FIRE SENSING ROBOT

INDEX
CONTENTS
1. Abbreviations 2. Introduction 3. Block Diagram 4. Block Diagram Description 5. Schematic 6. Schematic Description 7. Hardware Components
Microcontroller H-BRIDGE Smoke sensor POWER SUPPLY Buzzer

8. Circuit Description 9. software 10.Conclusion (or) Synopsis 11. Future Aspects 12. Bibliography

ABBREVIATIONS
SYMBOL ACC B PSW SP DPTR DPL DPH P0 P1 P2 P3 IP IE TMOD TCON T2CON T2MOD TH0 TL0 TH1 TL1 TH2 TL2 SCON SBUF PCON NAME Accumulator B register Program status word Stack pointer Data pointer 2 bytes Low byte High byte Port0 Port1 Port2 Port3 Interrupt priority control Interrupt enable control Timer/counter mode control Timer/counter control Timer/counter 2 control Timer/counter mode2 control Timer/counter 0high byte Timer/counter 0 low byte Timer/counter 1 high byte Timer/counter 1 low byte Timer/counter 2 high byte Timer/counter 2 low byte Serial control Serial data buffer Power control

INTRODUCTION
A robot is officially defined by as an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes. The field of robotics may be more practically defined as the study, design and use of robot systems for manufacturing (a top-level definition relying on the prior definition of robot). Typical applications of robots include welding, painting, ironing, assembly, pick and place, packaging and palletizing, product inspection, and testing, all accomplished with high endurance, speed, and precision. Robot types, features The most commonly used robot configurations are articulated robots, SCARA robots and gantry robots (aka Cartesian Coordinate robots, or x-y-z robots). In the context of general robotics, most types of robots would fall into the category of robot arms (inherent in the use of the word manipulator in the above-mentioned ISO standard). Robots exhibit varying degrees of autonomy: Some robots are programmed to faithfully carry out specific actions over and over

again (repetitive actions) without variation and with a high degree of accuracy. These actions are determined by programmed routines that specify the direction, acceleration, velocity, deceleration, and distance of a series of coordinated motions. Other robots are much more flexible as to the orientation of the object on which they are operating or even the task that has to be performed on the object itself, which the robot may even need to identify. For example, for more precise guidance, robots often contain machine vision sub-systems acting as their "eyes", linked to powerful computers or controllers. Artificial intelligence, or what passes for it, is becoming an increasingly important factor in the modern industrial robot.

History
George Devol applied for the first robotics patents in 1954 (granted in 1961). The first company to produce a robot was Unimation, founded by George Devol and Joseph F. Engel berger in 1956, and was based on Devol's original patents. Unimation robots were also called programmable transfer machines since their main use at first was to transfer objects from one point to another, less than a dozen feet or so apart. They used hydraulic actuators and were programmed in joint coordinates, i.e. the angles of the various joints were stored during a teaching phase and replayed in operation. They were accurate to within 1/10,000 of an inch. Unimation later licensed their technology to Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Guest-Nettlefolds, manufacturing Unimates in Japan and England respectively. For some time Unimation's only competitor was Cincinnati Milacron Inc. of Ohio. This changed radically in the late 1970s when several big Japanese conglomerates began producing similar industrial robots. In 1969 Victor Scheinman at Stanford University invented the Stanford arm, an allelectric, 6-axis articulated robot designed to permit an arm solution. This allowed it to accurately follow arbitrary paths in space and widened the potential use of the robot to more sophisticated applications such as assembly and arc welding. Scheinman then designed a second arm for the MIT AI Lab, called the "MIT arm." Scheinman, after receiving a fellowship from Unimation to develop his designs, sold those designs to Unimation who further developed them with support from General Motors and later marketed it as the Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly (PUMA). In 1973 KUKA Robotics built its first robot, known as FAMULUS, this is the first articulated robot to have six electromechanically driven axes. Interest in robotics swelled in the late 1970s and many companies entered the field, including large firms like General Electric, and General Motors (which formed joint venture FANUC Robotics with FANUC LTD of Japan). US start-ups included Automatix and Adept Technology, Inc. At the height of the robot boom in 1984, Unimation was acquired by Westinghouse Electric Corporation for 107 million US dollars. Westinghouse sold Unimation to Stubli Faverges SCA of France in 1988. Stubli was still making articulated robots for general industrial and clean room applications as of 2004 and even bought the robotic division of Bosch in late 2004.

