 23.06 17.33
r-
tf)
~
0 93.06 85.77 80.02 74.43
5 49.56 44.67 40.11 35.99
25 10 37.88 32.68 27.87 23.43
15 35.51 29.09 23.13 17.92
20 32.38 25.51 19.20 13.55
5-48
Table 5.9 Pushover Capacities of HP12x53 6-Pile Bents with X-Bracing
NO.ofPjlcs X-Bracing No, of Stories Bent Height, H Scour, S
Pushover Force, r:(kips)
inBem Configuration in Bent (fi) (ft) p = 100 kips P = 120 kips P = 140kios P - 160 kios
0 104,26 98.79 94.02 89.67
5 60.94 55.79 50.93 46.20
13 10 48.07 42.29 37.06 31.96
>-
15 45.77 39.21 32.97 27.13
a:
0
20 45.21 38.94 31.41 24.33
t-
CJ?
0 95.11 89.40 84.28 79.72
W
z
5 55.85 50.31 45.23 40.62
>-
0
a:
17 10 44.97 38.87 33.34 28.11
0
t-
IS 43.48 36.47 29,59 23.48
CJ?
c:::
20 42.75 35.20 27.31 20.19
6
w
!l.
0 109.13 101.77 94.52 87.84
><
w
5 60.29
...J
54.22 48.58 43.48
Cl
2J 10 46.12 39.84 34. JJ 28.83
z
iii >-
c:::
15 42.47 35.19 28.53 22.37
0
20 41.28 32.80 24.88 17.63
f-
<f)
0 96.43 89.77 83,63 78.27
~
t-
5 54.41 48.46 43.00 38.13
25 10 42.09 35.69 29.82 24.52
15 39.43 31.45 24.44 J 8.15
20 37.48 28.71 20.65 13.70
0 130.28 125,62 121.72 118.11
5 63.77 59.11 54.78 50.51
13 10 49.00 43.59 38.59 33.81
>-
15 46.83 40.10 34.15 28.67
a:
0
20 46.44 39.36 32.40 25.79
r-
til
J26.39 ]21.45 1]6.72 112.06
W
0
z
5 59,51 54.09 49.36 45.18
>- 0
a:
0 17 10 47.24 40,89 35.ll 29,95
f-
CJ?
15 44.78 37.49 31.17 25.44
a:
20 43.89 36.38 29.33 22.61
w
6
0-
X 0 134.38 128.97 123.95 119.63
w
5 64.41 59.68 55.17 50.93
....J
co
::> 21 10 48.54 43.00 37.85 33.07
0
0
>-
15 44.98 38,10 32.23 26.90
a:
0
20 43.80 36.12 29.13 22.63
t-
CJ?
130.44 124.92 119.66
~
0
114.98
5 60.07 54.60 50.13 46.09
25 10 46.52 39.98 34.41 29.67
15 42.83 35.72 29.56 23.99
20 41.44 33.70 26.63 19.91
. ..J
5-49
Assuming that the flood water debris raft dimensions and design flood
water velocity values previously assumed to computer Ft max applied are valid, i.e.,
A = 6'
B = 30'
Vdesign = 6 mph
Then, Ft max applied = 9.72 kips
Assuming a F.S. = 1.25 (Factor of Safety), then
F
t
maxdesign = 9.72 kips x 1.25 = 12.15 kips
Using this value of F
t
max design, Tables 5.4-5.9 can be modified to reflect whether
a bent is safe for combined flood water pushover loads, gravity loads, and level
of scour. The modified tables are shown as Tables 5.10-5.15, where for a given
bent size (number of piles and height):, level of scour, and level of gravity P-Ioad,
one can directly determine if the bent is adequate for the projected maximum
design pushover load of F
t
max design = 12.15 kips shown above. In the modified
tables, if the bent size, level of scour, and level of P-Ioad provides a pushover
capacity in the unshaded regions, of the tables, then the bent is adequate or safe.
If the pushover capacity is in the shaded regions, then the bent may be
inadequate for safety against pushover and should be investigated more closely.
One can note in Tables 5.13-5.15, which are for the HP12x53 pile bents,
that all of the 6 and 5-pile bents are adequate/safe for pushover loading, and
almost all of the 4-pile bents are adequate/safe. For the HP12x53 pile bents, only
the 3-pile bents are of significant concern for adequacy for pushover capacity.
5-50
1
i
:' i
1
i
Table 5.10 Pushover Capacities of HP10x42 3, 4, 5, 6-Pile Bents without X-Bracing -
Modified Table Showing Adequacy to Resist F
t
max design = 12.15 kips *
No. of Piles
in Bent
3
4
5
6
10
13
10
J3
]0
13
5
10
15
20
0
5
10
IS
20
0
5
10
J5
20
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
10
IS
20
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
10
15
20
36.06 31.73
36.63 31.34
27.69 22.91
19.31 15.00
38.07 34.05
34.99 30.67
32.39 26.91
22.43
15.50
50.42
37.32 32.73
36.92 30.48
29.48 23.28
20.63 15.50
40.13 36.16
35.83 30.59
34.02 26.86
23.63
16.50
- .... - - ~ - - - - - - - , ...
* Bents with a pushover capacity, p;ca
p
. , in unshaded region of table are safe.
* Bents with a pushover capacity, F;("a
p
., in shaded region of table may be unsafe.
5-51
10x
42 3, 4, 5-Pile Bents with X-Bracing -
Modified Table Showing Adequacy to Resist Ft max design = 12.15 kips *
13 20.77
,..
15 17.22
a::
0
20
f--
(/)
48.85
W
z
5 24.73
0
17 10 18.04
4
21
>-
15
a::
0
20
f-
(/)
0

l-
S
25 10
34.76
13 28.58 23.79
>-
15 27.86 22.02
c:
0
20 20,42 15.25
I-
00
57.10 52.62 48.67
W
z
5 30.88 26.62 22.50
0
17 10 25.94 20.69 15.87
15 24.11 18.13
20 16.97
5
0 62.95 58.58
5 31.98 27.82
21 23.95 J9.11
>-
21.60 15.48
c:
0
I-
00
51.83

f--
5
25 10 20.93
15 1822
20 13.07
* Bents with a pushover capacity, in unshaded region of table are safe.
* Bents with a pushover capacity, F,ca
p
5-52
Table 5.12 Pushover Capacities of HP10x42 6-Pile Bents with X-Bracing-
Modified Table Showing Adequacy to Resist F
t
max design = 12.15 kips *
No. of Piles Configuratio No. of Stories Bent Height,
in Bent n in Bent
5 37.31 32.41
13 10 29.82 24.12 18.85
>-
15 29.87 22.57 15.69
0::
0
20 22.75 16.44
l-
(f)
0 61.94 56.71 52.01
W
z
5 33.17 28.10 23.34
>-
0
0::
17 10 26.92 20.76
0
l-
15 26.19 18.62 (f)
0::
20 19.59 13.14
6
llJ
0.
0 68.25 x
62.61
llJ
5 35.06 ....J
0
21 10 z
U5
>-
0::
0
l-
(f)
~
25
15
20
0
5 30.33
13 10 25.37 20.31
>-
15 30.09 23.40 17.11
0::
0
20 23.16 16.84 l-
(J)
W 0 76.84 72.97 69.48
z
5 35.08 30.21 26.00 >- 0
0::
0 17 10 28.28 22.22 17.05
l-
(J)
20.31
0::
llJ
14.07
6
0..
x 81.43
w
5 38.56
....J
33.74
CD
~
21 10 29:29 23.54
0
0 >-
IS 27.04 20.40 0::
0
20 21.38 14.75 l-
(f)
~
0 79.14 75.50
l-
5 34.50 29.82
25 10 26.48 20.47
15 24.53 17.65
20 18.50 12.25
_ ... _- ._---'-'
p
., in unshaded region of table are safe.
p
. , in shaded region of table may be unsafe.
5-53
Table 5.13 Pushover Capacities of HP12x53 3, 4, 5, 6-Pile Bents without X-Bracing -
Modified Table Showing Aciequacy to Resist Ft max design = 12.15 kips *
No. of Piles
in Bent
5
10 10
15
20
3
0
5
13 10
15
20
0
,5 36.16 33.67
10 10
34.04 31.00 27.84
15 35.30 31.38 28.13 24.40
20
19.89 6.54
4
0
40.48 38.09
5 35.28 32.42 29.56
f3 10 36.68 33.13 29.61 26.33
15 30.09 26.90 23.05 19.53
20 22.68 19.25 16.00 12.75
0 68.10 65.20 62.57 .13
S 52.83 48.10 44.12 41.02
10 10 52.27 46.06 42.19 3S.77
IS 51.47 45.35 40.80 35.36
20 40.59 34.88 3014 25.36
5
0 55.95 52.30 49.00 46.03
5 51.57 47.82 40.88 37.04
13 10 50.29 45.31 40.43 36.04
15 44.25 39.60 34.16 29.22
20 34.13 29.44 24.88 20.38
0 77.11 73.98 71.02 68.09
5 55.36 51.06 47.33 43.80
10 10 53.81 49.13 44.38 35.75
15 52.63 46.88 40.30 32.70
6
20 43.41 36.61 30.56 24.80
0 61.00 57.10 53.73 50.47
5 52.21 46.56
41,99 37.94
13 10 51.92 45.33 40.30 34.61
15 46.00 39.81 33.03 28.01
20 36.81 30.94 25.00 20.00
* Bents with a pushover capacity, F;ca
p
* Bents with a pushover capacity, F;ca
p
5-54
."
:
.--
1
2x53 3, 4, 5-Pile Bents with X-Bracing -
5 45.18 41.92 38.84
13 10 34.37 30.96 27.76 24.68
>- 30.52 26.61
c::
0
f-
'" W
z
5 41.77 38.21 34.94 31.82
0
17 10 31.92 28.13 24.64 11.33
15 27.78 23.50 19.68 15.94
4
75.22
5 43.32 39.83 33.53
21 10 30.96 27.30 23.86 20.60
>-
15 25_53 21.33 17.57 13.91
'"
0
20 12.51
f-
'.
W
~
0
70.13
~ .
5 39.71 35.90 32.52 29.48
25 10 28.16 20.53 J7.27
5 55.78 51.51 47.38 43.49
13 10 44.72 40.17 35.78 31.50
>-
15 37.72
27.64
'" g
'" w
z
5 51.77
0
42.73
17 10 4l.73 36.74 32J 1 27.80
15 40.98 34.97 29.26
5
37.73
0 100.17
5 53.94 49.25 44.74 40.68
21 10 41.53 36.56 31.93 27.5J
>-
15 38.01 32.16 26.77 21.75
'"
0
20 36.01 29.28 23.06 17
;-
(f)

0 93.06 .77 80.02 74.43
5 49.56 44.67 40.1 I 35.99
25 10 37.88 32.68 27.87 23.43
15 35.51 2909 13.13 17.92
20 3238 25.51 19.10 13.55
" Bents with a pushover capacity,
F,"'P' , in unshaded region of table are safe.
* Bents with a pushover capacity,
F;ca
p
5-55
1
2x53 6-Pile Bents with X-Bracing -
No. of Piles X-Bracing No. of Stories Bent Height, H Scour, S
Pushover Force, I{':"Ckips)
in Bent Configuration in Bent (ft) (ft) P = 100 kips P = 120 kips P - 140 kips P - 160 kips
0 104.26 98.79 94.02 89.67
5 60.94 55.79 50.93 46.20
13 10 48.07 42.29 . 37.06 31.96
>-
IS 45.77 39.21 32.97 27.13
a:
0
20 45.21 38.94 31.41 24.33
t;;
W
0 95.1 I 89.40 84.28 79.72
:z
5 55.85 50.31 45.23 40.62
>-
0
a:
17 10 44.97 38.87 33.34 28.11
0
f-
15 43.48 36.47 29.59 23.48
Ul
a:
20 42.75 35.20 27.31 20.19
6
UJ
0..
0 109.13 101.77 94.52
><
87.84
UJ
5 60.29 54.22 48.58 43.48
-'
CJ
21 10
:z
46.12 39.84 34.11 28.83
(i5
>-
15 42.47 35.19 28.53 22.37
a:
0
20 41.28 32.80 24.88 17.63
f-
~
0 96.43 89.77 83.63 78.27
5 54.41 48.46 43.00 38.13
')-
10 42.09 35.69 29.82 24.52
-)
15 39.43 31.45 24.44 18.15
20 37.48
.
28.71 20.65 13.70
0 130.28 125.62 121.72 118.11
5 63.77 59.Il 54.78 50.51
13 10 49.00 43.59 38.59 33.81
>-
IS 46.83 40.10 34.15 28.67
a:
0
20 46.44 39.36 32.40 25.79
f-
Ul
0 126.39 121.45 116.72 112.06
W
>-
:z
5 59.51 54.09 49.36 45.18
a:
0
8
17 10 47.24 40.89 35.11 29.95
Ul 15 44.78 37.49 31.l7 25.44
a:
UJ 20 43.89 36.38 29.33 22.61
6
0..
><
0 134.38 128.97 123.95 119.63
w
5 64.41 59.68 55.17 50.93
-'
co
:;)
21 10 48.54 43.00 37.85 33.07
0
0
>-
15 44.98 38.10 32.23 26.90
a:
0
20 43.80 36.12 29.13 22.63
f-
Ul
~
0 130.44 124.92 119.66 114.98
f-
5 60.07 54.60 50.13 46.09
25 10 46.52 39.98 34.4 1 29.67
15 42.83 35.72 29.56 23.99
20 41.44 33.70 26.63 19.91
* Bents with a pushover capacity, F;Ctl
P
* Bents with a pushover capacity, F;('tl
P
5-56
,
I
1
, j
I
It should be noted that for the smaller bents, primarily the 3-pile bents, the
P-Ioad level on the bent may be below P=1 OOk. For this case, we can use linear
extrapolation to check the pushover adequacy of these bents as indicated below.
Pushover capacities of the 3-pile bents with and without X-bracing for both
the HP
1Ox42
and HP12x53 piles shown in Tables 5.4-5.5 and 5.7-5.8, respectively,
are shown plotted for the P-Ioad levels of P=1 00, 120, 140, and 160 kips in
Figures 5.15-5.18. As can be seen in these figures, the pushover capacities,
F;capacity , vary in a linear manner with the P-Ioad for almost all cases. For the few
cases with a nonlinear variation, the F;capacity vs. P-Ioad curve is concave up with
F;capacity increasing at a larger than linear rate as the P-Ioad is reduced. Thus, for
the 3-pile bent, linear extrapolation may be used to check whether the F;capacity for
P-Ioad levels smaller than 100k is larger than the F;maxdes;gn value of 12.15
k
. If it is,
then the bent is safe from pushover failure.
Linear extrapolation may also be used for bents with more than 3-piles,
though this will probably not be necessary. In all cases, if extrapolation to
determine F;capacity at a P-Ioad level lower than 100k is used, then simply use the
slope of a F;capacity vs. P-Ioad curve between P=100
k
and P=120
k
to extrapolate to
F;capac;ty value at the lower level of P-Ioad. If numerical values of p;capacity are not
available in Tables 5.10-5.15 due to the bent being unstable, then extrapolation
can not be performed and the safety of the bent should be investigated more
closely.
5-57
20
--
--
--
. pMAX DESIGN

10

60 80 100
P-LOAD (kips)
140 160
Figure 5.15. F;capacity vs. P-Load Curves for 3-Pile Bents of
HP
10x
42 Piles without X-Bracing.
5-58
!
60
50
40
30
20
12.15
k
10
--
--
---
--_ H=13', $=0'
---
---
---
-- H=25'; S=5'
==:::=---.------
- --......::::::-.::::::---
-- -.:::--
-- -
--
H=21', $=0'
H=25', S=O'
H=13', S=5'
:.... -:.,.. -. _. --c. -;MAX ;:.:':-
H=LT, $=5'
- r
H=lT, S=10'

60 80 100 120
P-LOAD (kips)
140 160
Figure 5,16. p;capacily VS. P-Load Curves for 3-Pile Bents of
HP10x42 Piles with X-Bracing.
5-59
70
60
50
20
12.15
k
10
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
__ _<>___ __ rH=lO', S=O'
H=13', S=O'
---0--_--._
H=10', S=5'
---
- - - _ - - - - -<>------ FMAX DESIGN
S=5'
--- ------
-----= = - H= 1 0" S= 10'
H=13', S=10'
H=lO', S=15'

60 80 100 120
P-LOAD (kips)
140 160
Figure 5.17. p;capacity VS. P-Load Curves for 3-Pile Bents of
HP12x53 Piles without X-Bracing.
5-60
I
\/
70
60
50
40
30
20
12.15
k
10
--
--
-----
--
---
--
--
-- ----
---- --
--::::::::::::-
------ -:::::::::::::::,
---
--
--
::::.:::-::---
------ -
---------
H=21', S=lO'
-- -::::.-

-- \.
FMAXDESIGN
.::::-- --....
--.:::::-.:::::-...::::- t
--:::::::::---
-:::::::::
H=13',5=1O'

H=25', 5=15'
{H=21',5=0'
{H=25',5=0'
H=13',5=0'
H=21', S=5'
H=13', S=5'
S=5'
H=IT,5=5'
H=lT,5=10'
H=25',5=10'
H=13',5=15'
H=21',5=15'
H=IT,5=15'

60 80 100 120
P-LOAD (kips)
140 160
Figure 5.18. F;capacity VS. P-Load Curves for 3-Pile Bents of
HP12x53 Piles with X-Bracing.
5-61
Alternatively, if we assume that we may perform linear interpolation on the
p;capacity vs. S (or H+S) data in Tables 5.10-5.15, we can use these data to
generate tables of critical scour, SCR, for different levels of P-Ioads. These tables
can in turn be used to determine SCR for a given bent geometry and level of P-
load. If the resulting SCR>Smax applied at the site, then the bent is safe from
pushover failure.
Since the piles in a bent subject to an increasing horizontal flood water
loading, F
t
, have an approximate constant level of P-Ioad, i.e., gravity axial load,
there is a linear relationship between F
t
and lateral deflection, so long as the
pile stresses do not exceed the proportional limit. However, as scour occurs and
as the piles reach higher stress levels, the piles and bent will behave in a
nonlinear manner, i.e., we get the nonlinear pushover curve due to both
geometric and material nonlinearity. In this case, the F
t
vs. curve may be
closer to a cubic variation in with the bent height (H+S). For this situation, the
use of linear interpolation of F
t
values between values of F
t
determined for bent
height (H+S) values which are 5 ft apart yields accurate results as
illustrated in Fig. 5.19. Thus, Tables 5.10-5.15 were used to interpolate values of
SCR corresponding to p;failure = 12.1Sk for each bent geometry configuration,
height, and level of P-Ioad. These values of SCR are presented in Tables 5.16-
5.19.
5-62
100,000
30,000
90,000
25,000
so,ooo
20.000
70.000
<",
r;:
+
23-
IS,aoo
60,000
"..
or.
L
"-
Linear
0=0.35' \".
/ / Cubic
= 0.35 )( 100 = 1.3% Too Low
27.5 27.5
6.=515
/
/
/
/
20,797
= 515 x 100 = 2.5% Too High
20,797 20,797
:.OK To Use
Linear Interpolatioll
+ 50,000

40,000
25' 30'
H+S
30.000
20,000
10,000
____ ____ ____ ______ L_ ____ ____ __
o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H+S (ft)
Figure 5.19. Illustration of Satisfactory Accuracy in Using Linear
Interpolation to Determine SCR from F;Capacity vs. S Data in Tables 2.10-2.15
5-63
Table 5.16. Critical Scour, SCR, of HP10x42 3, 4, 5, 6-Pile Bents without
X-Bracing to Resist FtmaxdeSign=12.15k (includes a FS=1.25)
No. of Piles Bent Height Critical Scour, SCR (ft)1 '2
in Bent (ft) P=100
K
P=120
K
P=140
K
P=160
K
10 4.2 3.5 2.9 2.3
3
10 20.0 17.3 14.6 12.2
4
13 17.2 14.2 11.7 8.8
10 >20.0 >20.0 19.3 16.4
5
i3 >20.0 19.9 16.4 13.3
10 >20.0 >20.0 18.9 14.9
6
13 >20.0 19.9 15.8 12.1
1 Includes a FS=1.25 on the Pushover Force, Ft.
2 If Smax applied<SCR at the site, the bent is safe from pushover failure.
5-64
,
, ,
I
I I
Table 5.17. Critical Scour, SCR, of HP10x42 3,4,5, 6-Pile Bents with X-Bracing
k
to Resist Ftmaxdesign =12.15 (includes a FS=1.25)
No. of X-Bracing No. of Bent Critical Scour, SCR (ft 3'4
Piles in Configuration Stories Height P=100
K
P=120
K
P=140
K
P=160
K
Bent in Bent (ft)
3 Single-X per 1-Story 13 7.1 6.1 5.3 4.8
Story
17 6.2 5.2 4.7 4.4
2-Story 21 7.3 6.4 5.5 4.9
25 6.4 5.3 4.8 4.4
Story
17 16.7 12.3 9.0 7.0
2-Story 21 14.9 10.9 8.7 7.2
25 11.8 8.7 6.9 5.3
5 Single-X per 1-Story 13 >20.0 >20.0 18.6 14.2
Story
17 >20.0 19.8 15.4 9.5
2-Story 21 >20.0 18.4 12.7 9.1
25 >20.0 14.9 9.3 6.9
6 Single-X per 1-Story 13 >20.0 >20.0 18.5 12.1
Story
17 >20.0 >20.0 14.6 8.8
2-Story 21 >20.0 19.7 12.6 9.0
25 >20.0 15.7 9.4 7.0
6 Double-X per 1-Story 13 >20.0 >20.0 19.1 13.9
Story
17 >20.0 >20.0 16.7 10.1
2-Story 21 >20.0 >20.0 16.9 11.5
25 >20.0 >20.0 14.0 9.3
4 If SmaxapPlied<ScR at the site, the bent is safe from pushover failure.
5-65
Table 5.18. Critical Scour, SCR, of HP12x53 3, 4, 5, 6-Pile Bents without
X-Bracing to Resist FtmaxdeSign=12.15k (includes a' FS=1.25)
No. of Piles Bent Height Critical Scour, SCR (ft)5'6
in Bent (ft) P=100
K
P=120
K
P=140
K
P=1,60
K
10 10.7 9.4 I 8.4 7.5
3
13 7.8 6.4 5.2 4.4
10 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
4
13 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
10 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
5
13 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
10 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
6
13 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
6 If Smax app/ied<SCR at the site, the bent is safe from pushover failure.
5-66
Table 5.19. Critical Scour, SCR, of HP12x53 3, 4, 5, 6-Pile Bents with X-Bracing
k
to Resist F
t
max desian =12.15 (includes a FS=1.25)
No. of X-Bracing No. of Bent Critical Scour, SCR (ft If,1:l
Piles in Configuration Stories Height P=100
K
P=120
K
P=140
K
P=160
K
Bent in Bent (ft)
Story
17 12.0 10.6 9.6 8.8
2-Story 21 13.2 11.8 10.5 9.6
25 12.2 10.7 9.6 8.8
4 Single-X per 1-Story 13 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
Story
17 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 18.6
2-Story 21 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 16.6
25 >20.0 >20.0 17.1 13.7
Story
17 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
2-Story 21 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
25 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
Story
17 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
2-Story 21 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
25 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
6 Double-X per 1-Story 13 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
Story
17 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
2-Story 21 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
25 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0 >20.0
8 If SmaxapPlied<ScR at the site, the bent is safe from pushover failure.
5-67
5.10 Summary
The screening of bridge pile bents to determine their adequacy during an
extreme flood/scour event for the possible failure modes of
Bent/pile tip "kick-out" failure
Pile/bent plunging failure
Pile/bent transverse-buckling failure
Bent transverse pushover failure
have been discussed and the checking/screening procedures described in detail
in Section 5.1-5.9. The final recommended checking/screening procedure and
sequence is summarized below.
Preliminary Evaluations. Prior to performing quantitative screening
evaluations, the preliminary evaluations listed below need to be performed.
1. Verify that bridge is over w9ter and supportE3d on pile bents.
2. V e ~ i f y that significant scour (S > 3 ft) may occur at the site.
3. Verifythat the pile' bent is a single row of steel H-piles with 3, 4, 5 or 6-
piles of HP10x42 or HP
12x
53 with the end-piles battered.
4. Determine if bent is sway-braced or not braced.
5. If the I?ent issway-braceq, determine if bracing members HB1 and HB2
are present.
6. Determine bent height, H, above the original ground line.
7. Determine the maximum projected scour, S, at the site.
8. Determine the length of pile embedment before scour (fbs) and after scour
(f as ).
5-68
9. Determine the driving system used to install the piling, i.e., determine the
type of hammer used, its rated energy, and its driving efficiency.
10. Determine the final pile driving resistance in blows per inch (bpi).
11. Determine if the pile is an end bearing or friction pile.
12. Determine the following maximum pile/bent loads,
p,;:!eapPlied (gravity DL +LL)
P:=:PPlied (gravity DL +LL)
p
bent
"d /
= maxapPli/
No
. of Piles (in bent pushover analysis)
Note a value of = 9.72
k
push-over load was determined
based on assumed maximum size of debris raft and stream V design.
This value was multiplied by a FS = 1.25 to yield
= 1.25
= 1.25x9.72
k
= 12.15
k
and was assumed to be applied at 2 ft down from the HWL which
was assumed to be at the elevation of the top of the bent cap.
Pile/Bent "Kick-Out" and Plunging Evaluations. Screening/checking for
pile/bent "kick-out" failure was integrated into the tables that assess the safe
depths of pile embedment after scour for adequacy against either a "kick-out" or
plunging failure of the most heavily loaded bent pile. These safe depths of
embedment are given in Tables 5.3-5.6. Based on the relatively low horizontal
Ftip "kick-out" force, the maximum safe embedment depth required to avoid "kick-
out" failure was determined to be 3 ft. Therefore in Tables 5.3-5.6 if an
embedment depth to avoid plunging was determined to be less than 3 ft, then 3 ft
is shown in the tables to avoid a "kick-out" failure mode.
5-69
Pile plunging failure is checked/screened via using the SPT blow counts
Ntip and Nside at the pile tip and side, the pile size, the depth of embedment after
scour, P'::apPlied and Tables 5.3-5.6 in the manner described in Section 5.6. For
both the plunging and "kick-out" failure modes, it is assumed that if the most
heavily loaded pile in the bent is safe from failure, then the bent is safe from
failure.
Pile/Bent Buckling Evaluation. In checking for pile/bent buckling, the
most heavily loaded pile in the bent is checked for transverse buckling, i.e.,
buckling about the pile's weak axis. If this pile is safe from buckling, then we say
the bent is safe from buckling. The ST buckling checking procedure is as
follows:
1. Check pile for adequate embedment for approximate fixity after scour.
2. Check to see if bent has sway-bracing. If it does, are bracing members
HB1 and HB2 present.
3. Determine.e CR1 and SCR1 for nonsidesway (Mode 1) buckling.
4. Determine.e CR2 and SCR2 for sidesway (Mode 2) buckling.
5. Determine SCR for pile which is the smaller of SCR1 and SCR2.
6. If SCR>SMax Applied then the pile/bent is safe from buckling.
7. If the bent is not sway-braced, then only sidesway (Mode 2) buckling is
checked as shown in Fig. 5.2.
The exact sequence, procedure, and equations for making the above checks are
given in Box ~ of the "screening tool" flowchart in Fig. 5.2.
5-70
Bent Pushover Evaluation. Use the value of F
t
max design=12.15 kips,
which includes a F.S. = 1.25, along with Tables 5.10-5.15 to determine the
adequacy of pile bents for safety from a pushover failure. Using Tables 5.10-
5.15, one can determine for a given set of bent parameters (see below) if the
bent is adequate/safe from pushover failure.
Bent piles - HP10x42 or HP12x53
Number of piles - 3, 4, 5, 6-pile bent
Bracing Configuration - Not braced, X-braced one story, X-braced two
story

Bent height (H) - 10',13',17',21',25'
Level of scour (S) - 0',5',10',15',20'
Level of gravity P-Ioad - 100
k
, 120
k
, 140
k
, 160
k
In Tables 5.10-5.15 if the bent size, configuration, height, pile size, level of scour,
and level of P-Ioad provide a pushover capacity in the unshaded region of the
tables, then the bent is adequate/safe from pushover failure. If the pushover
capacity is in the shaded region, then the bent may not be safe for pushover and
should be investigated more closely.
For bents with P-Ioad levels lower than P=100\ linear extrapolation may
be used to determine F;capacity for the given level of P-Ioad. This procedure is
described in Section 5.9. If the extrapolated value of F;capacity > F;maxdeSign of 12.15
k
,
then the bent is safe from pushover failure.
5-71
Alternatively, for a given pile bent configuration and height and level of P-
load, one can use Tables 5.16"-5.19 to determine the critical scour, SCR. This
value includes a FS=t.25 on the pushover load, FtCapacity. If SCR>Smaxapplied at the
site, then the bent is safe from pushover failure.
5-72
I ~
I ;
I i
6. IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE FOR THE SCREENING TOOL
6.1 General
Each of ALDOT's bridges over water and supported by pile bents may
require an assessment of the adequacy of such bents in an extreme flood/scour
event. Thus, ALDOT's current bridge/bent information database should be
expanded to include the additional bridge parameters and information shown in
Chapters 3 and 5. This expansion of ALDOT's bridge information database
should be performed prior to applying the "screening tool" (8T) in order that the
8T may be used more quickly and effectively in the event of the occurrence of a
major flood/scour. It is expected that the bridge information listed in Chapter 3
can be used with the 8T to predetermine critical depths of scour, SCR' prior to the
occurrence of an extreme flood/scour event. This should be investigated in
follow-up research work to further refine, simplify, and improve the 8T.
6.2 What to Check to Assess the Adequacy of a Bent and Bridge
The macro plan to evaluate the adequacy of ALDOT bridge pile bents for
an extreme flood/scour event is shown in itemized checklist form below, and in
macro flowchart form in Fig. 6.1. The checking sequence shown basically moves
from general checks such as is the bent in water with scour possible and has
significant corrosion of the bent pile sections occurred, to checking the bent piles
for "kick-out" or plunging, to checking the bent piles for buckling, to checking the
bent for pushover from combined gravity and flood water loadings.
6-1

.EVAJ..,UlA"lIOlNl

lBJEIfl'
PUtSHO,\"ER
Ru"UATION
lfl!;.m;\e aum.w ffitJreImlt jpiiiWs; lkol* 1i'res . 'IDaIkre
1liIiI'lllr-e 1Iihml-?!";(% <ofullaciiJr i.1ll..'11iioo !{rtJ)

CClbwdk \IDomItJPillle
Ifroxr jpJ'QIl>'lii1hlk:
lfSUDllf:
{Clliwdk Iblfillit
klPJolllliI ,
.
U.

