A Reliable performance of Transmission and Distribution through Reconfiguration in rural areas

Submitted
BY

R.VISWANATH M.Tech II yr, AHEC S-142, Ganga Bhawan IIT ROORKEE, ROORKEE-247667 UTTARAKHAND E-Mail- visuroyal@gmail.com Mob- 09997715357

CH.MOHANA KRISHNA M.Tech II yr, AHEC T-42, Ganga Bhawan IIT ROORKEE ROORKEE- 247667 UTTARAKHAND E-Mail- mohanpap@iitr.ernet.in Mob- 09760356033

Alternate Hydro Energy Centre

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Roorkee-247667 (INDIA)

A Reliable performance of Transmission and Distribution through Reconfiguration in rural areas

R.Viswanath, Member, IEEE, and Ch. Mohana Krishna
interruption being experienced by them. The different components of distribution in which high losses occur are Primary feeders, Distribution transformers Irrigation pumps sets, Secondary distribution Commercial lighting, industrial installation domestic lighting and appliances. It is necessary to design a system in such away so as to keep both these quantities at the minimum values depending upon economic viability and technical feasibility. Designing a transmission and distribution network that provides lines of shorter lengths can reduce the resistance, use of All Alloy Aluminum (AAAC) conductor instead of Aluminum conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) and optimally reconfiguring the distribution networks and using appropriate size of conductors. This would keep the lines within the permissible kW km limit, thus keeping the percentage voltage regulation (%VR) and the line losses to the minimum. Apart from this other measures to enhance the performance of T&D system may include optimal location. The electrical energy demand is also rising at the rate of 9% to 10% per year whereas the rate of addition to the installed capacity is at the rate of 6%per year [2]. Thus almost all states of our country are facing deficit in energy. To reduce this gap the power utilities need to adopt various measures. Minimizing T&D losses Promoting generation capacity through small and Micro hydel and other renewable energy sources through energy conservation schemes II. RURAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM A. Review Stage: This chapter emphasizes on the problems affecting the performance of T&D systems in rural areas. These being such as voltage regulation, poor power factor, line losses, lengthy Low-tension lines (L.T), non-optimal location & utilization of distribution transformers etc. Remedies to these causes of poor performances of T&D systems are also discussed at length, like installing more low capacity transformers in rural areas, optimal location & utilization of distribution transformers, reconfiguration of power distribution network, reactive compensation of lines etc. B. Important Considerations for Better Performance of Rural T&D System: 1. Size and Length of Conductor: In adequate size & length of conductor results in high-energy losses and poor voltage regulation in a T&D system. Adequate size and length of the conductor can be determined based on the permissible kVA

Abstract This paper discusses the Methodology to optimally reconfigure the existing distribution network for reducing the energy losses and improving the voltage regulation has been proposed along a real distribution network of 11kV MR-II feeder in District Jammu of J&K state. By reconfiguration, some part of the existing distribution network is relieved of the overload. Optimal reconfiguration also reduces the feeder line length resulting in reduction of energy losses and an improved voltage profile. And, it is established, that still further loss reduction on the proposed distribution feeders is possible, through the reinforcement of conductors, which involves replacement of the existing 30 mm2 aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) with equivalent size all alloy aluminum conductor (AAAC). An electric distribution network for the electrification of some households located at the remote villages in the rural area of District Udhampur of J&K state is also designed. Index Terms Rural Transmission and Distribution System, Rural Feeder, Conductor Systems, Annual Energy Loss

I. INTRODUCTION

OST of rural distribution systems are radial in nature. The rural distribution circuits run for longer lengths than ought to be, due to rapid rural electrification schemes and limited funds allocated for distribution sector. Also in radial feeders other than rural feeders catering consumers of inductive loads, the line losses are generally high due to poor power factor. Studies made by various Electricity Boards have shown that poor power factor of irrigation pumps operated with induction motors contribute in a big way for high line losses. It has been found that induction motors used for agricultural pumps, comprising bulk of the rural loads, operate at low power factor of 0.65 to 0.7 with poor efficiency of 20% to 30%. Whether rural or urban, from the consumers stand point, the performance of the Transmission and Distribution (T&D) system is finally reckoned in terms of the quality and reliability of the supplies being made to them. The quality would mean that the voltage variations remain within the permissible limits and the reliability gets related to deviations and frequency of

Ch.Mohana Krishna (M.Tech II yr.) is with the Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, INDIA, Mob-09760356033 e-mail: mohanpap@ iitr.ernet.in). R.Viswanath (M.Tech II yr.) is with the Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, INDIA, Mob09997715357 e-mail: visuroyal@ gmail.com /visuapah@ iitr.ernet.in).

