Autumn Equinox 2004.

Volume 9 # 3

Celebrating 10 Years of
Reviving Wild Places
Fighting ORV abuse, resource Promoting road removal with sound
damage and habitat fragmentation science & economics
on public lands

Photo by Mark Alan Wilson.

Photo courtesy of Bureau of Land Management.

Restored roadbed in the Clearwater National Forest. Photo by Edgar vanderGrift.

Special 10th Anniversary Issue

 P.O. Box 7516
Missoula, MT 59807
By Karen DiBari, Wildlands CPR Board President (406) 543-9551
WildlandsCPR@wildlandscpr.org
www.wildlandscpr.org

T
en years ago, a handful of people began a conversation. Who knew it would lead to
the founding of an organization and the rise of a national discussion regarding the Wildlands CPR works to protect and restore
damage to public lands caused by roads and all terrain vehicles? wildland ecosystems by preventing and
In this special edition of The Road RIPorter, we honor the 10th anniversary of Wild- removing roads and limiting motorized
lands CPR by reflecting on our origins, celebrating our accomplishments, and assessing recreation. We are a national clearinghouse
how our efforts have elevated concern regarding the proliferation of roads and motorized and network, providing citizens with tools
recreation. and strategies to fight road construction,
Throughout this anniversary issue, you will find a timeline describing the work of deter motorized recreation, and promote road
Wildlands CPR and fellow activists. It’s exciting to recount the many successes over the removal and revegetation.
years to remove roads, limit the use of ATVs, craft local and state policies, and force fed-
eral agencies to pay attention to the damage caused by motorized vehicles and roads. Director
Katie Alvord’s essay, “Tapestry” describes the origin of ROAD-RIP (our first name) Bethanie Walder
from its conception in a beat-up Subaru station wagon, to an organization run out of a
box of files in her house, to the strong staff, board, and network of supporters that exist Development Director
today. In “The Evolution of Road Science,” we learn of the dramatic increase in research Tom Petersen
concerning the impacts of roads and the effectiveness of road mitigation measures, and
the need for further study regarding the ecological impacts of road removal. Restoration Program
The article “Wildlands CPR and the Natural Trails and Waters Coalition” tracks the Coordinator
collaborative efforts of Wildlands CPR with other organizations and activists across the Marnie Criley
country to expose the damage ATVs wreak on public lands. And in “ReWilding, ReVision-
Science Coordinator
ing,” Bethanie Walder reflects on our vision for Wildlands CPR’s future contributions.
Adam Switalski
Several themes emerge from these articles that speak to why I am honored to be
involved with Wildlands CPR. First, Wildlands CPR is an organization that does not
Transportation Policy
waste time waiting for things to get better. We can be proud of our role as an agent of
Organizer
change. Second, Wildlands CPR’s work is grounded in sound science. Third, Wildlands
CPR believes in, respects, and is committed to the power of local and regional grassroots Jason Kiely
activism. Fourth, Wildlands CPR is working to build on shared values and broaden the Program Assistant
circle of people who speak out about the damage done by roads and ATVs. Finally, the Kiffin Hope
people involved with Wildlands CPR today are just as energized and committed as the
organization’s founders. Newsletter
Although we have accomplished a lot, we still have much to do. We know that if Dan Funsch
we all keep working mile by mile and motor by motor to knit our lands and waters back
together, our successes will continue to multiply.
What can Wildlands CPR make happen in the next ten, twenty, or thirty years? We Interns & Volunteers
look forward to the day when we will have fulfilled our vision of restoring the tapestry of Becky Cass, Hank Green, Jeff Reoch, Corinne
interconnected, roadless wildlands that sustain natural and human communities. Mullowney, Kaytee Smith, Chelsea Wittmann
It’s a vision to hold on to.

Wildlands CPR
Board and Staff
Back row (l-r): William Geer, Sonya
Newenhouse, Kiffin Hope, Mary
O’Brien, Bethanie Walder, Jason
Kiely, Adam Switalski
Front row (l-r): Tommy Petersen,
Karen DiBari, Greg Fishbein, Dave
Havlick, Matt Skroch, Marnie Criley,
Amy Atwood.
Board of Directors
Amy Atwood, Karen DiBari, Greg Fishbein,
Bill Geer, Dave Havlick, Sonya Newenhouse,
Mary O’Brien, Matt Skroch
Advisory Committee
Jasper Carlton, Dave Foreman,
Keith Hammer, Timothy Hermach,
Marion Hourdequin, Kraig Klungness, Lorin Lind-
ner, Andy Mahler, Robert McConnell, Stephanie
Mills, Reed Noss, Michael Soulé, Steve Trombulak,
Louisa Willcox, Bill Willers, Howie Wolke

Photo courtesy Sonya Newenhouse.

© 2004 Wildlands CPR

2 The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004

 ReWilding, ReVisioning
By Bethanie Walder

A
pril, 2001, Brown’s Canyon, Arizona. Our annual board and staff
retreat began with a lively discussion centered on the question:
“How will we know when Wildlands CPR’s work is done?” Very
few conservation groups actually talk about “finishing their work,”
although there are some notable exceptions (like The Wolf Fund, which
worked for wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone, and closed once that
goal was achieved). Our discussion was valuable, and our responses
included things like:

• when there’s a general societal aversion to ORVs in wildlands (that

is, when society has taken over our work)
• when we have “just the transportation system that we need” - or
that we can tolerate - on public lands
• when motorized vehicles are used as a form of transportation, not
a form of recreation

Though our mission is extremely focused, it doesn’t always trans-

late easily into tangible targets for success. In that conversation, we
didn’t quantify our end goal as a number of acres restored or miles of
roads removed — we focused on the processes and societal changes
that would make our work unnecessary. In the meantime, however,
we clearly have an extraordinary amount of work to do. Our strategic
plan, developed last year, is helping us work toward these changes
— changes that, when accomplished, would signal that we’ve com-
pleted our mission.

Our mission – to revive and protect wild places by promoting road

removal, preventing new road construction and limiting motorized rec- Government vehicle, 1940. Photo courtesy of Bureau of Land
Management.

— continued on next page —

Historical Timeline of off-road vehicle

and road development
312 BC
The Roman Empire constructs the
Appian Way, the oldest and most
important of the Roman Republic’s
“highways.” When completed the
road was more than 560 km (350
miles) long.
1811
Construction of the Cumberland
Road begins – the first federal
highway in the United States, con-
necting Cumberland, Maryland to
Vandalia, Illinois.
1916 1919
Federal Highway Act passes congress, Post Office Appropria-
providing $10 million in funding for tions Act appropriates $9
road development on National Forests million for development
over the next ten years. (FS has 2,795 of forest roads.
miles of roads at this point in time).

