Cong Nghe Truyen Thong Ultra Wideband

n tt nghip i hc Mc lc
Mc lc
Thut ng vit tt..................................................................................................i
Li ni u..................................................................................................................1
Chng 1..........................................................................................................................3
Tng quan v cng ngh truyn thng UWB.........................................3
1.1 Tng quan v cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn ..............................................3
1.1.1 3G v WLAN................................................................................................3
1.1.2 H tr tc truyn dn cao hn-UWB .......................................................4
1.2 Lch s ca UWB.................................................................................................5
1.3 u im ca h thng UWB ...............................................................................7
1.3.1 Tim nng cho mt tc bit d liu cao......................................................7
1.3.2 Xc sut b ngn chn thp............................................................................7
1.3.3 Kh nng chng a ng...............................................................................7
1.3.4 phc tp ca b thu. ................................................................................8
1.3.5 Mt ph cng sut pht cc thp..............................................................8
1.4 Thch thc i vi UWB ...................................................................................11
1.5 Chun ho..........................................................................................................12
1.6 Cc ng dng ca UWB ....................................................................................14
1.6.1 Truyn thng v cm bin...........................................................................15
1.6.1.1 Tc d liu thp...............................................................................15
1.6.1.1.1 Kt ni v tuyn ngoi vi PC.........................................................17
1.6.1.1.2 Kt ni a phng tin v tuyn cho cc thit b CE.......................18
1.6.1.1.3 Thay th cp v truy nhp mng i vi cc thit b my tnh di
ng.............................................................................................................19
1.6.1.1.4 Cc kt ni ad-hoc gia cc thit b s dng UWB........................20
1.6.1.1.5 Mng cm bin..............................................................................20
1.6.1.2 Tc d liu cao................................................................................22
1.6.2 nh v v bm............................................................................................23
1.6.2.1 nh v..................................................................................................23
1.6.2.2 Bm......................................................................................................23
1.6.3 Radar..........................................................................................................24
Chng 2........................................................................................................................26
Phn tch tn hiu UWB......................................................................................26
2.1 nh ngha tn hiu UWB ..................................................................................26
2.2 Cc dng xung n chu k.................................................................................26
2.2.1 Xung n chu k Gaussian..........................................................................26
2.2.2 Xung Raised Cosin......................................................................................27
2.2.3 La chn dng xung....................................................................................28
2.3 Dy xung v chui gi tp m............................................................................28
2.4 Cc phng php iu ch trong UWB...............................................................31
2.4.1 iu ch v tr xung.....................................................................................32
2.4.2 iu pha hai mc BPM (hay iu ch i cc- Antipodal Modulation)......34
2.4.3 Cc phng php iu ch khc....................................................................36
2.4.3.1 iu ch xung trc giao........................................................................36
2.4.3.2 iu ch bin xung..........................................................................38
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT
2.4.3.3 On-Off keying......................................................................................38
2.4.4 Tng kt v cc phng php iu ch..........................................................38
2.4 Phn tch cng sut.............................................................................................41
2.5 Phn tch mi trng truyn dn v cc nh hng ca n ln tn hiu UWB .......42
2.5.1 nh hng ca a ng.................................................................................42
2.5.2 Cc nh hng c lin quan n chuyn ng gia Tx v Rx.......................43
2.5.3 Kho li ng kh dng nht.......................................................................43
2.6 Mt s k thut a truy nhp.............................................................................43
2.6.1 a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trong UWB .........................................43
2.6.2 a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian.........................................................44
2.6.3 a truy nhp phn chia theo m.................................................................44
2.6.3.1 Time-Hopping......................................................................................45
2.6.3.2 Chui trc tip......................................................................................45
Chng 3........................................................................................................................47
B thu pht UWB....................................................................................................47
3.1 Kin trc tng quan ca b thu pht UWB ........................................................47
3.2 Kin trc b thu UWB .......................................................................................48
3.2.1 B thu tng quan (B lc thch ng)............................................................48
3.2.2 My thu Rake..............................................................................................48
3.2.3 Cc h s li x l..................................................................................51
3.2.4 Tho lun.....................................................................................................52
3.2.4.1 S lng Rake finger..............................................................................52
3.2.4.2 Mt vi vn xung quanh thit k mch s v tng t......................52
Chng 4........................................................................................................................54
So snh UWB vi cc h thng truyn thng bng rng khc54
4.1 CDMA................................................................................................................54
4.2 So snh UWB vi DSSS v FHSS.......................................................................55
4.3 Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao.........................................................59
4.3.1 Mt s c im ni bt ca OFDM...........................................................59
4.3.2 Cc trng hp ng dng ca OFDM............................................................59
4.3.2.1 DSL......................................................................................................59
4.3.2.2 WLAN..................................................................................................60
4.3.2.3 Truyn hnh v truyn thanh s............................................................60
4.3.2.4 UWB....................................................................................................60