111l1nnr;; ..

t'.lhIOOk ibJaJmt JPiilre;;;
iliillf 1PJ0ll;>ii1b1ke

IJiomn
gn-<mviilIy ad!
Jl]!@xoxdl

Figure 6.1. Screening Tool (ST) Macro Flowchart
6-2
I
i
, ,
I ,
I
i I
1. Is the bridge over water and is it supported on pile bents?
2. Is the bridge at a site where significant scour (S > 3ft) can occur?
3. What is the size, type and spacing of bent piles, pile bent height, bent cap
width and depth, and is bent sway-braced?
4. Do bent piles have considerable loss of section (25% or greater) in the
splash zone or elsewhere?
5. What is the projected maximum scour at the site/bent in an extreme flood
event?
6.
7.
8.
What is the projected HWL (relative to the top of the bent cap) and the
design flood water velocity (V)?
What is the length of pile embedment before Ubs) and after UaS> scour?
What is the soil description at the bent pile tips and the depth of
embedment of the pile in this soil?
9. Can the bent pile tips "kick-out" due to transverse (transverse to the
longitudinal axis of the bent) flood water loading and insufficient
embedment after scour?
10. Can the bent piles have a plunging failure due to insufficient soil support
capacity after scour?
11. Can the bent piles buckle about their weak axis, i.e., in the transverse
direction of the bridge?
12. Can the bent have a push-over failure under the combination of gravity
and transverse flood water loading?
Assumptions explicitly or implicitly included in checking the adequacy of bridge
pile bents during an extreme flood/scour event via the "screening tool" are given
in Section 5.3 in Chapter 5. In general, however, the checks required and
checking sequence is as follows:
1. Preliminary checks and evaluations as indicated in Item 1 of Fig. 6.1.
6-3
2. Making the geotechnical related failure checks indicated in Item 2 of Fig.
6.1. In doing this, a typical bent pile is checked for possible "kick-out"
failure due to>scour and fl00d water lateral loading (lateral to the bent
longitudinal axis). If this typical pile can fail by "kick-out," it is assumed
that the bent can fail by "kick-out." Also under Item 2 of Fig. 6.1, the most
heavily gravity loaded pile in the bent is checked for possible plunging
failure due to insufficient soil support capacity after scour. If this pile can
fail by plunging, it is assumed that the bent can fail by plunging.
3. Making the structural related failure check indicated in Item 3 of Fig. 6.1.
In doing this, a girder line analysis is performed to determine the
maximum gravity load on the most heavily loaded bent pile. This pile is
then checked for buckling about its weak axis. If this pile can fail by
buckling, it is assumed that the bent can fail by buckling about the weak
axes of the bent piles.
4. Making the structural related failure check indicated in Item 4 of Fig. 6.1.
In doing this, the maximum gravity load applied to the bent is determined,
and it is assumed that this load is evenly distributed to the bept piles. With
these gravity loads in place on the bent cap, a horizontal. Iqad is applied to
the bent near its top and .in the plane of the bent. This load is
incrementally increased (with the gravity P-Ioads held constant) until a
pushover failure of the bent occurs. The horizontal pushover load, F
t
, so
determined is compared with the maximum possible flood water loading
6-4
Ftmaxapplied to assess the adequacy of the bent for avoiding a pushover
failure.
6.3 Preparations for Using the Screening Tool
Prior to the Auburn PI's finalizing the manual version (Version 1) of the
"Screening Tool" and "User's Guide," they will meet with ALDOrs Bridge
Maintenance Engineer and other members of the project advisory committee to
discuss draft copies of the "Screening Tool" and "Users Guide." It is anticipated
that improvements and refinements to both documents will be the result of that
meeting. After making these improvements/refinements, a "trial run" meeting will
be set up for select ALDOT personnel to evaluate the adequacy and user
friendliness of the "Screening Tool" and the "User's Guide." It is expected that
further improvements and refinements will be forthcoming from this meeting.
After incorporating these improvements and refinements in the "ST" and the
"User's Guide," the PI's will prepare and conduct a full blown training seminar at
ALDOT's office in Montgomery to train ALDOT personnel on how to use the
"Screening TooL"
For ALDOT personnel unable to attend the training seminar, and for
personnel joining ALDOT after the seminars, it is recommended that prior to
trying to use the screening tool (ST) that they closely read and study the
"Screening Tool User's Guide." This Guide describes the step-by-step procedure
to employ in using the ST. It includes "Commentaries" for each step which
provides background information and the "why's" and "how's" of the working of
the ST. It also includes the assumptions explicitly or implicitly incorporated in the
6-5
ST. The Guide also includes the bridge/bent/site informaticmneeded as input to
the ST and guidance as to the most likely location of this information. Expected
output from the ST is also discussed in the Guide.
Prior to using the ST for an actual bridge evaluation, it is recommended
that the user make a couple of "dry runs" on "Example Bridge Evaluations" in the
Guide. These "Examples" show values of input information for the Example
Bridge and the results one should get from executing the ST. Once the user is
comfortable in working through one of both ofthe Example Bridges, he/she
1 '
should be ready to move on to using the ST to evaluate the adequacy of a bridge
of their choosing.
6.4 Closure
The ST in this report is a dynamic tool and will be being
automated, expanded in capabilities, simplified and improved upon with time. As
it is, the Guide" will likewise be being improved and kept current with the.
ST. The manual implementation procedure described in this report for Version 1 '
of the ST should be most helpful to users in understanding the workings of the
ST when they later usedaut.omatedversions of the ST.
6-6
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 General
Alabama has hundreds of highway bridges that were designed and
constructed prior to 1990 and therefore not designed for scour. In addition, there
are hundreds of county bridges constructed using standardized designs for which
scour analysis is not part of the foundation design. ALDOT is currently
performing an assessment of the scour susceptibility of its bridges, and a part of
this assessment requires an evaluation of the structural stability of these bridges
for an estimated scour event.
superstructure. The use of 3, 4, 5, or 6 such piles in a row with the two end piles
battered are very common bridge pile bents. The bents are typically X-braced for
lateral support; however when the height of the bents are 13 ft or less, the HP
piles may be encased in concrete from the bent cap down to 3 feet below ground
level (and the X-bracing eliminated).
Because of the large number of bridges in the state, and because stability
analyses of each bridge bent represents a considerable effort in time and money,
there is a compelling reason to develop a simple "screening tool" which can be
bridge bents to failure during an extreme flood/scour event. Because of the
tendency to use standardized designs with pile bent foundations for many of the
7-1
smaller bridges in Alabama, it is feasible to pursue the development of such a
screening tool. This was the impetus and purpose of this research project.
7.2 Conclusions
The objectives of Phase I of this research were to determine the feasibility
of developing a "screening tool" for use in evaluating the stability and adequacy
of pile bents, and thus pile bent supported bridges, in an extreme flood/scour
event. Secondly, assuming that a "screening tool" was determined to be
feasible, to develop a plan for creating an effective "screening tooL" The results
of the Phase I investigation indicated that indeed it was feasible to develop such
a tooi, and a pian for deveioping the tooi was identified. The objective of this
Phase II research was to develop the "screening tool," and a user's guide
explaining the proper use of the tool.
Based on the work conducted during Phases I and II of the research, the
following conclusions have been drawn.
"
1. The development of a "screening tool" to assess the adequacy of pile
bents and bridges during an extreme flood/scour event is an excellent
idea, is quite feasible, and can be developed without great difficulty.
2. The plan to evaluate the adequacy of ALDOT bridge pile bents for an
extreme flood/scour event is presented in macro flowchart form in Fig. 5.1
and in more detailed micro flowchart form in Fig. 5.2. The bent checking
sequence shown in these flowcharts basically moves through the
sequence below.
7-2
a. general checks such as the bridge bents being in water with
scour possible,
b. checking the bent piles for possible "kick-out" or plunging failure,
c. checking the bent piles for transverse (transverse to the bridge
center-line) buckling failure,
d. checking the bent for transverse (transverse to the bridge
center-line) pushover failure from combined gravity and flood
water loadings.
3. Since each of ALDOT's bridges over water which are supported by pile
bents will probably require an assessment of the adequacy of the bents for
an extreme flood/scour event, ALDOT's current bridge/bent information
database should be expanded to include the additional information shown
in Section 5.4 in Chapter 5 to allow the use of the screening tool.
4. ALDOT personnel having a need to use the "screening tool" should attend
a training seminar on how to use the "screening tooL"
5. ALDOT personnel having a need to use the "screening tool" and unable to
attend a training seminar, should closely read and study the "Screening
I Tool User's Guide."
I 'I
6. ALDOT bridge maintenance personnel should continue to work with the
research Pis to automate the screening/checking process and have a user
friendly and automated final version of the "screening tooL"
7. ALDOT bridge maintenance personnel should continue to work with the
research Pis to expand the capabilities of the "screening tool" with regard
7-3
to other types of piles and pile bent supports that may exist at a particular
bridge water crossing.
7.3 Recommendations
Based on the research work done to date, the following recommendations
are offered.
1. Since the "screening tool" described in this report is not applicable to all
bridge pile bents used by ALDOT, the "screening tool" should be
expanded in scope to include all, or almost all, of ALDOT's river crossing
bridge support pile bents.
2. Since the "screening tooi" described in this report is not in an automated
form, for reasons of increased speed and efficiency in checking and
evaluating bridges, the "screening tool" as described herein should be
automated via an appropriate user friendly computer program/system.
3. It is expected that the bridge information listed in Section 5.4 in Chapter 5
and currently available in ALDOT's Bridge Information Database can be
used with the "screening tool" to predetermine the critical depth of scour,
SCR ' for a particular bridge and site prior to the occurrence of an extreme
flood/scour event. This should be investigated in follow-up research work
to further refine, simplify, and improve the "screening tooL"
4. For those bridge bents identified by the "screening tool" as requiring
further examination to determine their safety/adequacy, a refined analysis
procedure should be identified to make a final evaluation of the
bent/bridges safety in an extreme flood/scour event. This refined analysis
7-4
procedure should be automated and compatible for use as a follow-up
evaluation to that used in the basic "screening tooL"
7-5
8.NOTATIONS
The following symbols, definitions, and nomenclature are used throughout
this report. It should be noted that other symbols and notations are used in the
report, but those listed below are the primary ones needed in understanding and
using the "Screening Tool."
H = Bent height from top of bent cap to OGL
"E" = Vertical height of bent X-bracing from lowest to
highest points of X-bracing for lower X-brace for two-
story bents
"G" = Vertical height of bent X-bracing from lowest to
highest points of X-bracing for single-story bents
Iy = Pile moment of inertia about its weak axis
HB1 = Battened double angle bent horizontal brace at
4 ft above the OGL
HB2 = Battened double angle bent horizontal brace at 4'+"E"
above the OGL for two-story bents
Pgirdermax = Bridge superstructure maximum girder vertical load
on a bent
Pbent max
= Bridge superstructure maximum total vertical load on
a bent
ppile
=
max applied
= P girder max plus portion of bent cap weight going to the
Pile
p
bent
maxappJied
= P
bent
max plus weight of bent cap
Py = Pile yield strength (Py = O"y A)
'. -.
8-1
Per
fCRl
fCR2
E
F.S.
LL
DL
HWL
Ftip
e
Vdesign
F !nax. applied
constant n
2
EI
= Pile elastic buckling load, i.e, Per = 2 Y
f
where the constant depends on the pile bracing and
boundary conditions.
= Pile unbraced length needed to have an elastic
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
buckling failure, i.e., fCR =
constant n
2
Ely
----....!.. where the

constant depends on the pile bracing and boundary
conditions
Pile critical unbraced length for Mode 1
(Nonsidesway) buckling
Pile critical unbraced length for Mode 2 (Sidesway)
buckling
Young's modulus of elasticity of pile material
(assumed to be E=29,OOO ksi in this report)
Factor of Safety
Live load
Dead load
Flood high water level relative to the top of the bent
cap
;
Hbrizontal flood water force applied or resisted at the
pile tip perpendicular to the plane of the bent
Maximum flood water flow angle measured from the
longitudinal axis of the bent. Used in determining the
maximum pile tip "kickout" force and possible failure
Design flood water velocity at the bent location (V design
assumed to be 6 mph)
Maximum horizontal flood water load applied at the
bottom of the bent cap in the plane of the bent (used
in checking bent pushover failure)
8-2
Flip
=
Maximum horizontal flood water load applied at the
max applied
pile tip perpendicular to the plane of the bent (used in
checking pile "kickout" failure)
F capacity
=
Flood water bent pushover force capacity for
t
horizontal force applied at the bottom of the bent cap
in the plane of the bent for a given level of bent
gravity P-Ioads
F pushover
=
Horizontal force applied at the bottom of the bent cap
t
in the plane of the bent required to cause pushover
failure of the bent under a given set of gravity P-Ioads
on the bent. This force was determined via the
nonlinear Pushover Analysis capabilities of
GTSTRUOL.
F !mxdeSign =
F
t
max design = 12.15
k
(includes a F .S. = 1.25)
B
=
Base dimension of assumed flood water triangular
debris raft
A
=
Altitude or height of assumed flood water triangular
debris raft
ORA
=
Vertical projected area of assumed flood water
triangular debris raft (ORA = l/2A-B)
S
=
Scour depth, or OGL-NGL
SCR =
Level of scour required to cause a bent/pile
I
plunging, buckling or pushover failure
~ , I I,
SCR1 =
Level of scour required to cause a nonsidesway
(Mode 1) buckling failure
SCR2 =
Level of scour required to cause a sidesway (Mode 2)
buckling failure
Smax =
Maximum estimated scour at the bridge/bent site
OGL
=
Original ground line elevation
NGL
=
New ground line elevation (after scour)
8-3
f bs = Length of pile embe<dment in supporting soil before
scour
f as = Length of pile embedment supporting soil after
Scour
f re -
Length of remaining pile'em,bedment after scour, i.e.,
fre=f as
Ptip = Vertical force applied or resisted at the pile tip
End Bearing Pile = Pile where 75% of the appl,ied vertical load is
assumed to be carried by end bearing'
Friction Pile. = Pile where the applied vertical load is
assumed to be carried by .Side friction
bpi = Blows of final pile driving resistance
8-4
REFERENCES
1. Granholm, Hjalmer, "On the Elastic Stability of Piles Surrounded by a
Supporting Medium, "Ingeniors Vetenskaps Akademien Handlingar Nr89",
Stockholm, Sweden, 1929, pi-56.
2. FB-Pier Version 3 Computer Software, Help Topics Menu, 2000.
3. Yura, J.A. and Todd A. Helwig, "Bracing for Stability," Notes from Seminar
Sponsored by Stability Research Council and AISC, 1997.
4. Chajes, Alexander, Principal of Structural Stability Theory, Prentice-Hall,
Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1974.
5. Timoshenko, S.P. and James M. Gere, Theory of Elastic Stability, 2
nd
Edit., McGraw-Hili, NY, NY, 1961.
6. Chen, W.F. and E.M. Uu, Structural Stability-Theory and Implementation,
Elsevier, NY, NY, 1987.
7. W.C. Young, Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain, 6
th
Edition, McGraw-
Hill, NY, NY, 1989.
8. Tonias, D.E., Bridge Engineering, McGraw-Hili, NY, NY, 1995.
9. Ramey, G.E., and D.A. Brown, "Stability of Highway Bridges Subject to
Scour - Phase I," Alabama Department of Transportation Project 930-585,
Final Report, September 2004.
10. GTSTRUDL Reference Manual, Vol. 3, February 2002.
11. Bowles, Joseph E., Foundation Analysis and Design, 4th Edition, McGraw-
Hill, NY, NY, 1988.
R-1
I
!
J t
I I
I
I
APPENDIX A
Pushover Analysis Results for
HPIOx42 Pile Bents of Various
Geometrical Configurations,
P-Loadings, and Scour Levels
A-I
U)
a.
:i:
LL
25 ..
20
15
10
5 ...
o
o
..
---_ .. _. __ .. _---/ . ' ..
A/3 = 2.:..1.
F,

Line of
p p p
M I
::::':-:::':':':':::::::::-:::::-:-:':':-:j:':::':':::':::':::-:':':':-:.:::::-:::-:.;i
Estimated High
( Water Level
r
"H" = Depth

............... --;'
Pile

S = Scour
--_._---_ .......

Note: When 5=15' and 20' Bent is unstable.
/
I
.. j .. - .......... _--
---;--:-.-'.-
,/
.......
..
.....
I ....
....
_._ ...... ... _.
.,.
....
......
k
A
" . , ............ k,
." A'" ....
5 -1 0"-\. . .A>;'
- ..... ... :A ............... .
k; ....
.11:
;.. 11: $,.....
c... ,. - .--.. -. --------,-. ------.-......... --- ''1''-'- ---_ ......,
..-------,--....-----,------ ..-- .. l
1 2 3 4 5 6
Deflection, A. (in)
Figure A.1 HP10x42 Unbraced 3-Pile Bent with H=1 0', P=100kips, and A=6'
Pushover Analysis Results
7
-In
Co
:.i
-
u:
25 ,
20
15
i
10 i--
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
5-
---------------7---------
-
---------------------------------.--
--- - -----1------- ----- ------
A/3 =2.1
Ft
Center
Line of
p p p
__ l
:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:-::.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.::::::::::::::::1
..................... j" .................. ..
Estlm ated Hig h
-+-Water Level
"H" = Depth
Pile

S = Scour

j
/-- ---
Note: When S=15' and 20' Bent is unstable.
I
1-
.....

/ ....
, ....
..... ..
.' ....
.....
.....
.... -'
-----
....

.
A
_M_. _____________________ ... _____ _
is.
A NA
--
o
A
"T--------.. --------1-- ---------------,..----
1 2 3
---.,--' '---1
4 5 6 7
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.2 HP10x42 Unbraced 3-Pile Bent with H=10', P=120kips, and A=6'
20 -
18
16
14
12
U)
c.
- --- ..--------.-...... -----.-
S -;--.-- -... --.-..
- .-._ .. _--_. __ ........ -._---- ....... ----_._-._.-
A/3 =
Ft
Centor
Llno of
p p p
M
:;:.;.:.;.;.;.;.;.;.:;:;:.;.;.;.;.;.;.:;:.:.;.;.;.;.;.:.;.:.:;:.:::;:.:.:;:.;.;.;-;.:
Estimated High
-+- Water Level
"H" = Depth
Pilo

S = Scour

10 .. / ... -.--------.--------------..... . .. -.----... -.-.. --.-
-
u:
Note: When S=10', 15' and 20' Bent is unstable.
8
..----... -... ... - -.-.. -..... .. ..... --.-.. __ .... _ .. __ .-
6 -
4,---
. -----. ------... --.--- --------11-- .. - ..... -.-.
/// -..... --.-.- .. ... ...-.-----.--.. --.- .........-...
.. 11'
2 1----,.--_----
.....
.......
o _.'c:::: .... _._ ... _ ... _._. __
o 0.5 1 1.5 2
Deflection, b. (in)
2.5 3
Figure A.3 HP10x42 Unbraced 3-PileBent with H=10', P=140kips, and A=S'
3.5 4
20
18
16
14
12
-til
a.

...
.. - ._-

/
//
l
/
p p p

A/3 t f::::::-:'::':::::/:/::(:::::::::::::::::::.:.:.:.:::::
Center
Line of
jEstimated High
+ Water Level
"H" = Depth
PUe

S = Scour

/
. ;;* 10
Note: When 5=10', 15' and 20' Bent is. unstable.
-
u.:-
8
6
/
/
/
i
/
/
4 I /
I I
! /
2 L
i
. II
/
o ... - _.
o
.. -.
0.5
/
1

... - .... -
... _. _ :,", .. __ ._ ..
.. ' .'
. '.
. .. -.. - "'.'-- _.". _ ...---_ .._---".-
. .. - -, ....... _---... r--_-__--.._-__ ... 1' ...1----..---- .._.-.. _-_._.- 1---
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Deflection, A (in)
4
-(/)
Q.
:i:
-....
I.L
16
14-,---
12
10
8
p p p
M I
A/3 = 2' 1
FI I
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Center --.......
Line of original ground
Pile I line
----- /*
.. -------1--. __ . __ . __ ._---_ ... _ ...._-_. __... _._------_ .. _------
r S =Scour
/
5=0' Y
....-.. -- -..-1---.. ----..---------..-.--_.-.. --.......
t-
._. __._ .._--..--_. __.. _-----_. __ ._------_._-
. .
Note: When 5= 15', and 20' Bent is unstable.
.. _-_.. _ .. _ ...._._._._-.._._...__.._-----_._ ..-------_ ..._----_._._-----
/
61--1
.. -______ _________ .
I
..-,-
I.
4,
t
---..- .... .-- ..
,
2 I
.. ----------------
.... /
- i
I
--- :;-11-'" ... - -- ;;.;, _________ ;
I ..
A
. A"
o ri-::------"'",:::- ---I .. ----l--------------,-------------,--- .. -....
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, Il. (in)
9
-

:i:
-
LL
14 -.
12
10
... -------
..
;/
/
_ .. _----- --- .. -- ----_. --_ .._------_._._-----_._---_._--
p p p
M I
A/3 =.fl
F, i
Center
Line of
/ Estimated High
+ Water Level
"H" = Depth
Pile
r original ground
'" line
S = Scour
/ -
I
8
/
/ Note: When 5=10', 15' and 20' Bent is unstable.
6 +- ..-- --- ----------/-.--- ----- --.--------------.---------
/1
4 1- ------------ --1------------------------------
I 5=5' ..
/_._rl4 ........... -- .. -
/_ ... --.
........ , ...- ...... -
2 .-.-----.--------
o -JIIr-------------T-----------
-.-
o 1 2 3
Deflection, A (in)
4 5
.. -----;
6
-U)
Co

-...
u.
12 ..
10
8
6
I
I
4 .1 ...
2
/.--+-

/
..... //-_........_ ................ -
s=o'v .
/
r---
/
//_ ........ --.
P P
p
M I
AI3 = 2' [ r::::::::.:.::.:.::.::.:::::::.::.::.:::.:.::.\:.:.:
F, '
Center
Line of
Estimated High
I-Water Lovol
"H" = Depth
Pile

S = Scour

Note: When 5=10', 15', and 20' Bent is unstable.:
........ /
/
f--- .. .. .. -.... ..
_____ ...... _ .............. _ .. _ ... ... ....-- .. 0'"
............
/
...... -" ..
..............
o .Ji(,,,,.,o::::::::=--................ - ..- .....--..-.. ,.-----.................... -.............. --, ...-------,--......---.... -.-.....-- ..-.. -,.- .. .. --- --"'\
o 1 2 3 4 5
Deflection, l::.. (in)
Figure A.7 HP10x42 Unbraced 3-Pile Bent with H=13', P=140kips and A=6'
6
'[

-
LL
10
9
a
7
6
I
I
5 I
4)
I
I
3 J
2
1
o
o
---_._---

. __ ._--_. --_. . .._------_ ..---------_.-_. '--'--'- ._ ... ----.--------- .... _. _.
p p
," .. --.
- -
p
Estimated High
+ Water Level
"H" = Depth
r_ original ground
_ line
S = Scour
. ..;7----- ------------ I
---
,/ - ------ ---------- - ------_.. -.-
Note: When 5=5',10', 15', and 20' Bent is unstable.
--.. -T-------------
0.5 1 1.5
Deflection, A (in)
2 2.5
Figure A.a HP10x42 Unbraced 3-Pile Bent with H=13', P=160 kips and A=6'
3
50 .
45 .0- ................................... .

:: . : .... .. . ... -
I
30 .
en
I-
c.
p p p
11
Al3 =2'
F
t

Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Ground Line

Pile "S" = Scour
:i: 25
I
-l_ ... _ ...... " .. "" " ..._.n . "H"""" ... """ """......... .
u:-
I
Note: When 5=20' Bent is unstable.
20 f-..
__ __ ___
I
.111
./ 5=10'
. ". .
5 ...... . ....... - ... ... -.-.... ... --.--.. --. ..
".111" -/;;: .. _- 5=15'
o .. "c' .. ... .._ ... ___ I!II!I!II!I!l
o 1 2 3 4 5 6
Deflection, !J,. (in)
Figure A.9 HP10x42 X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=13', P=100kips and A=6'
7
45

30
40
35 .
U) 25
0..