2 km or kW km capacity of the conductor selected for stipulated voltage drop. Repeat this till the difference of the sums of two sides is minimum or zero. That location will be the optimal location. 4. Appropriate Capacity and Optimal Utilization of Distribution Transformers: Appropriate rating of a distribution transformer can be arrived at depending upon the maximum demand of individual consumer determined by dividing hourly average maximum consumption by time duration of one hour. Then diversity factor is applied to find the simultaneous maximum demand on the concerned distribution transformer. The kVA rating of the transformer is determined from the sum of the individual consumers of each category by the following expression. KVA rating = sum of [average consumption / consumer / hour x No. of such consumers x uncertainty factor] / power factor x diversity factor. The uncertainty in the above expression allows for the load growth and error in estimation of the peak demand. As a final step, appropriate selection of the transformer is to be done to achieve maximum possible efficiency for which the distribution transformer is designed in the range of 55% to 75%of their full load [1]. 5. Improvement in Voltage Regulation:

Tab.1. KW-Km limit for 11 kV H.T. & 415V L.T. Distribution for Different types of Conductors

Appropriate type of conductor also plays an important role in reducing power distribution losses along with qualitative and reliable supply to the consumer. One such conductor is All Alloy Aluminum Conductor (AAAC). It is a homogeneous standard conductor with the following advantages over conventional ACSR conductor higher strength, higher conductivity, Lighter weight, Corrosion Resistance, Longer Service Life, Lower power Losses, Higher Thermal stability. 2. Effect of Ratio of Primary Line Length to Secondary Line Length: It is well known that for a given quantum of power supplied by a distribution line its line losses are inversely proportional to the square of its operating voltage. Higher is the operating voltage, lesser will be the line losses. In most of the electricity boards in the country the ratio of HT / LT is very much less than unity. This is in fact one very important area in which the boards have to take corrective measures on priority to cut down the line losses drastically, by increasing HT / LT ratio. A ratio of 1 to 1.2 would be very beneficial to power distribution. This aspect has been taken while designing the electricity supply distribution scheme for remotely located villages. 3. Optimal Location of Distribution Transformers: The stepwise procedure for optimally locating distribution transformer is given below [1]: Prepare single line diagram of the LT distribution fed from the transformer for which the optimal location is to be determined showing the existing transformer location, locations of the loads and their ratings in HP or kVA and lengths of secondary distributions lines to the loads in metres and the sizes of the line conductors. For the LT distribution if the loads are partly in HP and partly in kW or kVA, convert all of them to common base say HP or kW or kVA. In the case of conductors of different sizes used for the LT distribution assume only one size of conductor for the entire distribution and proportionately adjust the lengths of the other size conductors such that resistances of the actual conductors and that of the assumed are the same. Choose the point on the trunk line (LT distributor) such that the sum of HPs or kVAs or kWs, as the case may be, on one side is equal to that on the other side. This location is tentatively taken as appropriate locations of the transformer.

Tab.2. Capacitors Sizes for Power Factor Correction [1] For quick estimation the effect of capacitor in reducing line losses in %age due to improvement in power factor is given in Table.3 Mathematically the saving in line losses expressed as %age of former value of losses is expressed as [1 (Cos 1 / Cos 2)2]

Tab.4. kVAr Rating of LT Capacitors corresponding to Rated HP capacity of Pump Sets