Chng 5........................................................................................................................61
Phn tch nhiu......................................................................................................61
5.1 Nhiu lin quan n mng WLAN.....................................................................61
5.1.1 Nhn li tn hiu WLAN 802.11a................................................................61
5.1.2 Phn tch hiu nng h thng UWB vi s c mt ca nhiu 802.11a.........62
5.1.3 Gii php cho vn nhiu........................................................................62
5.1.4 nh hng ca UWB ln WLAN...................................................................63
5.2 Bluetooth............................................................................................................65
5.3 GPS....................................................................................................................66
5.4 Cc h thng t ong............................................................................................66
Chng 6........................................................................................................................68
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT
Kt lun.....................................................................................................................68
Chng 7........................................................................................................................69
ph lc........................................................................................................................69
7.1 Ph lc A...........................................................................................................69
7.2 Ph lc B............................................................................................................70
7.3 Phc lc C..........................................................................................................71
Ti liu tham kho..............................................................................................72
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT
n tt nghip i hc Thut ng vit
tt
Thut ng vit tt
Vit tt Ting anh Ting vit
3G Third Generation Th h th ba
ADC Analog- to- Disgital Converter B chuyn i tng t
sang s
AGC Automatic Gain Control iu khin li t ng
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise Tp m Gaussian trng
cng
BER Bit Error Rate T s li bt
BPM Bi-Phase Modulation iu ch pha c hai
CATV Cable Television or Community Antenna
Television
Truyn hnh cp hay
truyn hnh anten cng
ng
CE Consummer Equipment Thit b ngi dng
CMOS Complementary Metal-oxide-Semiconductor Bn dn xt kim loi b
xung
DS-
CDMA
Direct Sequence-CDMA a truy nhp phn chia theo
m - chui trc tip
DSP Digital Signal Processing X l tn hiu s
DVD Digital Video Disc, Digital Versatile Disc DVD
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution Tc s liu tng cng
pht trin GSM
FCC Federal Communications Commission U ban truyn thng lin
bang
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo
thi gian
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo
tn s
FH Frequency Hopping Nhy tn
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Tri ph dng nhy tn
GPRS General Packet Radio Service Dch v v tuyn gi
chung
GPS Global Positioning System H thng nh v ton
cu
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications H thng ton cu cho
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT i
tt
truyn thng di ng
HDTV High-Definition Television Tivi c phn gii cao
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
ISI InterSymbol Interference Nhiu giao thoa k hiu
LCD Liquid Crystal Display Mn hnh tinh th lng
LNA Low Noise Amplifier B khuych i tp m
thp
LOS Line-of-Sight Tm nhn thng
MAC Medium Access Control iu khin truy nhp ph-
ng tin
MAI Multiple Access Interference Nhiu a truy nhp
MB-
OFDM
Multiband-OFDM Ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s trc giao - a bng
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group Nhm cc chuyn gia v nh
ng
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s trc giao
OOK On-Off Keying Kho On-Off
PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin xung
PAN Personal Area Network Mng khu vc c nhn
PDA Personal Digital Assistants Tr gip s c nhn
PN Pseudo Noise Gi tp m
PPM Pulse Position Modulation iu ch v tr xung
PSD Power Spectral Density Mt ph cng sut
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
SNR Signal- to - Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m
SS Spread Spectrum Tri ph
STB Set-Top Box Hp kt ni t ngun ni
dung n Tivi
SVGA Super Video Graphics Array Mng ho Video cp cao
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo
thi gian
TH Time Hopping Nhy thi gian
THSS Time Hopping Spread Spectrum Tri ph dng nhy thi gian
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System H thng vin thng di
ng ton cu
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT ii
tt
USB Universal Serial Bus Bus ni tip ton cu
UWB Ultra WideBand Bng tn siu rng
VGA Video Graphics Array Mng ho Video
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo
m bng rng
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network Mng ni b khng dy
WPAN Wireless PAN Mng ni b c nhn khng
dy
WUSB Wireless USB Bus ni tip ton cu v
tuyn
XVGA eXtended Video Graphics Array Mng ho Video m rng
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT iii
n tt nghip i hc Li ni
u
Li ni u
Ngy nay, cng ngh truyn thng v tuyn ang pht trin vi tc rt nhanh trn ton
th gii, v cc lnh vc ca n cng ang thay i mnh m do s xut hin ca cc chun
mi t s pht trin nhanh chng v cc dch v thng tin ca Internet, nh l: cc ng dng a
phng tin bao gm: MP3, truyn d liu bng thng rng trong mt s dch v video c
bit. Mt vi h thng v tuyn tn ti hoc ang cn c pht trin (3G v WLAN) c
thit k h tr loi dch v a phng tin ny v truyn dn video cht lng thp. Nhu
cu truyn thng d liu vi tc bt ln hn qua mng v tuyn xut hin, n xut
pht t vic s dng thit b in t trong nh v ngoi vi my tnh sao cho tin li nht.
Cc cng ngh v tuyn nh Bluetooth, hng ngoi,, cha p ng c yu cu v tc
truyn d liu ca cc ng dng video vi tc ln. Cng ngh truyn thng UWB ra i
nhm tho mn cc yu cu v truyn dn d liu vi tc ln, do n c th to ra mt b-
c t bin trong lnh vc truyn thng vi khong cch nh bi mt lot cc ng dng th v
c xut. Ngoi ra, mt l do quan trng lm xut hin cng ngh UWB l yu cu
hot ng vi chnh xc cao ca cc radar trong qun s. Cc xung UWB c nhng tnh
nng c bit tt cho nhng ng dng radar ny. Xut pht t tnh hp dn ny m em
quyt nh chn cng ngh UWB lm i tng nghin cu trong n tt nghip i hc
ca mnh. Nhng do s hn ch v thi gian, nn trng tm ca ti l nghin cu kha
cnh ng dng cng ngh UWB trong lnh vc truyn thng, do vy n tt nghip m em
chn l:
cng ngh truyn thng ultra wideband
Ni dung ca ti tp chung vo cc vn c bn c phn ra thnh tng chng vi
nhng ni dung chnh nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh truyn thng UWB.
Chng 2: Phn tch tn hiu UWB
Chng 3: B thu pht tn hiu UWB. Trong tp chung chnh vo vn b thu tn
hiu UWB.
Chng 4: So snh UWB vi cc cng ngh truyn thng v tuyn bng rng khc.
Chng 5: Phn tch nhiu.
Chng 6: Kt lun.
Chng 7: Ph lc.
n lm r c cc vn c bn lin quan n cng ngh truyn thng ny.
Do cn nhiu hn ch v mt nhn thc, v ni dung ca n cng cn s hiu bit su
rng v nhiu vn ca vin thng, nn chc chn n cn nhiu im cn c
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 1
n tt nghip i hc Li ni
u
chnh sa. Em xin chn thnh cm n tt c nhng kin ng gp t pha cc thy c,
bn b v tt c nhng ai quan tm n cng ngh ny n c th tip tc c pht
trin hon thin.
Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti thy gio TS Nguyn Phi Hng to mi iu kin
v tn tnh hng dn em trong sut qu trnh thc hin n ny.
Em cng xin gi li cm n ti cc thy c trong khoa Vin Thng I, Trung tm o
to Bu chnh vin thng I gip em trong thi gian qua.
Xin gi li cm n n gia nh, bn b v ngi thn - nhng ngi lun gip , c v v
kp thi ng vin ti trong sut thi gian qua.
Xin chn thnh cm n !
H Ty, ngy.........thng........nm 2005
Sinh vin
Dng Ng Qu
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 2
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan v cng ngh truyn thng UWB