-
p p p
AJ3 =2'
1";.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.;.; ;.;.;.;.;.;.;.\
Ft. i
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Ground Line

Pile "s" = Scour

LL 20
._------_._-----------_._- .---------------------
15 1--- -- f----------
1 0 -I --1---- -
I
I
5=5' ---------.-.....
-----------------

......
5 -,-
5=10' A _ __
. m A
.11"
.. ------.. -- ---- --.. _-------
it.
A ....... --
o ------- -----1----

--- -----,
o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Deflection, A (in)
I
4 4.5
45 .
40
35
30
Ii) 25
Co
:i:
u: 20
15
10
5

)1 ...
/
.I
j
/
l
I
I
.I
. .111 .l1li ..... .
...
5=s-'\..1111 11111111

.......
.. l1li ......
A/3.=2'
F
t
p p p
f1

i
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
GroundLlno

Pile "S" = Scour

k.
Ai A
o
A
........ .... --T
o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Deflection, A (in)
4 4.5
45 ..
40 , .. -.-".--- .... ".--.. " .. '-.."."" .. ".
35
30
en 25
Co
:i
-

I
'1'''''''--'' ------..-----------..--
I ,,---.. - ....
I
p p p
AJ3 =2'
W::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::':':':':':':1
F
t
I .".
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Ground LIne

Pile "5" = Scour
. ;1 --""---.. ---.-------.--.----",,
151 -- .. __ L -------
LL 20
NotE!: When 5=10',15' and 20' Bent is unstable.
/ .'--'_.' ----_._ ..._------". "._._-----_._---_."._ .... ,,'."._-' ..
/
10 1 . .._..i ..._ ..----_ .. _- ------.---- - -----_._-_.,,_. __ ._ .... - .- -_._ .
---.: ...... -'
.- ....... -..
/ -
l
/
:
-----r---- - ,,-. -------.
........
o 0.5 1 1.5 2
Deflection, A (in)
Pushover Analysis R.esults
,,-. "'1
2.5
45
. - ....
5=0' /
.
40
35
FI
Al3 =2'
30
p p p
11

Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
f
l I Center OrlRlnal
/ Ground Line
. I- "s" = Scour - 25 I ..... -.-- -..--.--.... - ..------.- .. -.. ----..--------------- --.
U) .
/'
.- I
I I ______________________ .._ ..... _:
u:' 20 I t-------- ..... -...... -.--..------------------Note: When 20' Bent is unstable.
15 I ---- ------. --------.- ...-.. -----.-.
10,
.. ----
.. ;A-II-
5 .. .
.AA- ,M\
.4.: .
o .----,-----.-.--, -,-------,-.--..----.------,--------1
o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Deflection, A (in)
5
45
40
35
30
en 25
a.
:i:
-
u: 20
15
10 i I
! /

- - - !r

I
/
/
I
/
/
f
/
I
/

....,:..
5=5'
. ..
__:" ..,
........
p p p
A13 =2'
F
t

Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Ground Line

"S" = Scour

5 .j -/
II.
I
; .
..
5=10' II<:
A
A
A
.;. ..It.
I.
o . , ...
o
A.
I A. --r- .. -------,-------------r----.--.---- ------T-- --. -------j
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Deflection, A (in)
4.5
45
40 ..
35 .
30 .
Ui' 25 .
c.
:i:
-
u:-' 20
/ .
. _ ../ ........... -
5=0-Y
;-
I
i
/
l
/
p p
Al3 =2'
FI
p
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth

_ Ground Line Line of
Pile - "5" = Scour
Note: When 5=15' 'and 20' Bent is
15
/'
i
101 I

5.1/.
l
1/
o ....
o
8;5'
.... _ ..:: "II" --: .. ::1lI!
III .. , ............ l1li ..' .....
.11 ....
5=1 0' r.-
.. _.- -r: . - - - --- - -- ---r-- - .,--[-
T'-
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Deflection, A (in)
4
40 .
35 .\. - ... -. ---"-'- ...
----7----------
-._ .... _._ ....... .... ; ...... 1 _________ . _____ .. ___ _
5=0 -.-----..--.-..
.. _ .. _._-_.__ .- ;_. -----_._-_.-- ---------_. __ ._---_ .. _-
30 -"-
25
u;
Co
p p
Al3 =2'
F
t
p
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
J Ground Line

Pile . "S" = Scour
3i2 20
----------- ---.--- ._--
.-
-
u:'
Note: When 5=10', 15' and 20' Bent is unstable.
15
10
---_._--
5 . .
11 .
-11
-II
o .
o
--------.-,- -.. ----.--- ---_ ... _-_._.--,--._----------.------ -----.---------------;
0.5 1 1.5
Deflection, A (in)
2 2.5
Figure A.16 HP10x42 X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H1=17', P=160kips and A=6'
3
50 ..
45 .
40
35
30
-t/)
a.
25
-....
u..
20
15
10
5
o
t
-......
S=O' -- - .. -

/
jl
/
I
J
p p p
f).
Al3 =2'
F
t

Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Ground Line

Pile "S" = Scour

J
S=5' .
l1li
l1liI1\1III Note: When S=15' and 20' Bent is unstable.
. .. .' .. .... ....... _.-- ..-............ - "' .. - .... __.._ .._-_ ...._-_........ _--_.. _-_.._----_._-_ ...... _ ... ----_ .. _---_._.. - .-,--- ........ _ ... .
I
.. l1li/ . ---
""";7'<"'--
S=10'
fA
A .......
-, .. - ..... __... -' .. _-_ .
III
.. l1li' iF.
......
A
_ ....... --_._]' .. _ ... j
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Deflection, 11 (in)
Figure A.17 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=21', P=100kips, and A=6'
4.5
50
45
40
35
30
-t/)
a.
:i: 25
-.....
u.
20
15
10
-r
I
A13 =2'
F
t
p p p
l:1

Estimated High
Water Level
I
S=O',
I
i
f
/
/
i
I
I
I
!
i
I
f
I
/
I
"H" = Depth
I Ground Line

Line
Pile "s" = Scour

Note: When S=15' and 20' Bent is unstable.
--S=5' -- ------------------ .. --- ---------------- -------------
:, .. ::. -_..--_._---.. " .. '. -_ .... - .. -.- .... _- - -- .

I
5
j
/
I
I
o
o
-.-
:MI1tt.

A
.- ..... A
A
r
-,--------------T ----r-------------r----------------T------- -- ----- --I
0.5 1 1.5 2
Deflection, A (in)
2.5 3 3.5
4
,
\.-'
50
45
40
35
30
-tn
a..

-f
s=o'-y
/
/
...
/
/
p p p
11
A13 =2'
F
t

Line of .
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
:2 25
/

Ground Line
Pile "S" = Scour
-
...
LL
20
_.
.-
/

/
1 j
15
.. I . ..
, / - ........ -. .. . .... .
101 - f ....
. .. -
/ ---
/
..
. ... ---
51f .... . ..... ..
1
1 ..
/ .... .
........... - ---1 ... .. -. _ ...,
o . --- -
o 0.5 1
A
.. ---'--.,--
1.5

2
Deflection, I::.. (in)
2.5
AA
3 3.5
Figure A.19 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=21', P=140kips and A=6'
4
45
40
35
30
U) 25
Q.
:s2
u: 20
15
10
......
-< -
/
/
I
/
Ii
-/-
I
/

. /
I
/
/
i--
I
/
I
1
/
/

-/
/
I
I
I

p p p
/J.
A13 =2'
F
t

Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth

Original
( Ground Line

Pile "5" = Scour

.- . .. -
- .. -_. -.... --.. - --... - ---... -.- ....--- ---' ..-- -- - .. ----.
. ... -..... _.-_.-._...... .
/
/
5 ! I
I /
i/
.......
.---11
:" -._-_ .._--- --- ,,-_ .. --- - -.... "--
- -II
o -
o
...
Note: When $=10
1
, 15
1
and 20
1
Bent is unstable.
-.... '- .... -.-. '--T' -.. -- .. -. -. --------,-.-..... -.. -- - ..- - --.-.- .. ------T-- .. -- -.----.--.--..... ----,.. ... -----.- '-." ..... ---... -
0.5 1 1.5 2
Figure A.20 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=211, P=160kips, and A=6'
.'- i
2.5
50 ...
45 -1-'--_
--r- -----
30
.... ...... -.----....... -.-.-.- ...... -.-- ... ---.. --_._-_ ..__... _ ................ -
:: . ... __ _ .. ' . __
I _.
--- .. --- f - .-- .... -
-tI)
c.
:i! 25,
-
/
./.
I
LL I /
20........../
Al3 =2'
F
t
p p p
IJ.

I
.1
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
centei Original
Li.ne of Ground Line
Pile
"S" = Scour

I
I
15 20' Bent
....... - .... .. ..-------.-...... -.-.-.. - ... ------.. ... _ ..... .
101-/. . ... ," "
5 -I !-- ... .
" .... " ..
A

........
A .. Au
1
..- .. .... --.- ., .,--_._ .._ ...---.- ..... _ .. j
o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Deflection, Il (in)
5
50
45
40
.35
30
-II)
Co

.. _ .. ,
/
- f
/
I
p p p
II
Al3 =2'

F
t
i
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Center Original
Li,ne of Ground Line
:i 25
f
/
Pile
"S" = Scour
-
u:
20
./

/
Note: When S=1S' and 20' Bent is unstable.
1.5 --f
I
. I
10 I j
i I
.... _"'.'-
. -
! /
51 j'
.. .-
. _.0'-
-_. __ ... _ .. _- .-------
,Ar-".
-A
A
A . At. Ai'*-
O
if .' .
- --.--.-. -l - ...... - . - ..- ...A ___.. r
-l---------,------------r----- . ----T- .. --. ----,-------_ .... _.,--,------ .. '-."j
o O.S 1 1.S 2 2.S; 3 3.S 4
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.22 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Bmt with H=2S', P=120kips, and A=6'
Pushover Analysis Rlesults
4.S
45 ..
40 -.
35
i
30
1
I
I
I
I
en 25
Co
:.i
-
u:' 20
15
10
p p p
11

/ ---- Al3 =2'
7
------- T F
----- --------- .- -- .------- - - t
L
--

Estimated High
Water Level
.-
"H" ::: Depth
---------._. _ .. --_._> ._._-_._------_. __.
//
-- ----1------
/
.L---------.-.-.
/

Ground Line
Pile "S" = Scour
/
_.___ .No.te..: ..
/
I
I _ ..
....... ...... s=fi:_------ . .__ _____________ _
-I--
I
---------- --- - -
/
.........
5 ..
/
/
o -tl(." ..
o
.....
. ... ..-.-.-. --._-----_ .. _--
.......
0.5 1 1.5 2
Deflection, II (in)
2.5
-I
45
40
35
30
U) 25
c.
.lI::
-
LL 20
15
10
/
v
... . ... /
/
/
/
/
I
... ..
/
/
_ ....... ..
/
/
/
/.
/
/
/
'j"
1/
/
*
/
/
/
/
I
..
/
/
/
/
.._.... - ... --.. - ._--- '-_._-. -""----'-"--"'
p p p
D..
Al3 =2'

F
t
I
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Ground Line
.
Pile "S" = Scour

--_.--.._-- _. -_._-_ ..__ .----_.--_.- - . -.-------.-----.-----
Note: When 5=10', 15' and 20' Bent is unstable.
. ......... ..
5 I I- ...
I /
. .. :;. .... .. .
....
....
1/
o wl( ..... .
o
II'
..
11
. ....... -.-- .---.. -.- ...... - ..---.--,----... - ---..... - - .-. -.. -....-T----------------r-----
0.5 1 1.5 2
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.24 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=25', P=1S0kips and A=S'
2.5
40
35
30
25
-U)
a.
.K+--"

s=v
J ..-
/
/
/
/

/'
.11/
-j
H I I
A/3 =2'1 (.::.:::. ::::::::-:':':-:':':'''::::':::::':':;:':.:::-: -:.;.:.:;:.:.:,::.:::.:.:
F,
Center Line
01 Pile
'-IL ,v

,&
.
J
:Q 20
I
-.....
LL
. /
/ /
---f-- ,,-
. --
, .. -".. .'
/ / .. _ 5=15'
51/'/ / /:
I / ... *.. -< -
o * ..... < .
15
10
o
-T---
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Deflection, A (in)
8
stlmated High
Water level
"H" '" Depth
orlglhal ground
line
s" Scour
9
40
35
30
25
-UJ
Q.
-

......
f
I
/
/

AJ3 =2'
Ft
Center Line
of Pile ""

t1 I I
(':::::::::' ,'::::'/::::::::::::::::::,;-:::::::::::::: :::::,
"-lL V'_

J2 20
j
I

.... ...--.. -.--.---
-.....
u.
/
,.II .011;
15
/", I /
10
J .' ---;'1---. --. - ---. - - - --
1 __ ' A 5=15' - -.
f, /11 / ---, --------------------------
I / / A -- " -.- ----
5 III _,." . -- ----- -.-&;20'---
,- a"' .. -" --.' '.- '-.-' ---' -.-- .. . ---
1/ ,_ ___ ... ...--------"'------'--'
o -;-.. .' .. _-r"-- .-- ---- .-- -----
'T'
o 1
".,..
- ....__.... _.- ... ----r-------------
2 3 4 5 6 7
Deflection, A (in)
8
stim.ted H Ig h
f- Water Level
"H" = Depth
original ground
line
S = Scour
, '1
9
35
30
i
I
25 I
_ 20
U)
a.
:i:
-
LL 15
........

/
_./---_ ..
I
i
I
f
I
111111--

'';111::'
p
H \ I
A/3 =2' .:.:..:::::: .........: ..., ....: ...... .......::::.:: .....:: ...:: ..: ..:, ...:::.'.' ....
High
r-Water Level
Ft
Center Line
ofPlia
w

..
-,j-
"H" = Depth
original ground
line
S = Scour

. f
10 I /" . I .. . '
1"/
I
/ ' '
5
;
1 , / ,- , , 5=15'
)I -
I
,/" A
, " ,- ,-----,------- -, -
1/ ,," _------:>-__ e=c-,-::'--- 5=20' ," ,
o ,,' ,;,: >;-,I '", ',' *'
o
-r . -T-- r- ---
1 2 3

4
Deflection, A (in)

5

6
7 8
351
I
30 -I
.-.-- ..... ..
5=, ______________ _
25 1---------/7 --
II .-/. --- ---------------- ..
i 20---/ ..
P P
IT 1 1
A/3 '2' I v::::-:::::::-:::::::::::-::-::-:::-:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:-:.:.:
FI i i
Cente.r Line -........
alPile '1
1 w w w
J

stlmatad High
f- Water Level
"H". Depth
original ground
line
5 .5cour
:i:, . _. ______
-
u:' 15 ------------t -.-.... ----------:7
A- . """+,,,,,,,,4*,#\ __ .._-_. -_._-----
I .Ir
/
10 I ..... -/-------.. - - ..
I.. -==- __ . __ . _____ _
5 .
o
o
. - .._._...._------,- ---r---.----- .-.... - ...- .
1 2 3 4
5 6
Figure A.28 HP10x42 Unbraced 4-Pile Bent with H=1 0', P=160kips, and A=6'
Pushover Analysis Hesults
7 8
-
.(/)
a.
:i:
35 .
30
25
20 .
tL 15
10
5
;--
H l I

F,
:.'::::::::":::"::j'::::::::::::::::::'j':"':';:::":'::::::1
.. . ';'::7-+-+'-=*=----
5=V" .
... /
'j'"
.... ... ..
...
.. ...... .. ......-.-.... ..
/1
.... / .. --_..
j / 5=10'
Center Line
ofP'", ""
w

" ,
/' " . ..... '). ....
/ * .
/'" . S='I.s'
"
/ ... '.;10 -->-.... -
/
. ..... ............." ........
If.
11-. ..' //--" '
/
,- .' .- .' .,." * . *'
I / .. ' ,,' ,* "-

.-'- .' ........ //.. _."'_ '-5
, .. .:-:--..,t..'''''''' =20'
..,"""
. r o '. ...... .. r
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9
- - ;
sUm.ted High
f-Water Lavel
"H" = Depth
original ground
line
S ",Scour
i
10
30 I
25
20
-en
Co
:i: 15 .
- I
- u.
10
5

/
I
I
I
/
I
/
I
/
I
/
/
.. : .
..
--- ...-. -... --.- - - -. -. .- ---. -:.,a::.::...--..-.--.--..- .....
--

t1 I I
N1,rl v::..:::::::;'::::::::::::.;:::::::::::::
Clnle,linl
"filo "

..
..tt.

1.1.
. ... ;.-_.-
u ____ ______ , ________ ._ ' __ ' __ __ ._ _______ ____ _
--
ok:
-;... -
---"-"
I... . _______ .. ._ __.
-t A....-----., _____ ._ ..
/ ----. * ....
stimalldHigh
WdtrLm[
-H-:Dlplh
S=SCBtrl
--
' .. _ .. :_. -.--- ..
/. .

. - --T------------.. r---------,-.. --.. .-. . 'r-'-- ----.--.-----,---.. ----.--.--,-.--- ... -----.
o 1 2 3 4
r:
",I 6 7
Deflection, l1 (in)
8 9
30
25
20
U)
a.
:i: 15
u:-'
10
N3=2'
F,
CenterLine
of PIle --------

5=
I
I --- ........ ........
I
.11'"
- ._ .............. _.- - .. ,/ .. -- ..... .

..... L.. ... . .,. "'"
/
H-
J I
,:: ..,' ........, .....: .............; ..: ....:: ..........; ..;::: ....;: ..........: ...., ...,' ..: ....: ...
""
'-1/
A.

/
.. ,.'
5 I I.. ..... . k 5=15'
,...'. _ ..
I I .. "-
-
stlmatod High
Water Leval
"HOI .. Depth
original ground
line
S ... Scour
o
" 5=20'
--"r"- . '-r'-' -r- "'1"'" --.-..... ---.- -... i
o 1 2 3 4 5 S 7 8
Deflection, a (in) .
Figure A.31 HP10x42 Unbraced 4-Pile Bent with H=13', P=140kips and A=S'
9
25
20
o 1
H I I
stlm:ated High
Water Level
Al3 112' I I;:.;::::..:..::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ..: ....:::.
F,
---+*
center Line
of Pile -......
w -1/.

.. --.. -

Af: . .. -
. ' .....
2 3
Deflectign, /:::,. (in)
5 6
Figure A.32 Unbraced 4-Pile Bent with H=13', P=160kips and A=6'
'IL
"H"" Depth
orIginal ground
llna
SIIScour
... ----.----- ".- ..

-,
7 8
__ r'
P P P P
60
!J.
...

i_/ __ _
A/3 =2' \ '_ I I ,
----r-
Estimated High
Water Level
50 1-- /
I I
! /
40 I r
I /
"H" = Depth
,
Pile
- I t
tn I I
30 1--' t-- _. __ _
. I 5=1 _ .. "'_""_ . _.-----.-
I .. .... .. _
u:: f /. .... . . . -..... -. 5=15' -:\. '" .
20 I II /... . .. "_-----------_--- ____ ,". ---.x=::c::_ . ____ _
Lin.eof
III'
11----..-'

"5" = Scour
_
A _. ___ :=----___ *. ____ _
III _ __ _ _
'1 _----
-/--..
1
0
I! -j A __
I
t _ _,,,
'III _--- _ ".
I
I / __
f /A ,--.--__-
------1 -"---T
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, II (in)
9 10
60
50
40
U)
Co

/*'
/
/
-./-
I
/
/
Al3 =2'
---,
P P P P
11

Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Center
Line of
Pile
Original
... Ground Line
30
i
t
I
"S" = Scour
-
u:'
20
I
i

!
. _
. __......"._----- ....__. __ ._.... _ .. .. - . __... .
fA M\'Ia
/. 5=10' 5=15' __ ._. __
i ! .. '" . . ___ ....... .
1
0
I J ..------- .... ......__ . '-5-20
, __ - ........ -.x
I .. .._ ... *_ .... ,
o *-:--------.--------,--------.-.. -- I r------ .----.. -,-----
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Deflection, A (in)
8 9
60
50
40
-t/)
c.
:i: 30
LL
20
10
.... +--......
.. ....

/
/ ...
I
I
I
J
i
t
I
j
I
.II'
I
/
II
\' --
.. 11111
.. -- .
/ .. ,
.11'
P P
11
A/3 =2'
-,
-\
P P
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Center , Original
Lin.e of Ground Line
Pile
"S" = Scour

5=10' ,.
___ ----
h.
.. _.
I ___ .A
0111;' .. .
-T
A ------- ---.--- __=__ ....... .-
.----- w .. .-......... .
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Deflection, ll. (in)
Figure A.35 HP10x42 X-Braced 4-Pile Bent with H=13', P=140kips, and A=6'
8 9
-I
50
45
40
35
30
-rn
0.
25
.....
u.
20
15
10 .
5
0
P P P P
A
.... m ........ _.. .. ...

A/3
/
...
-> -.
/
..
/
/
!
I
../
t
I
I
Center
Line of
Pile

.. R'''' .--- ---.-------
..---.-----.
- .. ..
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
f,
1,..-'. ....... ...... . ___
/ " IJ. _--
.. ,-----,--_ .. ---.. 0."- 1
o 1 2 3 4
Deflection, A (in)
5 6
Figure A.36 HP10x42 X-Braced 4-Pile Bent with H=13', P=160 kips and A=6'
7 8
60 ..
50
40
tn
0.
P P P P
l:l
A/3 =2'
-,-
..... .-...... -.............. -.... --.. -... .
u- .+ .. ...
.... -+-
/--+
I
...... _./ ........... --.......... _ ... _ .. _ ................... -.... -- . _ ........ ----- ... _ .. __..
f I Center
I
/
Line of
Pile

;>
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
:i: 30
I
"S" = Scour
-....
LL
I ....... 11 .... 1I1I
/ . . _ .. --. -.- - ... _-_ .... -._ .._-_ .. - ...-._ .......... _ ....... -.....
20
/
cll-' AA
I /f , ,,' ----a_-.-
I ,.II _-.--11-
I
II/ / ' A _ _ .=====--==== ______ ._.. ____ . ___ . __ . ___ ._. ._
10 --'/JI-' - ... - - - .. --- . ._ .. __ .* _ . _ ..
/ ' . A _________ . _ . _ .* . ""-
-- .. * .. --

1
/' / --------.-- --' -;1(. -. - --. x"- -.. "'--- 5=20'
/ A ---- x- .. - .' - ,
,/ --; .. ' .-'- ..
r, ....... _____ .--------,---.--.--T------ 1
o - .'. .. ---r . - -- - . ----r -- .- - -.-- --.,-." -- - .. - ----,--.-.. ----.,-
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
9 10
50
45 -
40
35
30
-U)

/ ....
f --
I
I
t
P P P P
11
A/3 =2'
1 ' I I
-r- ::::::::::::::::::::m:::::::f::::::::::::::::::::f:::::::::::::::r::::r::::::::::::r::::j:::I:::I:::::::::::m:m
l
Center
Line of
Pile
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
a.
:i: 25
-
I
.... -- ... " ---_ ...._._------_._.-
"5" = Scour
u: /
20
I
I
f
15
j
10
/
5 I
/
o . '
o
,_a- ... a.
.. a ------.----.--.. -------.--

....--.- ;a'
.t. A AIA----------- ..,_ . . - - --- -_._--- .. _ ..
. _ .. 5=15'
-1=----
5=20' --.-----.--
-,.-'._'-- '---,--'-----.--.--,._-. ---1"---.----'------,-----'--'-- -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Deflection, II (in)
Figure A.38 HP10x42 X-Braced 4-Pile Bent with H=17',P=120kips, and A=S'
8 9
45 .
40
35
30
U) 25
0-
:i
-
LL 20
15
10
5
0
I
I
......
/
--r-
f----
/
!

I
I
f
I
I
I
I
I
.,.,11-
- . ":If-/"
\
P P P P
fl.
A/3 =2' . ,
-r--l
t
:
1
::::::::::::::::
r
:::m::::rl::::::::::::::::::t:'::::::::::::::::r::::t:::::::I::::::r:::r::::::::r:I
Estimated High
Water Level
Center
Line of
Pile
"H" = Depth
Original
.. Ground Line
"S" = Scour

___ ____ _ _____ ,
.,.. -
f -
... . -- _ ....... 5=20; --_.
'i
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Deflection, A (in)
8 9
45 .
40 -
35
' ..-0+-
...... .
30 -
en 25
c..
:i2
-
u: 20,
/

/
f
/
J
I
I
I
I
I
15 i J
r /
I I
10 -[ j

....
.. - ...
. 111
P
p
P P
b.
A/3 ::2' , I
---,-ll)))):)\):)):i::::::::\::::\;t\:\:\:\:\\!:;:\\\\\\\:f:l'@:jj;::::t\::\:!:@:t:::;;lE\::l::)\:;\:l
Center
Line of
Pile

Not,e: When 5=20' Bent is unstable.
. ....-'-'." .'" --"--' ",.-.. _-_ ...... -._--_ ....__._--_ ..._---------- ... _-_ .. _._.
AI; 4AA.
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
"5" = Scour
/ . 11/ 5=1
51t ._".. ........ _... . ..A-
o ... .. __ S' -c-_
.._ . - 1
o 1 2 3 4
Deflection, A (in)
5 6
Figure A.40 HP10x42 X-Braced 4-Pile Bent with H=17', P=160kips, and A=6'
7 8
so
50
40
(j)
a.
:i: 30
-
u:
20
10

. /

* /
/
I
/
/
f
!
i
..
....
1111 ..
Center
Line of
Pile
P P P P
J\' '\
Estimated High
Water Level
"Hit = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour
I",.. "
r / _______ __
J.. . /. ......k;.. ._______------
I / '" .' .A .
/--.. .--- ------ S=20 ! .
)' A __ .--- ______ ,_
o - ',- -------r ---'-"-'--,--" - ----.---,--
o 1 2 3 4 5 S 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.41 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 4-Pile Bent with H=21', P=100kips and A=S'
9 10
60 !
50
-- ---'
---
I
-/
40
I
I -
U)
c.
P P P
Center
p
Estimated High
I Water Level
"H" = Depth
Line of
Pile
Original
Ground Line
:i: 30
!
"S" = Scour
-
u:
20
!
/
......... --.
__ ._ _.
--
,.-'

/ .
10 I / ./:" . + .. ..
1/' .... .' ... _._ .. _._. __ . .00.
.,... -5' S-:o
o ..
o 1 2 3
_________ 5=20'
4
Deflection, A (in)
5 6 7
8
60
50,
40
-In
a,.
30
-....
u..
20
10

!
/
I
-f
/
t
I..
I ., _______ _
I II'
I
P P P
Center
Line of
Pile
, \
P
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour
f , .. 11"
. /...7 ........... _..... ....
I 11'/" .. Ai: ..... A.Ii< .' . .
o
o 1 2 3 4
Deflection, A (in)
5 6 7
Figure A.43 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 4-Pile Bent with H=21', P=140kips,and A=6'
8
50
45- ..
40
35
30
U)
c.
-7+'---------

... r
.1
/
P P P
Center
P
Estimated High
I Water Level
"H" = Depth
Line of Original
Ground Line
Pile
25
-I
"S" = Scour
-
u:'
/
I-
I

20
. ---... ---Note: When-g;15' and 20iSentlSc-unstabie, .
. -.. .. .. - -0' ___ ___ ___ : ..... -:.. __ _____________________ ._. __ _. ____ __ _. ______ ..... _ _> _. ____ " __ -
15
.....
..... ,
t
1--
. //C; . .. -.
I .......
51 t.... .... ------ -.- .. ---.-
1i
.. '.
/ .....
.-
o ._. -A _ .... - .. .. --.-.. iA
_ --r. ---r. ___ -,. ___ . __ ._,_ .... __ .. __ .,.-. ____ ..... _,____ --..... --.. ... IA
c; .
10
o
.-,-------,--_ .. _ ..... .
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.44 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 4-Pile Bent with H=21', P=1S0kips, and A=S'
-_.- .-.- 1
5
60
50
40
-
U)
Co
.....
!
f-
/
Center
Line of
Pile
P P P P
Estimated High
I Water Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
:;: 30
I
I--
"S" = Scour
-
LL

I
I
/
20

.-.. ;.,..., .. ..- .. --
,_.'
.III
..
A
5=10' - 5=15' .. ='- .. __
A ____
if. -11------
101-/
/ ,.
AI:
----:: -.. -
-)K

o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
9
50
45
40
35
30
-tn
C.
32 25
-.....
u..
20
15
10
5
0

-
--
{
I-
I
l
I
I
I
I
;
!
I
I
!
!
.. __... _. __ ...._.- .-- .'
---_.-----
---- --.::. ...
P P P P

Estimated High
I Water Level
"H" = Depth
Center
Line of
Pile
Original
__ Ground Line
"S" = Scour

____ _____ __ .M __ ._ ________ _____
/ -'. ; _0_:' S=10'
t I - ------ I A -- - -'Ar':kAt----,lllll;:-------- .---
i .'
!.' _ A
__ 5=20'
------r---------- -I
o 1 2 3 4 S S 7 8
Deflection, IJ.. (in)
Figure A.4S HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 4-Pile bent with H=2S',P=120kips, and A=S'
9
/'
50
... _-_.... _. -
.,,*
........ -. I
45
40
/
35
.-/ ....
30
I
/
1---
I
-U)
a.
:s2 25
-<J
U.
I
/ 20
/
'C
Center
Line of
Pile

P P P P
\
'.J
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour
-------Noie:-WhenS=15'-and20
i
Benrls'iinstable.
15
f
.. .. -....
/
I
101-1
I
5 1-/-
o
...-... ,
......
....... , ...
.....
---;:-.,.0 __ .... _-
-..
A
1 2
5=10'
-- ...... ..,.,.....-
A
3
Deflection, A (in)
4
.. ----.- .-_.. -
AI.