The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004 3

reation – has become more and more relevant. Over the last ten years,
we’ve been excited to see how many large and small groups have in-
corporated our issues into their work. I remember when Defenders of
Wildlife called us for advice on developing a roads program. The result,
their Habitat and Highways program, has focused significant attention
on developing more wildlife-friendly transportation systems.
Similarly, we worked with Friends of the Earth (FOE) to challenge
Forest Service road funding in the mid-90s. Their efforts became
instrumental in the eventual development of the roadless rule and
the long-term transportation policy. The Heritage Forests Campaign
took the lead on roadless area protection, and we were involved at the
beginning of that campaign. After the road funding battles, we teamed
up with FOE again, to challenge recreational trail funding; together we
co-sponsored a national meeting to address the explosion in off-road
vehicle recreation. As a direct outcome, we partnered with The Wilder-
ness Society (TWS) to develop a comprehensive rule-making petition
to overhaul Forest Service regulation of off-road vehicles. And that led
us, along with TWS, Friends of the Earth, and four other groups, to cre-
ate the Natural Trails and Waters Coalition, which Wildlands CPR and
TWS continue to co-chair, and which focuses exclusively on advancing
our off-road vehicle goals nationally.
Our work is not, however, focused solely on making connections
with national conservation organizations — we’ve helped individual
groups and regional coalitions address road and motorized recre-
ation issues as well. For example, we were part of the core group that
started the Southern Rockies Forest Network (now Southern Rockies
Conservation Alliance). SRCA has three main programs, one of which
focuses on off-road vehicle issues and promoting Responsible Motor-
ized Recreation. In 1996, we worked with the Mountain Heritage Alli-
ance in Virginia to stop the expansion of a highway through Mt. Rogers
National Recreation Area. In 2002 we co-hosted a workshop with the
Southern Appalachian Biodiversity Project and they have been able to
use that information to prevent reconstruction of the Hickey Fork road.
And just this summer we’ve been helping activists in Utah develop a
statewide coalition to increase off-road vehicle monitoring and data
collection to challenge the rampant off-road vehicle problems there.
The exciting thing about our resources is that so many groups use
them, whether they inform us or not. We’ve worked with more than
two hundred and fifty grassroots organizations throughout the country
to assist them in their road and off-road vehicle fights, and our work
has made a real difference on the ground, as shown by many of the sto-
ries in this newsletter. One of our favorite things is finding out about
successes based on our models and handbooks, like when a grassroots
activist in rural Oregon wrote to tell us that he had gotten 84 miles of
national forest roads closed using our materials — he went on to call
the Road-Ripper’s Handbook his “bible.” And we still get calls from
people who are using our handbooks, guides and inventory tools to get
roads closed and removed all over the United States.
Congress appropriates $51
1923
million for road development in
Arthur Carhart and Aldo
the national parks over the next
Leopold define the concept of
1921 wilderness as areas in nature
Congress appropriates $15
free from the impacts of roads
million for forest development and motors.
roads and forest highways on
the national forests.
4 The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004
Wildlands CPR has exceeded all my expectations and has
become the central authority on roads and road removal. Its
newsletter is one of the few I read cover to cover and then
keep on hand as a key part of my reference library. When you
want to know the state of the art, Wildlands CPR is the place
to start.
— Keith Hammer, Swan View Coalition
(co-founder Wildlands CPR)
In the midst of our tenth anniversary, we’ve
found it valuable to look back like this at what
we’ve accomplished and how we’ve helped change
the playing field. It’s been equally valuable to look
forward and thoughtfully consider our goals for
the future — though we have accomplished many
things, we’re still quite far from finishing our work.
How to get the public actively engaged in these
issues remains a daunting challenge. For example,
while polling shows that a majority disapproves of
off-road vehicles in wildlands, that majority remains
largely unengaged in public lands management.
Similarly, off-road vehicle recreation continues to
grow, whereas we believe that such vehicles should
be used as a mode of transportation, not recreation.
In other words, if you want to drive any vehicle on
public land, you should be on a road, and if you
want to get off the road, you should get off (or out
of) your vehicle.
Four years ago, when we petitioned the Forest
Service to overhaul their off-road vehicle regulations
nationally, one of our key points was that off-road
vehicles should be kept on designated routes only,
with no cross-country travel allowed. We won that
battle and changed the debate — off-road vehicle
users themselves now publicly state that use should
be restricted to designated routes. The devil is in
the details, however, and they’re winning on the
1927
1933-1942
Civilian Conservation Corps
constructs 126,000 miles of
ten years. roads and truck trails on public
lands.
details at the moment, so we’ve
redefined our goals on this policy
point. As one step, we’ve just
defined ten types of places where
off-road vehicles should never be
allowed.
Off-road vehicles aren’t the
only issue with a disconnect be-
tween public opinion and manage-
ment action. The vast majority of
the public, even in western states
with huge tracts of public land,
supports protecting roadless areas
from road construction, logging and
off-road vehicle recreation. None-
theless, as the political winds shift, Photo courtesy of Bureau of Land Management.
so does protection for such areas.
The Clinton Administration tried
to protect roadless areas, while
the Bush Administration is exploiting them. When Wildlands CPR was
formed ten years ago, practically no one was talking nationally about
the ecological effects of roads. Now, it’s nearly a given: roads cause
ecological problems, they are costly, and we have too many of them.
How many wildland roads we’ll end up with in the long run remains the
key question, and one that won’t be resolved until the public becomes
engaged and demands that land management agencies begin removing,
rather than building, roads.
Our recent work has focused on this key question of removing
roads as a critical component of wildland restoration. We began with
the idea that combining conservation biology, activism and law would
enable us, and the groups we work with, to achieve our goals — we’ve
learned that we must add social science to that equation. In the past
two years we’ve added numerous economic and socio-political tools to
our toolbox, tools that are critical to achieving the processes and soci-
etal changes that might eventually enable us to “finish” our work. Our
2004 model road removal program provides information for public land
managers to create successful road removal programs (from a social
perspective). It is a critical companion to our 1999 ecologically-based
road removal guide.
Wildlands CPR will continue as a leader on road and motorized
recreation issues. Our work to protect and restore wild places in-
cludes scientific research and publications, workshops and community
outreach, on-the-ground projects, and other innovative strategies. As
we connect science and policy to their social, ecological, and econom-
ic contexts, we will expand our reach and develop new constituencies.
As an organization, when we look to the future we envision
wildlands that sustain natural and human communities, where native
plants and animals thrive, clean air and water abound, and nature’s
quiet prevails. Roads will be limited and, where they
exist, thoughtfully designed and maintained. Motor-
ized vehicles will travel only on these roads. We will
work cooperatively with diverse communities to
protect and restore our remaining wild places, fos-
tering a growing citizenry that supports this vision.
Our focus in the future will also continue to pro-
mote success. Where are citizens most successful?
How have they developed their programs? What
lessons do their successes provide for others? And
finally, although we will maintain our nationally and
internationally acclaimed clearinghouse, we are also
expanding our efforts to reach broader segments
of the public — the very people we must reach to
change societal expectations so that motorized
use is focused on transportation, not recreation.
Consider attitudes towards cigarettes and second-
hand smoke. As recently as 15 to 20 years ago, it
was acceptable to smoke nearly anywhere, but now
smoking indoors and in public places is considered
not only inappropriate, but unacceptable. This is a
model that we’re trying to emulate, though it may
take more than ten years to accomplish.
Wouldn’t it be fantastic if, ten years from now,
we could say the same thing about recreational off-
road vehicles abuse of our public lands. Wouldn’t it
be fantastic if ten years from now (okay, perhaps a
little longer than that), Wildlands CPR was no longer
needed to promote road removal because it was just
so darn common.

1960
1959 Yamaha begins selling
1957 Honda opens first mo- motorcycles in U.S.
FS building nearly 2,800 torcycle shop in U.S.
1939 miles of new roads per
Forest Service road 1939 1946 year to access timber.
mileage reaches Jeeps invented First civilian jeeps
140,000 miles. for use in World sold in U.S.
War II.

The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004 5

The Evolution of Road Science
By Adam Switalski and Reed Noss

Introduction
When Wildlands CPR was formed in 1994, the scientific
basis linking roads and biodiversity was still rudimentary,
although field biologists and conservationists had long been
aware of road-related problems such as roadkill, landslides,
and pollution. As early as the 1920s, scientists kept track of
roadkill rates across the United States, Canada, and Scandi-
navia, where collisions with large mammals often resulted in
human injury or fatalities. Beyond simply counting roadkill,
however, little research attention was directed at roads — un-
til recently. This article reviews how research on roads has
moved to the forefront of conservation study.

Road Research
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, published research
articles began to address roads. Noss (1990) was the first to
review the literature on the ecological impacts of roads, how-
ever, his article was unreferenced, and published in a journal
read by few scientists. He found that aside from the direct
problem of animals being struck by vehicles, roads provide
access to poachers, contribute sediments and chemicals to
water bodies, serve as barriers to animal movements, facili-
tate invasions of exotic species and pests, create noise, air,
water, and soil pollution, and degrade scenic and wilderness
qualities of landscapes.
Over the last 10 years, scientists have increasingly rec-
ognized the threats roads pose to wildlife and the integrity
of ecosystems. In their 1994 book, Saving Nature’s Legacy,
Reed Noss and Allen Cooperrider briefly reviewed some of
the existing research on roads, this time in a more accessible
publication, while supplying references to the peer-reviewed
literature. Then, in 1995 Wildlands CPR asked Reed Noss to
assemble a bibliography of literature on the ecological effects
of roads. Noss began with existing bibliographies: one he
compiled in 1987-88 and updated sporadically through 1990;
an annotated database on highway modifications for wildlife
compiled by Steve Humphrey at the University of Florida; and
Photo by Mark Alan Wilson.
several journal-specific annotated bibliographies compiled
by Paul Paquet of the University of Calgary. Together, these
databases formed the first comprehensive collection of road
literature.
As the number of peer-reviewed journal articles related
to road impacts increased in the 1990s, symposia and entire
conferences were dedicated to road research. Two consecu-
tive conferences in Florida were the first to address the
impact of roads on wildlife exclusively. In 1996 “Trends in
Addressing Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality” took
place in Tallahassee; two years later the first International
Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET) was held
in Ft. Myers. ICOET continues every two years and is “de-
signed to address the broad range of ecological issues related
to surface transportation development, providing the most
current research information and best practices in the areas
of wildlife, fisheries, wetlands, water quality, overall ecosys-
tems management, and related policy issues.”

1972
1968 Forest Service conducts first Roadless
Yamaha introduces first Area Review and Evaluation (RARE)
official “dual-sport” mo- analysis to determine potential wilder-
1964
torcycle designed for use ness lands. The ensuing controversy
The Wilderness Act
1961 1963 both on and off road. eventually results in a new analysis.
becomes law.
Public land managers Suzuki begins
raise alarm about motor- selling motorcycles
ized scooters being used in U.S.
in the backcountry.