Chng 1
Tng quan v cng ngh truyn thng UWB
1.1 Tng quan v cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn
Hnh v 1-1di y cho thy mt qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh truyn thng v
tuyn.
Hnh 1-1: Tng quan v cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn
Theo hnh v ny, chng ta c th d dng nhn ra rng xu hng pht trin ca cc h
thng c. Chng c nng cp tng bc c th tin ln mng bng rng. Con ng i ln
mng bng rng ca tng h thng l khc nhau do cng ngh s dng trc l khc nhau.
Xt v kha cnh thay i c th c nng cp ln th h mng bng rng th cc h
thng nh GSM hay TDMA th phi thay i nhiu hn do cng ngh TDMA c s dng
ngay t u. Tri li, cc h thng CDMA li tin ln mng th h th ba vi t s thay i
hn cng v cng ngh CDMA c ng dng trc .
1.1.1 3G v WLAN
Trong h thng 3G, nh UMTS hay CDMA-2000, tc d liu ca ngi dng c th
c cung cp ln ti 2 Mbps trong mi trng tnh, trong khi khi di ng th tc d liu
h tr s thp hn. Vi kh nng v thng lng nh trn c th h tr dch v d liu a phng
tin hoc truyn video cht lng thp. Kch thc ca mt t bo (cell) ca h thng 3G nh
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 3