5
i
6
45
40
35
30
en 25
a.
:i:
LL 20
15
.--.
--------,:-
/
S = ~
/ .
-/ ....
/
-; ... /
--- ..... . .......... .
Center
Line of
Pile
~
P P
p p
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiIiiiiiiiiiiiiii::iii:i::iiiiii:iiiisn:iii:;i:iiiiiii:iii:ili:i'iiiii:i:IiIIiiitiiii:::1
Estimated High
/ Water Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"S,i = Scour
NOlte: When S=15' and 20' Bent is unstable.
j
- ._- "---' ." ._--. __... _--- ... - .. _,._ .... --_ .. _ .._._.. --_._-_ .... _ ... _-_._._-._._-_ ...... _ .. _-----
/
-l-----
/
10
S _ : ~ . _ = : .. ~ . _ : ~ : _ .. _ ~ ~ : _ " ~ : ___. ______ . ____ ._._. ___ _
.......
5 I /
1/
o .J;.
o
.... -..
. 11
S=10' ~ ..
A
AI.
.Q t.A.M!.
At.
T- - .. -. -----T- .. ----r-----------r--------r-------,-- -
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 . 3 3.5 4 4.5
Figure A.48 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 4-Pile Bent with H=25', P=160kips,and A=6'
5
/
50
45'
40
35
30
-
t/)
a.
\. -
- _ ........_ ..
5
-y*
- _._-------_.-.-.. -
/. -----
/
I
I
.-";
,,-
5 .. ",11--- " ,,'
- .---_........ _./ .:':-._----
/
/-
AtoIuweW"
:: . .......... _-_.
5=1 {Y-\. . .t ...... .
..----.-----... ..
,,' . - --11--'-
:52 25
/
/
/111
/ff.'" 5-15'2 ......
.. ..-.:-.--... --.--- .. .. --.-.---.----.--------- ....-.....-... - ....... -- ... ----_ ... _ ..... .
..---
---- .....
u.
20
15
I
.. .....
:t""-
III
/--
A
p p p p p
_,,-x--"- ,,"
.t .111
10
5
.J . __ .- .- ......._._ ... .
...
Af3 =
F,
td; I I I

I Esttmated
HIgh Water
leval
"H" = Depth

0 1
1 Conlor
--;---------
Deflection, Il (in)

S = Scour
45
40
35
30
U) 25
c.
:i:
-
u:' 20
15
10
--. __._-
------ ----
?** --- ----
L-_ .. _ _
.. ._----
I.
1-_""': / .- . ,
/ S=S"V'
f _. __ '-
/
-/ ---.= --
- -
.- . '"
-.;i,--..
...,'i<... f- .-- _ _ ____ _
f / _ _ _ _
I /..
I / ... _.'
P
I
P P
hi
!f.l3.
F,
P
l
Estimated
High Water
Level
I, /
I - .-Iit. ... 1"....... .
5 -I ; . -----::.... . .... ,
/ .... .
"H" = Depth
o
-T
o 1
..... ,- .. -. --- ._-,---

-.-_________ --,-_. __ .--j PII.
S = Scour
2 3 4 5
Deflection, A (in)
6

/-
45 -'
40
35
30
U) 25
c..
:s2
-
LL 20
15
10
5
0
0
b r r r I
Al3 =2' I Jj:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,:,:::::::::::::::::::
Ft' I I
..
"1
Estimated
High Wator
Level
"H" = D'pth
I
/
/
I
Canter
Line of
Pile
S = Scour

/
-i-
...
-- Al. __ ..
. __....
. .II"
/
,.'
.A;
/
I-
/.
f a'
I .
j. ,0_ -k& 5=15'
I ._/ .---- . --- - ---.-
0 - ..
,- u
-'T-'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
1
9
-en
Co
40 i
I
35 I
I
30 I
25
--5=;7"'
I
f
/
i
<'
PJ3=
F,
--..---.----- --_._. __ .--_._--
p p p p
MI I I
i',',M',',','""""""","""""""""""""""""""""""",,,,"',',','i'i'
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
---I
S=Scour
-_._-,
- ------
-.-.... ---
:.i 20
I
-f-.--- .
.. 10'--. __ _ ..
- .... -. S= . c. ___ _. ____ ._ .. __
_. --'------ .. " . - - -."-- _. --><
/
-
- u..
15
10
/
i ..
.II
,
IIr- .- .... -----....
A
A
I I ' " .' S=:?--15'
,t ,R .--.,..k' .. - ..... -- --- - -----.- .-------------
5
I /. A ...:::=--------
i/- ;.:.' -------------- .--- - -- - .. --
1/ ,,"'.. .. *, ..
O
I i,., . ' .. r __ --*' -. 5-20'
-
. .. -. -... _._..-._--,._._._------_ .. -.-
T------
--'-. __ ._- ------,- .-.---.------,----.----.. --- .. -. I
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Deflection, A (in)
8 9
-tn
C.
:s2
-....
u.
40
35
30
25
20
,-
.. --+-+.-+--.-.-..
1-----
1
/ .';---- --- ---
.. / ... .. 5=10'-'-- ----.-
1-

-
I
A
I .. ___ / 5=15'
f ,'- . . ......
I ' ,--
/
p p / ,., }' / --
I ? A /
f /
1 0 I I /' . ---"",
. / "'7-7-' . _ .. - /<X'-. - ,
I /.." .---- -- 5-20
15 -
A/3=
F,
HI
::::::$::::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::::.:.:::::::::::::.
I I
Estimated
High Wate,
Level
"H"= Depth

"".' __ ___ __ __ _____ 1
S z:Scour
.. - -I ------------.---------
o 2 4 6
Deflection, 11 (in)
8 10
12
40
35
---------.-------- --.- _._- --_._--
-U)
30
25
S
- -.---- ----.- .- --'-. . ........
.. . .... / ... ..- -_ .. -.. _--_._-

I
/
/
;
/

---.--7J!\;- -.-
-.w-' ------- ..
/
Co
32 20 ----.--
/
1 /
1
/ / -- .-... -.. .--- --:-"*-.-.----.
-
a
15
-. / .--'
.---;11---.- ---.- - / ------ - -----------
Al3=:
Ft
p p p p
111 I I

Estlmatad
High Water
Level
10
/
. . ... -w' / / ... . ..-- ----
, ,/ .. ---<;.....
... . __ --.... x .,=15'
/ _/ -* ------
5f------- .. ___ -' _._ ..----x----- '- -----------.--------
;11_ . _ ._-- X .... -..- S-20' -----.--
. -
/ /. ..-.- ..... - ---
o .l..<.-------,--__- --- -- - ---------
--------
!-J.-.Wii::::'
"H" = Dopth
o
- -- -T
---_. __._--,
2 4
:s:: S=Scaur
--------r--- I '_'------"1
S
Deflection, A (in)
8 10 12
Figure A.54 HP10x42 Unbraced 5-Pile Bent with H=13', P=120kips and A=S'
35 '
30
I
25
1-
I
(i) 20-' ....
0-
:52
---
.. __.._- -- ------------.-....-....

,/--- -- --------
/
I

-+._ . _--_._--
II'
,..-/

.-.-.-.. --.--- ----------------->11:::----- ...-.---------.--.. -.---..
...

.' ,$/ .....
p p
M I
AIJ =2' I
F,
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center
Line ground
Pile Une
S:: ScOUt

.1Ii.' .h;.A.MohJA
.-'--- /
7
- -..-;.-------
/
u:' 15
)11'
10
1
.... .._/( .' I ....,.
! /" - _.' '. ,.' ,. .--..... . -
51" . ,/' 8=15'
1
--' -
;':0- ,., -". ,.' '" _., ." ..
. . " ,-"., ..".,.. .'-..'
.- , - 8=20'
o -------- ---- ----
o
-----,--- -- ------ r--- ------ ... _._._,------- --,- - -----,- ---T-------- ---,- - ---------,---
1 2 3 4 5
Deflection, 11 (in)
6 7 8
9 10
30
25--
I
I
I
20 1
I
j 151
- I
u: I
I
I
K'/"-----
--S------ . - I ------.-.----
- /1
.._----. __ ..... ,._---_._-- --_. _ .. "- -..
/
/
f-
/
/
/
I
/
/
/
/
I
, .. -
, -
.;.-.... -... --
- --- -_._-. __ ._---- .--.--.--
__ ./'/
/.-
-7"------ ---..-------.. _ ..... --- ---- .. "."._._- ,--, ...
---

'v
b r r r I AI3 'it.Cjj:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::)::::::::::::::::.::
Fe I I
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
,-, ...J.,JJ/O"9Inal

S = Soour

- ---. -.. -.---
10 I
5
/
/.. ----
/' .
1-.. - .. .
/
... ,-' .' -
I .... -..- ... - 5=15'
o .. -
o 1
.. _-,--_. - ._.-
-r----- -- .----r---.------ T----------,---- ------
2 3 4
s;
6 7
Deflection, A (in)
-,--- -
8 9
70
60
50
- 40
II)
Co
:i:
-
LC 30
20
10
p p p p p
I I I

....
__ A/3A
F
t
/ "" ......... - .... - ......... - ...
I
/
I
I
I

-[ ./_.
I . -
J .
If
I ..
/
.. iI!; ..
Center Line \
of Pile

,I,
i /
f
..._ ....
,/ ....
,0( .
,k
J / " "-""--
/
"/ A .. .' .._ ...... ,,-." ..... _.".X",-
/. _<r" X'" .. / ..' ,-" 5-20'
.. ' -
J/
o .....
o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
. Figure A.57 HP10x42 X-Braced 5-Pile Bent with H=13', P=100kips and A=6'
Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Lin.
"S" = Scour
12
p p p p p
70-
hl[
..--__ A/3 =2'1
5=7-
/
60
F
t
/
/
. / ._----
----
- 40 --I / ------
---of
!
50
:.i
-
j
f _______ _
I - - .--
20 1 I / ,-
u:- 30
+ - .-
/ / 5=1
I -
1011 /!---- --------
+/- -----
1 / A - * ----- -*- -- -- - -><"
o __ --. -- - ------
o 2
-,-----------_ ... _- --r--._-. ---------T-- --
4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8
-- ----,-
10
Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
12
so
50
40
-tJ)
a.
:s2 30-
....
u..
20
o

. ; .....
/
-I
J
I
i 5- \ ... 11.-
...-___ A/3..:!,
F
t
Lino
of Plio

p p p
f1
f S_oiI .........- .... ---....... -
. /. . .. .. -+ ...
. .... .
.. ,t ___--------
2 4 S
Deflection, A (in)
8
p
10
Figure A.59 HP10x42 X-Braced 5-Pile Bent with H=13',P=140kips and A=S'
p
Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Llno
"S" = Scour
12
.;)
so
50
40
en
Co
:i: 30
-
u:-
20
5=0'
. ___
/+
/
/
/
I
!
5=5'
J
-j/
. .:
f -" -----
/
...-___ A/3..=!:
F
t
Center Line \
of Pile
l

i:*i
p p p p p
i\

Estimaed
High Water
Level
nH
n
= Depth
Original
Ground Line
I -
10 I- I .- --
, - -- ---.
I r _ .7-- - - 5=10.----.- ---- --'" ,,- ---
li __ --o- .' -,----------------------
o
_,____ , __ _ ____ _-.-.- _-* __ --- _________ * - -
-,-- --- "-
--,----- - ------r-- -,--------- , --
o 1 2 3 4 5 S 7
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.SO HP10x42 X-Braced 5-Pile Bent with H=13',P=1S0kips and A=S'
8 9
60
50
.
/
! ..... .
I
40 /.
i
Ii)
c.
:i: 30
-
I
l ......
u:
Contor Llno
of Plio
p p p p p
Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" :: Depth
riginal
Ground Llno
"S" = Scour
j _ ..... _ ......
f / ..
20 I I ,. ....
, ' '" .""".
If""""""
I
I ./ . --. .., ---.....- 10 ' -.. -.--11.
! I ,t'.. . .-
l
' .. -. .. --'" '-.' . -
/'
, . ".' .' - '
. ..
.' .. - .,,--
I ./ ,.--- 5=20'
o ..... .

o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
Figure A.61 HP10x42 X-Braced 5-Pile Bent with H=17',P=100kips and A=6'
12
so ..
50

40
/
/
J
-en
c..
..-___
-----_ .._-----_ .. -.-- -_ .. _---- ----.---
F
t
Center Line
of Pile

p p p p
:i: 30
j

-
...
LL
i
i
....
20
+
/
J -'
!
!
I / -- "
t
' ",---*-.. "",...
1
A -. 5
o [__ ' " A - ._-._._- --- _=_15"-
I .. - A . .-.--.-
J / -- -- ->- .. --
1 " .. ---
,." "-_. / .------ ._---
o -, -
... _ __ __ ____ . 5=20' .. ..... ------
o
-r--------
_.- _._-,-_._----._----,-_. __._._- .-
2 4 S 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.S2 HP10x42 X-Braced 5-Pile Bent with H=17', P=120kips and A=S'
Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour
12
so
50
40

/
!
I
en
c.
32 30
-
I
/
LL
/
/'
20
.--.----.. -----------_. __ .
.......
'---- .- --"
A/3..:!j
--- F
t
Center Line
of Pile

p p p p
Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour
J
!
I /
l
J
------":.-.:::_'"

5=10'---. ... _ __ ___ _
------II - __
Ii<.
Ai "
10/
i
J
1/ " .. 11
II /" A '

---,
:111"'-
A
o 1 2 3
=-=====-----

-.---- __ - - ..'.' .. '- ,
---. ..------ -.)1( - - - "'- 5=20 . __ .--.------ '-f . ... _ .-
4 5 S 7
Deflection, 1:1. (in)
8
Figure A.S3 HP10x42 X-Braced 5-Pile Bent with H=17', P=140kips and A=S'
9 10
50
s=; ... ..------

45
40
35 I
I
30
-In
0..
---... -.-
p p p p p

I
=2,1 Jnmw;::::!:::::::::::Ir:::::::::li:m.:fif:t::::::::::tm
Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center Line \
of Pile "
w--orlginal
9",,,,, Ground Line
"S" = Scour
I
+
:i: 25
____ h_________________
-
u:
20
I
5=5' - ---
....
------.._----
15
/ -- ---
10 I !. ... / _.-,--- -
1// ... ".---- -- -- . ---------
5 If. ),'"' ___ J....
o __
3 4 ------,-_____ _____ =rS=20'
5 6 7 ---[------- -- --- ----I
o 1 2
Deflection, A (in)
8 9
p p p p p
70
Estlmaed High
Water Level
60, ...... .
50
- 40
til
a.
:i:
u:' 30
/
I
I
I

/
/f
-I
l
.
. ....
A/3 = 2'
F
t
"H" = Depth
"""" -U ,",,""
I Ground Line
"S" = Scour

!
I III f / 5=10'-..
I /;< A.. 5=1
10 j / 1_ _ ____A --
o -.
20
o
1------
2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.65 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 5-Pile Bent with H=21', P=1 OOkips and A=6'
i
12
70 -
601----------

..
50
/*
I
- I-
I
.... -... _- _ .. _- --- .. "------_._---
p p
A/3 = 2'
Ft
p p p
Estimaed High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
'."'"" '"""" J Ground Line
"S" = Scour
- 40
t/)
+
1---
j
Q.
:i2
- I
.---
u: 30
/
11-111--
g-
......
,
I-- ----- --
.' __
10 I-i-- )< / . --- .-kA... .------.--
j ____ _. -5-;,1-,--------------------
I/ ... A ..... -------------------------
20
o .. ](---'"'------
_____ --,--_ S=20' -----
-------,---------------- ------1
o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
Figure A.66 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 5-Pile lBent with H=21', P=120kips and A=6'
Pushover Analysis IResults
12
60
50
40
U)
a.
30
-
u:'
20
-.---+.
.... .
...........
y/
/
I
,
/
f--
j
f
/
..l1li.11
\_ ...
...............................
p p p
Al3 = 2'
p p
Estimaed High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
""""" of / Ground Line
"S" = Scour

10
f .II
/
t ,. ,. . . ... .. o 0 A ...
f ' .' ' . ,,'
/ ___ .._ ...... _
o -: _. -",*
. _,_____ S=20'
----.----------
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, II (in)
9
60
--
//
,V
50 .-
40

,
U) /
c.
p p
A/3 = 2'
FI
p p p
/
Estimaed High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
ns" = Scour
"""""
of / Ground Line

j
/
:i2 30
-.. -.. _. - ----- - _ ...
-
u:
20
I
I
f
j

---:::-11."'11. __
/ -
10 --iii ... __ . ______ . ___ -------------------------------------------
I ,/ .. , A Is.
A __ 11----.--- Ii
/_' A _-----.- --' --.----------. .-----
o .' __ =7.',--"=::-lI=:-:-x- -- - ..-'j - -----.- --*.---- -- -' .--*-- ._. -- - -_ .. X - 5-20'
,-'--- . ----r - ..... --.-------r-- - I ,---- --- -.- rl -----.---- .-r----.
o 1 2 3 4 S; .6 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
9
60 -
50 .
40
-II)
c.
:;:: 30
-
.....
u.
20
10
O
o
. -..
/'
-/
!
/
j
I
I
I
i
/
I
i
..
. ...
p p p
A/3 = 2'
FI
p p
Estimaed High
Water Level
"H"= Depth
,,,',, , 0,,"'""
/ Ground Line
"S" = Scour

J
........
II

I
I
I
/
t
I
//
.11
/ .....
/
7" .

2
., .....
..
4

-----
_.
---

6
Deflection, II (in)
8 10
12
60 -
50
40
-tn
a.
32 30
-
u:'
20
5=;>+: .....
/
I
I
/
f
-f
___ _
a-

p p
A/3 = 2'
FI
p p p
Estimaed High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
, ... , " U '""""
I Ground Line
4( "5" = Scour

/
J
I
-I
10 I L .. -
I
f , .
i
I
t .". " .'"
JI' -

o
o
S=20'
------ --------,---------.,----- -----,--------,-----------,----------,------------- -- ----,
1 2 3 4 5
Deflection, 11 (in)
S 7 8 9
Figure A.70 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced Bent with H=25', P=120kips and A=S'
10
so
50
5=Y"''"
/

/
I--
40
-en
0..
30
-...
u.
p p p
A/3 = 2'
F
t
p p
/
Estimaed High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Co""', DO.'""
/ Ground Line
"S" = Scour

I

20 I .... - .... . ..... -- -;;;; ....
f .
o
f. /'. 5=1
1 2 3 4 5 S 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.71 HP10x42 Two-Story X-Braced 5-Pile Bent with H=25', P=140kips and A=S'
9
50
45
40
35
30 .
-en
0-
32 25
-....
LL.
20
15
10
5
0
p . p
A/3 = 2'
Ft
p p p
Estim aed High
Water Level
.-;... ... __ __ n n __ ____________ ___
I

/
I
i ..
/
I
j
-...---.. .. -.------ .....

..... - ... -.-.- ..... - .. j_.
I
//
.a
- --,: - .-
"H" = Depth
'""" , ' ..... ,
of I Ground Line
"5" = Scour

... -... _._----_ ....... _-- --_ ., ..._---- .-.. "-'-- -..
-I . ,. . . ...
t
. ...-.. 5=10""'-
....
I. _._ ..,.. .0.:. _ _. _._.. A .. ,& A MllIb.

o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Deflection, A (in)
8
p p p p p p
Estimated
60
1
50
--- .- ------------------ ---- I
M \ I \ \
Al3 =2' 1-1:::::):::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::,:::::,'::::':;:;:':'':"':"::i"::"'::'}:
Ft
/
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
I
;7 -----
:.,/
/-

40 I
I
__ 1111 II

- I
I

,-
___ _
A
__ A-
I ...... .. .
201 .1 .' ---
I I ;_.. - A __ __
30 I
-:: I
LL
I
f' - ... ----.
10 / / . ...../ .. . """. .
I
..'. .... y-. _ .. ,x ..... '--. .---... -.
. __ .:.: . "' .. .. A S=20'
II _ -- - --% --
- -- -*
o
-- ---
o
-,- ----- -------- ----r ---- - -
2 4
-,-------
6
Deflection, 11 (in)
r-----
8 10
Pushover Anlaysis Results
"sit = Scour

12
'[
P P P P P
50
M I I I I
p
Estimated
/
High Water
Level
45
F
t
Al3 =2' 1:::(::::::::::::::::::::::::::::/:::::::::::::::/::::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::
I "H" = Depth
I I I \
-r
1114-\4
---.--.. ---- ---- ..----------- "5"-500"'
- - Pile :& --- ---I ________ _
40 +- .. _____ . ____ _ ________ _
.. .... .---..
.- .0- .
35 -j.--- .. / _ ___________ . _ ._____ =
I _.
-.-JF---------- .
:.i 25
/ , -
.... ---
30 + I _.
I_II-
j - -_. -. /
f . ----._
-
LL
20 .
15
! ... ' ..... -_. __ . - ._-
I , / .' ------ __ .... '--5=20' __ ._
/ , / . :.... ..;<--_.- ._-_ ... _.- ---------_ .. -
!
-: .. -,--_.. . __ i!.'-'- _______ . __
10 I ). ____ . . _ __. _____ . ___.. ...._ . __ . ___
I ' . -------- ... . __ ._
/ _. ____ .,._ 5 -I - -.-- ..i.:;:'::""" _. __
--_.--- ----r
/ -- - . -------
-:---_.-_. - - - - ---- --T
o ----
o 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
12
50 .
45
40,
35,
30
-U)
a.
25
I
I
-
LL
20
(
-..
5= ............. .
... -..
/ ... --
.I
l
/
i-
f
/
.... _ ...... I1I1-
.. ----.--.
/
.. -.. -
P P P P P
M I I I I
A/3 =2'--1
F
t
P
Estimated
I
High Water
Level
.-
"H" = Depth
Ce"Ie,;\. ..
un ___ ' Line of \, ___
Pile __
"S" = Scour

. :&:. A
.A
-------,_ .. _ .. -.. ,. -._--... __..
15 .
.A
5-15'
101 1 ..ccco
t
' -
o 1
--
2 3
-------,--_ ..- -,--
4 5
Deflection, A (in)
-----.----- r--- ----------. -
6 7 8
----r----------- - ...... _. "'1
9 10
45
40
35
30
en 25
c..
:;:
-
u:' 20
-- -..------.-r

I
/
--f
, .. --.. _------- .. --.
.. --_____ .0_----
.-.. --
/
-... J.- ....
/ .. .. ccF':-:-------
p p p p p
M \ I l I
F
t

I I I I
A/3 =2'
p
Estimated
/
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth

"5" = Scour

15
10
f -------- I' ----------... ---
/ /::_ --. - -;--
5 1_ -f. _ ._ .. .c::..... .. --- ----. -.. - --- - 5=15' ----------
" ... .. -
... ---- ----..
o ... '., .. _: ...... * .......... , ... -.. , ...... .,. .. * .-- .... .. -x---x
_ roo ... _____ 5=20' ---- ------ .,.. ___ __ __ __ _ __ 0- ___ -
o 1
T_--- ----,._------
.,--------_._-_._-_.
2 3 4 5 6 7
Deflection, A (in)
8 9
45 I
40,
351
30
(j) 25
c..
:i:
-
tL 20
15 ..
10
5
o
o
----- ... ------ ---
.. . ._ ._ ........ _
/

I
/
/
/
.'/--"
/)1'
2
/
/
/
-11-----.--
/
...
../k;' .'
. .&:.,
-7- ... -_ ...... c .... - ....... - .. .
/ ... - ... ......... .
.. p p p p
./ .....
P Estimated
I
High Water
Levef
/_--'*- ,x,j, f' A13 I W:::::{::::::::::::::::(f:):::::::::{:::):::::::::::(}:,:}:::it;
"H" = Depth
cenre,;;.,. -I<
_____________ 1
"S" = Scour

4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, II (in)
Figure A.77 HP10x42 Unbraced 6-Pile Bent with H=13',P=100kips and A=6'
40 '.
._-------- --------
..... ___ _. ___ _
35 !. . .. '-1--' . .0 __ ._ ..... _ ...
...... .--
30 )
AI.

/I
25
-tn

A
a.
:i: 20
/
.. '4 -. -.....- ...... --- .-.....- ...
.. .. _.___ .. _._._ .
u:
/ AIN'
/ ..---- .. --- -'< F,
/
/-
15
/ .. At.
P P P P P
M I I I I
.... _ ......... ._-_./--
/

i / )1// . -_.- ---.--.. - Pile
5 ! . Ir. . .... " - _ _","'"
i j' / / --:-: ..' - _._,-
/ ..... ,r .. __........... _,
; / ... , .- ' .. -.: .-..- . - '1
o ---
o 2 4 S
Deflection, A (in)
8
Figure A.78 HP10x42 Unbraced S-Pile Bent with H==13', P=120kips and A=S'
10
p
Estimated
/
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
12
35
30
25
_ 20
U)
a.
:i:
-
u:- 15
.-
----------1
/
1/
I
/
/
I
/
/ /
/ /
,II'
. ___
/
P P P P P P
Estimated
M \ I I I I
High Water
Level
A/3 = 2'
F
t
[I I I
"H" = Depth
Center:-\.
Line of ____
------. Pile

____ '
"S" = Scour
..............
... Ji
10
j /.
/ / .A
I , ' - - ------- -..--"
I' -- ...
5 I 1- ,.' - '-;:::-S--1-
/ __ ..---- __ ) = 5'
,,' __ --- - *-*
/ 5-20'
- ---
o
.... -.. -... 1- -- -- ---- -.------ -r-- I ._.-
2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, 11 (in)
----j
12
_I
30
25

/
--_..... /
/1
._---- .--- ..-.---
p p p p p p
M J
Al3 =2' I !,t::W'l:f;frf';=t::::tf/iiiIjIItrl
FI
Estimated
I
High Water
Level
r
"H" = Depth
20
/1
....... --.-f I , ..... .
/
I

"S" = Scour
Ci)

Co
:i 15
_.:.0:._ ..