6 The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004

 Additional reviews in the late 1990s revealed the scope of
road effects across the United States. Forman and Alexander
(1998) reviewed the impacts of roads and found that “based
on road-effect zones, an estimated 15-20% of the United States
is ecologically impacted by roads.” Riiters and Wichham
(2003) similarly reported that over 20% of the U.S. was within
127 meters of a road and that over 80% of the U.S. was within
a kilometer of a road.
By the turn of the century, researchers for the U.S. For-
est Service (who manages almost a half-million mile road
system) were acknowledging the impacts of roads. Gucinski
et al. (2001) was the first formal Forest Service review of the
impacts of forest roads. The Forest Service has started clos-
ing and removing roads. Additionally, the U.S. Department of
Transportation has reviewed the impacts of their roads and
has begun to mitigate their sprawling highway system for
wildlife and human safety (e.g. USDOT 2000, USDOT 2004).
Mitigation Science
As it has become more apparent that roads are having
a biologically significant effect on wildlife in many areas,
research on wildlife crossings and other road mitigation has
mushroomed. Europeans have built crossing structures
for decades to mitigate the barrier effects of roads on small
mammals and amphibians. They have successfully used un-
derpasses to channel small mammals and amphibians under
roads (e.g., Langton 1989, Friedman 1997). Europeans have
also built dozens of wildlife overpasses and have studied the
effectiveness of different mitigation techniques for more than
a decade (e.g. Van Wieren and Worm 2001).
In the 1970s North America saw its first wildlife cross-
ing structures built. In Colorado and other western states,
migrating mule deer suffer considerable mortality trying to
cross highways; collisions between deer and vehicles also
injure motorists. In 1970, the Colorado Division of Highways
constructed a 10-by-10-foot concrete tunnel under Interstate
70 west of Vail for use by mule deer, and used fences to fun-
nel deer to the underpass. A study by the Colorado Division
of Wildlife confirmed that hundreds of migrating mule deer
used the tunnel but also suggested that larger and more open
underpasses would be more appealing and result in greater
rates of deer movement (Reed et al. 1975).
In southwestern Utah, a narrow bridge (8 meters wide)
enhanced deer movement along a ridge. In northern New Jer-
sey, two wider overpasses (30 meters wide) were constructed
for horseback riders and deer after a multilane highway cut a
park in two (Kuennen 1989). In Banff National Park, Alberta,
several overpasses have recently been built, some of which
are more than 50 meters wide. Researchers have found that
large and rare carnivores, as well as a number of ungulates,
1978
Congress signs legislation adding
1972 significant lands to Redwood National
President Nixon signs Park and mandating their restoration.
Executive Order 11644, Appropriates $33 million for restora-
1975
regulating the use of off- tion, much of which eventually goes to
Forest Service road
road vehicles on public road removal work.
mileage reaches
lands. 240,000 miles.
The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004
The Nez Perce Tribe’s growing watershed restoration programs
have greatly benefited from the continued support and interest
of Wildlands CPR. We consider ourselves lucky to have such a
capable organization as a resource and a neighbor. Thank you!
— Rebecca Lloyd
Hydrologist, Nez Perce Tribe DFRM-Watershed
are using the overpasses (e.g. Clevenger and Waltho 2000,
2004; Gloyne and Clevenger 2001). In Florida a wildlife over-
pass built in 2000 allows deer, foxes, coyotes, opossums, and
other animals to cross over I-75. Unfortunately, this overpass
is too narrow to accommodate larger, more sensitive species
such as black bear or panther (R. Noss, pers. obs.).
As our highways become wider and carry more traf-
fic, and as our wildlands decrease in size and become more
isolated, wildlife overpasses will increase in importance. For
example, a proposed wildlife overpass will allow grizzly bears
to safely cross Highway 93 (MT) into important habitat. The
expansion of grizzly bear range in the U.S. Northern Rock-
ies into the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness is essential for the
continued viability of this population over time (Boyce et al.
2002).
Road Removal Science
In 2002, Wildlands CPR funded a special section on roads
in the journal Conservation Biology. In addition to publishing
some of the most recent research on roads, this section in-
cluded one of the first refereed review articles to recommend
road prevention and removal. Trombulak and Frissell (2000)
concluded that their review “underscores the importance to
conservation of avoiding construction of new roads in road-
less or sparsely roaded areas and of removal or restoration
of existing roads to benefit both terrestrial and aquatic biota.”
— continued on next page —
1979
1979
Forest Service conducts
President Carter signs
second Roadless Area
Executive Order 11989,
Review and Evaluation
strengthening Nixon’s off-
(RARE II) analysis.
road vehicle regulations.
7

Forest Service road
1984
1983
Yamaha produces its
Suzuki produces its first
first four-wheeled ATV
four-wheeled ATV for
for sale in U.S.
sale in U.S.
Millions of dollars are being spent to remove
roads across North America or to mitigate their
negative impacts, yet the science of road removal,
wildlife crossings, and other mitigation has not kept
pace. The limited research on the benefits of road
removal to date demonstrates the effectiveness of
removal for restoring hydrologic and geomorphic
conditions. Switalski et al. (2004) reviewed the
literature and found decreases in chronic sediment
loss and reduced risk of road-triggered landslides
after road obliteration. Similarly, monitoring of wild-
life crossing structures has shown benefits in terms
of successful wildlife passage (e.g., Clevenger and
Waltho 2004), yet few studies have been continued
for sufficient time to demonstrate long-term impacts
on wildlife along stretches of road with and without
crossing structures.
No published study has yet examined how road
removal impacts fish and wildlife; a University of
Montana study will be the first. A new research
project on the Flathead National Forest (MT) is as-
sessing the benefits and impacts of different types of
road removal on the threatened bull trout. Also, the
first study to examine whether terrestrial wildlife
are responding to road removal is taking place on
the Clearwater National Forest in ID. Wildlands CPR
is a key funder for both of these projects.
Wildlands CPR first came to my attention when as Forest Supervi-
sor of the Lewis and Clark National Forest, I realized that these
folks had much better monitoring data on road closures than we
did. Since then, they’ve assumed a leadership role in helping
citizens and forest managers understand and implement effective
road decommissioning and monitoring of off-road vehicle impacts.
Their latest publication, Investing in Communities, Investing in the
Land, is an exciting testament to the achievability of sustainable
economies and ecosystems in the rural west. Thank you Wildlands
CPR, just in time to resuscitate our beloved lands!
— Gloria Flora
Executive Director, Sustainable Obtainable Solutions
8 The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004
1988 1990
U.S. Consumer Product Forest Service rescinds the 40-
1985 Safety Commission bars the
inch rule, effectively allowing
production and sale of three-
off-road vehicles on traditional
mileage reaches wheeled ATVs in the U.S.
foot and horse trails.
350,000 miles.
A University of Montana study currently under progress will be the first
to assess the benefits of different types of road removal on bull trout.
Wildlands CPR file photo.
Roads in the Context of Conservation Planning
Increasingly, road impacts are considered within the broader con-
text of regional conservation planning. For instance, roadless areas and
landscapes with low road densities are recognized in habitat suitability
models and population viability analyses as key refugia or source areas
for species, such as large carnivores, sensitive to human access and as-
sociated legal or illegal killing. In addition, regional conservation plan-
ning allows the identification of key areas to implement road closures
and wildlife crossing structures, for example in proposed linkages
between core areas (e.g., Noss et al. 2002).
Conclusion
Road science has come a long way over the last couple of decades.
While once only addressed by a few conservationists and wildlife bi-
ologists, road research now is the topic of hundreds of papers, several
reviews, large conferences, and an entire text book (Road Ecology, For-
man et al. 2003). The problems caused by roads have been well docu-
mented, yet more research is needed on how to reverse the impacts of
roads through mitigation and road removal. Additionally, roads need
to be addressed in a broader context to restore habitat quality and
connectivity across North America and beyond.
— Adam Switalski is the Science Coordinator for Wildlands CPR.
Reed Noss is the Davis-Shine Professor of Conservation Biology at
the University of Central Florida and a contributor to Wildlands CPR’s
database. Wildlands CPR continues to promote road science and is
guiding road removal research on several national forests. Wildlands CPR
also maintains a bibliographic database with more than 10,000 citations
documenting the physical and ecological effects of roads and off-road
vehicles.