hn h thng 2G hin ti, nh GSM, khong 300 mt trong khu vc th v c th ln hn
trong vng nng thn (xem thm hnh 1-2).
Hnh 1-2: Phm vi truyn d liu RF
So vi 3G,WLAN c th cung cp thng lng d liu cao hn (xem hnh 1-3). V d:
cc sn phm Wi-Fi (802.11b) sn sng trn th trng cung cp cho ngi dng tc d
liu ln n 11 Mbps v l thuyt v ph sng ln n 100 mt. Trong tng lai WLAN
c th cung cp tc d liu ln dn 54 Mbps theo l thuyt (802.11a/g), v giao thc
MAC mi c thit k c lm cho h thng h tr mng ad-hoc, dch v c ng b ho, v
thch ng lin kt ng vi iu khin QoS. Do vy, ton b h thng WLAN c th tr
thnh mt nn tng tt cho truyn dn video.
1.1.2 H tr tc truyn dn cao hn-UWB
Trong cc h thng sau ny, tc d liu ngy cng c y (xem hnh 1-4) ln v
cc ng dng trong truyn thng v tuyn ngy cng quan trng.
Tuy nhin, khong cch gia nhu cu v tc d truyn dn v tc d liu c th p ng
vn tn ti. Trong bng 1-1, cho ta thy chng ta cn cc tuyn hn 100 Mbps mi c th p
ng truyn dn lung d liu MPEG-2, l yu cu mi cho mng gia nh hay mng khu
vc c nhn (PAN). Trong khi , cc h thng ang tn ti nh 3G hay WLAN khng th p
ng c yu cu ny. Do , mt cng ngh mi xut hin UWB.
802.11 Thng lng d liu theo khong cch
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 4

Hnh 1-3: Thng lng d liu WLAN theo khong cch
Hnh 1-4: So snh tc bit gia cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn
1.2 Lch s ca UWB
L thuyt truyn thng hin i xut pht t nhng n lc ca nhng nh nghin cu
truyn thng, h mun hiu cng vic mnh ang lm trong mt iu kin khi qut nht.
Gii hn ca h thng truyn thng v tuyn s ph thuc ch yu vo bn quy lut c bn
v cc l thuyt nn tng, ln lt tng ng vi: Maxwell v Hertz, Shannon, Moore, v
Metcalfe. Quy lut u tin l quy lut t nhin, trong khi hai quy lut cui cng l quy lut
hot ng. Th t ca chui nhng quy lut theo ng thi im khm ph v tm quan trng
ca chng. Khi m lnh vc truyn thng v tuyn trng thnh, nhng mi quan tm
chnh v lin quan trc tip c nng ln dn dn theo hng v pha sau danh sch nhng
quy lut c bn. Nu khng nh gi cao cc l thuyt ca Maxwell v Hertz, th khng th
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 5