-
LL

10 /
k
A
I
i .'
5 I' .. '
i / .:If'- ...

.---- .. ._-. ------.--------._.-
I ---- '''-
5:2:.------ _____ . __
-,----- --r---_-- ----r---
---,--_._-_._. -,--_._---._-T-----
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.SO HP10x42 Unbraced 6-Pile 8entwith H=13', P=160kips and A=6'
----, -
9
_-1
10
p p p p p p
BO
A/3 =2' 1":':':':':':':':':':':':':':''''':':':':':':':':':':':':.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.,
I I 1 I
70
""-' ...
/.---

I
60
.... ---_..
;
--,.. _ ...
f
50
1-
- , /
------1
en ! f .....
a. , . --- .. -1
3< 40 I .. / s-
;:;::: I ! .' '__;:
I I.. /'
30, -
20
III
/
If
1
0
'1"" --- . / ".... -=::::::"
III __,
o . ... ---.-. . .... --.---,
F
t
Center \
Line of
POle lj,,,
I

o 2 4 6 B
10 12
Figure A.B1 HP10x42 Single X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=13
1
, P=100kips and A=6
1
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
.. ..1
14
70 I
60
50
- 40
til
a.
:.i
-
LL 30
20
10
, .....
/ _
- -----;/
/
/
A/3 =2'
F
t
p p p p p p
r;';';';';';';';';';';''j'';';';';';';';';';';';';(';-;';';';-;';';';';';i;';';';';';';';';';';';';'j"';';''''-;-;';."'.;.;.,
Estimated
High Water
Level
/.. I "s" = Scour
I
i
..
/ - iii __ __ _
/
-
-.-.
Center \ ..
Line of
Pile

"H" = Depth

. . c'. _ _ __ __ _
. , "". 5-1 ..... ______ _
/
' --
. ... - """
' _.- - .' -><-* ---------- ---:k _----- _ _ ____________ _
I / <Ii _______ _
/
--r-- ----,------------------r------------ ----------------r---.--------------,------.-
o 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in]1
Figure A.82 HP10x42 Single X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=13', P=120kips and A=6'
Pushover Analysis Re!sults
12
70 .-.
601 ,
/
50,
/1/
I
I
p p p p p p
A/3 =2' !,':':':':-:':':':':':':'f:':':':':':':':':':':':j"":':':.:.:.:,:,:.:.:,:{.:.:.:.:,:.:.:.:.:.:.:.;-:-:.:.:.:.:.:.:':':':':'1
F
t
center\
Line of
en 40 '
I
/

Co
:s2
-
u:' 30
t
I .... '1IIIlIIIII

f .'
t "
20 1/ .'_. ___
/ " ,Ai.' ___ -3.----
I / . A ,.' _____ _
1
0
-I t - / ;.LIJ, ___ - - x-- - '-S=20'
o
o 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A(in)
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
12
U)
c..
60
1
I
I
I
i L
50 I
I-
I
,40 I /
:+
I /
/
J
p p p p p p
A/3 -'" - ,. I:':':':':':':':':':':':':j:':':':':':':':';';';';';r';':';':':';';';':';';j';'''';';':':';':':';':'(:';';':':.;.:.:.:.;.:.,
F
t
Center \
Line Clf

Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
:i 30
I
'/
/
"5" = Scour
.. - -.... _-_... -- _. -_.. ----_._-_.-
-
Ii"'
!
I
I 1 . II'.
j ,., - --,,----
20

! T . -----
I /
10
I / . i ./. 5=1
i t / ........ --- "\.. ."-
JL
' ...... ----.--... --.--.. - / ._ _______ S-1
,.
o --
, .. -, ----- - -- ----
o
__ '_," S=20'
--,- - -----,----
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.84 HP10x42 Single X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=13',P=160kips and A=6'
-!
10
70- .
-.. -
60 +---5';y
/
50
-1-
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
__ ......
F
t
I
- 40 - r "
t/) I
Co t ...... .
:.s2 I ;:'=0' '\. "
:: I I
.,""
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
.'
II-
... -'-----
.-_.
---------
/'/"

ill.. .A .-------.. . ... -'
1 /,/ __ '--- 5-20'
101/; c.' ... -.. ....... ------.--.....
;?-
o
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, A (in)
60

501-- --- (-----
f
40-
-I--
-
I
/
til
C.
p p p p p p
A/3 = 2' /""""""""""""'j"""""""""""'''j''''""""""""""'t""""""""""'{""""" .,.,.,.,.,.,.,
F
t
Center \
Llneof.

Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
+ -- 30
.. _______ ___ ._. ___ '_'_h ___ . ' __ '_' . ________________ _
"S" = Scour
j
-.
u:
...... ...

I ,/
.j4m ____________ --.4-- -
r A: ---------- --- --'
f -----.--------
1 If / -- -------
----
o ..---. ----.--.----r-. ---,- -,---_.
20
-,------------ i
o 2 4 6 a 10 12 14
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.a6 HP10x42 Single X-Braced 6-Pile Ben1t with H=17', P=120kips and A=6'
en
a.
60
1
I
I
I
50 i -------- .,.-+*
I
......... /",.-
I 1/
! /
I "
40!l ..
! /
I
p p p p p p
A/3 -2'
- I"',,,,,,,,,,t,,,,,,(,,,,.,." .., ..y,.NN,.,.,.,.,.,.,(.,.,....-"'..N'1
F
t
Center \
Line of

:2 30
f-
-
u:

I
I I S=5'
20 If .. -
I
I I ,.-
t .. "
I . ....
T.' .... A ._ ..
o :.:,. .'.- ,,- ------
T' 5=20'

10
o 2 4 6
Deflection, II (in)
8 10
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
. i
12
60 -1
I
50 I
40
i
i
\
I

---. ----.1- ---------.--.-.. ----- ""---- -------------,,--,,-- --------""-.--"".
p p p p p p
A/3 =2' r;';';';';';';';';';';';(';';';';';';';';';';';j"";';';';';';';';';';';j"";';';';';';';';';';';r';';';';';';';'''';';'1
F
t
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
en /
c.
"S" = Scour
30 ----------1---------
Ii"'
/
I

20
. .. -.
.,'
/
""/- .
f
(
If,'
10 I (" ----.-- -- ----------.-.:;". -"'.-----"--"-----.----------.-.-----"",,-,,.--,,.---.--- ..
I . ' Ai" A
I
j . --II ----
/ .. ' .
II ... .. A .,
.. ... ___ ,-_____ ---, _________ .. . i
o 1 2 3 4 5
Deflection, A (in)
6 7 s 9
Figure A.SS HP10x42 Single X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=17', P=160kips and A=6'
10
90
80
70
60
U) 50
c..
:s2
-
u:' 40
30
20
10
0

'It. ..... *
....... ,. "..- -._- .
I
I
f
1
r
J
I
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t

High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center Line \
of Pile

I
5-

! 1"5" = Scour
,,'" .
I J' /". - ", .. - 5
, r -- -15
I ,. -- .. .-----:
Ij .,./.. . .. ::. . ...: . .. -..... --.
11 )" h." . _ ... ... .*.. . .;. ---" .. ->< .. c *x""""
k;:,;;;c., <* . . *. . ... - - ... '-5=20'
,---_ ..
i
o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10 12
Figure A.89 HP10x42 Double X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=13', P=100kips and A=6'
Pushover Analysis
90

_1. _ ....
80 ,--- -r..--------------
I /
70 I -i--
I /
f
l-
60
--_ .. _-_.-._------- _.- .. _. _ .. -- -... -.-----...... ----
en 50 -\.. 1---
. 9- I r
,
40 j
. __ ._-.-.--_. __.. _.- ._.-. . - ------ _.-----_ ..
,
30
J -

..
....
,-- .--
p p p p p p
A/3 ==2'
F
t

High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center Line \
of Pile " __

"S" = Scour

201
//-<---.
10 ,lit - .--------.---* . ,
o - -8=2Q-!----------------- ------,,- .- .-.-----
,---,-- --T-------' ----r-
---,-,----_._-_._, .. - -,
o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
12
80 .

70 -1-- -'1
/
I
60 I
f
I
t
f
501 I r
U) , f
.90 I I
:.. 40- ......... .... -.-
u: I I
30 i t

_11--
A/3 =2'
F
t
----- ...- ---I I
p p p p p p

High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center Line \
of Pile ,

"S" = Scour

I
20 +-1-.. / I I -.- -/--
I f .... . ---
10 i /" -...,.,a..--- .. -
f /" / ..... .. --- . - --- .----- = .....
o I / A .. .. ----.---------- ---- ...
/ ____ E .. .. ',:: .... -)I(- .. . . " ..... -* .. .... . -. -
2 - .... ,-. . . 5=20'
,
------i
o 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
80 ..
70
60,--
50
(i)
Co

/ ..
I
I
I
t
I
I
I
A/3 ::2'
F
t
. ----... -.---, I
p p p p p p

High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center Line \
.--.. , of Pile

"S" = Scour
J.
I
:s:: 40

-
u:
30
I
. ..
20 I . ' ---- -- --- ---- ---
I"
10 L' J __ c
a
" -
f /_ -". .". _. -___- A" A_
I "II' A --- --------.-- 5=1
" hi -.-----._-
o <: .. :=:.. --
__ ..". ___ "" ____ .. ____ -".-___ _ __ ___ --- __ , --;If- -- - .-- --. _>E--- -- - ---
-. ----,--_.. "- ----, I "-5=20'
I ------i
o 1 2 3 4 6 7
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.92 HP10x42 Double X-Braced S-Pile Bent with H=13', P=1S0kips and A=S'
8 9
90
80
s=?-
70 -f ..
60 I
f
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t

High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
U) 50 J.
I
Center Line \
of Pile
a.
:52

"S" = Scour
lL' 40
... ;
I _
f s-,.c / . ........ .
30 I J . .. . .. _--.----

20 -I ii" .. ......
I"" A: _____ _ ...
t / ___ -' .. _: = __
101
1 -/111 .
..-------::'" .
/rt AI. ,_-----.. .
o I __ ___ o.
o 2 4 6 8 10
12
"i
14
-tJ)
Co
80
p p p p p p

70 j/ ,-- ""','- ,',',._- ,. AI3'!',' rll'--rT'
;-::stim ated
High Water
Level
SO t
I
50 -
I
-f-
/
I
I --
f
I
I
"H" = Depth
-------------- ------ _.
40
"5" = Scour
+ {-
. ---_._-_ .. _---------
-....
u..
30
t
f
I
I
+ I
'!
.... -
-.--- -- - .._-_.- -------- --------_._._ ... __.. _--------------
_B

I
I
-f
I
10 1--1

Ax. --------- A A ja
__ '.'
. , - ., -
r"""'"
o
-----r---- _ 5=20'
,---
20

'"
---

-----._-_.-.--_._-_._--_ .... _----_.-... _-_..-- -.- -.
---------r----------------,---------- --- ----- - --,
o 2 4 S
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
Figure A.94 HP10x42 Double X-Braced S-Pile Be!nt with H=17', P=120kips and A=S'
12
-II)
c.
80
70 I 5';7

60
J
/
r-
50
j
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t
;:.:stim ated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center Line \
of Pile

40
-I- ..
"5" = Scour
-
LL
f

t
. t
30
....
..... -
201I
i r .... ::;.:0:" ..
1 I j.
o 1 2 3 4
_ .. __ ---,-___ ... __ 5=20'
--,------ .,.-.
5
Deflection, !J.. (in)
6 7 8 9
10
70 .
p p p p p
P
, , I , ,
..
-------i--.... -.-.
I
-+ ---
60
50
PJ3 I r:rr:rn
VI "H"
Level
= Depth
_ 40
tn
j
1-- ..
J
J
coo'";,';;: \ I><I I
1"
= Scour
C.
32
-
u: 30
I
-1
/
+
20 I I .... -
I
\1 _-'
10 \-f--.--7 ,. .___ _ __ A A A..h f ,,_' --- --' ------------------- --.------
./ ..' ----11-- ----==:\--- --- --
I" ___ --a-
o ,,:' ..---*--... --.*-.--.. *-- ... -.;\(-.. . ...
o
I ---.--.,-----------, r 5=20' I ,.------"----
1 2 3 4
r,' .,
6 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.96 HP10x42 Double X-Braced 6-Pile Blant with H=17', P=160kips and A=6'
9
80-
70
60
50
-
If)
a.
..
-----r
/ _ d __
I
I
/
A/3 =2
Center
Line of
Pile
p p p p p p
Estim ated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
40
I -....
u.. / S="
30 i 1 ..' .. -
20 I .. /. . ....... /' 5=10'-'.
I I' ... "A -
I. . .".. .... 5=1
I / ..... .
10 I: 0" .. _._ .. ..: . .. .... -
o
o
-, - ---------- ----,---------- ---- -1-- - ----- ----,------ - -----T- ---------
2 4 6 8 10 12
Figure A.97 HP10x42 Two-Story Single X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=21', P=100kips and
A=6' Pushover Analysis Results
d,
14
70 -
...--+*--
---;r------- -- ---
/

50 1--- __ J_
_ 40 I __ /l
t/) ---
Co
;g I I
.... I I
u.. 30 I
-_- -- . ---- --.--
I ;--
I! .- .
I -
60 .-
A/3 =2'
F
t
Pile
p p p p p p
{
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center \
Line of

"S" = Sco u r

20\- 1- -/B:'- ------------- ! / A .bd&..---- ---------- -. --.
f .. ----
1:
o
--- -- - ------r---------------,----- --..--'1"----- ------T--- ---------.--- --- - ---.-- - -.- -I
2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
12
70
60
50
- 40
(/)
a.
:.i
u:' 30
20

_
/
I
I
. / ....
A/3 =2'
F
t
Pile
p p p p p p
{
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center \
Line of

"S" = Scour
&'ii!
"
/ "./ Ali A. A iIl'ItI\.
1 0 I _ _ )t.A
,1Ir A - ----- - -- -- - - ----'01-==
\
f
" - -------- -- --- --- ---
"" -----------
I ' .t .------11-------
. -* . - _. -, - - - *_ ...... * . - ..",
o "- -c_ cc ' :; ---- - -:- --- -----,------------ .
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Deflection,1l (in)
10
60
......
/ ....

/+
50
40
-
t/)
0-
A/3 =2:'
F
t
Pile
p p p p p p
(
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center \
Line of

"5" = Scour
3230
I
J.
--t

-....
11.
/
,
r'
20
j
/
10f/
I
/ ..
.
. . ... ._--_ ..-_._--_. -----------
...
.. '
........ , ....... _._ .......... _.. . .. _ .... __ ._._. ____ ._. __

. __
Ai. ..
A
A. S-20'
o .... ................. -- ............. * .... -... ......... -
o 1 2 3 4
Deflection, A (in)
5 6 7
Figure A.100 HP10x42 Two-Story SingleX-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=21', P=160kips and
A=6' Pushover Analysis; Results
8
70
60
50
U) 40
a.

-
u: 30,

............. .... // ... ..... .
//
/
/
/
I

/
j
I
I

... ......... .. .
A/3 =2'
F
t
Center
Line of
Pile
p p p p p p
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
20
I. 5-1
I
. ,
/
a/ ............ ,.,,:h At.. A' 'A . __ . 5=1
10 +I.- ,. .J ... . - ...- 7' ___ .._ .'

o 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, Il (in)
Figure A.101 HP10x42 Two-Story Single X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=2S', P=100kips and
14
60
50 .
40
-
t/)
0-
:s2 30
-
- I,L
20

I
f--
I
I
I
/
I
I
I
.....
., .
... It
--/ ..
'"
.---------. "'---'" ._---
!
I
f /,.
I / 5-
I.
I
A/3 =2'
F
t
Pile
p p p p p p
(
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center \
Line of

"S" = Scour

I _J. ,.A .A"
t / --------'
I ..4>."------ . _____ .
I ,--
Ii/
- ------------------ -----_.-.. .,-
--------------*---- --- --------*"- ---- -
5=20'
....---
- --r-- ---- _.- -_._--
-1
10
o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
Figure A.102 HP10x42 Two-Story Single X-Braced 6-lPile Bent with H=25', P=120kips and
12
60
U)
c..
:i: 30
-
u:
50,
I
40 \ ....
...... _-.-.

-_ ....... /.
I
/
j
!
/
20
J
...
"m'
A/3 =2'
F
t
Pile
p p p p p p
(
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center \
Line of

"5" = Scour

l .. *MO __
' ---- 0'
/ ..----- - .
1: -: _ T __ _
o 1 2 3 456
Deflection, A (in)
7 8 9
10
50
45
40
35
30
-
U)
Co
:i2 25
-.....
u.
20
15
10

I - ----... - ----- A/3 =2'
8=.--.-./1.. ---I F
t
p p p p p p
{
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth

.. --1
/
Center \
Line of
Pilll

I
I

"S" = Scour
!
... ..... .
.. ..:--
I
J
.-.. ,
.. '
I'

.... /
5

/"'-'
o
1 2
Aft _______ _
." --'
._-- _._... . _ ..
-- ._-
====:1--=--_.,- _ .,
3 4 5 6 7
100
90
80
70
60
-t/)
c.
50
-...
LL
40
30
20
10
0
I
.....
/ ---
/
I
r
I-
i
I
.- -t __ .. i_
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
Ft
Center Line \'
of Pile
--...

Estim ated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"8" = Scour
j
_ .... /..... . / S
I _. ;11-
L. .. -/ .. .'
+ " ._. __ ' _-."c,--'-'-- '-5-20'
*.. .. - - -
-1---- ---- - - ..-.------.--
o 2 4 6
8 10 12
Figure A.105 HP10x42 Two-Story Double X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=21', P=100kips and
90

1 -
/
80
70
p p p p p p
A/3 ::2'
F
t
P
stimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
60 , ..
F
u;- 50 .
Co
32
-
u:' 40
30
20
10
0

I
Center Line \'

. ...... -... -.. --.--. --------- ----,
I
J
"S" = Scour
i
I

---
------ ------
- __ _ __
-; .. ':.
j
I )f
I / 5-1
.;.- j It. A;' AA
f- ___ _ ____ - ------------- 5=1
/ _._ A _ _____
-. *- --- +-.,,-
o 1 2 3 4
---,-_._-.. -
5
Deflection, A (in)
-,------
,------_._.
-r - --
- ,._-_.
6 7 8 9
Figure A.106 HP10x42 Two-Story Double X-Braced IS-Pile Bent with H=21', P=120kips and
10
90
1
80

.... ; ....... .
70
60 . ./.

- I I tn 50 ....... I
Co t
I I
401f
I I
:i:
i
I I
30 I ... J

I I
r...... / > ........... _. .... .... . ... S=1
..
...
20
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t
Center Line \'
of Pile

Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
10 .. -.
" ..... ...... ' -
//. A ,}iI' A _. .._ 5=1
/ . A -.- o ... . - .......... .. -. -......... -........ .... -.
.. -' ,..... ... "... .......... ,. . . . * .. -.-.. _. -..
-x*)!X_-
"'-5=20' _ ...
o 1 2 3 4 5
Deflection, II (in)
6 7 8 9
. .. \
10
-

80 I
i
70+'
S
=_
60
50
/
f
;-
/
+
p p p
A/3 :=2'
F
t
p p p
P
stimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center Line \'
of Pile _

:i 40
I
I
"S" = Scour
-
LL

!
30
...
J
r I I --;.::-- ----- --.. -- -- --- --
I
+ ,II: --------
1 O
f' ' 8=1 ------ -------- ---
t
' ",.0"':' .... 1 -_ ............... _.. A --_.-
f
,II: .II. -------- -- ------------- 8-1
.' " --_._-- -
o x=--------------- -------
20
o
-, ____________ ----r----- __ __.:-_::: --*,- -- -, - 7( --* ---..
8=20'
-------
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
I
9
-II)
Q.
:i
-
': LL
90 -

... -.- .. -.. ...-
4/
I-
I
80 --
70
--_ .. _---_....:_--_._-_._--.. _.. ..---. - .._._----
601-- /
r
t
;- -
!

!
50
I
401 -
!

p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t
Center Line \'
of Pile

30 1 f j ,:;,,,c:' .. .- -
20 1/ ,/ ._..._ 5=1 " . ", A -
f----* 1 0 I I. ,,- .. - - -----::..--- -0----
!
.. .' ----_.-. .-11.---- -------
Jk:;
' -=-__ ... - *. . ,..." ,,-' .. .. .. x,,- '",,-"
_ . CC-Cj;;- . . '" ..' . -- - - - "--
o ' .------... 5=20'
r-
o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8
----,--_ ... _._---
10
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
12
Figure A.109 HP10x42 Two-Story Double X-Braced 6-Pile Bent withH=25" P=100kips and
80 1
70 I
I
60 I--
I
50
1
..
-----1----
I
I
;-
A/3 ::2'
F
t
Center L.lne \'
of Pile
p p p p p p
r
Estim ated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
I
U) I
c. .

"5" = Scour
. - 40 I
I

I
Ii"
I
t
I .- -- - ----- - - ------ ___ H ____________ _
, f -...
20 ! j 0: - _______
10 1.1 ____ A A ______
f _u'<-"----------.,.*
30
o ::- ------- - -- - --
,---- ----, ------1'------------ -- i
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Deflection, Il (in) _
Figure A.110 HP10x42 Two-Story Double X-BracE!d 6-Pile Bent with H=25', P=120kips and
10
;1>
80 ..

/
I
I
/
70
60 -,
I
50
-.
t/)
0.
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t
Center Line \'
of Pile

Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
:2 40
+
;
"S" = Scour
-...
u..
I
I
. i. ."..
30
20
10

..........
:. ....
....
I.. .. . __
j
"._..... ..,. '-S-20
... I.. .A __ " _-.---- -iF.... __ _, _______ .,-- ___ '-'--
I .c.c"c. . . ........
7;' --- ---- - ---r
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
.
. ,
9
80
70 -.-
so
50,-
-
U)
Co

l

/
j'
I
I
I
I
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t
Center LIne \'
orPlle

Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
:i 40 .,.
+-
"S" = Scour
-
LL
I
I
/

30 1- t-
j _ "_. ___ . __
/ - -_.,., ... .._._--- _ ... - -----
20 -I -{ ._...
f ___ "_
t _______ _
I .. -- - ---. __ ____ -tr_ _. _
1
0
1-+ "" .._ .. S= 20' __ . __ . __ .. __
/
o
o 1 2 3 4 5 S 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
Figure A.112 HP10x42 Two-Story Double X-Braced S-Pile Bent with H=25', P=1S0kips and
A=S' Pushover Analysis Results
9
I
I I
i
APPENDIXB
Pushover Analysis Results for
HP12x53 Pile Bents of Various
Geometrical Configurations,
P-Loadings, and Scour Levels
40
5=0'
351--
I
--l---
30
p p p
rL I
A/3
Center
Line of
;
Estimated High
Water Level
r
"H" = Depth
\,

25-1--------j--.
Pile

S = Scour
I
-
t/)
Q.
20 -1"'-' I -- ......... --------,--
LL .
i

15
t-"' -
I
..
.A
t
10 I ,
, III
I' .'
I,' ... A 5=15\

5 1 r ;"l1li-- _.... 1' -.----.-.--.-.
* .. .. -- ---- .
o 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.1 HP12x53 Unbraced 3-PileBent with H=1 0', P=100kips and A=6'
-I
14
40
35 s=tr\.- --- .... ....... -' ..
I
30
/-. - .. _. __._- .
25
I
-
8.
p p p
M
A/3 = 2'1 t:::::\::::::::::::::::::::::::::}:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1
F,
Center -......,
Line of
/ Estimated High
+ Water Level
"H" = Depth
Pile

S "SCOUr

:52 20
l
J.
i
. ........ '" '.-. __ . __ ._- ------_._----_ ...._,
5=5' /.",. -
u:-
I
j
15 .'
Jl
..
./
. .. ---.. ._ ... -_._._--_. __ ._--_ .
10
/
....
i II
5 If -".<--
If <" ---. --------' ------ 5=15'
i
ll '- --------
. ---- -
o -- ="---
____ _____ c __'=::--- - 5=2
o
- ....
.----. -_.-
2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A. (in)
Figure B.2 HP12x53 Unbraced 3-Pile Bent with H=10', P=120kips and A=S',
12
35
30
8-
r

p p p
M_ \
A/3 = 2'1 r::::/::::::::::::::::::::::::::'::::i::::::':::::':':::::::::::::::::;:.;:;::;:!
Ft
Center
Line of
- --_/
L
Estlmated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
,\
25
t
i
I
Pile

S = Scour
- 20
U)
J- , ..
Q.
:i:
I
.,{
.... 1I"
.
Nole: When 5=20' Bent is unstable.
-
u:- 15
t
/
..11/
/
..II
10 .. /.1;./
I
. 5-10' -- -,-. -- --- .. -.-.-
. / - ." "" ......... -. .
5 I I II r" .. - ... '-'-- - - -- ---

/ .' .. ... . . ....... 5=15'
if. --- -- ..
o - ---------------
o .-- ---..... --1 '- .. - .... --..-.-......-.--1"--------..--- r----'--,-
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, 1:1 (in)
Figure B.3 HP12x53 Unbraced 3-Pile Bent with H=10', P=140kips and A=6'
.'.'j
9
1
35 -
30
25 .-
U) 20
c.
:i
-
u: 15
10
5
o

/
i
/
.;
I-
f
f
f ..
j
I
J
1
I
/
.+
I
f
I-
t ,.
/ '
/
-;-11:':
..
,.
. '
A
A

.&
-,
. _ .. _--_._- - .. - . . -. -_.-
p p p
11 ......... ::::: . .1:::::/:/; .::::::::::.
A/3 = 2' I f'::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::'
F, I
Center
Line of
Estimated High
, Water Level
r
"H" = Depth
r l!iginalground
me
S = Scour
Pile


A
-.---.-----.---- . - -_._----
__ 0 _ "_._ _. ____ ____ __
A .' k.,A ji,
5=1 0' __ . ______ _
.....
Ai
.---..--. -_. __ ._-_. _._-- -"-".-- " ..
.-_.-
1
5=15'

... ---
,----------T--------T-----------..,--------..,- - ..' -'-. ----... - I
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Deflection, I:l. (in)
30
25
.......
20
s=ay
i
/
/
-I.
I
/ ....._/._- -_.
U)
a. .

15
1
10
__
.. '
.'
/
,.
,
-- )
p p p
M I
A/3 = 2' I r::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
F, i
Center
Line of
Estimated High
+WaterLevei
"H" = Depth
\
Pile

S = Scour

Note: When 5=20' Bent is unstable ..
/ ./ 5=10'---- - -
/
+ . /// ' ... ' ... .:--
.. / '<.'
o .. .-
-----,--_ .. _---- T ....-..-.
5
._ .. _.;
._j
o 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
12
-
U)
c.