1992
Congress passes the Symms Act as part 1994
of the national highway bill, providing Wildlands CPR (then ROAD-RIP) founded
potential appropriations from the Federal during the Road-Fighting Strategy Session,
Highways Administration for motorized Healdsburg, California.
and non-motorized trail development on
public lands. The funding is split 30% to
motorized trails, 30% to non-motorized
trails and 40% to multiple use trails.
Literature Cited
Boyce, M.S., E.M. Kirsch, and C. Servheen. 2002. Bet-
hedging applications for conservation. Bioscience 27
(supplemental 2): 385-392.
Clevenger, A.P., N. Waltho. 2000. Factors influencing the
effectiveness of wildlife underpasses in Banff National
Park, Alberta, Canada. Conservation Biology 14(1): 47-56.
Clevenger, A.P., and N. Waltho. 2004. Performance indices
to identify attributes of highway crossing structures
facilitating movement of large mammals. Biological
Conservation (in press).
Forman, R. T. T., and L. Alexander. 1998. Roads and their
major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 29:207-231.
Forman, R.T.T., D. Sperling, J.A. Bissonette, A.P. Clevenger,
C.D. Cutshall, V.H. Dale, L. Fahrig, R. France, C.R.
Goldman, K. Heanue, J.A. Jones, F.J. Swanson, T.
Turrentine, T.C. Winter. 2003. Road Ecology – Science
and Solutions. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
Friedman, D.S. 1997. Nature as infrastructure: The National
Ecological Network and Wildlife-Crossing Structures
in The Netherlands. Report 138. Wageningen,
Netherlands: DLO Winand Staring Centre.
Gloyne, C.C., A.P. Clevenger. 2001. Cougar (Puma concolor)
use of wildlife crossing structures on the Trans-Canada
highway in Banff National Park, Alberta. Wildlife Biology
7(2): 117-124.
Gucinski, H., M.J. Furniss, R.R. Ziemer, and M.H. Brookes.
2001. Forest roads: a synthesis of scientific information.
General Technical Report PNW-GTR-509. Portland, OR:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 103p. Available online at:
http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/road_mgt/science.pdf
Kuennen, T. 1989. New Jersey’s I-78 preserves mountain
habitat. Roads and Bridges (February 1989): 69-73.
Langton, T.E.S., ed. 1989. Amphibians and Roads. Shefford,
Bedfordshire, England: ACO Polymer products.
Noss, R.F. 1990. The ecological effects of roads. Road-
Ripper’s Handbook, ROAD-RIP, Missoula, MT.
Noss, R.F., and A. Cooperrider. 1994. Saving Nature’s Legacy-
Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity. Washington D.C.:
Island Press. 443 p.
The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004
Spring 1995
Road-Ripper’s Handbook
1995 released with guides to the
Forest Service road National Forests, National
mileage reaches Parks, BLM, and Off-Road
380,000 miles. Vehicles.
Photo by Merv Coleman, Bureau of Land Management, Billings
District, Montana.
Noss, R.F., C. Carroll, K. Vance-Borland, and G. Wuerthner.
2002. A multicriteria assessment of the irreplaceability
and vulnerability of sites in the Greater Yellowstone
Ecosystem. Conservation Biology 16:895-908.
Reed, D.F., T.N. Woodard, and T.M. Pojar. 1975. Behavioral
response of mule deer to a highway underpass. Journal
of Wildlife Management 39:361-367.
Riiters, K.H., J.D. Wickham. 2003. How far to the nearest
road? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.
1(3):125-129.
Switalski, TA, JA Bissonette, TH DeLuca, CH Luce, and MA
Madej. 2004. Benefits and impacts of road removal.
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2(1): 21-28.
Trombulak, S.C., and C.A. Frissell. 2000. Review of ecological
effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities.
Conservation Biology 14: 18-30.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000. Critter Crossings:
Linking Habitats and Reducing Roadkill. Federal
Highway Administration, Office of Natural Environment.
32p. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/
wildlifecrossings/intro.htm
U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004. Keeping it Simple:
Easy Ways to Help Wildlife Along Roads. Federal
Highway Administration, Office of Natural Environment.
58p.
Van Wieren, S.P., ans P.B. Worm. 2001. The use of motorway
wildlife overpass by large mammals. Netherlands Journal
of Zoology 51(1): 97-105.
9
Keep Up the Good Work!
Organizations that we’ve worked with

W
ildlands CPR has worked with more than 250 groups around the country to assist them
in their road and off-road vehicle battles and to help them promote road removal and
restoration. Below is a list of those groups (and we’re sure we’ve forgotten some,
so many apologies to anyone we left out). The following three pages include a partial list of
examples of how we’ve helped folks make changes in land management on the ground. These
changes include everything from litigation assistance to helping groups set up ground-based
monitoring programs. The results have protected state and federal lands throughout the entire
country. Check out page 22 for more statistics about where and how our work is used.

Adirondack Council, Alabama Rivers Alliance,
Alaska Center for the Environment, Alaska
Conservation Foundation, Alaska Quiet Rights
Coalition, Alaska Wilderness League, Alaska
Wildlife Alliance, Allegheny Defense Project,
Alliance for a Paving Moratorium, Alliance for
Sustainable Jobs and the Environment, Alliance
for the Wild Rockies, American Forests, American
Hiking Society, American Lands Alliance,
American PIE, American Wildlands, Ancient
Forest Rescue, Appalachian Biodiversity Project,
Appalachian Mountain Club, Appalachian Science
in the Public Interest, Appalachian Voices, Arthur
Carhart National Wilderness Training Center,
Aspen Wilderness Workshop, Big Wild Advocates,
Backcountry Skiers Alliance, Bark, Biodiversity
Conservation Alliance, Biodiversity Legal Foun-
dation, Bitterroot Mission Group of the Sierra
Club, Blue Heron Earth First!, Blue Mountain
Biodiversity Project, BlueWater Network,
Buckeye Forest Council, Cabinet Resource Group,
California Wilderness Coalition, Canadian Parks
and Wilderness Society, Car Busters, Cascade
Resources Advocacy Group, Cascadia Fire Ecol-
ogy Education Project, Cascadia Forest Alliance,
Castle Crown Wilderness Coalition, Center
for Biological Diversity, Center for Earth and
Environmental Science, Center for Environmental
Economic Development, Center for Native
Ecosystems, Center for Sierra Nevada Conserva-
tion, Citizens for a Vehicle-Free Nipomo Dunes,
Citizens for Conservation of the North End,
Central Oregon Forest Issues Committee, Clinch
Coalition, Coalition to Fight Phantom Roads,
Coast Range Association, Colorado Environmen-
tal Coalition, Colorado Mountain Club, Colorado
Wild, Conservation Leaders Network, Corridor H
Alternatives, Deerlodge Conservation Coalition,
Deerlodge Forest Defense Fund, Defenders of
Wildlife, Earth First! Journal, East Kootenay
Environmental Society, Eastern Kenai Peninsula
Environmental Action Association, Environmental
Mining Council of BC, Environmental Protection
Information Center, Eyak Preservation Council,
Florida Biodiversity Project, Forest Coalition of
Pennsylvania, Forest Guardians, Forest Service
Employees for Environmental Ethics, Friends of
the Abajos, Friends of the Bitterroot, Friends
of the Boundary Waters Wilderness, Friends of
the Clearwater, Friends of the Earth, Friends of
Metolius, Friends of Nevada Wilderness, Friends
of the Northern Rockies, Friends of the River,
Friends of the Wild Swan, Fund for Animals,
Georgia Forest Watch, Gifford Pinchot Task
Force, Gila Watch, Grand Canyon Trust, Grand
Canyon Wildlands Council, Great Burn Study
Group, Great Old Broads for Wilderness, Green
Fire Productions, Greater Yellowstone Coalition,
Habitat for Bears Campaign, Headwaters, Heart-
wood, Hells Canyon Preservation Council, Heri-
tage Forests Campaign, High Country Citizens’
Alliance, Idaho Conservation League, Idaho
Sporting Congress, Issaquah Alps Trails Club,
James Creek Watershed Initiative, John/Paul &
Associates, Karuk Tribe, Kentucky Heartwood,
Kettle Range Conservation Group, Klamath
Forest Alliance, Klamath Siskiyou Wildlands
Center, Lake Wales Ridge State Forest, Logan
Backcountry Skiers Alliance, Mattole Restoration
Council, Middle Snake Group Sierra Club, Minne-
sota Ecosystems Recovery Project, Minnesotans
for Responsible Recreation, Montana Wilderness
Association, Montana Wildlife Federation,
Montana Ecosystems Defense Council, Montana
Trout, Mother Lode Chapter-Sierra Club, Moun-
tain Heritage Alliance, National Environmental
Defense Council, National Network of Forest
Practitioners, National Forest Protection Alliance,
National Outdoor Leadership School, National
Parks Conservation Association, National Wildlife
Federation-AK, Native Forest Network,
Natural Resources Defense Council, New Mexico
Wilderness Alliance, Newton County Wildlife
Association, Nez Perce Fisheries/Watershed
Program, Noise Pollution Clearinghouse, Nordic
and Backcountry Skiers Alliance of Idaho, North-
coast Environmental Center, Northern Alaska
Environmental Center, Northern Forest Alliance,
Northern Forest Project, Northwest Ecosystem
Alliance, Northwoods Wilderness Recovery,
Oregon Natural Resources Council, OSPIRG,
Pacific Conservation, Pacific Crest Biodiversity
Project, Pacific Rivers Council, Panther Action
Coalition, Park County Environmental Coalition,
Partnerships for a Sustainable Methow, Payette
Forest Watch, Peninsular Ranges Biodiversity
Project, Preserve Appalachian Wilderness, Preda-
tor Conservation Alliance, Public Employees for
Environmental Responsibility, Public Interest
Research Group, Public Media Center, Quiet Use
Coalition, Red Rock Forests, Redwood Chapter
of the Sierra Club, Redwood Community Action
Agency, Regional Association of Concerned
Environmentalists, RESTORE: The North Woods,
Rocky Mountain Environmental Council, Rocky
Mountain Recreation Initiative, Rural Voices
for Conservation, San Miguel Greens, Sheep
Mountain Alliance, Shenandoah Ecosystems
Defense Group, Sierra Club, Sierra Nevada
Alliance, Sinapu, Siskiyou Regional Education
Project, Sky Island Alliance, Soda Mountain
Wilderness Council, South Carolina Forest Watch,
South Fork Mountain Defense, Southeast Alaska
Conservation Council, Southern Appalachian
Biodiversity Project, Southern Appalachian
Forest Coalition, Southern Rockies Conservation
Alliance, Southern Rockies Ecosystem Project,
Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, Southwest
Environmental Center, Southwest Forest Alliance,
Southwest Montana Wildlands Alliance, Spirit
of the Sage Council, Stevens Village, Students
Against Violating the Environment (SAVE), Surf-
ers Environmental Alliance, Superior Wilderness
Action Network, Sustainable Northwest, Swan
View Coalition, Taxpayers for Common Sense,
The Ecology Center, The Humane Society of
the US, The Lands Council, The Walden Woods
Project, The Wilderness Society, Trout Unlimited,
Tundra Talk, Upper Gila Watershed Alliance,
Ursus International, Utah Environmental
Congress, Utah Wilderness Coalition, Ventana
Wilderness Alliance, Virginia Forest Watch,
VisualJourneys, Wallowa Resources, Washington
Trails Association, Washington Wilderness
Coalition, Watershed Consulting, Weminuche
Group of the Sierra Club, Western North
Carolina Alliance, Western Resource Advocates,
Western Slope Environmental Resource Council,
Western Watersheds Project, Whispered Media,
Wild Alabama, Wild Earth, Wild Utah Forest
Campaign, Wild Utah Project, Wild Virginia,
Wild Washington Campaign, Wild Wilderness,
Wilderness Watch, Wilderness Study Group, Wild-
lands Project, Wildlaw, Wilson Canyon Alliance,
Winter Wildlands Alliance, World Wildlife Fund,
Wyoming Outdoor Council, Yaak Valley Forest
Council, Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation
Initiative,Yukon Conservation Society