c s truyn dn v tuyn ca sng in t c iu khin. Nu khng c hiu bit v
cc l thuyt ca Shannon, th vic s dng hiu qu ph tn thng qua x l tn hiu phc
tp s khng th thnh cng. Ultra-wideband ang i mt vi thay i ny, c l t hai quy
lut u tin, trong khi truyn thng bng hp chuyn sang hai quy lut cui cng.
Cc chun hin th VGA SVGA XVGA SXVGA
S im nh ngang 640 800 1024 1280
S im nh dc 480 600 768 1024
Tng im nh 307200 480000 786432 1310720
Tng s bt (mu 16 bt) 4915200 7680000 12582192 20971520
Tng s bt (mu 24 bt) 7372800 11520000 18874368 31457280
Mbps ti chuyn ng ti
thiu 30 khung (mu 16 bt)
147 230 377 629
Mbps ti chuyn ng ti
thiu 30 khung (mu 24 bt)
221 345 566 943
Mbps sau khi nn 6-32 15-50 20-70 30-100
Cc ng dng MPEG-2
DVD
My chiu My chiu
xch tay
Mn hnh
my tnh
Bng 1-1: D liu mong i cho truyn dn video
Mc d thng c coi nh l mt bc t ph trong truyn thng v tuyn, nhng UWB
cng tri qua hn 40 nm pht trin cng ngh. Nn tng lp vt l cho truyn dn xung
UWB c thit lp bi Sommerfeld mt th k trc (1901) khi ng mun ngn chn s tn
x ca xung trong min thi gian bng cch dng mt ci nm dn hon ho. Trong thc t, c
ngi cho rng UWB xut pht t thit k truyn dn khong nh la ca Marconi v
Hertz vo cui nhng nm 1890. Ni mt cch n gin hn, h thng truyn thng v tuyn
u tin da trn UWB. Do nhng hn ch v cng ngh, nn truyn thng bng hp c
quan tm nhiu hn UWB. Kh ging vi tri ph hay a truy nhp phn chia theo m
(CDMA), UWB theo con ng tng t nh vy vi vic thit k ban u dnh cho radar v
truyn thng trong qun i.
Sau khi pht trin mnh t 1994, thi im m cc hot ng nghin cu khng cn l
iu b mt, UWB c c pht trin mnh vo nm 1998. Nhng mi quan tm n
UWB ch c chm ngi t khi FCC pht hnh mt bo co v quy nh vo thng 2 nm
2002 v vic cho php trin khai mang tnh thng mi vi yu cu mt n ph (xem 1.4)
cho c cc ng dng trong nh v ngoi tri.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 6

Nh vy, ngun gc ca UWB khng phi l mt iu mi m, nhng UWB xut hin
vi mc ch ch yu l s dng li ph tn rng ln (3.1-10.6 GHz) c FCC cp
pht.
1.3 u im ca h thng UWB
Mc d truyn thng da trn xung l mt trong nhng phng php truyn tin c
in nht s dng sng in t, n khng c coi nh l mt phng tin truyn thng mi
cho n thi gian gn y. Mt vi c im ca h thng ny c th c nhn mnh,
mc d trong c mt s c im ging nh cc h thng bng rng ph bin tn ti
(nh CDMA hoc OFDM):
1.3.1 Tim nng cho mt tc bit d liu cao
Gii hn ca Shannon ch ra rng dung lng ti a c th t c trong mt knh vi tp
m Gaussian trng cng (AWGN) cng vi SNR v rng bng W l:
( ) SNR W C + 1 log
2
(1-1)
SNR khng c th nguyn v W c n v l Hz. Dung lng tng theo hm logarit vi
cng sut (tng ng vi SNR) v tuyn tnh vi rng bng. iu khng c ngha l
mt h thng v tuyn UWB s hot ng st vi dung lng knh bi v mt s tn hiu s
dng mt phn bng tn . Nhng do tn hiu UWB s dng mt bng tn rt ln nn cn t
cng sut hn truyn mt tc bit nh nhau vi mt xc sut li khng i.
1.3.2 Xc sut b ngn chn thp
c im ny cng ging vi cc h thng CDMA v OFDM. Cu trc ca tn hiu
UWB rt phc tp v rng bng (cc xung rt hp) cng nh l m PN (cung cp kh nng
truy nhp ng truyn). Mt quy tc xc nh n gin cho thy c phc tp cng nh l
thi gian cn thit nghe ln mt tn hiu t l vi bnh phng cng sut ca c rng
bng v chiu di m, lm cho tn hiu UWB tr nn v cng kh khn trong vic kho nu
nh cu trc ca n khng c bit trc.
1.3.3 Kh nng chng a ng
Trong truyn thng bng hp c in, fading xut hin nh l mt khi nim c trng
thi c nh c lin quan n a ng. a ng xut hin khi mt hoc nhiu hn ting
vng ca mt tn hiu ti mt b thu theo nhiu tr khc nhau (xem hnh 1-6). Nu mt
vi tn hiu xy ra xung t trong thi gian ca mt k hiu th n chu fading, do ti thi
im quyt nh k hiu, cc thnh phn ny to nn tnh xy dng hoc ph v v
khng th c tch. Trong hnh 1-5, mt hnh nh th hin 2 ng vng ca mt tn hiu
hnh sin v cch thc chng kt hp.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 7