Eventually the myopic vision of American industry was superseded by the financial resources and strong domestic market enjoyed by the Japanese manufacturers. Only a few non-Japanese companies managed to survive in this market, including Adept Technology, Stubli-Unimation, the Swedish-Swiss company ABB (ASEA Brown-Boveri), the Austrian manufacturer igm Robotersysteme AG and the German company KUKA Robotics. Now a day's every system is automated in order to face new challenges. In the present days Automated systems have less manual operations, flexibility, reliability and accurate. Due to this demand every field prefers automated control systems. Especially in the field of electronics automated systems are giving good performance. In the present scenario of war situations, unmanned systems plays very important role to minimize human losses. So this robot is very useful to do operations like detecting fire. Here is an automated unmanned system being designed around a microcontroller which serves for detecting hazardous parameters such as smoke. According to this project, a robot is designed which is made to move all the time. Apart from this, the system also detects the presence of smoke with the help of a smoke sensor. All the devices such as smoke sensor, motor by which robot is made to move, buzzer are being interfaced to microcontroller which forms the control unit of the project. In the standby mode the robot is moved here and there. Whenever any smoke is detected by the smoke sensor, the same is sensed and is intimated to the user by the microcontroller using buzzer. This project finds its place in places where one wants to make the unmanned system to sense some hazardous condition.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Battery

MICRO CONTROLLER UNIT

Drivers

Motors

FIRE SENSOR BUZZER

Block Diagram Explanation:

This Project mainly consists of Power Supply section, Microcontroller section, Motor Driver section and a smoke sensor. Power Supply Section: This section is meant for supplying Power to all the sections mentioned above. It basically consists of a 9V DC battery followed by a positive voltage regulator is used to regulate the required dc voltage for the Microcontroller circuit operation. There is another power supply which is a 6V DC (four 1.5V batteries) is required for the operation of the motor driver circuitry. Microcontroller Section: This section forms the control unit of the whole project. This section basically consists of a Microcontroller with its associated circuitry like Crystal with capacitors, Reset circuitry, Pull up resistors (if needed) and so on. The Microcontroller forms the heart of the project because it controls the devices being interfaced and communicates with the devices according to the program being written. Motor Driver Section: This section basically consists of the required circuitry to drive the motors. This is nothing but an H-Bridge circuitry to drive the motors which controls direction of the robot. Smoke Sensor: smoke sensoris used in this project. Whenever the sensor finds smoke at particular region in the robots path. Then the sensor gives the signal to Microcontroller. The smoke sensor acts as a input source in this project. Buzzer: The buzzer is an output source for the project. The buzzer is used as an indication purpose for the occurrence of the high temperatures.

Schematic Explanation:
Firstly, the required operating voltage for Microcontroller 89s51 is 5V. Hence the 5V D.C. power supply is needed by the same. So in this project we are using +9V DC battery for providing the required voltage for the circuit operation. The 9V DC battery is connected to the LM7805 regulator so that it allows us to have a Regulated Voltage which is +5V. This regulated voltage is filtered for ripples using an electrolytic capacitor 100F. Now the output from this section is fed to 40th pin of 89s51 microcontroller to supply operating voltage. In this project, there is another power supply which is 6V (four- 1.5V battery) supply. This is required for the operation of the motor driver circuitry to drive the motors. The microcontroller 89c51 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of 11.0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of capacitors of is placed at 18th & 19th pins of 89c51 to make it work (execute) properly.

The motor driver is nothing but a H-bridge circuitry for controlling motors. That is for the controlling of the robot direction. The motor driver circuitry includes the two H-Bridges. Each H-bridge will take care of controlling motor. Each H-bridge having two inputs. That is, four inputs of two H-bridges are connected to the port pins P1.0, P1.0, P1.2, P1.3 of the Microcontroller. According the logic values applied at the input of the H-bridge circuitry the direction of the robot will be controlled. That will be done through the software. Buzzer is connected to the port P2.0.smoke is connected to the port P3.2. HARDWARE USED: MICROCONTROLLER SMOKE SENSOR MOTOR DRIVER MOTOR BUZZER BATTERY

MICRO CONTROLLER (AT89S51)

Introduction:
A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory, various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital converter, Digital to Analog converter, integrated on to a single silicon chip. If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM, ROM, EPROM and peripherals. But controller is provided all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a Micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of design.