1995/96
Significant floods in the Clearwater region
July 1995 of Idaho cause more than 1,000 landslides,
Salvage logging rider signed more than 50% of which are road related.
June 1995 by President Clinton, allowing Congress appropriates emergency money
Spring 1995 First Road-Ripper’s expediting logging of dead, to the Clearwater National Forest for road
Bibliographic database with more than workshop, held in diseased or dying timber. removal.
6,000 citations regarding the ecological Missoula Montana.
impacts of roads and off-road vehicles
created for ROAD-RIP by Reed Noss and
four graduate students.

10 The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004

 Making a Difference, On-the-Ground,
from Coast to Coast
Grand Canyon Trust (GCT),
Flagstaff, Arizona
GCT began the San Francisco Peaks
Road Inventory Project in 1998, and
with 90 volunteers (350 volunteer days)
they inventoried every road in this 270
square mile area. The information they
collected is the most comprehensive,
detailed, and precise information avail-
able for an area this size.
After completing the inventory,
they met with the Forest Service about
route-associated resource damage and
areas where road mileage exceeded
Forest Plan standards. As a result, the
Forest Service began a five-forest trans-
portation planning process.
High Country Citizens
Alliance (HCCA): Gunnison
National Forest
In 1995 HCCA began road inven-
tories on 1.2 million acres, and
documented road locations and im-
pacts throughout the forest. They
identified road densities exceeding
10 miles per square mile in places,
and also identified 650,000 acres
of roadless areas. 200 volunteers
participated in the project. They
are now using the data to influence
forest plan revisions.
1996
June 1996
Wildlands CPR releases the
First on-the-ground road removal
Terrible Twelve, highlighting
workshop held near Glacier Na-
12 of the most environmen-
tional Park, Montana (with 30 par-
tally egregious road propos-
ticipants from around the country).
als in the United States.
The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004
Georgia Forest Watch
(GFW): Chattahoochee
National Forest, Georgia
GFW received a mini-grant from
the Natural Trails & Waters Coalition
that supported an inventory of off-road
vehicle routes, and collaboration with
the Chattahoochee/Oconee National
Forest to address the growing threats
of ATVs on public lands. The grant also
helped set up monitoring and provided
a science-based document to support
media work.
As a result, the Forest Service
closed and rehabilitated the Ander-
son Creek OHV recreational area, and
closed Rich Mountain road, an 8-mile
eroding nightmare on the northern bor-
der of Rich Mountain Wilderness.
GFW’s work led to excellent cover-
age of the ATV issue by the Atlanta
Journal Constitution and NBC News, as
well as a more active volunteer base
and a broader discussion of the prob-
lems of ATVs by the general public.
Roads are the route of wilderness destruction. For ten
years, Wildlands CPR has led the conservation movement
in cataloging the ecological impacts of roads and off-road
vehicles, closing and reclaiming unnecessary and destruc-
tive roads, and opposing deadly new roads in wildlands.
— Dave Foreman
1996
First issue of The Road-
RIPorter published.
Vermont Forest Watch
Wildlands CPR has provided
strategic and technical assistance to
Vermont Forest Watch (VFW) on and off
for many years. In the 1980’s, VFW and
other groups sued the Forest Service
over proposed road construction in the
Lamb Brook Roadless Area; they won
and prevented the road.
In 2003, Natural Trails and Waters
provided a mini-grant for an off-road
vehicle monitoring program. To date,
VFW has monitored the southern half
of the Green Mountain National Forest
for winter and summer off-road vehicle
use. Their monitoring documented an
increase in cross-country travel and
illegal route construction, and resulted
in better enforcement by the Manches-
ter Ranger District. The district now
spends 21% of their enforcement time
dealing with illegal off-road vehicle use,
nearly twice that of other forests in the
region.
In addition to addressing off-road
vehicles, VFW is once again working to
protect the Lamb Brook Roadless
Area. The area is proposed for wil-
derness designation, and this time
it is threatened by a wind-turbine
proposal.
June 1997
Wildlands CPR sponsors a symposium entitled:
“The Ecological Effects of Roads: Implications for
Planning,” at the Society for Conservation Biology
Conference in Vancouver, British Columbia. More
than 100 people attend.
11
 Making a Difference, On-the-
With: Washington Trails Association (WTA),
and Issaquah Alps Trails Club
About: Washington State ORV funding
The Work:
• Wildlands CPR, WTA and Sierra Club co-hosted a gas-tax activists
summit in 2001 to develop strategies for diverting state gas taxes
away from off-road vehicle route acquisition.
• In 2003, NTWC provided a minigrant to the Fair Trails Coalition to
support this decades-long battle to change state gas-tax regulations.
The Result:
• In 2004, the state changed their gas tax law, reducing motorized
recreation funding from 80% to 30% of available gas tax funds. The
rest of the funding is now split between non-motorized rec (30%),
general recreation facilities (30%) and a pool of funds for competi-
tive grants (10%).

With: Hells Canyon Preservation Council (HCPC)

About: Hells Canyon National Recreation Area,
Idaho and Oregon
The Work:
• Wildlands CPR listed the proposed road “Overlook Two” as one of
the worst proposed/existing roads in the country as part of our Ter-
rible Twelve Campaign.
• We worked with HCPC for ten years on the Hells Canyon Com-
prehensive Management Plan (CMP) Tracking Group to develop and
promote a Native Ecosystems Alternative for the area.
The Result:
• We helped prevent construction of the Overlook Two Road, which
would have severed key migratory routes for mule deer and elk.
• The Forest Service finalized a new CMP in 2003. The plan includes
closing (and hopefully decommissioning) 200 miles of roads, and limit-
ing off-road vehilce use to designated routes only.

With: Sky Island Alliance

About: Coronado National Forest, Arizona
The Work:
• Wildlands CPR met with Sky Island Alliance in 1997 to set up a road
inventory program, and again in 1999 to host a road removal workshop.
The Result:
• In 6 years their program has involved 600 volunteers, who donated
20,000 hours to inventory 2,000 miles of system roads and 1,000 miles
of non-system roads: 60 miles of roads have already been removed, with
more scheduled.
• Sky Island Alliance is working with other groups to promote road
removal and inventories on the Gila and other national forests in New
Mexico and Arizona.
-Ground, from Coast to Coast

With: Minnesotans for Responsible Recreation, and

Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy
About: Off-road vehicles on state and federal lands in
Minnesota
The Work:
• Wildlands CPR and NTWC provided financial and strategic resources to
support media and state legislative efforts to control off-road vehicles.
The Result:
• New forest plans came out this summer; the plans for the Chippewa and
Superior National Forests both ban cross country travel and restrict travel to
routes previously designated through NEPA analysis, or low quality roads.
• In addition, the state of Minnesota has passed ORV bills in 2003 and
2004. Each contained good and bad provisions: the most recent legislation
prohibits ORVs in wetlands if they cause damage, while the previous year’s
law banned cross country travel by ORVs on all state lands. Enforcement of
both these laws remains a challenge.