Cc xung UWB hp sao cho hai ting vng lin tip khng xung t v c th -
c nhn dng tip theo l c thm vo cc k hiu tng ng. Nu nh cc xung c rng 1
ns, xy ra xung t, hai ting vng phi c ng i m lch v khong cch di 30
cm. Nu nh xung ch c rng 0.2 ns th cc ng ny ch cch nhau 6 cm. Xc sut ca
s xut hin ny trong mi trng trong nh th nh hn nhiu so vi trng hp tn hiu bng
hp. Hnh 1-7 minh ho cho iu ny trong trng hp cc xung l n chu k. Lu rng a
ng c tch v phn bit mt cch d dng, mt my thu RAKE c trin khai n gin
tn dng u im . Xem thm phn 2.5.1.
1.3.4 phc tp ca b thu.
Li khng nh ny da trn mt thc t rng UWB c pht minh nh l cc h thng
bng gc. Mt ADC c th c t ngay sau b khuych i tp m thp (LNA) v phn
sau ca h thng c th c hot ng trn min tn hiu s. Khng cn vng kho pha hay
tn s. Sau khi FCC a ra mt s quy nh th iu ny khng cn hon ton ng v loi
tn hiu c php s dng c mt ph tn bt u ti 3.1 GHz. C th ni rng phng php
n gin nht thc hin gii iu ch loi tn hiu ny l s dng mt b nhn tn,
hoc l trong min tng t hoc trong min s.
1.3.5 Mt ph cng sut pht cc thp
Do rng bng tn ca tn hiu UWB ln hn nhiu rng bng ca h thng
truyn thng v tuyn c, mt dung lng knh cao hn c th t c thm tr trong c mi
trng m SNR thp. Cng theo l thuyt ca Shannon:
( ) SNR W C + 1 log
2
(1.2)
Trong trng hp mt h thng UWB s dng ph tn 2 GHz hot ng vi SNR l 0dB, dung
lng knh c th tnh theo C=2.log
2
(1+1)=2 Gbps. Theo kt qu ny, chng ta c th thy
rng mt h thng UWB vi cng sut tn hiu thp vn c th duy tr tc d liu cao,
v c im ny s khin cho UWB l mt gii php l tng cho lp vt l ca mng PAN.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 8

Hnh 1-5: a ng trong mt tn hiu bng hp
V cng sut tn hiu thp (xem hnh 1-8) v bng tn kh dng ln nn cc h
thng UWB hot ng tng t nh cc h thng tri ph. Tuy nhin, so vi dng tri ph c bn
nh cc h thng chui trc tip v nhy tn th UWB khng da vo chui tri ph v chui
nhy to ra tn hiu bng tn rng. Thay vo , h thng UWB s dng cc xung c
rng cc ngn to ra bng tn h thng siu rng.
So vi cc h thng truyn thng bng hp khc, hot ng trong ch gii hn bng tn,
UWB hot ng trong ch gii hn cng sut (xem hnh 1-9). Do , cng sut tn hiu
UWB trong bt k knh bng hp n no cng rt nh v nhiu ti cc thit b nh u cui
802.11a v in thoi di ng 3G c th b qua v mt nguyn l.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 9

Hnh 1-6: Mt trng hp ca hin tng a ng vi ng dng trong nh
Hnh 1-7: a ng trong tn hiu UWB
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 10

Hnh 1-8: Mc cng sut pht ca tn hiu UWB v tn hiu bng hp c
1.4 Thch thc i vi UWB
Trong khi UWB c nhiu l do khin n tr thnh mt cng ngh hu ch v hp
dn cho truyn thng trong tng lai v nhiu ng dng khc th cng cn mt s th thch
cn phi vt qua c th tr thnh cng ngh ph bin v c mt khp ni.
C l vn iu d thy nht l vn iu khin. Truyn thng v tuyn lun
lun phi quy nh sao cho trnh c nhiu t cc ngi dng khc nhau trn cng mt ph tn.
V UWB chim mt bng tn rt rng nn c nhiu i tng s dng m ph tn ca n s b
nh hng v cng cn m bo rng UWB s khng gy nhiu n cc h thng truyn
thng v tuyn tn ti. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc i tng s dng ny phi tr tin c
c quyn s dng ring ph tn.
Mt th thch khc l vic thng nht chun ho cho hot ng kt hp gia cc thit
b UWB. Ti thi im hin ti, cha c s thng nht r rng v kh nng ca mt vi chun
UWB ang cnh tranh vn cn l iu rt c mong i (xem thm 1.5).
Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu cc vn v k thut v trin khai. Mt s vn v
mt k thut c th k n nh: kh nng cng tn ti vi cc h thng truyn thng c, to ra
tn hiu UWB vi rng xung rt hp, thu tn hiu a ng, nhiu giao thoa k hiu
c bit trong mi trng tm nhn b che khut (non-line-of-sight), cc b chuyn i tng
t sang s (ADC) tc ly mu cao, v ng b ho. Li ha v cc thit b gi thnh thp
cn , nhng phc tp tng ln do phi gii quyt vn nhiu v hot ng vi cng
sut thp c th s y gi thnh ln tng t nh cc thit b v tuyn hin ti.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 11