One of the major differences between a Microprocessor and a Micro controller is that a controller often deals with bits not bytes as in the real world application. Intel has introduced a family of Micro controllers called the MCS-51.

Figure: micro controller

Features:
Compatible

with MCS-51 Products

4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Description
The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be

reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

Block diagram:

Figure: Block diagram

Pin diagram:

Figure: pin diagram of micro controller

Pin Description
VCC - Supply voltage. GND - Ground. Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1:

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table.

RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Oscillator Characteristics: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figs 6.2.3. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 6.2.4.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flipflop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

Fig 6.2.3 Oscillator Connections

Fig 6.2.4 External Clock Drive Configuration

H-Bridge:

Fig: shows the H-Bridge operation. The H-Bridge consists of a four PNP transistors such as Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. These transistors are arranged in a way that a DC motor M can rotate. A and B are represented as two inputs for operating a motor through the transistors. For the circuit operation, we are providing +12V DC as a VCC. The operation will be explained as follows: The inputs A and B can be applied as a either logic 0 or logic 1 ie., may be either 5V DC voltage or Ground. If the input A =logic 0 and B=logic1 then transistors Q1 and Q4 will be ON state and Q2 and Q3 will be OFF state. The current flows from Q1 to Q4 so that the motor M can rotate in clockwise direction. If the input A =logic 1 and B=logic0 then transistors Q1 and Q4 will be OFF state and Q2 and Q3 will be ON state. The current flows from Q1 to Q4 so that the motor M can rotate in Anti-clockwise direction. If the input A =logic 1 and B=logic1 then transistors Q1 and Q4 will be OFF state and Q2 and Q3 will be OFF state. No current flows from in the circuit. The circuit will be in hold condition. The motor will not rotate any direction. So, there is no wastage of power will occur. Otherwise, if both inputs are low that is all transistors are come under working and more current will flows in the circuit. But the motor will be at hold condition. More power is wasted.

DC Motor
DC motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brush less, servo, and gear motor types. A motor consists of a rotor and a permanent magnetic field stator. The magnetic field is maintained using either permanent magnets or electrom agnetic windings. DC motors are most commonly used in variable speed and torque. Motion and controls cover a wide range of components that in some way are used to generate and/or control motion. Areas within this category include bearings and bushings, clutches and brakes, controls and drives, drive components, encoders and resolves, Integrated motion control, limit switches, linear actuators, linear and rotary motion components, linear position sensing, motors (both AC and DC motors), orientation position sensing, pneumatics and pneumatic components, positioning stages, slides and guides, power transmission (mechanical), seals, slip rings, solenoids, springs. Motors are the devices that provide the actual speed and torque in a drive system. This family includes AC motor types (single and multiphase motors, universal, servo motors, induction, synchronous, and gear motor) and DC motors (brush less, servo motor, and gear motor) as well as linear, stepper and air motors, and motor contactors and starters. In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.

Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which makes the ringing noise). Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a Sonalert which makes a highpitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to "driver" circuits, which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound, on and off.

Electronic symbol for a buzzer.

Metal disk with piezoelectric disk attached, as found in a buzzer

In game shows it is also known as a "lockout system," because when one person signals ("buzzes in"), all others are locked out from signalling.Several game shows have large buzzer buttons which are identified as "plungers". The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were electromechanical devices, operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles. Other sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep. FIRE SENSOR: The semiconductor (or IC for integrated circuit) temperature sensor is an electronic device fabricated in a similar way to other modern electronic semiconductor components such as microprocessors. Typically hundreds or thousands of devices are formed on thin silicon wafers. Before the wafer is scribed and cut into individual chips, they are usually laser trimmed. Semiconductor temperature sensors are available from a number of manufacturers. There are no generic types as with thermocouple and RTDs, although a number of devices are made by more than one manufacturer. The AD590 and the LM35 have traditionally been the most popular devices, but over the last few years better alternatives have become available. These sensors share a number of characteristics - linear outputs, relatively small size, limited temperature range (-40 to +120C typical), low cost, good accuracy if calibrated but also poor interchangeability. Often the semiconductor temperature sensors are not well designed thermally, with the semiconductor chip not always in good thermal contact with an outside surface. Some devices are inclined to oscillate unless precautions are taken. Provided the limitations of the semiconductor temperature sensors are understood, they can be used effectively in many applications. The most popular semiconductor temperature sensors are based on the fundamental temperature and current characteristics of the transistor. If two identical transistors are operated at different but constant collector current densities, then the difference in their base-emitter voltages is proportional to the absolute temperature of the transistors. This voltage difference is then converted to a single ended voltage or a current. An offset may be applied to convert the signal from absolute temperature to Celsius or Fahrenheit. In general, the semiconductor temperature sensor is best suited for embedded applications - that is, for use within equipment. This is because they tend to be electrically and mechanically more delicate than most other temperature sensor types. However they do have legitimate application in many areas, hence their inclusion.