Tab.3 Effect of Capacitor in Reducing % Losses

III. LOSS REDUCTION THROUGH RECONFIGURATION OF A TYPICAL 11 KV RURAL FEEDER In a rural area distribution systems are normally configured radially because it offers a cheap and effective coordination of protective schemes against different types of faults. To reduce the system power loss and to improve the voltage regulation thickening / upgrading of conductors or reconfiguration / rerouting of the existing distribution network are some possible solutions in addition to those discussed above which can be applied to enhance the system performance in terms of its improved efficiency and reliability. Reconfiguring the existing distribution network and feeding the reconfigured part of the existing distribution network from a new source or substation offers a long-term measure against poor voltage regulation and line losses. This apart from substantially improving the voltage regulation, reduction in line losses also adds reliability of supply, since in the event of fault on the distribution system / component, Only a part of the network will remain without power, whereas the remaining part of the network will continue to get electric supply. This above aspect is applied in this study to enhance the performance of a primary distribution network of a typical 11kV rural feeder of Marh block in district Jammu of J&K State as a part of case study I (A). Further study carried out on the proposed reconfigured distribution network as case study I (B) shows further scope for possible improvement in system voltage regulation and line loss reduction through the proposed technique called reinforcement of conductors. Case study I (A): The objective of the case study is to improve percent voltage regulation (%VR) and reduction in energy losses by reconfiguring existing primary distribution network of 11 kV MR-II Feeder. The existing 11 kV MR-II feeder originates from 6.3 MVA, 33/11 kV Marh substation. The exiting 11kv Marh feeder depicts the tilted poles, loose spans, and tree branches touching the conductor and joints/broken strands of the conductor of a typical 11kV

5. Economic Considerations: By maintaining proper reactive power balance the earning capacity of the system can be increased considerably. Improvement of power factor alone from 0.6 to 0.9 will raise the earning capacity by 50% [11]. The reactive power not only lowers the earning capacity of the system but also costs something to produce. The running cost of the station can be shown as per the following expression [11], Running Cost = constant x (2/3 kW + 1/3 kVA) The running cost attributable to the production of the Watt less component by the generating stations can be minimized if care is taken for power factor correction of the consumer equipment specially Induction Motors. LT shunt capacitors on 415V sides of the distribution transformer are highly cost effective, costing about 1/5 the [11] as compared to that of switched HT capacitors and comparatively these are easy to maintain also. 6. Capacitor Location and General Guidelines: The location depends upon the object and motive of compensation. The following general guidelines should be adopted [10]: (a) Nearest to the load is the most advantageous from the point of reduced losses and the maximum voltage increase. (b) Compensation to cover no load losses of the transformer should be always in the circuit, preferably near to the transformer. (c) It may be noted that group compensation is always cheaper than individual compensation but large H.P. machines with good load factor may require individual compensation. (d) Under loaded motors would run at lower pf than those with normal loads. (e) Compensation required for motor with less R.P.M. would be higher than the motor with more R.P.M. of the equal H.P.

4 rural feeder of Marh block of district Jammu of J&K. These factors reveal that due to long lengths of rural feeders. The load factor, loss factor and the load diversity factor are obtained based on 24 hours Ampere loadings of the 11 kV Marh feeder. These values are worked out and tabulated in Table.5 along with the other Parameters of existing 11 kV MR-II feeder. MR-II feeder distribution network shall be relieved of its overload. As shown in the Fig.2, with the proposed reconfiguration scheme, only part of the load on the MR-II feeder is proposed to be fed from the present 33/11 kV Marh substation. The remaining part of the load shall be fed from the proposed 33/11 kV substation at Gajansoo. This remaining part of the load shall be fed via 11 kV feeders marked as Feeder A, Feeder B, Feeder C emanating from the proposed 33/11 kV substation at Gajansoo. This work would require the laying of additional 11 kV lines, to connect these feeders to the newly proposed 33/11 kV substation, and 33kV tap line, to feed the newly proposed substation.

Tab.5 Parameters of existing 11kv MR-II Feeder [8]

Fig .2 Proposed MR-II Distribution Network

Fig.1 Existing 11 kV MR-II Feeder

1. Annual Energy Loss and Voltage Regulation on Existing 11kV MR-II Feeder Network: The values for %VR and annual energy losses (AEL) in kWh are worked out following the convention [6] that the loads on the spur lines be assumed concentrated at the point of tapping on the main feeder and based on the empirical equations [12] as shown for the said feeder distribution network. These values are tabulated in Table 6.

2. Annual Energy Loss and Voltage Regulation on Existing Distribution Network Up to the Horizon Year: Consider a horizon period of 5 years i.e. the period when the said proposal shall be operational and the savings on account of improved %VR and reduction in annual energy loss shall come into effect. Assuming annual load growth rate of 9.5%, a load growth factor (L.G.F) of1.5 is obtained. Because of dynamic nature of the load, the load at the end of Horizon year shall grow by factor equal to L.G.F and here for annual energy loss and %VR shall also increase to new values as worked out and tabulated in Table 7.