Hnh 1-9: Mt n ph c a ra bi FCC cho cc h thng UWB trong nh
1.5 Chun ho
Nhm tc nhim IEEE 802.15.3a, nghin cu nhm tm ra lp vt l PAN th h k
tip, ang coi UWB l mt gii php tt nht cho lp vt l. Mc d nhiu xut c a
ra, hai trong s l DS-CDMA v MB-OFDM, chng ang l nhng ng c vin y ha
hn v vn tip tc ganh ua nhm t c s chp thun t pha u ban chun ho.
xut DS-CDMA, c a ra bi Freescale ( trc kia l Xtreme Spectrum) v kt hp
vi cc cng ty khc, chia ton b ph tn c cp pht thnh hai bng. Mc d xut ban
u bao chm ton b bng tn 7.5 GHz, nhng phin bn sau vt ra ngoi ph tn . Di
tn cho xut ny l t 3.2 5.15 GHz v 5.825 10.6 GHz. S DS-CDMA s dng
M-ary Bi-Orthogonal Keying v mt s m ho CDMA cho vic ghp knh v phn knh.
Hnh 1-10 s gii thch thm v vn ny.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 12

Hnh 1-10: Dng sng min thi gian v tn s ca xut DS-CDMA.
xut MB-OFDM c a ra bi mt nhm cc cng ty ln nh Intel, TI . Theo
xut ny th ph tn c chia thnh 14 bng ( mi bng c rng l 528 MHz) v cc thit
b c php la chn bng tn ng hoc tnh s dng cho vic truyn dn. Hn na,
OFDM c s dng cho tng bng mt. D liu c iu ch mt cch thch hp v s dng
bng tn ca n. Ton b ph tn c chia thnh 4 nhm ring bit. ch nhm A c d
nh cho cc thit b th h u tin bi v s gii hn v mt cng ngh hin ti. Cc
nhm cn li c d phng cho nhu cu s dng trong tng lai. Hnh 1-11, hnh 1-12 s gii
thch thm v vn ny.
S m DS-CDMA a ra nhm t c tc cao, cng sut tiu th thp, gi
thnh thp v kch thc nh. Tuy nhin, vic x l tn hiu tc cao c 100Mbps v
trong min s l mi quan tm chnh cho cc nh thit k h thng. ng b thi gian, s
la chn v mt cng ngh (SiGe hay CMOS) v mc ISI (inter symbol interference) l
cc vn quan trng trong xut ny. Tri li, MB-OFDM c xem nh mt gii php thc
t hn nh: gim c nhy trong vic ng b thi gian v c th d dng s dng CMOS.
Tuy nhin, mt cu hi ln t ra cho h thng ny l phc tp ca mch in, MAI v
s ng ca FCC. Trc khi s b tc ny c th c gii quyt bi u ban chun ho, c hai
nhm quyt nh trin khai cc xut ca mnh v xc minh li tnh kh dng ca n.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 13

Hnh 1-11: Dng sng trn min thi gian v tn s ca xut MB-OFDM
Hnh 1-12: K hoch phn chia bng tn ca xut MB-OFDM.
1.6 Cc ng dng ca UWB
UWB xut hin cng vi mt tim nng to ln v mt tp cc ng dng rng ri, hp
dn, nh th hin trong hnh 1-13.
V c bn, cc ng dng ny c th c chia thnh 3 nhm:
Truyn thng v cm bin
nh v v theo di
Radar
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 14