Types of semiconductor sensors

A summary of available semiconductor temperatures sensors is presented below, followed by more detail on some of the more popular devices. The sensors can be grouped into five broad categories: voltage output, current output, resistance output, digital output and simple diode types.

1. Voltage Output Temperature Sensors

The following sensors provide a voltage outputs signal with relatively low output impedance. All require an excitation power source and all are essentially linear. Sensor Manuf. Output Tolerance (range) Package Comments

AD22100

Analog Devices

22.5mV/C at 2C & 4C 5V (-50 to +150C) 250mV offset 28mV/C (at 2.5C 3.3V), (0C to +100C) 250mV offset 10mV/K or 10mV/C

Output ratiometric with supply TO-92 voltage - good SO-8 with ratiometric ADC's Output ratiometric TO-92 with supply SO-8 voltage

AD22103 LM135 LM235 LM335

Analog Devices National Semi, Linear Tech

Zener like 2.7C to 9C TO-92 operation with (-55C to 150C TO-46 scale trim pin, -40C to 100C) 400A 3F & 4F (-20C to 120C) Needs a negative TO-46 supply for TO-92 temperatures < SO-8 -5C Needs a negative TO-46 supply for TO-92 temperatures < SO-8 10C TO-46 LM35 with TO-9 500mV output SO-8 offset TO-46 Low cost part, TO-92 500mV off set, SO-8 easy to use

LM34

National Semi

10mV/F

LM35

National Semi

10mV/C

1C & 1.5C (-20C to 120C)

LM45

10mV/C 1C & 1.5C National Semi 500mV offset (-20C to 120C) National Semi National Semi Seiko Instruments 10mV/C 3C & 4C 500mV offset (-40C to 125C) 6.24 mV offset

LM50 LM60 S-8110 S-8120

3C & 4C Supply voltage SOT-23 (-40C to 125C) down to 2.7V

SOT-23 -8.5 mV/C 2.5C & 5C Very low 10A SC(note neg. TC) (-40C to 100C) operating current 82AB

TC102 TC103 Telcom Semi TC1132 TC1133 TMP35 Analog Devices Analog Devices Analog Devices

10 mV/C

8C SOT-23 . (-20C to 125C) TO-92 Similar to LM35 TO-92 plus shutdown for SO-8 power saving (not SOT-23 in TO-92) TO-92 Similar to LM50 SO-8 plus shutdown (not SOT-23 in TO-92) TO-92 SO-8 High sensitivity SOT-23 SC80 Low power, easy to use

10 mV/C

3C 4C (10C to 125C)

TMP36

10 mV/C 3C 4C 500 mV offset (-40C to 125C) 20 mV/C 3C 4C (5C to 100C)

TMP37

LM94021 2.5C National Semi programmable LM94022 (-50C to 150C) FM20 FM50 Fairchild Fairchild -11.77 mV/C 10 mV/C 5C -55C to 130C 3C -40C to 125C

SOT23 Low power SOT23 Similar to LM50

The LM34 and LM35 parts are prone to oscillation if sensor cable capacitively loads their output. The symptom is an offset in the sensors output - something which is not always obvious. It is wise to always include the manufacturer's recommended resistor - capacitor network close to the sensor.

2. Current Output Temperature Sensors

The current output sensors acts as a high-impedance, constant current regulator typically passing 1 micro-amp per degree Kelvin and require a supply voltage of between 4 and 30 V. Sensor Manuf. AD590 Analog Devices Analog Devices Analog Devices Output 1A/K Tolerance (range) Package Comments

5.5C & 10C An old favorite, but (-55C to TO-52 need to watch cable +150C) leakage currents 1C & 3.5C (-25C to +105C) 4C (-40C to +105C) TO-92 A more precise AD590 Thermally faster AD590

AD592

1A/K

TMP17

1A/K

SO-8

LM134 National Programmable 3C & 20C LM234 Semi 0.1A/K to (-25C to

TO-46 Not well specified, but TO-92 with calibration can be

LM334

4A/K

+100C)

effective.