With: Florida Biodiversity Project (FBP)

About: Big Cypress National Preserve (BCNP),
Florida
The Work:
• Wildlands CPR listed Alligator Alley and its off-road vehicle access
into BCNP as one of our Terrible Twelve Roads in 1995.
• FBP sued the Park Service to develop a recreation plan, AND
• Wildlands CPR provided $5,000 for litigation to defend the Park
Service’s plan to close off-road vehicle access to all but 400 miles of
designated routes.
The Result:
• The magistrate upheld the park’s good ORV plan, though the judge
still has not signed the final decision. Controversy continues...
• When the ORV plan is fully implemented, it will protect more than
100,000 acres that were previously impacted and it will prevent
impacts on another 600,000 acres of the preserve. 200,000 acres of
land have been closed to ORVs through this process.

July 1997
Wildlands CPR publishes its
first economics report: “Un-
derstanding National Forest
Roads and Economics.”
November 1997 January 1998
Forest Service announces its intention Wildlands CPR hires Jacob Smith
1997 to develop a long-term transporta- to start our off-road vehicle
Conservation organizations tion policy; they also begin working program and opens an office for
on roadless protections. him in Boulder, Colorado.
sue Yellowstone National
Park over the use of snow-
mobiles in the park.

Tapestry
By Katie Alvord

S
ummer 1992, the Ottawa National Forest,
Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. Jasper Carlton
and Kraig Klungness bumped over a Forest
Service road in Kraig’s beat-up Subaru station
wagon. Around them they could see road densities
that were far too high, leaving wildland habitats far
too fragmented -- as they were in most public forests
across the country.

“What we need,” said Jasper, “is a group that

will go after roads.”

He was talking to the right person. Kraig had al-

ready helped start two small environmental groups,
and though he didn’t know it that day, he was about
to co-found a third. Photo by Marcel Huijser.

As they traveled through the Ottawa’s mixed

deciduous and conifer forests, Kraig and Jasper
developed a vision. Such a group should integrate
the solid legal strategies of Biodiversity Legal
Foundation with principles of conservation biology,
said Jasper, then BLF’s executive director. It should
be as committed and specific in its approach as Al-
liance for a Paving Moratorium, said Kraig, then an
APM board member. And, Kraig added, thinking of
The Wildlands Project, it should base its work on a
vision of vast North American wilderness restored.
We envision . . . .
At the time, I served as APM’s executive director. When Kraig
phoned me shortly after his trip with Jasper, he suggested we organize
a national meeting involving representatives of APM, Biodiversity Legal
Foundation, The Wildlands Project, and others who’d worked on the
issue of roads. He wanted to color in the vision, to generate strength
from unity, to get roads closed and to restore public wildlands in a
big way. His determination was infectious. As I started writing grant
proposals and raising money, it became clear that funders, too, saw the
vision as promising, and as one that could fill an important need.

14 The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004


January 1998 April 1998
Wildlands CPR staff present the con- Wildlands CPR publishes
cept of road removal to more than the Road-Ripper’s Guide to
200 road engineers and wildlife Wildland Road Removal, the
biologists at the second International fifth and final guide for our
Conference on Wildlife Ecology and Road-Ripper’s Handbook.
Technology, in Fort Myers, Florida.
In February 1994, the three nonprofits and other
key activists came together at one small national
meeting to brainstorm cutting edge approaches to
fighting the proliferation of roads on public wild-
lands. The new effort would use innovative legal
strategies, be based on solid conservation biology,
and be sweeping in its geographic scope. We had a
vision of North American wilderness, restored.
. . . . envision a tapestry . . . .
What emerged from that meeting as the Road-
Fighting Strategy Project quickly morphed into the
Road Removal Implementation Project, or Road-RIP.
The lead groups dropped from three to two, with
The Wildlands Project providing a 501(c)(3) um-
brella and Biodiversity Legal Foundation providing
technical support. Kraig and I agreed to codirect
the effort, and Jasper and Kraig’s original vision was
on its way to becoming an organization on its own.
Still, for about a year our seedling group
consisted of little more than a file box in my living
room. It was a time when even many environmental-
ists were aware of neither the great damage done to
ecosystems by roads, nor their insidious prolifera-
tion on public lands.
We needed a brochure, and we wrote one. We
needed to let local groups know about the best
strategies to get roads closed, strategies that activ-
ists like Keith Hammer had used successfully in
Montana’s Flathead National Forest and that could
be used across the nation. So, with help from Keith
and others, we wrote the Road-Ripper’s Handbook.
We needed to teach activists how to use these tools,
so we devised a training workshop. And we needed
a base of information, of scientific data that would
verify the damage done by roads, so we commis-
sioned Reed Noss and a crew of grad students to
build an electronic bibliography for us.
The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004
May 1998
Wildlands CPR co-publishes,
with Friends of the Earth, “Trails
1998 of Destruction,” highlighting
Fund for Animals and Biodiversity the growing problems with off-
Legal Foundation settle their lawsuit road vehicles and trail funding
with the National Park Service over on public lands.
snowmobile use in Yellowstone. The
settlement calls for the development
of a comprehensive EIS on winter
visitor use.
The only good road in wildlands is a dead road. Erasing
the snarled tangles of roadways through what is supposed
to be wilderness is important and noble work. Wildlands
CPR is fighting the good fight against frightening odds.
There ought to be an environmental protection medal and
CPR ought to get it.
--- Annie Proulx
By about a year and a half later, we had a nice little package of
tools. Only one problem: after years of activism, Kraig and I were both
tapped out. We needed to pass our package to fresh folks with lots of
energy. But who? Everyone we knew was already overcommitted. I
phoned around for advice.
“You can’t just put the organization in a box, hand it off to new
people, and expect it to work,” said one respected nonprofit consul-
tant.
Yet we saw little choice. So we advertised. And we got lucky.
In response to our call for an executive director, we had the great
good fortune to receive applications from two young women: Bethanie
Walder, fresh from University of Montana’s Environmental Studies
Master’s Program, and Marion Hourdequin, a new graduate of Princ-
eton University. Both seemed highly dedicated and passionate about
environmental issues. Though unproven, they each had stellar poten-
tial and references -- so impressive, in fact, we decided to hire them
both.
— continued on next page —
15
 Once Bethanie and Marion had agreed to codirect our seedling
group, they came to Houghton, Michigan, where we’d worked from
home, and spent a few days with us. Then we did exactly what we
were told we couldn’t do: handed them our

Perhaps more than any other single circumstance, Wildlands CPR

owes its success to the set of decisions made at this critical juncture:
Bethanie’s and Marion’s decisions to apply for a challenging, low-pay-
ing position with questionable security and no health benefits; ours to
offer them a codirectorship; theirs to take that on, and exercise their
considerable intelligence, insight and energy to nurture the original
vision.
. . . . a tapestry, interconnected . . . .

Under Bethanie and Marion’s tutelage, the main office moved to

Missoula. New and very talented people came on board. More money
came in. Workshops were held, activists trained, and slowly, from
around the country, word trickled back to Missoula of battles fought,
some battles won, awareness raised. After a first successful year,
Marion returned to graduate school, and Bethanie stayed on to guide
the group into its own 501(c)(3) status and a new name: Wildlands
Center for Preventing Roads, or Wildlands CPR.

So it was that the file box in my living room swelled into a collec-
tion of activist tools, and then burgeoned into a much larger and flour-
ishing thing. Seeds we had planted back at that meeting in February
1994 took root and grew. We set a goal: raise awareness that wildland
roads cause enormous ecological problems. A few years later we set Photo courtesy of Bureau of Land Management.
a similar goal: raise awareness about off-road vehicles. Activists from
around the country began to use our tools. Funders took note.

Most important, more activist energy went into fighting roads

and off-road vehicles, more US Forest Service units began to address
closing roads, and pretty soon the Forest Service, under Mike Dom-
beck, actually acknowledged that excess roads on public lands were
a problem. Then, in 2003, current Forest Service Chief Dale Bosworth
acknowledged that unmanaged recreation, especially off-road vehicle
use, was one of the four greatest threats facing the National Forests.
Beginning with Kraig and Jasper’s vision that day in the Ottawa, our
own group had played a critical role in raising awareness of road and
off-road vehicle issues on the national stage.
. . . . of interconnected roadless wildlands . . . .
As we reached our goals of raising awareness,
Wildlands CPR set off in some new directions,
leading campaigns and expanding our scope well
beyond the group’s beginnings as an information
clearinghouse. We took part in precedent-setting
litigation; we helped create a national coalition to
address motorized recreation problems; we initiated
research on the economic benefits of road removal
and restoration; we grew.

1998
Wildlands CPR files a Freedom of
Information Act request with all
151 national forests regarding their
management of off-road vehicles.
In 1999 the results were catalogued
into a web-based searchable data-
base, and synthesized into a report:
“Roaring from the Past.”
Fall 1998
Wildlands CPR co-sponsors, with
Friends of the Earth, national off- January 1999
1998
road vehicle organizing meeting Wildlands CPR and the Coalition
Congress reauthorizes the Symms
with more than 50 attendees, for Canyon Preservation win a
Act as the Recreational Trails
from over 40 organizations. Sets federal lawsuit to stop a parking
Program and gradually scales ap-
the stage for developing our lot expansion in Glacier National
propriations for trail development
future off-road vehicle work. Park.
up to $50 million per year.