-....
u.
;'
25 i
,
I
20 ,.
15
10
5
o
I
I
I
,
I
, ..
I
I
!
I
o
...
5=0'Y
-' --'--- _._-j---_._._---_. __ . -_ .. _.. ----- --------------------
I
A/3 = 2..1
Ft
Center
Line of
p p p
M I
,.:....:: ........:: ..::::::::::: ..::::::::::::::::::::::.
::::::::::::::::r::::::::::::::::'::.
Estimated High
;-Water Level
"H" = Depth
/ ----
..----- -.. --.--- .. -.-------------- .
Pile

S = Scour
/
5= .. -.... _
. .' Note: When $=20' Bent is unstable.
, -------_._-_. __. -- - _ .... _ ....
/ /-------_ .... _ .. _------------_._--- -_.---_.
-1-. _____ - ;r-
/
I
/

/
/
Ai.

/
/
A
5=1 0' Ao..AAh.
it;
5=15'
.. --.-----
....:::::::------_.---11-
----,-_. - .. -. - -,-- -- ---- ...... _-----,._----------,
2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
.... ,
12
-I/)
c.
:i:
-....
LL
25 I
20
5=Y"
.... -1-.. ..
... ----.--.-.. ............ ---.---.---
I
/
15
t
........ _ ... _-_._-----
\
- "
p p p
M I
A/3 r:::-::-:::-:-:::::::::-:-:::::-:-;:-:::-:::::::::.:.:.:.:.:::::::-:.:-:
Center -........,
Line of
Estimated Hig h
+ Water Level
"H" = Depth
-.\
Pile

S = Scour

10
I
..
- ....
, .... , ....... .
Note: When 5=15' and 20' Bent is
f
/
/
5 I ....... i
t ,/ ...
1/ .... "'/
o
o
.....
.. 11
.,.-
---

AAt.
.......
..,
At.
Ai.
A
k'
1 2 3 4 5 6
Deflection, A (in)
7
i
8
-tn
C.

-
Ii"'
25 .
20
15 .
10 -.-
. -. -. 7-

/--
/
,/
/
_ .. _------_ ..... _-_ ..._- - --". -- ---- ..... _-
p p p.
M 1
A/3 1
Center ""
Line of
Estimated High
+ Water Level
"H" = Depth
Pile

S = Scour

-------------.-
5-... ____ .. __
... _ .. _---_ ..-.-
/
.:::::,.".:: __ ._ ..
,I
/
,
I
/
5
. /
1/
o Jk----
o

....

It;
A ..
A
it
-- r -----------T------------T-----------T ,--- --,---------1--
1 2 3 4
Deflection, A (in)
5 6
Figure B.8 HP12x53 Unbraced 3-Pile with 1-1=13', P=160kips and A=6'
7 8
80-'
70
60
50
-t/)
a.

/
;*'-
;-
!
I
I
/
p
IJ.
AI3 =2'
Ft
p p
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Ground Line

Pile "5" = Scour

:i 40
f
.+
-
Ii"'
I
j .. ..
I .Ir
I 5' '\. .-
5= _
30
20
J,_ _____ __ I . 5-10' " 5- . 5=2 .,*_",
l . / / - . _ ___ _ ..
1
!
/ / .---------- -- ----r -
10 J. ,,_ _., __ , ' __ ,_
I . . ..
o --::-l :-x.: I - - -
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Deflection, 11 (in)
Figure B.9 HP12x53 X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=13', P=100kips and A=6'
8
\
/ \
9
70
60
50
_ 40
U)
Co
:i
-
u: 30
20
5=0'
--7
L
.
(/
I
;
t
;-
f
I
I
t 5=5' .. II".IIII"
J /
I -. jlI .. - .
! /
I II
I
+ .
5=10'
,A: 4
p
I:J.
Al3 =2'
Fl
p p
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Ground Line

Pile lli:: "s" = Scour

--..------- ..--- .. --- -.-- .... - -- -------.-
, I II A
10 iLl I ..... - ------------.--- -

; ill; __ ._-.- 5=20'
o /. --=;=-.-..
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Deflection, A (in)
8 9
70
5=0' "- __---*
so
/.-----
--.. -.. --.--.------- .....-......... -........... -. /Tc .---.. -.------------.--.. -. -----._-_._---_._._-.-_._._---_.----_ .. _-.
50,--
- 40
U)
a.
:i2
-
LL 30
20
//
1
/
f
--.... .----------.. ---.. .. _.__. __....
/
1- .
t
1---
5=5'
--;." ._- -- -----.-----_. - ..-.... _._.- -----.-._.- -_.. -.. _.__._-------_ ..
/ /
)
Af3 =2'
F
t
p p p
f1
11.dll:t::::t:::::::::::::::illlltl::U@:;(!
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
GroundLino

Plio !:l! "s" = Scour

Note: When 5=20' Bentis unstable.
I
JI 5=10'

10 +-------- .. ----
--.--------5=15' "- __ __
o
1./,11
t..
_3-.-
A
.J.; ...... .
.------
.. ------T-------------T--------------,----- - .
o 1 2 3 4 5
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.11 HP12x53 X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=13', P=140kips and A=S'
S 7
70
so
so
U) 40 -j
g I
u:' 30 I
!
20
10 -
p p p
6.
-_. _.-
/y/
A/3 =2'
F
t

I
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
..i.
l
/
/
I
I
I
I
t
I

. /
/

,R'
"
/
;
. 1_ ____ . ____
,R'
( Ground Line

Lino of
F'ils "s" = Scour

-------- ---..-- .. ---- .--.- - ----NOfe:Wfien-s=20'lrei1fis-iinsfa6Ie.
.. _R.
.. _-:-:;; .. : .. ----- -- ..- .. -.--- .. -- -... _---_. - .. --------- ------....---.... --_...._--- -._--_ ...__ .-
__ ,_
-_._--- ._----
. AM>..
......
f _,W' &
S=1S'
-----.-
iI.
---

o ----,-----_. ----,-------------,-_.
o 1 2 3
Deflection, A (in)
4
Figure B.12 HP12x53 X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=13', P=1S0kips and A=S'
S S
70
60
50
_ 40
[
:i:
-
LL 30
20
i.
5=0'
....... ....... -"
,..--..-._ .... _----

j
I
1
I
t
1
/

.II'
J ; -11
t :/ 5- ,
10' ./_ -10 '-
! .7.- A- ... AU.
ft. --
.. _.. ..5=15'
.-.-..
p
Al3 =2'
Ft
Center
p p
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
OrlRlnal
Ground Line
= Scour

5=20'"'\
-x-- .. ..'* ....

)I --- - - - A-
o .dl;o. ----.-----It_---
c
-----
c
-. - -
1 ----- - .... : ..... --r::--= .* ... _..- .. -X-- .. ..-
-* - - .......- .,*
-,---------- .--r-----.- ---T-------- .-- -,_._._---- .. ---\
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.13 HP12x53 X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=17', P=100 kips and A=6'
9 10
--;.- .
70 1
so --
I
_

50
._----------_.
p p p
Al3 =2' r-;';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';r;';';';';';';';';'''';';';';';';';';'\
F
t
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Center I Ground Line Original
"S" = Scour
40 ,- _._
ur . __ . __ . __
j -
;g. I I .
LL 30 -/-.-1.-- .. -.... _ __._.
---------_._- ---------- ---_ ..... .

' .,.
5=5 .. ,/ ___ .. _. ____ ..
.. _-- .-.:::::_-_.._-- - .
20 1- -'-j -_ .. -.. --._ . - .. S=10', . _ -A;.... , ___ _
A
- '" - - S=15 ---...,.
,. "..-e
m
,
---
J .,/. A:____ ------11-
/ . -Je' _-:: ____ .. __ _ ,. .. , I

O ..
o 1 2 3 4 5 S
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.14 HP12x53 X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=17', P=120 kips and A=S'
7
i ",
70-
601-------- ---.-

p p
Al3 =2'
F
t
p
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = O'epth
Original
Ground Line
Line of
Pile
center
30 l--- --- -- --.-------
I ... _____________ . _____ ._
-1
.... _- . 7 . * .....
i- .. _"
...--.. j
.. /
it. .....
,_----------. .
--. ... ---,--
---. ----II- -,- . -------,-
A
o ..
-1 -------,- ----
o 1 2 3
Deflection, A (in)
4 5
Figure B.15 HP12x53 X-Braced 3-Pile Bent withH=17', P=140 kips and A=S'
..
-----1
S
70 -
A13=2'
60
F
t

50
-.... --.- .. --.----------.---------.-.--.--.-------... ---
p p p
lJ,.

Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
U) 40 -II .. .. --l--------
Canter / Ground Line Original
% "S"=Scour
c. / ------.
;g. 1 I .... I
u..; 30 I - - - . - ------ - ----- --.. -.----------.-- / ---_._--_.

,
20
10
/ ...... ._--- ..... A-.tMI!t.
f ..
it.
0 ... /. A
1-11=
. ..-
o 1 2 3
Deflection, A (in)
4 5
Figure B.16 HP12x53 X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=17', P=160 kips and A=6'
,J
._-j
6
80-
70
60
50
-t/)
Q.
5=0
/ ..
. ..---
p p p
11
A13 = 2 '
F
t
'
I
Estimated High
Water Level
"Hit = Depth
.. ..- ..
7
u
'
:.i: 40 ! Pile .-.. ---.. .. -.- .
-.....
u.

I
- ... 30 1- .... --.- -.... -- ... .....
f / . ___ .. __ __
20 +-1 . -.- ... --.5=11) --..,.
./ ...
t .A' .. ______ ... _ ....... .
10II-r------- --::..i 5=20'
o .. ,- --+--.... -><>;
o . 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.17 HP12x53 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=21' ,P=1 OOkips and A=6'
9
:: 1
so
50 -
u;
a.

I-
I
p p p
fj.
AJ3 =2'
F
t
i
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Center Ground Line
Line of
:i2 40 -, ---
f
r-
/

pn,
u:
+
I
30 - ----- - ,._ B

_B---
Note: When S=20' Bent is unstable.
20 f
- --- --;B:: ------
I _B
10 +__ __ _ - --l
I.: .. -- ------ --- ------ ---- ---------- ---8=1 t----------- ----- - - --
.-
Ie
-AA
o Ii'--.. ----------. __ IrS:. .---.
-----r--- ----- --,------------------T--------------,----------- --j
o 1 2 3
Deflection, A (in)
4 5
Figure B.18 HP12x53 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=21',P=120kips and A=S'
S
80
Al3 =2'
70 F
t
60
...... ----
S=O' .--+.---
____ Un - - ____ ____
J
50
1
-/-..-..... --.---.-..--.-.--... ...- ..... ---.----..
-t/)
a.
p p p
11

i
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
:-.
:.s2 40
--/ ...... -........ ----....
-.....
u.
30

.... -i

j S-5'. ...... Note: When S=20' Bent is unstable.
f - . -.
. ",(
20
..
1M.
10

---------.- :s----_ ...
. ---
o IV -:- ... ___ ::p.
A
-II
-------.

-..--.-...-----... i
o 1 2 3 4 5
Deflection, Il (in)
Figure B.19 HP12x53 Two-Story 3-Pile Bent with H=21',P=140kips and A=6'
6
p p p
70 D.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::I::::::::::::::::::l::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::[:::I[:::::::[:[:[:[
Estimated High
Water Level
.- ....--.----.---........--- . ...---+-----_._.-----+-++*
50 I .. s:oy----- -----
7-------.---.------------.---- --.
60 -, ...
Al3 =2'
I=t
"H" = Depth

Center . Ground Line
Line of
PU. -"S" = Scour
..
40
1 ..... i
.80 ' -j------ .
.:.:: J .-.
--:: / --..... --
u. 30--. - --1
I /_._-
I I 5=5'
201 -I' L __ -- ...... .......> ,- .... _---- ----.

f
a'
,I / --.--.-..-..--
10 _+/ __ .. ________ ._ "a"/
,-,/
..-
5=10'
--- ..... .
..
A
I ,a"
o !IF'" A A .. .. .......
. .
o i
1 2

II
3
__
4 5
Figure B.20 HP12x53 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=21',P=160kips and A=6'
'j
6
.'.
p p p
80-
11
701---------------------"--- 1>J3 :=2 '
Estimated High
Water Level
F
t
'

---1--
60 -I --::::: J
>t G,o""dLI ..
/ "s" = Scour
50 -I - po. II
I
I
., I __ =
.!; 40 ----t - '"
"" I __ _
- I _
u:' 30 I .. _------- ___ _
t / .-------- ___ _ __
I _J
20 11- - ,"........ 5=15'
___________________ ___________________________________ , 'I
"H" = Depth
!
/ --./L"-- ----- - _.-... 5=20
1: _.,
----------1
o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
Figure 8.21 HP12x53 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=25',P=100kips and A=6'
12
p p p
70 -
11
..........
.......
60 +- .--- ...... ____

I
Estimated High
Water Level
/

50 1 -.. ..- } ..... --------.. ---.--.-.-.- .... ---------.--
"H" = Depth
- 40 - -- --l-----....-... -.--.... --.-. -..-.--.--- ------
tn I
I

Center .. Ground Line
Line of
PD. .. s .. =scour
LL 30- - r- -----.----- --- --.----- .. -.. -----------.-----
/ ..rIII' ..
f S=5' .,/' .. '.. Note: When S=20' Bent is unstable.
20 1-- j-- .... -.. .. -. ". ----.-. --.--.----..,-.-..-.----.-.-..---.-----.---- -----.----.-.--.-.. --.
/ /,R' S=10' 'AA
10 +_ j _ . _ . _.-=-___________ .. ____ ._._, .... 1>. . __ . __
!
",' A 8=15'
." A __
, .
I , A
1//.
Op , ---,---------,.----------,-
---,--------,-------_._. __ .,
o 1 2 3 4 5 6
Deflection, A (in)
Figure 8.22 HP12xS3 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Elent with H=2S',P=120kips and A=6'
7
70
1
60
50
_ 40
U)
c.

-
LL 30
S=O'
...... ++ .........
-
/
i-- ..... -.-
p p p
A.
Al3 =2'
F
t
I
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
. Ground Line

Line
Pile "5" = Scour

20 I 1--:"7--
... 11111111
,"
Note: When S=20' Bent is unstable.
I J ,// S=10'
. . ... "'..... ..... ..... - !
K
... . ....... k. '. ..,
I ./.... .". :
o . ,,: .. --c-= ... r'
o 1 2 3 4 5
Deflection, (in)
Figure B.23 HP12x53 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=25',P=140kips and A=6'
6
70 --
so -------- -
50 -, ,---
------- /"
/'
/
...... ...............
.........
__ ________ ,
p p p
A
Al3 =2'
F
t
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
U) 40 -, -
Q.
--,---_.-- ------.. ---
Li,ne oL Ground Line

Pile
:.i "S" = Scour
-
Ii"' 30 -, --

11
/
/.... 5=5'). .... _ ..
20 .
.... , .. -'-. Note: When 5=15' and 20' Bent is unstable.
--- .. ------------------------.
I .' 10 -I- - r
I
".... __
A'
A- A-M.
........ _:x
A - - ,,,"
o --.-'----.-...,--------------------"--,-------- -,---------,---------, 1- ------1
o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.24 HP12xS3 Two-Story X-Braced 3-Pile Bent with H=2S',P=1S0kips and A=S'
4
60 ..
50+ S=x--
1
m
/
40 -1 .. ----/ ... mmm_ ._-- .....-----
// --
U) / .------
;g: 30---}_mm ,..,/. .---
u. I _".c:. ,A: 5=15-'......
t,:' if ---- - --.---------- -
-... .. _._----_ ... _-_..
..... I -----.--.- '

I II'
.
..
..x,_--
IT 1 1
201 I ..
i

+. ,/i!. m
M.2'11:::::::::::::::;'::::::::::::/::'::::::::::
"
10 +I-...- .... ,- /
ll: .. //*
O
1
0
.'0'
"eo'
1---- .. - ,------- ,----- ' --

o 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.25 HP12x53 Unbraced 4Pile Bent with H=10', P=100kips and A=6'
slimatedHlgh
WalerLevel

ollglnalground
line
a-Scour
14
60
50 -.-
40-'
-
tI)
Co
:52 30
-.....
u.
20
10
__ L
All =2'! ,.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:':':':':':':':':':':'.':':':':':':":':':':':':':':':':':'.
F( i I

-.----.- --.... ---.- -f- .---.---.---------.. ---- ----
------------------------------
/ Centerline
f
. +- ... "
I ./ I
f
o/Plle "
\1/
'"

.----------------------
J/
/
1
.tim,ted High
f-Water Level
"H" = Depth
origln,l ground
line
S = Scour
7/ 5=1 , " _ lr'\. . .. -A-
I -
f' -----"'
!,i . .--- -------S>-
-+ .- ' .
I .------ ----
I ,.-"- - --- -.- -.------. -- -
I'" ----
I C ---.----:" '-"-'-'---
t .. /. _____ ". . _ .,..-Y'=----"'----- .' ."
J. ."./-----
...... ....-....
,'/ A ....
...-------
o .IJ"::.-----------.------... '--1
o 2 4 6 8 10
Figure B.26 HP12x53 Unbraced4-Pile Bent with H=1 0', P=120kips and A=6'
12
".'
60
50 + -S-:r----..-----.--.-----.-
401--/- -------
-II)
a.
tt 1 J
:'3 =2'1 ":"':.":':':':':':':':':':-:::':':j":'::':'::':'::':-:':::.:.:.:.:{:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.::.:::.::.:-::
CenterLine
a'Pile
w -v

slimated High
Water level
"H" = Depth
original ground
line
S = Scour
:s2 30
I-
5\ __ __ _______ _
5= ...... ___ _ ....
..
.. ---.. - .-. - ..... _____ __
-
u..:-'
I
20 I
+
" A ...... - ... _ .. ----.---_._._-_ ... _ ........ _- -.... -----..--.--. .. ---... ---.-. -... -
}I __-.--
A
I i r .
t ,"
I
10
Ij ./ r .. -- ... -.'
_. _ ____._._--x - ____ .. _ .... _________ ........ _. __
, -'
.. .... * ...
" .Iif.'
_.-..* .....
" ..- ..........---- ...... )!(-'.
o -..-.... "--r------- -----r------.------....
o 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
12
-W
C.
60
50 .. .-..-.--- ----------
/
40
-- -- -- -1-------.----.-.--.. --- --.. -..-.
j 5=5\
/
_-dA-_
.-
Al3 =2'\ H::::::::::::::J:::::::::::::::::::J:.:.:.:.::.:.:.:.::.:.:.:.:.:.::j
F. .
Center Line
ofPlle """""
s!lmated High
f-Water Level
"H" = Depth

S = Scour

30
----t--------..--- --/----------- -----..----
j /11 _. __
-
u:
/.. .A
I .
I if; ___ -=-===- ____ .... _ ..
20 I i--- ---__Ji_-.---. ---- ----- --------------.:::::::::::------------
10 1./ .... .
o
o
J ,/ . Jr. _- ___.--.--x -' --'
I --.-
f ,II. A.' __,_. __... " _,- -- .)1(- ,-
---_ ..,--..__ .. _. _ ........ _--_.---,-- ----_.,---------,------_.
2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
Figure B.28 HP12x53 Unbraced 4-Pile Bent with H=1 0', P=160kips and A=6'
"--1
12
::f
50 ....

45 +H__ .......... '._
- ". -5 .- ___ .... _
40 + .. . = .... __ .... _/" __ ;
35
30
-U)
c.
32 25
-Z'" _.... // ./ 5=15' .. _
- .li.' __ ._ _ ,
i . / 5=20
' - --,
i . / .1, .. > . _. _. _____ .... p . .. P I ""'m.'" / ._._.lI,f p ! /W rl""
-J /If . - _. _ .... ""._- ?, .;<. Mol p .......... l ........... , .......... .
-.....
LL
I / _ .' _".. , .. ' .
I " .. ,". '.- .. - .' .x "'- I T._
/. /' ,<., .".' -- _ .. ,,"
f.. . ;I-. . ... . .-'" -::;:" " .
151 , . .' L ....
.L F
l
' .. .. , .. , __ 1
0
.1-7' ".cr-._
/ . x / __ .
5 -1 -_.
20
/' ...... --
' .... f.

o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
Figure B.29 HP12x53 Unbraced 4-Pile Bent with H=13', P=100kips, and A=6'
12
45 -
40 +._ ___ __ .
. . -.. ..---..-----------
I
------t .. ---- ----.--.--.-. - ..
.. _-----/.--- ----._-
t
35
I
!
I
I
30 I ,
I
en 25 .1
0-
-.---------------------
.A
5=15' ___
.. _---- ---.:.----
/

......
I / .
:i:
-
LL'20
I
15 I
\
. ----- -----. ---.. -- .. -..
r / , ... ...?. ",.,.1 tt::::::::.L:::::::::::::I:::::::::::::::1
stlnu.tldHlllh
Walerlavel
I .... F,P i
/ A'
.... .. -
f / / .A .. ' . .
10 J ------
CenterLlnl
ofPRI
MH"sDepth
5

---.-- T----- --,--

o 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in)!
Figure B.30 HP12x53 Unbraced 4-Pile Bent witlh H=13', P=120kips, and A=6'
SIIScour
12
45 ..
40 +-------
-----------------r
S=O\!
An ,,'1 tt.: ..:::: ..:::!.:: ....: ..:: ........: .. t .....:: ..:: ........::
F,
CenttrLlnt
olPl1t ............
w
'"
"-'
slimattdHlgh
Wal.,luel
"H""' Depth
ollglnalvrotJnd
111'1'
/7 -- ____ _ __ ..__ ..___ ..____,
-r----- - /
/ -
/ _ _ ._---1.--
R'
35 .
S=SClllur

30 --,.----.. --
25 -- .- .. -.----.-j-------- 5=15' ______
I' It ",/ _. __ _ _ ___________________________ .... _ .....
u:" 20
H
-.: 5=20 ________ n_
/ / .,' .. ---- -- ------ --"-",,,
"II
15
10
--/--
.. / . ----

- -*----
.. --------------.. - -
o
o
-------,-----
2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
---------"--j
12
40 -

*'
---1--- ----- --- 35 "--
H I
A/3.2ll::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::..::::::::::::.
ClnltrLlni
"PI" "
stimaledHI\lh
W:lterLlVll
WsOepth
30,-

a-Scour
- ----------- ------------- -- ..
----------1-' ,./'." ' ..... - ----------------- ----
----- ------ ---L--
25 1-- -------- --- --- - ------ - / /
/
- -.... -------- U) I / ___ _""" ______ 0. __________________ .____ _/ ,
:i 20 - ------------------- / _A -- 5=15 ____
- J _
OJ " / __
u. / ___ __ _
15 -1-- --- - /--- ----------.. ------------------/ ______________ 5=20' __---)lE--------- __
10 +- .. -----'" " -------
I _ - _______-*"-----------
5
OF:-----------r-------,----------,------.------.------,---
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
9 10
90
80 .
-+..... ..__________ . __."___. __

-..
---/
/
70
I
-/-- _.
/
/
60
,
I
/
P P P P
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
t
i
en 50 -1- .... /
Center
Line of
Pile
Original
Ground Line

.......
Q. . I
;g. I , 5=15' __
u: :: II .. _*_

2
0
I f- ,ii ... .A' - ._____-/ . __ -)K' ....
" . _-)K' _______
.. -
o 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
12
"5" = Scour
14
- ,'I
P P
p p
90 -1
I:!.
-
80 1 n ___________________ ....
/lJ3
Estimated High
Water Level

70 1- -----------_/_.
601- ----1---___ _ I ------.---------
Center'
Line of
Pile
"H" = Depth

50 j------ --
"S" = Scour

u:' 40 --4----. ------- -------- .
I
-
.....
--------_._------_.
t
,/
30 1-- ___.. _._____ -lI
c
: . 5=15'
'! /' -.------.-- .. --- - -.- -.A./A
f}l' -----"'- 5=20' --_.- --
20
1
0
IT
o -..---- ...---.--.---"-'....--.------.--.. ..- .
o
-----,----_._---,--_._--------,---_.
2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
--i
12
p
90 .