Table .7 Annual Energy Losses & %VR on Existing Distribution Network Up to the Horizon Year

Table 6 .Annual Energy loss & %VR on Existing Distribution Network

The proposed reconfigured network is shown below in Fig.2. With the proposed reconfiguration, the existing 11 kV

3. KVA km Limit, Annual Energy Losses and Voltage regulation of Proposed Feeders of the Reconfigured Distribution Network: KVA km limit (or kW km limit at 0.8 pf) for each of the proposed 11 kV feeder is worked out separately. These results tabulated in Table 8, obtained, shows that the kVA km limit for each of these feeders is within the specified REC recommendations.

5 5. Proposed Capacity For 33/11 kV Sub Station:

Table 8: kVA km Limit for Each of the Proposed Feeders

The values for Annual Energy Losses, %VR the load diversity factor (L.D.F) for each of above-mentioned feeders resulting out of reconfiguration of the existing distribution network are worked out and tabulated in Table 9 along with some other parameters of these feeders. Table 11: Proposed Capacity for 33/11 kV Sub Station The total capacity of the proposed 33/11 kV substation is worked out keeping in mind the load growth for the next 5 years, which it must cater to. This gives the load growth factor, LGF = (1 + 9.5/100) 5 = 1.5. Therefore, the capacity shall be 3.5 MVA x 1.5 = 5.25MVA. Since the next available power transformer is of 6.3 MVA capacities, hence the proposed capacity for the said 33/11 kV substation is 6.3 MVA. 6. Cost Estimation: To work out the net savings through the implementation of the said proposal, it is necessary to compare the cost of investments made and the returns obtained. Based on this %age gross return is calculated. A. Project Cost: It is proposed that an additional 500m of 33kV line length on ACSR (100mm2) conductor is to be laid to supply power to newly proposed Station. The cost of erection of this line works out to be 3.19Lacs.Similarly an additional 2.25 km of 11 kV line length on ACSR 30mm2 is required to be laid to feed supply from the proposed 6.3 MVA, 33/11 kVA substation for the 11kV primary distribution feeders namely feeders A, B and C.

Table 9: Reconfigured Distribution Network Parameters

4. Annual Energy Loss and Voltage Regulation of Proposed Reconfigured Distribution Network Feeders up to the Horizon Year: The load on these feeders shall also grow by the load growth factor LGF equal to 1.5.Annual energy losses %VR and on the proposed reconfigured distribution feeders of Fig 1 shall increase to new values. The %VR and annual energy losses on the proposed reconfigured distribution network feeders shall be as shown in Table 10.

Table.12. Particulars of proposed 33/11kV substation cost Table 10: Annual Energy Loss & %VR on Reconfigured Distribution Network Feeders Up to the Horizon Year

The savings in terms of reduction in energy losses are easily obtained upon comparing the results of Tables 7 & 10, which works out to be nearly 29.13 Lac units.

B. Savings through Reduction in Losses: Annual Saving in terms of reduction in energy losses @ Rs.1.19 as cost for generation of every additional unit of energy = 1.19 x 29.13 = Rs. 34.66 Lacs.

6 IV. DISTRIBUTION NETWORK DESIGN FOR ELECTRIFICATION OF REMOTE VILLAGES IN A TYPICAL RURAL AREA The census code, name of villages and the electric load in kW of the households for electrification is shown in Table 16.
Tab.13. Savings through Reduction in losses

Case Studies 1(B): Objective of this case study is to propose the technique of reinforcement of conductor, which involves replacement of the existing Aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) with equivalent size All Aluminum Alloy conductor (AAAC). It is possible to achieve further reduction in annual energy losses and improvement in %VR with the aboveproposed technique in the proposed reconfigured distribution network Replacement of the existing ACSR conductor size, 30-mm2 Weasel with AAAC equivalent size conductor requires minimum investment, and will provide higher current carrying capacity, low weight and nearly equal sag over the same span length. It shows comparison of Parameters of ACSR with AAAC.

Tab.16.Name of villages and the Electric Load in kW of the Households [8]

The supply of electricity to these villages is proposed to be tapped from the existing 11kV Thill feeder (ACSR Squirrel) emanating from 4.3 kVA 33/11 kV substation [8].Fig. 3. shows the layout of the existing 11kV Thill feeder along with the proposed tap lines and single phase high voltage distribution transformers of appropriate capacity.