16 The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004

 When a nonprofit grows, there is always the danger that it will
stray from its original vision. Sometimes this is appropriate; some-
times it is symptomatic of pressures that move us away from principle
and too much toward political compromise.

Ten years after its emergence, Wildlands CPR continues to raise

awareness of the damage done by roads and motorized recreation. As
it trains activists and supports restoration, it has earned respect for its
leadership and its effectiveness at advancing its goals. We cofounders
hope in addition that it will always speak out strongly for principles of
ecological integrity and respect, and always hold these principles as
more important than political expedience.

The world continues to need strong voices speaking out on behalf

of quiet, unadulterated wilderness, on behalf of vast, unroaded wild-
lands, on behalf of restoration. We hope these strong voices will point
out the ongoing war against nature, and counter the insidious battle-
fronts initiated by even the highest levels of our government today. We
also hope people will hear and understand two important messages,
principles on which this group’s original vision was based: first, that
healthy unbroken ecosystems are the very basis for human survival;
and second, that the more-than-human world has an inherent right to Photo courtesy of Bureau of Land Management,
exist, and we have a moral imperative to respect and defend that right. Uncompahgre District, Colorado.

That’s why we think this organization has

Wildlands CPR is on the front edge of the advocation and planning
for the removal of many of the old unused logging roads which
web the mountains of the west. This restoration will be excellent
for our economy, the land and its wildlife, and means good paying
jobs for our skilled laborers. Wildlands CPR’s Restoration Program
parallels the transition in our Rocky Mountain economy as it moves
from extraction to renewal.
— Pat Williams
Pat Williams, a Montana Representative for 18 years, introduced 16 state-
wide Wilderness bills during his tenure. He now teaches at the University of
Montana, and is a Senior Fellow and Regional Policy associate fellow at the
O’Connor Center for the Rocky Mountain West.
survived and flourished from its beginning in a box,
why the seeds we planted sprouted and grew: more
than ever, we need strong and principled voices to
speak up, to speak truth, and to defend and restore
unbroken wilderness. In ten more years, we hope to
see Wildlands CPR playing that role more strongly
and powerfully than ever. And we hope to see,
emerging on the ground, more of what we continue
to envision: a tapestry of interconnected roadless
wildlands across North America.
— Katie Alvord is the author of Divorce Your Car!
Ending the Love Affair with the Automobile (2000,
New Society Publishers, www.newsociety.com). In
1994, she and Kraig Klungness cofounded the group
now known as Wildlands CPR.

August 1999
Wildlands CPR launches Skid
Marks, our mostly “bi-weekly”
electronic newsletter about off-
road vehicle and road news.
1999
High Plains Films releases “Mo-
tor,” by Joe DeFelice. Assisted by
Wildlands CPR, Joe developed this
excellent video about the impacts of
off-road vehicle recreation.
December 1999
Wildlands CPR leads the effort to
develop comprehensive off-road
vehicle petition for rule-making
to the Forest Service. 106 other
organizations join the petition.
February 2000
Wildlands CPR funds the bulk of
a special section on the ecologi-
cal effects of roads, published
in the journal Conservation
Biology.

The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004 17

 2001
2001
Wildlands CPR co-hosts
Forest Service finalizes roadless
2000 the first restoration summit
area protection rule and new na-
Wildlands CPR co-founder, in Boulder, CO. Nearly
tional road management strategy.
Katie Alvord, publishes her 100 activists and forest
February 2000 The road management strategy
book: Divorce your Car! practitioners attend.
Wildlands CPR hosts a meeting in Wash- calls for the removal of between
Ending the love affair with
ington DC to start a national coalition 146,000 and 186,000 miles of
the automobile.
to fight off-road vehicles. The Natural roads over the next 20-40 years.
Trails and Waters Coalition is formed and
in April, hosts its first lobby week and
national conference in Washington DC.
More than 90 activists attend from around
the country.

Wildlands CPR
and the Photo courtesy of Bureau of Land Management.

Natural Trails and Waters Coalition

T
hough off-road vehicle use
expanded exponentially in the
1990s, the conservation commu-
nity wasn’t quite ready to take on the
issue. Beginning in 1997, Wildlands CPR
devoted one of the nation’s first full-
time staff positions to addressing the
impacts and abuses caused by off-road
vehicle use on public lands; by 1999 we
realized we had to expand our reach
and bring more national attention to the
issues.
After many (small and large)
strategy sessions with activists from
around the country, Wildlands CPR
spearheaded a national effort to pres-
sure the Forest Service to overhaul
their managment of ORVs. With sup-
port from The Wilderness Society, we
developed a comprehensive rule-mak-
ing petition and gathered more than 100
signers from conservation, recreation
and sporting groups. We submitted the
petition in December 1999, and a few
months later set out to create a national
coalition to address off-road vehicle
problems and counter the media and
lobbying efforts of the off-road vehicle
industry.
After a national meeting supported
by several key foundations, The Natural
Trails and Waters Coalition (NTWC, or
“the Coalition”) was born. In addition
to Wildlands CPR and The Wilderness
Society, founding member organizations
included American Lands Alliance, Blue-
water Network, Friends of the Earth,
Sierra Club and Southern Utah Wilder-
ness Alliance. Coalition members
recognized that motorized recreation
— terrestrial and aquatic — was fast
becoming one of the foremost threats
to natural resources and social values
on public lands.
NTWC’s mission is to protect and
restore public lands and waters from
the damage caused by dirt bikes, jet
skis and other off-road vehicles. To
achieve this mission, the Coalition uses
legislative, legal, media, and grassroots
strategies targeted at those who man-
age or make policy for state and federal
public lands. NTWC is directed by a
steering committee made up of the
aforementioned groups, with one excep-
tion — Friends of the Earth has moved
on to other projects and the Colorado
Mountain Club has joined us. TWS and
Wildlands CPR co-chair the steering
committee.
During its first year, the Coalition
focused on media, message develop-
ment, and national parks. For example,
we supported a media campaign oppos-
ing jet skis in Kachemak Bay (Alaska),
promoted a plan to control off-road
vehicles on the White River National
Forest in Colorado, and assisted with a
statewide effort to control off-road ve-
hicles in Minnesota. We also developed
message templates, held focus groups

18 The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004

 June 2002
Wildlands CPR begins its sci-
2002
ence program, expanding our
Wildlands CPR board
knowledge about the ecological
2001 member and longtime
2001 impacts of roads and off-road
BLM undertakes a road warrior Dave Havlick
2001 Wildlands CPR contracts with vehicles, and building a field of
national assessment publishes his book: No
Forest Service road Watershed Consulting to assess researchers dedicated to learning
of their off-road ve- Place Distant: Roads and
removal funding the Clearwater National Forest’s more about the benefits of road
hicle management, but Motorized Recreation on
peaks and then road removal program and to removal as a form of restoration.
makes no significant America’s Public Lands.
drops by 55% the critique the Forest Service’s new
changes. national Roads Analysis Process.
following year.

and conducted opinion polls on the public perception

of off-road vehicles. The results were not surprising:
if people don’t use off-road vehicles, they pretty much My wife and I are firm supporters of Wildlands CPR. They
don’t like them. waste no money on frills, instead spending our gift dollars
gathering facts and “ground truthing” what is happening on our
Our work on national parks spanned the coun- public lands better than any other outfit — governmental or
try, from proposed snowmobile expansions in Denali nonprofit — around. And most important,
(Alaska) and Yellowstone National Parks (MT/WY),
they have smart leadership that, while committed, also under-
to swamp buggy impacts in Big Cypress National
Preserve in Florida. We also supported the Blue- stands how, to be successful, we have to work
water Network’s efforts to control jet ski use in the within a changing cultural-political world.
parks. Snowmobiling in Yellowstone has been the — Tom and Susan Roy
subject of multiple legislative and legal fights and
its fate remains unclear, even today. On the other
hand, proposals to expand snowmobiling into the
wilderness core of Denali never gained any ground,
and in Florida, we and our partners took a big step
forward when a magistrate’s decision upheld the Park
Service’s plan to curtail ORV use. While we still await

the final court ruling, the plan would

limit off-road vehicles to 400 miles of
designated routes (from the current
23,000 miles that users carved into the
wetlands with no planning or analysis).

While the national parks offered us

an important media and policy wedge
for exposing the problems with off-road
vehicles, we knew that we would have
to put some serious effort into both the
Forest Service and the Bureau of Land
Management, where off-road vehicle
problems are exponentially larger than
those in the parks. So NTWC partnered
with the Wilderness Society to develop
a guide to addressing off-road vehicle
management on BLM lands, and in 2003
the Coalition hired a dedicated staff
Photo by Jerry Sintz, Wyoming State Office, Bureau of Land Management.
— continued on next page —

The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004 19

 2003
July 2003 Forest Service Chief
September 2003
Hells Canyon National Dale Bosworth states that
Wildlands CPR publishes
Recreation Area releases unmanaged recreation
March 2003 “Investing in Communities,
their new comprehensive is one of the four great-
August 2002 The “Restoration Prin- Investing in the Land,” the
management plan, calling est threats facing the
Natural Trails and Wa- ciples” are published in first national economics as-
for the closure of 200 national forests.
ters Coalition publishes the journal Ecological sessment of the job creation
“ATV Safety Crisis: miles of roads. potential of a national road
Restoration. Wildlands
America’s Children at CPR’s Marnie Criley is removal program.
Risk.” a co-author.