3. Digital Output Temperature Sensors

The digital temperature sensor is the first sensor to integrate a sensor and an analog to digital converter (ADC) on to a single silicon chip. In general, these sensors do not lend themselves for use with standard measuring devices because of their non standard digital interfaces. Many are designed specifically for the thermal management of microprocessor chips. A selection of representative devices is presented below: Sensor Manuf. Output Tolerance (range) 2C (-45C to 150C) Package Comments

LM95071 National Semi

14 bit SPI

High resolution SOT-5 (0.03C) 2.4-5.5V operation

LM56

Thermostat 2 comparators 3C & 4C SOP-8 with two National Semi with setable (-40C to 125C) MSOP-8 outputs with thresholds hysteresis I2C Serial, National Semi 9 bit or 0.5C resolution 3C (-55C to +125C) Addressable, multi drop SOP-8 connection. MSOP-8 Better suited to embedded systems

LM75

TMP03 TMP04

Analog Devices

Nominal 35 Pulse width TO-92 Hz output modulation 4C SO-8 with 1:1 mark(mark-space (-25C to 100C) TSSOP-8 space ratio at ratio) 25C Also has digitally programmed SOP-8 thermostat DIP-8 output. 0.03C resolution possible SOP-8 Addressable, DIP-8 multi drop connection. Also has 256 bits of

2 or 3 wire DS1620 National Semi serial, 0.5C DS1621 resolution

0.5C (0C to 70C) 5C (-55C to 125C)

DS1624

Dallas

2 wire serial 5C 0.3C (-55C to 125C) resolution

EEPROM DS1820 Dallas 1 wire serial 0.5C resolution 0.5C Good unModified (0C to 70C) calibrated TO-92 5C tolerance over SSOP-16 (-55C to 125C) 0-70C range.

DS1821

Dallas

1C Modified Has a 1 wire serial (0C to 70C) TO-92 thermostat 1C resolution 2C TO-220 mode. (-55C to 125C) SO-8 1 wire serial 0.5C or 1C resolution Also builds a 4C TO-92 time / (0C to 127.5C modified temperature -40C to 85C) histogram 3C (-55C to +125C) 4C -40C to 125C DIP-8 Second source SOP-8 for LM75 TSSOP-8 Variable resolution, MSOP8 threshold output

DS2435

Dallas

TCN75

I2C Serial, Telcom Semi 9 bit or 0.5C resolution Fairchild SMBus 12 bit / 0.07C resolution

FM75

The Analog Devices parts are interesting. They employ a sigma-delta ADC that produces continuous pulse stream output with a mark-space ratio, which is proportional to the temperature. This makes for easy interfacing to a microprocessor and also for isolating by optical or other means. The same signal could also be passed through a low pass filter to generate an analog voltage. The Dallas DS2435 goes beyond that of a sensor plus ADC by providing simple data reduction using an eight bin time / temperature histogram with definable bin boundaries. It appears to have been specifically designed for battery management, but other application could include food transport monitoring, machine use monitoring. This sensor demonstrated the way of the future in sensor technology where sensor, ADC, memory and microcontroller are integrated to form an application specific task very cost effectively.

4. Resistance Output Silicon Temperature Sensors

The temperature - versus - bulk resistance characteristics of semiconductor materials allow the manufacture of simple temperature sensors using standard silicon semiconductor fabrication equipment. This construction can be more stable than other semiconductor sensor, due to the greater tolerance to ion migration. However other characteristics (see below) require that care be taken in using these sensors. Sensor Manuf. Output Tolerance (range) 1C to 12C Package Comments

KTY81 Phillips 1K or 2K at

SOD-70, Bulk resistance of

KTY82 KTY83 KTY84 KTY85

25C, SOT-23 silicon. Keep +0.8%/C (-55C to +150C SOD-68 excitation current See below some to 300C) SOD-80 >0.1mA and < 1mA TO-92 Bulk resistance of modified silicon.

KYY10 Siemens 1K or 2K at 1C & 3.5C KTY11 25C, (-50C to KTY13 +0.8%/C +150C) See below

The silicon temperature sensor's resistance is given by the equation: R = Rr ( 1 + a.( T - Tr ) + b.( T - Tr )2- c.(T - Ti)d ) where Rr is the resistance at temperature Tr and a, b, c and d are constants. Ti is an inflection point temperature such that c = 0 for T < Ti. The resistance of some of these semiconductor sensors is dependent on the excitation current (due to current density effects in the semiconductor) and the polarity of the applied voltage. As with other non-passive temperature sensors, self-heating can induce errors. There are a number of specialist cryogenic temperature sensors that use resistive semiconductor sensor elements made from silicon and germanium.