Tab.14.Comparison of Parameters of ACSR with AAAC [1] [14]

1. Annual Energy Losses on Proposed Distribution Network Feeders with AAAC Equivalent Size Conductor Instead of Present ACSR Conductor: Theoretical results as after replacing the existing ACSR 30 mm2 with equivalent size AAAC, on the proposed distribution feeders, suggest that a further annual energy loss reduction of about 8%, which follows immediately, upon comparison between the results summarized in Tables 11 and 15, is possible with the adoption of this technique. Annual energy Losses of proposed distribution network feeders with AAAC equivalent size conductor are summarized in Table 15.

Fig.3. Layout Showing Existing and Proposed Distribution Network of 11 kV Thill Feeder for Electrification of Remote Villages of District Udhampur

Table.17. Summarizes %VR worked out for each section of L.T distribution network and also presents the no load and load losses on the distribution transformers along with the line losses.
Tab.15.Annual Energy Losses on Proposed Distribution Network Feeders With AAAC Equivalent Size Conductor

Tab.17 %VR and % losses on the proposed LT Distribution Network

Main Components in the Design of Distribution Network: Distribution network design involves various components such as selecting an appropriate conductor design, evaluating HT and LT line lengths, number of distribution transformers required and their appropriate kVA ratings, number of HT tapping points needed, number of HT and LT poles depending upon the terrain and average span as per REC construction standards. Table.18 below summarizes the various parameters of all such components required in the design of distribution networks of the different villages proposed for electrification.

Table.18 Proposed Works for Electrification of Different Villages [13].

V. CONCLUSIONS The main conclusions drawn from the above studies are discussed below: Through the proposed reconfiguration of the existing 11kV rural feeder annual loss reduction of 94% is possible. Investments made for carrying out the proposed reconfiguration and the savings obtainable in terms of reduction in the losses yield a gross return of about 49%. Further loss reduction of about 8% is possible on the proposed reconfigured distribution network through the suggested reinforcement technique that involves replacement of the existing ACSR conductor with equivalent size of AAAC. Distribution transformers with amorphous core design can eliminate up to 75% iron losses. Use of single-phase high voltage distribution transformers can substantially reduce the L.T line length and improve HT/LT ratio. A single-phase distribution transformer feeds a group of 10 to 20 houses and hence reducing the required L.T line length. Due to smaller LT line lengths line losses get reduced, frequency of faults is also considerably reduced, and therefore, there is reduction in the failure rate of distribution transformers. VI. REFERENCES
[1] Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Reduction in Transmission and Distribution Losses and Remedial Measures, Publication No. 240, October 1996. Upadhyay, Anil K., Power Sector Reforms in India Issues in Ownership, Structure and Regulation, University of Oxford, Research Report No. 26, June 1999. Annual Report of Planning Commission on Working of State Electricity Boards, 2000. Tata Energy Research Institute, Energy Data Directory and Year Book (TEDDY), 2003-2004. Khedkar M.K, Rural Distribution Problems and Remedies, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, September 1996. Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Power System Sub Transmission and Distribution System Prevailing practices in India, Publication No. 198, New Delhi, 1991, India. Allen R.Inversion,Mini Grid Design Manual NRECA,USA (World Bank Sponsored) Government of J&K, Power Development Department, Report on Strengthening and Improvement of Sub transmission and Distribution System Satnam P. S, Gupta P. V Sub Station Design and Equipment, Publication 2000. Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Modern Trends and Practices in Power Sub Transmission and Distribution System, Publication No. 250, Vol. I, India. Nath Rakesh, VAR Management Viable Solution to Improve the quality of Power and Reduction of Technical Losses, Bhakra Beas Management Board. Rural Electrification Corporation, Guidelines for Project Formulation for Electrification of Villages and Rural Households for Grid Supply Systems, September 2004. Rural Electrification Corporation Approved Cost Data for J&K Power Development Department, 2005. Junejo A. Anwar, Karki Ajay, Verma Ram K, Survey and Layout Design Manual for Private Micro Hydel Power Plant, (MHP Plant), International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), DCS Technology Development, Nepal 2002. Pabla A. S, Electric Power Distribution System Tata McGraw Hill, 1992.

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