....
80'
70
p p p
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
i
L
-:-----.--.-------..
., 50 .. /
40 fl - _ _.__ u;;'e
30 I ... _ . _.--- - cou,
I - -- :IF-
f ---
2'''' ----
o -1-1- .. --- - ----- --- -"'-
____. 5-15'-
60 -
Center
of
10 II-;,.( ---'
o - ____ x-----
,--- --,------.--- I
5=20' =:\
-.----.. --.-.*" ......... ......
o 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
-------1
12
80
s=
70 -

60 -, -------------
P P P P
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Line of
Pile
I _______
50 l-f-- ---
/
! 40 -- - - -/--
i!:., .'
Center'
"S" = Scour
i /
U. f. " --- 1 0-'-\. ,
----.--- 5=.,. *IA 5=15"""
30
-I .,----- // .. -A" .::-__
1..../ __ --,,*".--.--F
I
I __ __
t -------- ------ _ ________ --J< __ __
20 -It- 0. _______________ , _---
, '. - ----- --
I '. .. ___________ _._-_.-.--"._-
I
o 2 4 6
8 10
--------1
12
90 -
80
70
60
tii' 50
Co
:s2
-
u:' 40
30
20
10
0
o
- - ------
_ .....
r-- ._._.
P P P P
IJ.
A/3 =2' , I I I
---,- ...................................................................................................................................
Estimated High
Water Level
Center
Line of
Pile
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"5" = Scour
j- I1____ __ -_
+ _... 5=10'-. -- ,-,,-A_ -----S=20 ..
J -->:_*
In ------Ji
1f
". --- //.//_- __ _
f __ _
-------r--
2 4 6 8 10

--I
12 14
90
80 I - -. ---.-----.----.-.--...... -'-'. - ..----
-..-.--.
70 -.------
60 -+ ------ ---t---------
- 50
-'

-
1-----------------------
Center
Line of
Pile
p p p

p
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
I
1C 40 +- --t
--- +
I
30 -
--_._---_., . -.. --.' ------ 5=20'
)k. -- Ai. it.AA-A ,::_ __ _
----.::--- 5 1 J;. _. .
=); -
/,? -- .- --"'-- --------:>- --- --_. __ .<
- .-' . .,h; . k. ....__ . .. *-----

--
o

2 4 S 8 . 10
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.38 HP12x53 X-Braced 4-Pile Bent with H=17', P=120kips and A=S'
Pushover Analysis Results .
12
80 -- --
70 ...
5=6\./-------
---- -I-
o /--
40 1-/-
30 +---J
j
- .. .JI._
60
Center
Line of
Pile
P P P P
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour

I
)1/ -- -----
20 + ____________ / 5=1 '
._.. ------
, ... -_. __ .. _- .... -. - ...
10 -I .... j.}' - --
f -.. rc, .' _--.JI/.---------- ---
l' .' .. _ ______.JI-- S-20'
T .'. . .. .>.-c-- -- - ---
o .... .....* ..... - ... . ..,
----- -------
-1
-----j
o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
12
80
70
so
50
-(f)
a.
.. _-:.
.......
S=y
t
/ Center
Line of
Pile
P P P P
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour
:i: 40
l
f
I

-
LL
30
.... __.. _-_.-._ ... _ ....__ ...... " ..... _-." ........ _- .... __ . __ . __._- ... _-.
f ____ "" _____ _
t .- - __ -S=20'
, - A ""'-- ,,-
I f ;1>" _____ --==:--:-- ___ -< _____ _
20 -+ " ______ _.----- ____ j
J / _ __.----:=_" ___ .. ____ _ _ _..
I )I - -- _" -;0-
1: - ___ --,-
o 2 4 S
8 10
Figure B.40 HP12x53 X-Braced 4;.Pile Bent with H=17', P=1S0kips and A=S'
12
-U)
a.
:s2
-
u:'
P P P P
100 -.
Estimated High
I Water Level
90 +----------------,----"-----------------.---------,.,.-----------.
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

-----------L-- --- G";und Lin.
------------ Linl
- -- ------1--------- -------.. ---------------- - ---- ------------ Pile "S" = Scour
Center
of
"H" = Depth
---- ------
-f _ __ ____ _ __________
1-
--- .----. -"'--------
' - --------- 5=15' - 5=20'
,- . .- 5=1 .... _ .. _____ _
/ .. */.-- - -"_ _' ___________________________ _
--1"-- ." -' _________ __
!"il ----7K----- __ _
.x- ---
o
-,-- -----,-
2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, Il (in)
Figure B.41 HP12x53 Two-Story X-Braced 4-Pile Bent with H=21', P=100kips and A=6'
14
91
80 "1--
I
70 I
I
60
-- ---- - -
5=0).///" -- .. -----.-----
--;>/ - --- ---
/
/
I
P P P P
Estimated High
I Water Level
"H" = Depth
Center
Line of
Pile
Original
Ground Line
en 50
Co
/
---- j
/
"5" = Scour
32

f SE=
30 I j .?ii------
u: 40
---.-------- ----_ ... _. --_ .. - ---------.-- _ ... -
I I ,II- - -. --
. / ---- -
20 I j . .. " 5=1 tV,.
.. 4
I ,..... " . . .-... ---- 5=15'
10 1''' -... -----
;
J ;" ___ .. _ _____________ . S-20'
.. . _. ....------- - - -
-" . .. - .- -- -
O
,,_., ... " .. ... "'-. .A .- .......... --' .. -
c,".'.' _. __ -- ---.- ----*",*,--lO
o
,--- --_. --. ._._.
------ -------- -
----.---- ----------_.---' -,----_._------
--
2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
Figure B.42 HP12x53 Two-Story X-Braced 4-Pile Bent with H=21', P=120kips and A=S'
Pushover Analysis
- '-j
12
90 -
80 -.,--..-.--.. -.- .--.-----.---..-
70 .,
......
/'
________ .
-- /
60
- ------ ---
f
----
p .p p
Center
P
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Line of Original
Ground Line Pile
Ii) 50 .-
----l
----
"S" = Scour
a.
:i:
-

LL 40 .
l-
.... -.
... '
30
-_....-----;.:: .. _ .. _-_ ...- ._-_ .... _------_._ .... _---_._---_ .._ .. _._-_._-----_._. __._-_ ..--_._--------_._._._--._. __._--_. __ ._---_. __..-... -.--
I 5-15' ____ _
J- 5=1 _... AA __ =-- _____ _ 5=20'
I __ __--.-_ ____-_____
20 1--/ __ "
1
0
-1+-/"----.- -)1(-- _____ *
- --,
o 2 4

6
Deflection, (in)
8 10
. .. {
-----------1
12
-

80
70 --
.. -------

60 -.-.- .:;/----- _._---_._---_.
/
50 -J-----.- -i ---
------_._---- -----_ .. -------
Clmter
Line of
P P P P
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Pile
........
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour
:52 40
f

-
LL
30 +- (--S"7- -----------
---------..--- _.__ .. -
20 +-1- __ . ________________ ._
f )' .. .. . _. ... ... S=W--
10 ' r " --- - S=20'
,(/... . .... ---------------====-=- ="
o ___ ..... . _____ u._
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.44 HP12x53 Two-Story X-Braced 4-Pile Beni: with H=21', P=160kips and A=6'
9 10
90 -
80
70
60
en 50
a.
:.i
-
u:' 40
30
20
10
0
I,'

7
/
/
I
i
/
I
/.
P P P
Center
P
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Line of
Pile
Original
Ground Line
"5" = Scour

! ." ..., ..
I / .. __
/ ___________ .--- " . r
.. .... ...... . .. . i
o 2 4 6 8 10
12
90
80 -"- ---------._-----. -_._----_.
70
-------------- ----------------
Center
- -" ._- ._--_. __ ._-
p p p p
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
60 -r-- ,
f
/ -
Line of
Pile
Original
Ground Line
- 50 -------- -t--------
[ I
"5" = Scour
.- I
:. -1-------- ___ 11 __

.... 40 ---- , )t-II _ II
U. I /a' ___ _
i------; .,.c-- 5=1D).._ . * . ....... 5=20' ,. .
301 I . __ ......
f". ,t- _ _ ______--*------- _ 20 +----/--------- " . --. ___ , ___ -- ___ ...... -><-
f.( ____________ _--------
f
---- ________ * ____
1
0
+- ---- -7-----.-. ---" -. --' .---- . ---- . 10
/ .. -- ----------- * 8 V/ -- 6
4
- 2 _
o
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.46 HP12x53 Two-Story X-Braced Bent with H=2S', P=120kips and A=6'
Pushover Analysns Results
--------- --I
12
80
70
60
50
U)
Co
:i: 40
'-'
LL
30
20
10
o
o
..

- I'
I
I-
I
I
P P P
Center
P
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Line of
Pile
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour
j
,-
,..
S=5\
-.- - 11"-:-
11-
II
_ .
.....
/
./
,.
Ai
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Deflection, II (in)
j
!
i
10
80
---.... -... ..-

- .
70
60
I
I
50
.... j ......... ......... -.. -...... ..
/
1--------------
U)
a.
:Q 40
-
u:'
30 ....
I
I .-... _._../
I'- ..... - 20

/M/
- ----------
P P P
p
Estimated High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
Clmter
Line of
Pile
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour

1
/ / ..
, _______ LoA - II .. -------.-- ._ .. _ ....
f . / ----.... -.. A
I ___ _. ------ 5=15'
o
10
- .. -',"-'" ._ .. - ..... - . -.- '1
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Deflection, b. (in)
Figure B.48 HP12x53 Two-Story X-Braced 4-Pile Elent with H=25', P=160kips 'and A=6'
10
80 .

:.+.
/
70
1
I __
J - .... .. ..... ------..
.-- ,
60
50
-en
a.
... -..
:Q 40
A .
1.-"
-
u:
30
, .c.' ./ _ .. ,."A
----- -,-- -- -------- ---------., Center 20
Estimated
High Water
level
"H" = Depth
.,.,.X Line 0"" ill ground
' ./ .. >., .' ----.-- ... - -- ----- -- .. -.. ---.- Pile \ line
101
/. .' ,- -.--- '" II S=Soour
.. -,
t, /' .---
..--,-----.- .. ----
o 2 4 6 8
Deflection, f:,. (in)
10 12 14
Figure B.49 HP12x53 Unbraced 5-Pile Bent with H=10',P=100kips and A=6'
16
70

L .....
60 + .. 1 .. __
J ... _____ _
.j ___ ._
50
(i) 40
Co

-
LL 30 ..
j ,/-" >{(-)t('
I Estimated
High Wate,
Level
"H" = Depth
I . k ..... ...x'- ..
I ,. ..' .' __ _ ___ . Pile f : . :)1( .-. -- -- S=Scou,
10 If ':JIII"#.-:&;. --.... .....

, R- _
.' ..,., -.. ----
... ,.. ----I --------.--r-.-
o .. -.- . r"'- -- .---.---
o 2 4 S 8 10 12
Figure B.50 HP12x53 Unbraced 5-Pile Bent with H=10', P=120kips and A=S'
14
70 -
AIJ =
F\
60

-.-.. -
- /
p p p
M l

r Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Oepth
50
I
t ___ _
/ k" _. _ ..
.S=1s::s._----=
..
''""'
Line ground

S=Scour
LL 30
I -:,..... ..
40 I .. ___.... . ___",-
., . -.
a. I
:i: '. _ ."
"-" ,

.A
, A- li
,
20,
-,i---- ;;k:-
J\- _____ . ___
./ .>x---"
,
1 0
I I - ,II . _ ... -x
I " ____... -x/
..-.. x -... -"
o ,------ -- -r-
o 2 4 6 8 10 12
-j
14
70

F,
P P P P
11 I I I
::::::I::::::::::::::i::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::\,:::::::::::::::::::1
Estimated
High Water
Level
so -------------
-- ---. -- - ...--.....
------
50 1-- . T ______ . .. ..
'1
"H" = Depth
en 40 - --. / 5=1"" . '" .. _______ ..
Co . /!. ___________ ------
.- / A
I - ---- ::;::= 5=20-:. _ . '.
u. 30 . --t--.. ." ..
I
/' .. - ,, __ .._ . .--
II A _---",.
.
20 + - f--- -,/;----.. .. ..--/-";';---
f
... i; .x--- -,,' ... . _______ _
10 .+- ___--:" ___ :-:'"c.
t
./ .'J.; _.--.--*---...
..' .,x""''''
, . A ......___..-.. .
o
--,--.--------------,--.
o 2 4 S a 10 12
Figure B.52 HP12x53 Unbraced 5-Pile Bent with H=10', P=1S0kips and A=S'
----------i
14
60 -
.-_--..
T ...
50 .... ( -----.-cco--- --- ...
/ ... .&.- __ -
I -
/ / .
...-...f .. .- ... /-- _ .. -... _-- ....__ ...-... __......- .... _-_....__._.. , .. .. -.-..-.--.--..--.. .. ------ -.. .. --.-.-...-..-... --- .... -.----...
40
/
/
,. A-
-
.Ai.'
t/)
c.
/ /'
:s2 30 I .
_ ........ X ..
P
LL
/ .. 1;; / ...x ........ .
! . -./ /' -. ---J. -., . - __ L __ ___ .. ___ . ___ ---.---.----.---
1
/ .' .,' .. ....
," /,r'" -
/ .'
f ,,#/
/ ,. . .&. . _ .. x- ...
1 01 .... /
/
/.".;:7 --- -
1
'P'

o . _____ ._T_ .----.---.-.-
\
I
20 I
o 2 4 6 8
Deflection, I::.. (in)
I

Ft
Center
Estimated
High Water
level
"H" = Oepth
lin. of
Pile
_ /orlgln,1

5 = Scour

10 12 14
60 -
50 I-
I
I
40 I
I
i I
;g. 30 I
i
I
u:
i
20 I
o
5=5\
..
./
/
.,
2 4

.. --...... -.
6
5=1

WlI.tM
AI.. . A 5=1
A.
--. ------.-.>1.,-------
--11-
Ala =
F,
2 __ . ____ ...
I Estimated
High Water
Level
J I 1 1 1 \ I"'" .,."
Pile ground

S = Scour
I

---,-_..
8 10 12 14
Deflection, I:J. (in)
-en
Q.
so
50
I
I
i
40 I
I
....
/ -------
5=0/ V --A ._'"

/-- -- -- -- -.- --' .. _.
:i: 30
/ / ___ _
I
- __ -_
- -- / - --*
-
LL
20

_.' p
I Estlmlled
High Water
Level
1,>< r I I
I / ,,/
/)" x--- 5=20
1
0 II. _- ,_ x--
I / / _____ ...
I '. ....... '''.'
-W = Depth
I / ..

o __________ ..
o 2 4 S
Deflection, A (in)
Line of grolmd

:;.;:: S II Scollr

8 10 12
--)
50 -
45
40
35
30
-t/)
a.
:2 25
-...
u.
20
15
10
5
0
I
j

I
......

Ai.
/
I-
I - - /
/ --S:1iF\-------- -----------.----------
/ )I .. - __ "H ... ' 5=1 - .--.-.- -- -
'
I ... ,.' ----.-----
, .
I . .. ... -.. .. -----
/ / .- .' .... - --_. -- ..
-<.- "._ ..
I . . . . -.-.- '"' ...... x-,- ....... ,..-.- ... --.-
"H"= Depth
/ )' 7. -----1
teo =,_<:"'C'-
-- .--. - - - --_.-- -
__ ,-___ _ _ __ _ _. ____ . ___ __ _ Center
.. . ' ...
"

S = Scour
o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)

8 10
12
en
a.
:2
-
u:
120 -..
100-
.--.......

/ - --,
ao + .. _--/ ...... .
!
p p p p p
rlj
A/3 =2'1
..----F I I I I
t.
Center Line
of Pile

Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
40

60 +- 1- - _ 5=20' __ .
t / . 5-1 ____ ---_=--*'.o=
. 'f:.- .=----=":.. .. ___ .,
"S" = Scour
201-/----.., . . . '" _-,,-)-;
t,/ Ai: ..;/ __.
J II "
j / .A

o .!":""
.... j
o 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, II (in)
Figure B.57 HP12x53 X-Braced 5-Pile Bent w.ith H=13', P=100kips and A=6'
14 16
(i)
c.
_ :i
-
-li"'
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
-------------
//
/
---.t
...--__ Al3 =2'
--------1 F
t
P
1-
I:l
p
l
p p p

Estimaed
High Water
Level
I \ I Original
. r .,,'"' CO"
--7 -- -- Cen!er Line \ r
of Pile
r
.... ____ ._" _____ h_
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
I ._ .. ______ ., .. -- _.__
t- __ __ ,_
} ",III _____________________ " _________ , '-__*')<-'
j .. -'/" ,. ,A
2 0 I I II': - _-* - _________
f.': A ' _________ _
1 0 - .. ________ .. _____ I
,", - ....." '" o ' .. --- ---------- ----T--

o 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.58 HP12x53 X-Braced 5-Pile Bent witlh H=13', P=120kips and A=6'
12 14
(i)
a.
:i:
-
LL
100
90 .
"'---5 .. ----.---.---.
/.-
./
70
80,-
I
601_ -_ .. _._/.
I
1 .... - ___
/ -_ ... -
40
-I ,-
.-.. -.
I 7<-
50
Contor Lino
of Plio

p p p p p
i[

i I I
Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Llno
"S" = Scour
30 I -t ... .... s=
20 IJ ..... ' .. .
10 ) "l ....... .... ...

f
o
o -'. ..... ..-.. _ .. -
----ro--- ----r-.- --.- ---r----
2 4 6 8 10
Figure B.59 HP12x53 X-Braced Bent with H=13', P=140kips and A=6'
12 14
90
80
70
60
U) 50
a.
:i:
..,.,...
....
40 L1.
30
20
10
0
p P p p p
I
.... .-.
.. .. ------
S=y ---- =2'
i:i:i:n;;:m:::iJ::iJ::i:i:i:i:i:ii:i:i:::iittfi:ir:::::m::i_::jl
, I I
--_._-.. -..... _-------_ .....-.. _---.----_ ... _------_.-
I
I
I
r
f
I
I
I
f
I
J
I
j
I
I
"' /.
..
t: A
I" . -
I: .Ii
,II
./
JI.

)111'
_A

-..tt---
-.-:.;It 7'"----..---- .. -- --.--.-
.,4,
Center Line \
of Pile
J

.. -__ ..._0._-..._._ ..-----_.- _ ._0 ________ . __ ._.. _____ _
Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour

.. _.- . -T'-- .. ----..-.--.----.. -.- --'- ----lAO "'--" -----------1----------- ..---.. -.. ---- ---- 1
o 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
14
)1
100
-... .... "_'-:..
s= //
- 0- _. _____
/
90,
80
I
70
. '.
;
._ ....
p p p p p
hl[
A/3 =2,1
F
t
I
Estim aed
f- High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
60-
-t/)
50 I
- I
. i _ .. '
! - -- ...... 5=2""- __ _
'--. - ____
I. . _ .... _. . "". __
\I,
Center Line
of Pile

,,/
Original
Ground Lin
"S" = Scour
..... I
U. 40 I
01 f .. .... ..
2 t. .
10 I r -"ri_. A . .---
.. *

.. - _.,_. '1/,' ..).( ....... .
o .. :. . .............. , ...... .
o 2 4 6 8
Deflection, A (in)
10 12
14 16
p
90
-.-___
p p p
Estimaed
High Water
Level

80 1--- - --'-'7'--
s=y
F
t
70
60
(j) 50
c.

-
LL 40
30
20
10
0
/-
l
I
i I
... -._- .._._._-------------
Center Line
of Pile

"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour
I 1____
I --- 5= _-a- - .__ _ _
' '-i- - .. -___
I I ___.L ___ _
/ = ,- -- -- -- ------ -
Ir. .
., ..
4 . ;r--'-
I : - __.-"--.---- .
... : ....--
----- - --- ----' ---------. - T-.... ---"1--- ----,------------T----- r .. -----
o 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
---"-- -.. - "I
14 16
90 -
80
---- --- -----------------------:: ..

70
f __ _
/
so
/'
p p p p p
lx
=2'!P_:I::mr.p.n::i:\:::mr::r=(1
Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Original
en 50
t
I
Center Lino \
of Pile
Ground Line
Co

-

40
j
L
I
_R_
."--"'_._-' . .. -
5=1 5=1 .. - ... _ ..
I
,. - ----------- -- -)f( - -- -
10 + . ,;." .. --.. --- .... - ,.
-------,
o 2 4 S 8 10 12
Deflection, Jl (in)
Figure 8.S3 HP12x53 X-Braced 5-Pile Bent with H=17', P=140kips and A=S'
"S" = Scour
------i
14
80
70[-- --- ----- ..
5=0
0
,)/<----
so -.--.
50
-tn
a.
:i 40
-
/1
/
I
j
. .. _. -._-- --_._._----
A/3 =2'
-,-----
F
t
Center Line
of Pile

p p. p p p
I

I I I
Ii"'
!

j
.... II/
II .-
j
201-j
,
10li
j /
!
30
. .,_ .. .
-'-'- "/
.,
J" A U
___ 5=2
_ .. ___ ._.._.''1<--
___________ _ ... -.-l'(.-.... - .... *--
_. )I( .-.... ----.-----..--...--..- .._-..- .. ---
/
-11- -...----
..
/
.* ... ----
I' /
Estimaed
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Original
Ground Line
"S" = Scour
o '
.. - -.--- r-----. -----,--- --1--------------,------- - ------.... - -.. - .-. i
o 2 4 S
Deflection, (in)
8 10
Figure B.S4 HP12x53 X-Braced 5-Pile Bent with H=17', P=1S0kips and A=S'
12
(i)
Co
:Q
-
u:'
p p p p p
120
/
Estimaed High
Water Level
A/3 = 2'
FI
..... ..
.. .-.
1001 /
/
I 7
I
-.. / ........ . 80 . . ...
I I
601 .. /......... n-
. .n
I / ...
40i 1"."/. /,- .. ..
,I / __ .. __
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour

"""'-" "",""
/GrOUndLine
j ... .. .. "......._--
f, ..
o .. ---, . .. . --.-,----. .-... ---, _ ........ --r
20
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, 11 (in)
16
-U)
c.
:;:
-....
LL
p p p p p
/
Estimaed High
Water Level
100 .
A/3 =.2'
+ ------.-.. ---._--- .................. ---.. /-r----.---
--/

1_
I
I
....... _. __ .:.: __ .. .
....
j
f " ... _" ____ _________
i / - ' ______ _ .... --'k-"
t .., '" ""- _A---.-= ______ _
f,(" .. '_. ______ _
30 I I .' - " ,,' ___
+. --. "-- -, .. -. - ------ 20 I j - " ," _______ . __ _ . __ ,.'-, ___ _
90
80
70
60
50
40
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour

---_. __ ............ -"'-----' -. -._-_... _-----_._-_ .. -._---_ ...
''"''""\ I aU .,,"""
r;-Ground Line
r ___ __ ______ _ . ...,-_
1 0
7
-:'""- " ..-::::::::;.__ _ _ __,--_ ...
...... -,.----------.-.-.. --,.--.
-- .... 1
o 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.66 HP12x53 Two-Story X-Braced 5-Pile Belnt with H=21', P=120kips and A=6'
14
-U)
a.
:.;::
u:
100
90 ---;;:: ..
/'
./'..-
80 I S=y
701 --- /
I
!
60
/
I
50
40

o 2 4
p p p
Al3 = 2'
p p
Estimaed High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
un of / Ground line
."' .. "

"5" = Scour

6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, A (in)
p p p p p
90 1
/
Estim aed High
Water Level
80
70
60

...
. - .... ,-
/' ----------
----
/-
I
l-
/
Al3 = 2'
FI
"H" = Depth
" ... , " -U 0""'''
/ Ground Line
"S" = Scour
U) 50
Co
I
i
I

:i
-
Ii"' 40
_____ _
..... -_. '-,-. : :"..-.",", .--.... -_ ... _.-.----_ .._-, ...._-_._-_ .. ---------... ---.------.
11-- -
I
30 t ! 11:- -
J / --
20 I
,./
I ' ----- -
i --" ...... --
iT, ,. - A- - - - 5=1 -------- -------
10 VZ;- _ --------------
/
.. 7 _ ;:_ _ __ --S=2()'-\
" ------- ----
o __ __ -- __ - ____ -,- ________ -* ___ --- - 'IC"- --- -'Sf.-- -..;;;.;;:
o
/ - -----------=-=-------- ,- -.--- -----------
----
-T------ --,------ -.----- i -----
2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8

10
Pushover Analysis Re!sults
--i
12
p p p p p
90 -
_ Estimaed High
Water Level
A/3 = 2'
80 1---
_
/ --------
.; .-- -
60 I ... /-
70 ..
"H" = Depth
-U 0""",
of / Ground Line
"5" = Scour
Ci) 50
-/-
a.
:Q
-
I

LL 40
j 5=

301--- - ",a----
- /
I;!'-- --- 5=1
201-'-
I
I. .," -"... ..,,- - ----------
, ____ . 5-15'-\,- .-
10 +/ _____ _.li
. .A .. _ .- 5-2
.. - - - -----
..... _ * -* - . -.. , -, ---=,"
o ,- .- - - -, .... - --- ..
r----- ---
o
----r------ --,-- -- ,-------- -,------
2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
14
fi)
0.
80 -
70 f- ---------
//-L-----------------
V ----
60
50 -, ----
/
I
I
1
I
I
p p p
A/3 = 2'
Ft
p p
/
Estimaed High
Water Level
"H" = Depth
-U 0"""" I Ground Lin.
"5" = Scour

40
I
-+
I
__ .________ ._ ____ __ "._.
u:
30

-----
-- --
. --
20 If .. ,.
10 +-1- _" / . . ... - ....
t /.. " ..
," ____ - -.---
o .. .. ........ .,. .. __ .--* _ .. _ . .cc-" . -', .-- -= ... .. .... """
r--- --r-------- ---,----- -,--------- ---
o 2 4 6
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
- I
12
90
80
70
60
U) 50 -
a.
.'-
.lIi::
-
u: 40
30
20
10
0
_ J
p p p p p p
Estimated
M I I I I /
High Water
Level
.... -

. I-
f
... ..
A/3
. F
t
Iii I
... _---

i
.
.1 . -s::..-
.--lI-
I. A'"
} II' -.-... ..tr-' . ....
f-.' ,- ;-'1
2
-
+ l . - _..
Il :,,' - .. . ..- .. ---. .. -. . .. -_. . . .-
f
':.-- . .. --.---,. _.x-
.,l " - . ..- . --_ .
. . / .. _ _ . i . ./ -_.- - .... -.-:" . S=20'
t . . x-
I" .A Ii- - .. ' ..- ..
t
" -,11---
.( . / _A /.-: __ _c:-::_-_
I
..

o
- 1- -- -,- --- -,--
2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
Figure 8.73 HP12x53 Unbraced6-Pile 8entwith H=10', P=100kips and A=6'
14
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
16
.1
80 -
70
60
50
-
U)
c.
p p p p p p
M I I I I
AI3 =2'
Ft
S=y.
. /
Estimated
/
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
c.,t..
-------------1
f
J __
'
I 5=" _5=1 )i;'" .m _ ..------
"S" = Scour
40
t . . -,..0!!!1- _ ,_ _______ __
I
/ ;71 __ _ ____
' = - ... --.... --
t ,( --r__---- _, .._ ... . .......... -....., _. ___ .
f -li- . ' _-A' ""-8=20-------
J Iii A ___ ._ ....
-
u:'
30
t 'A r
' .- _.- /-
J-.. y
----------_._---- .._---------_. __ .-._-_._ .......... __.
I" ,,"'- . ,,,::.,- .- _/;,-;:.c.-
L
:':--- _. ___ _ ______ _
20 . 1 : .;v."- _._. ____ . __
J .- ,/ ,A k --- .---.--- .. ----- .. -----r ----.-.1 10 llli.-- /_ _ .
'"Ii....../
A
'/ _ --- .. ----,---.. _
. .._ .... _.__._---, ..:.......... . --- ... _- ..-----T-- .-.----

o .. -.-'-.'"
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, A (in)
16
80 ....
..
701 . r
f
P P P P P P
M \ I I \
A/3 =tt
Estimated
/
High Water
Level
r
"H" = Depth
60
1
I
j
, .
I
' _
Cente,;,\ """
.H----'Lineaf \ ___
Pile __
50
"S" = Scour
J _ 5=,")0.. .. _-
- "." - 5=1
I 40 I J.,/ __ _._. __
---_.---.. _ .... _ ....... .
30
LL i / ' .... .; ...... _ I _.. .'
/
+ . ri .. _ __.,,-. _< _ .. __ _ __
J,[ .------_ ..-{i(----
20 1.
1
..:"' - __ --/"_ ...... _
f " _-" .. __
I . A .. _._.
10+"-,,<,,: . _C
t,. it ../.. ......
I:' , .....
o
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, A (in)
16
p p p p p p
80 1 Ft I I I I
A/3 1
FI
70
Estimated
/
High Water
Level
r
"H" = Depth
60 1--+ --
, I

SOl . . . . t---.----- .--- ... "S" = Scour
en I' i
Co '
:52 40 4 -- --I
L
--

.dI-
_. --"- / -_.-" _.-
II / S=10-'-'\.-------
/ -----..- ...

I f
30 ..... .
j
/- ........... - .' .... - .., _____ ....
,.' --.. _.-
.-:.:.. .. ' .
,/ .. -
--
20
10 .-
o
----..------- ------------....
--,--------_ ..
2 4 6 a 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
14
70 ..
60
50
- 40
t/)
c.
:i:
-

...........
/
/
.' . &.
. . .. .. ".' ... -..... -.-- ....... . .L .. .... --... -.-... - ..... ----
/ / .' k .. -
./.. . ... - ... .. .1. ........ _ .. _ . _ ....... ---.. __ .c,oc-......... -. --..... -....... -.--.. - .... --...-.. . - .. .. -.. -.: ... -- ..... - ................. .
/ .
P Estimated /.< .... -,> .. '._- p p p p
20 I .. ;1 .L
Ii
.. ,..... -' I Al3 ";: I
! II _
t! ' . . . 'w' . "-S-20'
u: 30
.. __ ..-... '---'-'---' ._..__.... _-
/
High Water
Level
I
'A' .... ". -
,'."" ,')1(,/
"H" = Depth
I ... C'"'''l:tltt
I ,. , P'""-;;' "S" = Scour
1 0 r,/=:, . -,. . -.-..---- .... ---.----.-.-.. -U;:.O':
/ ...,)K/
o -... ..'--'-'-'- ..... -or "' ." ........... _-- .. N
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, A (in)
16
60

...... _., .. - ..... _ ...._. __ __ ._._. ____ . _____ _ ... _._h. ___._. __ , ____ . ____ _______________ ____ __ _
- 5=1
..If ... --.....