5. Diode Temperature Sensors

The ordinary semiconductor diode may be used as a temperature sensor. Cheap and nasty! The diode is the lowest cost temperature sensor and can produce more than satisfactory results if you are prepared to undertake a two point calibration and provide a stable excitation current. Almost any silicon diode is ok. The forward biased voltage across a diode has a temperature coefficient of about 2.3mV/C and is reasonably linear. The measuring circuit is simple as shown to the right. The bias current should be held as constant as possible - using constant current source, or a resistor from a stable voltage source. Without calibration the initial error is likely to be too large - in the order of 30C the largest of all the contact type temperature sensors. This initial error is greatly reduced if sensor grade parts are used. One advantage of the diode as a temperature sensor is that it can be electrically robust - tolerant to voltage spikes induced by lightning strike. This is particularly true if power diodes (e.g. the common 1N4004) are used and a second back to back diode is used to limit power dissipation during high peak currents. The transistor sensor is used in diode mode by connecting the base and collector together. If this is not done, the sensor is wired between base and emitter and the excitation current reduced by a factor of about 100. The result is a very low power,

sensitive and linear sensor. The simplicity and performance of the sensor is under valued. To improve the performance of the diode as a temperature sensor, two diode voltages (V1 and V2) can be measured at different currents (I1 and I2), typically selected to be about 1:10 ratio. The absolute temperature can be calculated from the equation: T = (V1 - V2) / (8.7248x10-5 ln( I1 / I2)) The result is in Kelvins (K). This is the method employed by most integrated circuit temperatures sensors and explains why some output a signal proportional to absolute temperature.

Accuracy of semiconductor sensors

As can be seen from the above information, the "out of the box" or interchangeability accuracy of most semiconductor temperature sensors is not particularly good. In addition the raw sensing element is generally packaged in a standard case for electronic devices, which is less than ideal for precision temperature measurement. However, despite these shortcomings, the sensors are sensitive, reasonably linear and very usable. If individual sensors are calibrated, significantly better measurement accuracy is possible. Typically, a two point calibration will yield a five-fold better accuracy and a three point calibration will yield a ten-fold improvement over the full temperature range. If the temperature range is limited, even better accuracies are possible. Due to the sensitivity of some sensors, they can be very good in measuring small temperature changes (as opposed to absolute measurement).

Power supply
The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as Regulated D.C Power Supply For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:

Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency. Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns

on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

An Electrical Transformer Turns ratio = Vp/ VS = Np/NS Power Out= Power In VS X IS=VP X IP Vp = primary (input) voltage Np = number of turns on primary coil Ip = primary (input) current

RECTIFIER:
A circuit which is used to convert a.c to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The process of conversion a.c to d.c is called rectification TYPES OF RECTIFIERS: Half wave Rectifier Full wave rectifier 1. Centre tap full wave rectifier. 2. Bridge type full bridge rectifier.

Comparison of rectifier circuits:

Type of Rectifier Parameter Number of diodes 1 PIV of diodes Vm D.C output voltage Vdc,at no-load Ripple factor Ripple frequency Rectification efficiency Transformer Utilization Factor(TUF) RMS voltage Vrms 1.21 f 0.406 0.287 Vm/2 0.482 2f 0.812 0.693 Vm/2 0.482 2f 0.812 0.812 Vm/2 Vm/ 0.318Vm 2Vm 2Vm/ 0.636Vm Vm 2Vm/ 0.636Vm 2 4 Half wave Full wave Bridge

Full-wave Rectifier:
From the above comparison we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier as more advantages than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full wave bridge rectifier circuit. Bridge Rectifier: A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally. A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown in fig(a) to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with

individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Fig(A)

Operation:
During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward biased while D1 and D4 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(b). The current flow direction is shown in the fig (b) with dotted arrows.

Fig(B) During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in forward biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(c). The current flow direction is shown in the fig (c) with dotted arrows.

Fig(C) Filter:
A Filter is a device which removes the a.c component of rectifier output but allows the d.c component to reach the load

Capacitor Filter:
We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of filtering. (a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by pass for the ripples voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to appears the load. (b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low resistance to d.c)

(c) Various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter

section

filter, multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the properties mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier.

Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output. Filtering significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 RMS value). To calculate the value of capacitor(C), C = *3*f*r*Rl Where, f = supply frequency, r = ripple factor, Rl = load resistance Note: In our circuit we are using 1000F. Hence large value of capacitor is placed to reduce ripples and to improve the DC component.

Regulator:
Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.

Fig 6.1.6 A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator

78XX:
The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages,

Features:
Output Current of 1.5A Output Voltage Tolerance of 5% Internal thermal overload protection Internal Short-Circuit Limited No External Component Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V,12V, 15V, 18V, 24V Offer in plastic TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263 Direct Replacement for LM78XX

Circuit Description
The robot direction is controlled through the motor driver circuitry. There are two motors are present which controls the direction the robot. The motor driver circuitry is designed with two H-bridges as shown in the Motor driver section. Basically the H-bridge is constructed with the help of four PNP transistors. These transistors are connected in such a manner to run the motor in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions based on the input logics applied at the inputs of the H-bridge. So that

depending on the logics applied for the inputs of the two H-bridges the direction of the robot will be controlled. According to this project, a robot is designed which is made to move all the time. Apart from this, the system also detects the presence of smoke with the help of a smoke sensor. All the devices such as smoke sensor, motor by which robot is made to move, buzzer are being interfaced to microcontroller which forms the control unit of the project. In the standby mode the robot is moved here and there. Whenever any smoke is detected by the smoke sensor, the same is sensed and is intimated to the user by the microcontroller using buzzer.

SOFTWARE Components
ABOUT SOFTWARE Software used is: *Keil software for C programming *Express PCB for lay out design *Express SCH for schematic design

KEIL Vision3 What's New in Vision3? Vision3 adds many new features to the Editor like Text Templates, Quick Function Navigation, and Syntax Coloring with brace high lighting Configuration Wizard for dialog based startup and debugger setup. Vision3 is fully compatible to Vision2 and can be used in parallel with Vision2. What is Vision3? Vision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components: A project manager. A make facility. Tool configuration. Editor. A powerful debugger.

Express PCB Express PCB is a Circuit Design Software and PCB manufacturing service. One can learn almost everything you need to know about Express PCB from the help topics included with the programs given. Details: Express PCB, Version 5.6.0 Express SCH The Express SCH schematic design program is very easy to use. This software enables the user to draw the Schematics with drag and drop options. A Quick Start Guide is provided by which the user can learn how to use it. Details: Express SCH, Version 5.6.0 EMBEDDED C: The programming Language used here in this project is an Embedded C Language. This Embedded C Language is different from the generic C language in few things like

a) b)

Data types Access over the architecture addresses.

The Embedded C Programming Language forms the user friendly language with access over Port addresses, SFR Register addresses etc. Embedded C Data types: Data Types unsigned char signed char unsigned int signed int sbit bit sfr Size in Bits 8-bit 8-bit 16-bit 16-bit 1-bit 1-bit 8-bit Data Range/Usage 0-255 -128 to +127 0 to 65535 -32,768 to +32,767 SFR bit addressable only RAM bit addressable only RAM addresses 80-FFH only

Unsigned char:
The unsigned char is an 8-bit data type that takes a value in the range of 0255(00-FFH). It is used in many situations, such as setting a counter value, where there is no need for signed data we should use the unsigned char instead of the signed char. Remember that C compilers use the signed char as the default if we do not put the key word

Signed char:
The signed char is an 8-bit data type that uses the most significant bit (D7 of D7-D0) to represent the or + values. As a result, we have only 7 bits for the magnitude of the signed number, giving us values from -128 to +127. In situations where + and are needed to represent a given quantity such as temperature, the use of the signed char data type is a must.

Unsigned int:
The unsigned int is a 16-bit data type that takes a value in the range of 0 to 65535 (0000-FFFFH).It is also used to set counter values of more than 256. We must use the int data type unless we have to. Since registers and memory are in 8-bit chunks, the misuse of int variables will result in a larger hex file. To overcome this we can use the unsigned char in place of unsigned int.

Signed int:
Signed int is a 16-bit data type that uses the most significant bit (D15 of D15D0) to represent the or + value. As a result we have only 15 bits for the magnitude of the number or values from -32,768 to +32,767.