Photo courtesy of Bureau of

Land Management, Four Rivers
District, Idaho.

person to work on BLM issues. 2003
was also the year our Forest Service
work came full circle: the petition for
rule-making that launched NTWC in
1999 came back to the forefront this
winter when the Forest Service an-
nounced they would re-write their na-
tional off-road vehicle rules. Wildlands
CPR and NTWC quickly developed a
national campaign plan to address this
rule-making process, and Wildlands
CPR hired ten regional leaders to orga-
nize in each region of the Forest Service
(except Alaska). The rule-making pro-
cess is still in progress. The Coalition
will also use Wildlands CPR’s Travel
Planning Primer to ensure that any new
rule is implemented in the most effec-
tive way.
In 2001 Wildlands CPR started a
mini-grant program for off-road vehicle
work. Our first grant, of $5,000, went
to the Florida Biodiversity Project for
their work in Big Cypress National
Preserve. After distributing nearly
$20,000, we turned the program over
to NTWC, which has since awarded
more than $100,000 in mini-grants for
everything from monitoring programs,
to legal battles, to scientific research, to
outreach and media. The results have
been amazing, with activists expanding
off-road vehicle work in every region
of the country. Examples of successful
NTWC mini-grants include:
• In Washington State, the Is-
saquah Alps Trails Club used a $5000
grant from NTWC to dramatically
improve the allocation of gas tax funds
for recreational uses. The mini-grant
was combined with other funding to
support lobbying and education of state
officials in Olympia, and outreach to
environmental and recreational groups.
• In California, NTWC helped CORE
(Commitment to Our Recreational Envi-
ronment) with materials and support to
get the Stanislaus Forest to pay atten-
tion and write a fair travel plan after
six years of ignoring recreationists and
adjoining private property owners.
• In Utah, a mini-grant enabled
the Great Old Broads for Wilderness to
increase monitoring of BLM lands and
create a state-of-the-art database on off-
road vehicle impacts in the West.
• In Montana, an NTWC mini-grant
helped the Predator Conservation Alli-
ance produce a video for distribution
to the general public: “Backcountry
Travel, the Question of Multiple Use on
our Public Lands.”
These are just a few of the projects
we’ve supported, helping grassroots
organizations fight the impacts of ORVs
across the country.

20 The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004


October 2003
Wildlands CPR and the
Sierra Club fund the
removal of 2.5 miles of
roads adjacent to the
Anaconda Pintler Wilder-
ness, on the Beaverhead-
Deerlodge National Forest
in Montana.
January 2004
The journal Frontiers in
Ecology publishes “Ben-
efits and Impacts of Road
Removal.” Wildlands
CPR staff scientist Adam
Switalski is the lead
author on the article.
July 2004
The Forest Service
April 2004 announces a proposed
Wildlands CPR co-hosts a work- new rule to remove
January 2004 shop with the Clearwater National protections for roadless
Forest on developing effective road
The Forest Ser- areas and to rewrite
vice announces a removal programs; more than 40 the Roadless Rule.
Forest Service employees attend.
national process to
overhaul their off- Wildlands CPR releases several
new resources including a guide to
road vehicle rules;
the proposed rule is road removal funding and a report
highlighting model road removal
released in July.
programs.

In 2002, NTWC worked with the Consumer Federation of Ameri-

It is refreshing to work with Wildlands CPR because they
have an real hands on approach to restoration issues and are
genuine in understanding and support of those who work in
the woods. Because they have technical expertise in restor-
ing degraded road systems they bring practical perspective
and credible information to the discussion of policies related
to roads on our public lands. Plus, they are fun people to be
around and work with.
— Maia Enzer, Sustainable Northwest
ca to release a report on the safety risks posed by off-road vehicles.
The report, “ATV Safety Crisis: America’s Children At Risk,” was a
landmark report on the continuing safety problems with off-road ve-
hicles. The manufacture and sale of three-wheeled off-road vehicles
was banned in the late 1980s after numerous studies showed their
inherent instability. Four wheelers were assumed to be more stable,
but the Coalition’s report showed that fatalities and serious injuries
are nearly as problematic as before, especially for children. One
year later the Coalition issued a follow-up report; both have gener-
ated significant media attention. In addition, numerous states are
considering changes to their licensing laws regarding children and
off-road vehicles, though no new legislation has been passed yet.

When Wildlands CPR and others created the Natural Trails and
Waters Coalition, we did so to raise awareness about the profound
impacts off-road vehicle recreation has on our public lands, and
to change management to protect and restore lands from these
impacts. We’ve been extraordinarily successful: we’ve helped stop
bad legislation; we’ve promoted good legislation; we’ve developed
additional tools; and we’ve assisted grassroots groups by infusing
small but critical amounts of funding for expanding their off-road
vehicle work. The Coalition works with people from all walks of life,
including hunters, hikers, horseback riders, ranchers, private prop-
erty owners, and, yes, conservationists! It’s been exciting to see so
many different people, with so many different backgrounds, get so
riled up and active on one issue.

However, off road vehicle riders are often in the majority at

public meetings and by nature are louder than non-motorized forest
visitors. “Quiet” forest visitors will often choose to leave a favorite
hiking or hunting area rather than face an uncomfortable and poten-
tially dangerous conflict with an off-road vehicle.
Photo by Paul Happel, Bureau of Land
Management, Roswell, New Mexico. Wildlands CPR is proud to have been a founding member of the
Natural Trails and Waters Coalition. Through this partnership we’ve
already changed the way off-road vehicle recreation is perceived in
the U.S. Over the next few years we will continue to work together
to develop local, vocal, active networks of people working to protect
public lands from off-road vehicle impacts.

The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004 21

I
n honor of our tenth anniversary, we’ve been busy spruc-
ing things up around the Wildlands CPR office and website.
The first thing you may have noticed is our new logo! It
took us several months but we finally found something we
like, and we hope you do too. Many thanks to Mark Alan
Wilson for the concept, and to Hank Green for making it work.
Thanks also to Beth Peluso for many excellent ideas.
A second thank you goes to Mark Alan Wilson, Chuck
Irestone and our own Kiffin Hope for revamping our website.
We added new materials, fact sheets and other non-technical
information, in addition to cleaning up and reorganizing our
technical resources and others to come are just a click away
from the activist resources page.
While we’ve been busy refreshing our look, we also
received a number of generous grants during the past few
months. Many thanks to the Flintridge Foundation for a two-
year grant for our restoration work, and to the Wilburforce,
Lazar, Maki, and Weeden Foundations. And thanks to those
of you who responded to our tenth anniversary mailing, we
really appreciate your continuing support!

Ten Years of Clearinghouse Assistance

Information requests
Wildlands CPR responds to an average of 500 informa- Minnesota, Montana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Oregon,
tion requests per year — roughly 5,000 since our inception. Pennsylvania, and Washington (we’ve held multiple work-
Requests include anything from bibliographic searches to shops in many of these states).
strategy consultations; many people also access our resourc-
es directly on line. Presentations, conferences and research
Wildlands CPR staff members have given hundreds of
Bibliographic database presentations to thousands of people at conferences and
In 1995, Reed Noss oversaw development of a biblio- workshops throughout the U.S. In addition, we’ve raised
graphic database on the ecological effects of roads and and distributed nearly $100,000 for original research on road
motorized recreation. We’ve updated the database every removal.
other year, and it now contains more than 10,000 citations.
It’s been used by activists and land managers throughout the Litigation
U.S., including nearly every federal agency that manages land Wildlands CPR has been involved in about 20 lawsuits,
(e.g. Park Service, Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau ranging from intervening on behalf of the Forest Service
of Indian Affairs). Researchers from Australia, Brazil, Canada, against the timber industry or off-road vehicle users,
England, Germany, Indonesia, Israel, New Zealand, Pakistan, to suing to stop roads and motorized recreation.
Sweden, The Netherlands, and many other countries have We’ve won all but two of our cases, upholding many
also used the database — it is one of the largest collections of road and route closures and preventing new
road and off-road vehicle information in the world. construction.

Workshops
Since our workshop program began in 1995, Wildlands
CPR has trained nearly 1000 activists and agency employees
to: 1) monitor and inventory system and non-system roads
and motorized routes; 2) prevent new road construction; and
3) understand and promote road removal. We’ve sponsored
workshops in Alabama, Alaska, Alberta (Canada), Arizona,
Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan,

2004
Summer 2004 Wildlands CPR
Wildlands CPR begins the first of celebrates its 10th
two field studies on the ecologi- Anniversary!
cal effects of road removal, one
in the Flathead National Forest in
Montana.

22 The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004

 Join Wildlands CPR Today!
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The Road-RIPorter, Autumn Equinox 2004 23

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