I '
f
j U)
Co
50
40
.--1------------- ___________
.. -.. --- ---
,.
.-.-... '/' .
..
A
"
32 30
-/
- -If-- -- .. iI--
-
LL
20
i
I
J
I
I
I - .
!
J
i
/ ..
10 +j-
I '
1/1
o
o

_.----.---.x--.-... /-...;r ...
/'" /x-
_. ___ __ _
. .... -;A ,
'''--5=20
_.-r.-.'.'.'--
..
" .1Ii.
P P P P P
M I I I I
AI3
P
Estimated
/
High Water
Level
....
"H" = Depth
l
Pile" ..
"S" = Scour

. T- .-' .-.-----.--. ------r--- ... _. .------.---..--.------.-.,---.--..--.----,-..--. --_--1
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, A (in)
16
60
50
40 .
-til
C.
32 30
-....
u.
20 .
10
o
o
s=:>:
.
/
' ..
.
. ... ..... ... . .. -... .........
/ ,. .k. .
/ .. --. I / __ -L
. /........... . "'<..... ... .:.:... A ....... .... ..... ____._ .... ... _ ..... .. ..
I, *"
il/ ,'" ru3';, I
f, ..A /. .......... ;, .. /..--"-5=20.
/ iliA' . ... ;:-'
Estimated
/
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
....... / .... ...... .. ........ .. ..... - ..... ---... - - ..----.- .... .....
f / $,' .. Pil
/ ,.' e III \ \ \ "\ "S"=Scour
.G:*/
2
.1".-...... .
4 6 8
Deflection, A (in)
10 12 14
16
en
Co
60
1
I
50 I
,
,
!
I
I
40 1
!
p p p p p p
M I I I I
Ala =2'
F
t
I I I I
Estimated
I
High Water
Level
"S"" S,,",
_._ .. -- +'
/
.----.-.-.------.-.--, I "H" = Depth
32 30
I - _._ __
I - ______ _. __
I )I. ____ __ . __ ________
I .4 _______
._/-. ---._- /' _____ ._ ..
-
LL
/ -
/.. -------------- -..,--
! ./.
I ! - 'i'-' ___________ .. .., ....... -)-
1
0
I /)1 ..-----:.x-... --..
20
If . .
I // - . . -------r--
o .... -----T----------- ,---------- _._,---------, 1'-------------- ..-1
o 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
14
U)
0.
:.i
-
u:
120 ..

1001 ........ ---. .,-*-----
s=cr-)/+'/
80 "
/
'-'--j
60 ... l ./
..... , .. ",,"'._ ..
p p p p p p
A/3 = 2' 1"""""""""""'(""""""""""(""""""""""j""""""""""'Y"""""
F
t
Center
Line of

Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"5" = Scour
f .....
/ / . A A. AM. _ _." );0:1(
A .. -II-" ."_ ..
401
1 ,.. . _ _. __ ___ _ .. __ ... ____ _
.. .......
t
/ .J>' . ------- ..'t;. ....... . '-S=20'
, .A .1<: ....
.. ---.-
t ,. A .. """.""X'
o
o
........
"I
2 4 6 8
Deflection, A (in)
10 12 14
Figure B.81 HP12x53 Single X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=13', P=100kips and A=6'
.. _j
16
en
Co
:s2
-
u..""'
120 .-..
-- ... . _-:;..... -- ....
100 ,- 'S=,
80
60
/-
f
p p p p p p
A/3 -'2'
_. r:':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':':.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:-:.:.:.:.:.:.".:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:':':':':':1
F
t
iii i
Center
Line of

Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
I _ ___
,- 5= ". __ *"_,_,.
j
+ ,./--- 5=1 ...... __ .. _ ____ _
,t - - -00- - ""__ 5-20
I ; - - - -----. A ..------ __-"'".-.- _ _ .. __ ._
40 If .' ______________ _ __ --Y- ___ _ __ . ___ .. __
j 2
01- '. ..-.. -.X .. -
o
1 'A ;1'::'-
i :,.: ..
J ...
, ,II
A
_
.... "[------------,---------.,1----- ,-----------,---. ----.-,---. _. -.. ----- ... I
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.82 HP12x53 Single X-Braced S-Pile Bent with H=13', P=120kips and A=S'
'18
-..
I/)
a.-
:.;:
+'
LL
p p p p p p
100 - Estimated
90 I ;,-r ... A/3 =2'
....... . IF,
High Water
Level
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
o
/ - ---I
Center \-
Line of

"H" = Depth
t
---I--
I
7 5=5' )...... - I I \ I "S"-
I
.. .---- - Scour
51
----
J ... / .. = ",,;";": - .-
I --,!II -
1- --
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, !J. (in)
16
Ci)
a.
:.i
-
u:'
p p p p p p
100 -
90 +- ---
s= ---7 .. ...---- ----- -
8_01 )/ __ _ _ ______________ A/3 =2'
---- .--
I Ft
701--
I
60
I
I
J
,--
,
J - a-
I -
,
J ./
50
40
'-.--_.---.... ---- - .... _._-,
Centel'\
Line of

Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
30 _I __ I /
I a- - '\
20 I j /' --------- --- .- ... .Ji=.'I5'>.
f
it
,---#- __ A___
___ H' ___ "' ___ '_"_' _. _ _ _
10 +-'- ;'- - -. -
-.._-------_ .. _- .-.--.---------
o
-------r----------------,-----------------,------------- -,--------,----------, --------r------------- ---"---j

2 4 6 8
Deflection, A. (in)
10 12 14
16
100 ..
90
80
70
60
-U)
Co
:.i 50
-
u.
40
30
20
10
0
........

....... _ .......... __ ...... / ... -_.
S=y
/
.... -, .---...
p p p p p p
A/3 = 2' v';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';';;;;;;z;;;;;;;;;z;;;;;;;;;;I
F
t
""
Center
Line of

Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
-- +-, - ,
I
I
.
- - . .- - " , - .
... -", __ ...
. ..... ... '" ,,/'cc _' A" "', __ ,-,
t i / S-1 A _.. _. __ ... _. _______ ....,x .. --
I . "_ . . ___________ ."
t . '.
. __...... . .. _. ...
"S" = Scour
. f' __
Ii -'.xc-'
I.: Ai ..
1, .
T--!Il--.ti-

: l/-" .___. __ . __, __
r---- -
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.85 HP12x53 Single X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=17', P=100kips and A=S'
18
-tn
a.
:i:
-
u:
100 -
p p p p p p
90 + /-..=- .. -.--. -.. r::::::::i:::::::::::::(:::::::::t:::::::::::,,::::::::::1
/ I F
t
i
Estimated
High Water
Level
80
70
60
50 -.
; ..
I
l
f
I
/
I
Center
Line of

"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
+ . __ . __ ._-){":;,'--_ ..__... _-_ ... __..... _--------_.-
I ......
40 I. f .. / ___ .. m ..
f
-..... ---- --. --.----
A .A Ai ----.--.- - -
, ---
30 + ... f _. . __. ____ ._ ... ______ ._._ '-..... -. __ C)'{_.-.-.-.---3lE--
o
.--------,_.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.86 HP12x53 Single X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=17', P=120kips and A=S'
_-----1
18
90
80 "
70 "
60
ti) 50
Co
:.i
-
u:' 40 "
30
20
10
0
p p p p p p
...---- =2'
r
----------- _ ... --.-... ----A/3
.-... s=+--.. - .-..... -.- ... --- r-
Ft
... - -_. -.- ... --. _ ... _--- - -- ---- ____ I"
- - ------- -
Estimated
High Water
Level
I
I
:
I
/.
J
r
o

;.c:.'

2 4 6
center\
Lineaf

8
Deflection, A (in)
10 12 14
"H" = Depth
.. S .. = Scour
16
90 i
I
I
80
1
I
I
70 I
60
p p p p p p
--- -;::=---------
------------------- ----- -- -
_ I -A/3 =2'
__ IF
! t
--I
-------------1
Centel"\
Line of
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
en 50
c.
j

j

:52
"S" = Scour
-
Ii" 40
I
___ _

_11---
30

I --II
20 ' If}' ----
- I - /
i -------11---- -.- ...
I I ---A.
, t
10 i. / -' A - .-----
o
o T --- ---- ------- ---------------- -----
---r-
4 6 SI 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.88 HP12x53 Single X-Braced 6-Pile with H=17', P=160kips and A=6'
----I
14
Ii)
Q.
:2
-
u:'
140 -
120
..........
/
,i-
!

100 -1--1-
f
801--1-----
f
+
60 1-/ .-- - -....
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t

High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center Line \
of Pile

"S" = Scour

t ...
f" __ __:= __ ____ _ __
401--+--.:- .A -- -)iC' -.1< .. "-.
f ._A _- _*_x--
+ .",' _. A' - . ___ X: : __ :..._ ____________ _ ________ __________________________ _
20 -- - .... it. ,
/ (' x ..-II: _._-,,/ -
. -

o 2 4 6 8 10
A (in)
12 14
Figure B.89 HP12x53 Double X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=13', P=100kips and A=6'
Pushover Analysis Results '
16
-t/)
a.
:i:
-
u:-
140
120
100
80
60
40

......
;/-- --_._------_._------
I
l-
i
I
t
+ I
+

,
,
.. - -_..... - ..--- -_.-.._----_ .. _----._.--_.
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t

High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center Line \
of Pile

"5" = Scour

......
t., __
t .. .' A
20 It.' --,.': ... ....
- .. ... -.. -.--.*'-.--.... .
----_ ...._----_._---_._-_.- ..
o
o
. __.. _----- ._._ .._--_. .,.
... -......... - . --,-----.----..-.--.----, ..-------.---- ---- '."''1''--' -,----------_._----,_._ .. _ .. _----_._--,
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, 11 (in)
Figure B.90 HP12x53 Double X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=13', P=120kips and A=6'
16
en
a.
:i:
-
LL
120 -
____________
,//------
y/
A/3 =2'
100,----- - .
F
t
/

" c",,, \
1
/ LI,,,,
Pile
80
60
p p p p . p p
(
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
__ " -Scour
j_';;)"" .. ....
;.r! .. .k -- S=2()"-\.
.' __ ... -- __ .. _It
201/.,//> ...-?"/..-::=-""
+:' _ .. A ---------------- - -*. .

40
o
,
... r------
r
--... , ..---------.. ..--- ... _c. -_.-... - i
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.97 HP12x53 Two-Story Single X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=21', P=100kips and
18
-t/)
c.
:i:
-
LL
120 -
100
80
60
--------------_ .. --- .. - - -- ------ ------
,/
- /.
5-) ,//
p p p p p p
A/3
F
t
{
estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
- ---- ------------ \
,/-
-
/ -

I ... m ___ --.".-- -- 5-15'""'----------- -
201 / -. __ H_
A .------- _ .. _* --
40
, , --------
/. Ai. __ ---,
o ------- -.--,------- ---,--------------.,---
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, Il. (iin)
16
100 .
90 .,
80
70
60 ..
U)
a.
:i:
S=
p p p p p p
_ ___ _ ______ .n __ t
A/3
t i!"':':':':'
t
Pile
(
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center \
Line of
/ ,
1'__ .. 11
"5" = Scour
-in-
! -- - - .- -
5
0 .. .'. .11
/ .... ' .__ ...
LL'L. --'10-: _ 5=1
40 I / "'.
f ,
I
30 .1 ..
'. 0 .. -i
20 ",
-------.
10_ __-,-
----- --,- r
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, f::t.. (in)
16
p p p p p p
100
_r
Estim ated
High Water
- Level
F
t
A13 =2:'
______ _______ ._____ _ ____________________ h ___ :r:,:,:...:n':':"':''j'':':':':':':':':':':':':j:':':':':':':':':':':':''j'':':':':':':''':':':':''j'':':':':':':''''':':'1
.--------.._--+*
--'-'-
90
80
. ... "H" = Depth
SO /'
- /
70
Center \
Line of
en (.--.-----
CL' I
._!
50' /
- .1 /
"S" = Scour
+' I -l--
u. i '
I I
40 i
I ,-- -.
I J.. .. -'>u ... "

.._--.. - .. - . __ . __...._-.-._---_.- - .. _---_.- _. -------._--- ... ---.
30 I j ... .... ..... ,. .
I / ,-:;-- - --
20! j ..... _-
10 i I ......... --;;1- - ---.-.------------------.... --
It/. ._... ::: .. - 5=2_-
o .. ", .. _ ... , ......... ....---=-. * ..... = .. - ........ .,... .............. l<-.-. .. : . - .... .
o
.. .. ------------- _ .. , ..
--r _ ----- - ---..--
------ --1--------- ----T -.- ------------ ---,----------
2 4 S
Deflection, A (in)
8 10
Figure B.100 HP12x53 Two-Story Single X-Braced S-Pile Bent with H=21', P=1S0kips and
--I
12
U)
c.
:52
-
u:'
120
100
80
60
40

/...-

y-
A/3 =2'
i F
t
Center
Line of
Pile
p p p p p p
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
I
!

.
.. .. 5= ." .}C-'.
I .' _ ___ - ... __ __.y-- / . 5-1 ,')f"..' o. ._.. ... _---
t .. 1_... __ -
"5" = Scour
t /. _______ -X .X
'/ ,l'.r -c," ,., ,_ '-'T .
20 I J .. .---AI,.. . --T- .... ___ _
___ "-' __
J --"'. c
" ----< - - -
,IA k-'. -* __ _ __ , ___ ,-
..
o -
o 2 4 6. 8 10 12 14 16
Deflection, A. (in)
18
w-
e.
:2
-
u:-
p p p pp p
100
A/3
{
Estimated
High Water
Level
90
80
F
t S- -----
- ---
// - -- - -----
"H" = Depth
70
_ fi
i /1
..... -.-- ._-----------
Center \
Line C)f
Pile
..
60 I I
50 i I
"S" = Scour

I I S= ------ .---
40 I. i ...---
I f -. '
! I -;--- --.
301 j ". --.-----.-.---....- --.-
J .. - - lI-
I
.' . ,. '. " " " ...
20' I i ... ------.. -.----
, AI. ----
,'.'___ ___ A<--'- ____ _ -
;
' .. ..,_ _ _
10 I- ,0 " - -----' -" " .... .,-.,-., --- ----*
o
-_.-... T------ ------- .---
,.-_-
-T- --
--,
-,--- ------T . ----
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, A (iin)
.. ,
16
90 -
80
70
60
U) 50
a.

-
u: 40
..

;/--
/
!
I
I
/
I .

A/3 =2'
F
t
Pile
p p p p p p
{
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center \
Line of
...
"S" = Scour

r ----
I
,"" 5=1
"
t
, ' A' .-...
to' _ .' .' --
o .. -=,-.' ... --
O--T- -1'--
r-------- T- ---- -, r------ --I
30
20
10
<-.-._--
2 4 6 8 10 12
Figure 8.103 HP12x53 Two-Story Single X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=25', P=140kips and
14
90
80
70
60
S=Y*
/
""-"
...... -- -.-.
/
I
A/3
F
t
Pile
p p p p p p
(
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center \
Line of

U) so
Co
.. /---_.
._.--_._--_._------ ... -----_. __ . __ .. _--_._-'.-._._--
j S-
"S" = Scour
:i:
-

Ii"' 40 I
30 j 1... . ..... -
j /;11': ... _ ..
201- _/_,/"/ -.. :- -.. -.-.-- -------.-.-... -.-.. -
10 +1. __ ,/ .*----------. --- -'---
+ ,_..... ._A .
i .__ ____ .___ - ---s=2t)' -
----._---
o .. .... -.
----.--,----------------.. I
2 4 6 iB
Deflection, IJ. (in)
10 12
Figure B.104 HP12xS3 Two-Story Single X-Braced 6-F'ile Bent with H=2S\ P=160kips and
14
-U>
a.
:.i
-....
U-
160,
140
120
100
80
60

... /- .
/
I
-I
f
/
+ . ------- . __. _ .. _--- _.- .. -- ....... -

.. -....
c.e.:: .... _._--_.. _-_.. _ ....
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t
Center Line \'
of Pile

Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
J . ..
40 / _/"J". _." ... .... "'._ ..
...
:",-=-"<*=. .... ------ ---- --------- ------ ----- --- -----------"-- ---------
o
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, fl. (in)
Figure B.105 HP12x53 Two-Story Double X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=21', P=100kips and
16
-tn
Co
:.i
-
u:
140
120
.. .......
/
I
l
f
100
f
I
--.-+-- -
I
80
so
- ---
I
I _ .. _______ .:.".
-1 - .--.---
p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t
p p
('
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center Line \'
of Pile .

:,1i
"S" = Scour

',/ __ _________ _
t, ... Ai _____
40 ft.l .. ________________ _
t
!III . _____
20 I-----.L - --.------ _- _ * ___ -
.:' _4 _____ .. )If- --- --
o -,-- ------r---..--- -------r------r---------,-
o 2 4 S 8 10 12 14
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.10S HP12x53 Two-Story Double X-Braced SPile Bent with H=21', P=120kips and
I
1S
-tn
c..
:i1
-
u:
p p p p p p
140 -
A/3 =2'

120 1- m ---- - -- -

F
t
100
/
I
!
t
80 I- - i-
I
/
I
I
60

.-
40 1- + --- -
t ,.
f ,Ill'
20 -I
r
-.-----
I '
J'
-_A----
o
o 2 4

A-A

Center Line \'
of Pile

6 8 10 12
Deflection, 11 (in)
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
1
--I
14
Figure B.107 HP12x53 Two"Story Double X-Braced 6-Pile Bent with H=21', P=140kips and
U)
Co
:.;:
-
u:
140 --
120 "----
100
I
I
80 +H_ - -f-- --- ---- -
J
I
+
I
1-
60
p p p p p p
A/:3 =2'
F
t
--_ .. - -.- ._- --.. - --------.. -_._.
Center Line \'
of Pile
---------------------------1

stimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
t s= 'U- ______________________ _
J._- ________________________________ .._____ _
f

40 I - -.. HA. ... _. __ ___ ,- _;m::_ .. ________ _
A .-- --......---,'!f-=------ .. --
. " --------.- -- - -
___ __ ,--.-----------____,_-------
o 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.108 HP12x53 Two-Story Double X-Braced Ii-Pile Bent with H=21', P=160kips and
A=6' Pushover Analysh; Results
14
U)
c.

-
LL
140

---- .// .....
/ ---_ ..
I ...
120,
100 1- ._-_._- f
-1 --
!
80 .
+._-
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
j
J
60 __ I._I S-
r---

I ,. --li- -=-.... --- --
. -------
40 I .... -- ....
I t-. .. __ _ S = Scour
+. .._,,_. . .".. 5=15
,. -
20 It..l . J 5-5--
5
----" 5=2
o -- *.x_. .*
o
---,--------- . __.-
2 4
-, ---,----
6 8
Deflection, A (in)
,--------r-----______-_ --
10 12 14
16
(j)
0..
:i:
-
u:'
140 .
120 .. -.. -.
100
80
J
j
i
t
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t
CentE,r Line \'
of Pile ..
.. __ ..___ 1
f __ _
J .. . ___ .....
r .... ... ... __ _
i'" - .. ..... ---8= ''' ..-.. l*:m:
. S-1 ___ *._ .....,.,
I
.. ' _,_ .. ___ __ ._ .... _ .... _.,.
..- - II--- ._
+ . -_.. --._---.
I . ... _ ___________ _._--*--- ___ _ ____ .. ____ _
40j t, ____________-><- __ ...____ ..... .
60

1. --II ____ ... __ T.
I to' , ."_ ,_, .....--__
.. ' ---:--:" " ' _______ ,_
., . _ ............... -
" "ii-.. -- --" ___ ,
o . ,-------r--
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection, 11 (in)
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
"S" = Scour
-1
16
Figure B.11 0 HP12x53 Two-Story Double X-Braced E;-Pile Bent with H=25', P=120kips and
-tn
Co
:Q
-
LL
140
120 5= .... " .
100
I
80
I
f
p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t
p p
P
stimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
Center Line \'
of Pile

"S" = Scour
I
60

t
40 ,.
20
o
o

..
--------
' -- -- 5=2
. . '\ U A _.
/ , A A _-,-. --= __ d,d X
" .....
-------_ .. "", .. i
2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection, A (in)
14
-en
c.
:i2
-
u:
140
120
100
80
so
5=y
t
1----
I
J-
J
p p p p p p
A/3 =2'
F
t
Estimated
High Water
Level
"H" = Depth
f ._,., .. c:--"
! ,_._-_._------
20 f j. . .. ----- .-.--.-
I A '" ., .. ---- ," _ 5=15 ------
L:
it. -------
.. AI - ---------- ----
o I -........ =
...... _._ ... ,.-* ..... __ .* ........ * ..-:-. c __ 5
r - r-- -._- - ... .,. .. -- .... -
40
o
------,-------------- r- - -------,---------------
2 4 S 8 10
Deflection, A (in)
Figure B.112 HP12x53 Two-Story Double X-Braced S-Pile Bent with H=25', P=1S0kips and
A=S' Pushover AnalYl:)is Results
12
APPENDIXC
Pile Capacity Based on Modified Gates Formula For Four Final Driving
Resistances Given in Inches Per 10 Blows and bpf
C-1
-------- - - - - - - - ~ - Table C.1. Pile C 'tv in T 'th FS = 1.25 Based on Modified Gates F
End Bearing Pile Friction Pile Load Capacity
Hammer
Allowable
Capacity (tons) (tons)
Energy Final Driving Resistance in
Resistance (ton)
(assume 75% tip (assume 25% tip
(ft-Ib) Inches per 10 blows (bpf) resistance) resistance)
% loss of embedment % loss of embedment
o I 20 I 40 I 60 I 80 o I 20 I 40 I 60 I 80
4000 6 (20) 14 14 12 11 9 7 14 12 9 7 4
6000 6 (20) 26 26 23 20 16 13 26 22 17 12 8
8000 6 (20) 36 36 32 27 23 18 36 30 24 17 11
10000 6 (20) 46 46 40 34 28 23 46 38 30 22 14
12000 6 (20) 54 54 47 40 34 27 54 44 35 26 16
15000 6 (20) 65 65 57 49 40 32 65 53 42 31 19
20000 6 (20) 81 81 71 61 51 40 81 67 53 38 24
4000 4 (30) 22 22 19 16 14 11 22 18 14 10 7
6000 4 (30) 36 36 31 27 22 18 36 30 23 17 11
8000 4 (30) 48 48 42 36 30 24 48 39 31 23 14
10000 4 (30) 58 58 51 43 36 29 58 48 38 27 17
12000 4 (30) 67 67 59 50 42 34 67 55 44 32 20
15000 4 (30) 80 80 70 60 50 40 80 66 52 38 24
20000 4 (30) 98 98 86 74 61 49 98 81 64 47 30
4000 2 (60) 35 35 31 26 22 18 35 29 23 17 11
6000 2 (60) 52 52 46 39 33 26 52 43 34 25 16
8000 2 (60) 66 66 58 50 41 33 66 55 43 32 20
10000 2 (60) 79 79 69 59 49 39 79 65 51 37 24
12000 2 (60) 90 90 79 68 56 45 90 74 59 43 27
15000 2 (60) 106 106 92 79 66 53 106 87 69 50 32
20000 2 (60) 128 128 112 96 80 64 128 106 83 61 38
4000 1.25 (96) 44 44 39 33 28 22 44 37 29 21 13
6000 1.25 (96) 63 63 55 47 39 32 63 52 41 30 19
8000 1.25 (96) 79 79 69 59 49 40 79 65 51 38 24
10000 1.25 (96) 93 93 82 70 58 47 93 77 61 44 28
12000 1.25 (96) 106 106 93 79 66 53 106 87 69 50 32
15000 1.25 (96) 123 123 108 92 77 62 123 102 80 58 37
20000 1.25 (96) 148 148 130 111 93 74 148 122 96 70 45
---
C-2
&n
C'!
'"'" II
en
u-
.s:::
-
. ~
&n
C'!
..:0-
Il
en
u-
.s:::
-
. ~
II)
c:
0
-
:>;
-
.(3
cu
0-
cu
()
90
80
70
60
50
120
100
80
60
40
20
o
a. End Bearing Piles, 6 inches per 10 blows Driving
Resistance
~ 20 ft-k hammer
-0 - 15 ft-k hammer
- <>- 12 ft-k hammer
.......a.- 10 ft-k hammer
-X,
8 ft-k hammer
-)1(-
6 ft-k hammer

4 ft-k hammer
20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
b. End Bearing Piles, 4 inches per 10 blows Driving
Resistance
""-
~ 20 ft-k hammer
-0 - 15 ft-k hammer
- - 12 ft-k hammer
x-.
..
.......a. - 10 ft-k hammer
-X - 8 ft-k hammer
-
-
---)1(-
-)1(- 6 ft-k hammer
4 ft-k hammer
0+----.....,.------.------.-----1
o 20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
Figure C.1a - End Bearing Piles
C-3
c. End Bearing Piles, 2 inches per 10 blows Driving
Resistance
140
Il)

120

II
en
100 LL
.c
--0-20 ft-k hammer
--0 - 15 ft-k hammer
-
';:
80
en
t:
......
"00 ...... 0.....
.. ..
---6-
10 ft-k hammer
0
-
>;
40
-'(3
ca
.. - .. ..
.. -X .. _ .. -n-. ........
-- .. -
"-"::I( -X
- .....
-X- 8 ft-k hammer
-::1(-
6 ft-k hammer

4 ft-k hammer
c.
20
ca
CJ
0
0 20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
d. End Bearing Piles, 1.25 inches per 10 blows Driving
Resistance

Il)

LL

";: ... ... .. 0. .. ""0 ......
Ii .. " "'0.. ........ 0...
t: - aIV_ -... .. ..
o ".Ac
- 60 - """ ..
>; ... -::K .. _ - --..../ .. -.: ..
- -::I(.. ..
'0 40 - ........ x
ca - ... ...
c.
ca 20
CJ

o 20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
--0-20 ft-k hammer
--0 - 15 ft-k hammer
- <> - 12 ft-k hammer
---6- 10 ft-k hammer
-X" 8 ft-k hammer
-::1(- 6 ft-k hammer
4 ft-k hammer
Figure C.1 b - End Bearing Piles
C-4
a. Friction Piles, 6 inches per 10 blows Driving
Resistance

It)
C'! 80 1.,Joo,;;:::-----------------l
or-
II 70
en
u.
..c 60 -t--""'"="""------==-...:::-----------l
-
'i 50
u)
S 40-.z
- '-' .....
:>; 30
-
20 __
J 1
0
...
O+-----.-------.-------..,,....------t
o 20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
20 ft-k hammer
-0 - 15 ft-k hammer
- ,- 12 ft-k hammer
...
10 ft-k hammer
-x- 8 ft-k hammer,
-::te- 6 ft-k hammer

4 f1:-k hammer
b. Friction Piles, 4 inches per 10 blows Driving
Resistance
120
It)
C'!
100 or-
II
en
u.
..c
80
-
'i
u) 60
c::
0
-
:>;
-'(3
S
20 c.
S
()
0
0 20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
Figure C.2a - Friction Piles
C-5
20 ft-k hammer
-0-15 ft-k hammer
- - 12 ft-k hammer
10 ft-k hammer
-x- 8 ft-k hammer
-::te- 6 ft-k hammer

4 ft-k hammer
140
It')
C'!
120
.....
II
(J)
100 LL
.!:
-
. ~
80
fA
c
0
-
~
40
-
.(3
co
Q.
20
co
()
0
0
160
It')
140
C'!
.....
II
120 (J)
LL
.!:
100
-. ~
fA
c
0
60
-
~
-
.(3
40
co
Q.
co
20
()
0
0
c. Friction Piles, 2 inches per 10 blows Driving
Resistance
20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
~ 20 ft-k hammer
-0-15 ft-k hammer
~ - 10 ft-k hammer
-X- 8 ft-k hammer
-)1(-
6 ft-k hammer

4 ft-k hammer
d. Friction Piles, 1.25 inches per 10 blows Driving
Resistance
20 40 60 80
% Loss of Embedment
Figure C.2b - Friction Piles
C-6
--0-20 ft-k hammer
-0-15 ft-k hammer
- <> - 12 ft-k hammer
~ - 10 ft-k hammer
-X - 8 ft-k hammer
-)I( - 6 ft-k hammer
4 ft-k hammer

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Project Phase II Final Report

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