Sbit (single bit):

The sbit data type is widely used and designed specifically to access single bit addressable registers. It allows access to the single bits of the SFR registers. Accessing SFR addresses 80-FFH Another way to access the SFR RAM space 80-FFH is to use the sfr data type. This is shown in the below example .Both the bit and byte addresses for the P0-P3 ports are given in the table. Notice in the given example that there is no #include<reg51.h> statement which allows us to access any byte of the SFR RAM space 80-FFH.

Single Bit Addresses of Ports P0 P0.0 P0.1 P0.2 P0.3 P0.4 P0.5 P0.6 P0.7 Addr 80H 81H 82H 83H 84H 85H 86H 87H P1 P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 Addr 90H 91H 92H 93H 94H 95H 96H 97H P2 P2.0 P2.1 P2.2 P2.3 P2.4 P2.5 P2.6 P2.7 Addr A0H A1H A2H A3H A4H A5H A6H A7H P3 P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 Addr B0H B1H B2H B3H B4H B5H B6H B7H Ports Bit D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

DATA CONVERTION PROGRAMS IN EMBEDDED C

Many micro-controllers have a real time clock (RTC) where the time and date are kept even when the power is off. These time and date are often in packed BCD by RTC. To display them they must be converted to ASCII. So, in this topic we are showing application of logic and instructions in the conversion of BCD and ASCII. ASCII numbers On ASCII key boards, when the key 0 is activated, 0110000 (30h) is provided to the system. Similarly 31h (0110001) is provided for the key 1, and so on as shown in the table

Packed BCD to ASCII conversion The RTC provides the time of day (hour, minutes, seconds) and the date (year, month, day) continuously, regardless of whether the power is ON or OFF. In the conversion procedure the packed BCD is first converted to unpacked BCD. Then it is tagged with 0110000 (30h). ASCII code for Digits 0-9 Key 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ASCII (hex) 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Binary 011 0000 011 0001 011 0010 011 0011 011 0100 011 0101 011 0110 011 0111 BCD (unpacked) 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0010 0000 0011 0000 0100 0000 0101 0000 0110 0000 0111

8 9

38 39

011 1000 011 1001

0000 1000 0000 1001

ASCII to packed BCD conversion To convert ASCII to packed BCD it is first converted to unpacked and then combined to make packed BCD. For example 4 and 7 on the keyboard give 34h and 37h respectively the goal is to produce 47h or 0100 0111 which is packed BCD. Key 4 7 ASCII 34 37 01000111 or 47h Checksum byte in ROM To ensure the integrity of ROM contents, every system must perform the checksum calculation. The process of checksum will detect any corruption of the contents of ROM. One of the cause of the ROM corruption is current surge either when the system is turned on or during operation. To ensure data integrity in ROM the checksum process uses, what is a checksum byte. The is an extra byte that is tagged to the end of the series of the of data. To calculate the checksum byte of a series of bytes of data, the following steps can be used 1) 2) Add the bytes together and drop the carries. Take the 2s complement of the total sum. This is the checksum byte , which unpacked BCD 00000100 00000111 packed BCD

becomes the last byte of the series

Binary (hex) to decimal and ASCII conversion in embedded C

In C-language we use a function call printf which is standard IO library function doing the conversions of data from binary to decimal, or vice versa. But here we are using our own functions for conversions because it occupies much of memory.

One of the most commonly used is binary to decimal conversion. In devices such as ADC chips the data is provided to the controller in binary. In order to display binary data we need to convert it to decimal and then to ASCII. Since the hexadecimal format is a convenient way of representing binary data we refer to binary data as hex. The binary data 00-FFH converted to decimal will give us 000 to 255. One way to do this is to divide it by 10 and keep the remainder, for example 11111101 or FDH is 253 in decimal. The following is one version of the algorithm for conversion of hex (binary) to decimal. Quotient FD/0A 19/0A 19 2 Remainder 3(low digit) LSD 5(middle digit) 2(high digit) (MSD)

CONCLUSION
The project SMOKE SENSING AND ALERTING SYSTEM WITH ANDROID has been successfully designed and tested. Integrating features of all the hardware components used have developed it. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

NAME OF THE SITES:

1. 2. 3. WWW.MITEL.DATABOOK.COM WWW.ATMEL.DATABOOK.COM WWW.FRANKLIN.COM

4.

WWW.KEIL.COM

REFERENCES 1. 8051-MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM. Mohd. Mazidi.