Hnh 1-13: Tng quan v cc ng dng m UWB c th cung cp.
1.6.1 Truyn thng v cm bin
Cc ng dng trong truyn thng to ra mt s c hi th v nht trong th trng khch
hng. Kh nng ng dng ca UWB trong truyn thng l v cng rng ln, theo h thng
truyn thng c th c ci thin, tng cng,nng cp. Cc ng dng trong truyn thng c
th c chia ra lm hai khu vc - tc d liu thp v cao. C hai u yu cu cng sut
thp v dung lng cao, chng l cc biu tng cho cht lng ca UWB.
1.6.1.1 Tc d liu thp
Cc thit b tc d liu thp xung quanh chng ta trong th gii cng ngh - nhng chng
thng c ni bi dy dn hoc cp. Chng ta s dng cc thit b ny nhp d liu
vo hoc ly d liu t cc my tnh, pht hin nhng k t nhp vo nh, v cho
v vn mc ch khc. Theo cch thc c hiu qu, cc thit b d liu tc thp c th
l khng dy, nhng gii php trn th trng ngy nay b rng buc bi nhiu tm nhn thng
vi cc thit b khc, cc vn cng sut, ngoi ra cc vn khc th khng quan trng
lm trong vic t c mt tho hip hon ho. UWB khng b gii hn bi tm nhn thng
t ngt nh l nh sng hng ngoi, v chiu di sng ln khi so snh v c th un cong hoc
truyn xuyn qua cc i tng m khng gp tr ngi g v kt ni. N cng b nh hng bi
cc bng v nhiu ca nh sng c lin quan khc nhng t hn trng hp nh sng hng ngoi.
V UWB hot ng mc cng sut rt thp v theo phng thc khng lin tc, nhiu cng
khng ng k - iu c ngha l hng trm thit b c th hot ng trong cng mt
khng gian m khng xm phm n mi thit b khc. Trc ht chng ta xt chi tit hn
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 15

ng dng u tin m cng l ng dng quan trng nht ca UWB, WPAN, mt lnh vc
ang to ra cho UWB nhng li th to ln trn th trng thit b.
S ni ln ca mi trng nh s c cu thnh bi nhiu thit b CE khc nhau (nh b nghe
nhc, xem video s), cc thit b di ng (nh in thoi t ong v PDA), v cc thit b my
tnh c nhn (nh my tnh PC xch tay) s h tr mt lng ln cc ng dng. Cc thit b ny
c th phn chia ra lm 3 loi khng hon ton tch bit (Xem hnh 1-14):
PC v Internet
Cc thit b in t cho ngi tiu dng (CE) v h thng qung b
Cc thit b cm tay v di ng
Cc thit b ny thng thng c t trong cc phng khc nhau v c dng cho nhiu chc
nng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, ch nhn ca chng vn hy vng chng c th tng tc c vi
nhau-b chy MP3 trao i file vi PC, b ghi hnh s thng tin vi STB,. S hi t ca cc
loi thit b ny cn phi c mt cng ngh v tuyn chung cho php chng c th cng hot
ng v phn phi thng lng d liu cao cho nhiu ng dng, ng dng tc cao. Hin
ti, cc loi thit b ny s dng cc giao din v v khun dng ni dung khc nhau.
Th h PC, CE, v cc ng dng di ng yu cu tc kt ni hn tc d liu nh
ca cng ngh Bluetooth 1Mbps, n c s dng cho nhiu thit b c th to ra WPAN
nh ngy hm nay. Nhng c nhiu thit b khng th p ng c gi thnh v cng sut
theo cc thit b v tuyn 802.11a/b/g cho Wi-Fi Networking.
Trong khi Wi-Fi nhanh hn nhiu so vi Bluetooth, nhng n vn khng th phn phi ht c
hiu nng cho php s dng c hiu qu nhiu lung video cht lng cao ng thi. Cng
ngh UWB cung cp mt thng lng nh c yu cu bi th h k tip ca cc thit b
hi t. Ngoi ra vi s h tr ca cc hng cng nghip ln, nh WIMedia Alliance, s m
bo chc chn s hot ng tng tc qua tp cc giao thc, bao gm IEEE 1394, USB, v
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP*), khin cho UWB tr thnh mt gii php cng ngh bng
rng to ra WPAN tc cao, gi thnh thp, v cng sut tiu th thp.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 16

Hnh 1-14: S hi t ca cc loi thit b
Cng ngh UWB c th tch cc mt di rng ln cc ng dng cho WPAN, c th lit k
mt s ng dng chnh di y:
Thay th cp gia cc thit b CE a phng tin, nh my nh s, my chy MP3 xch
tay, bi kt ni v tuyn.
To ra kt ni WUSB cho cc PC v ngoi vi PC, bao gm my in, my qut, v cc
thit b lu tr ngoi khc.
Thay th cp trong cc thit b s dng cng ngh Bluetooth th h k tip, nh
in thoi t ong 3G, cng nh l kt ni da trn IP/UpnP cho th h cc thit b di
ng PC/CE da trn IP k tip.
To ra ad-hoc c kt ni v tuyn tc bit cao cho cc CE, PC v cc thit b di
ng.
1.6.1.1.1 Kt ni v tuyn ngoi vi PC
i vi kt ni v tuyn thit b ngoi vi PC, cng ngh UWB c th a hiu nng
v tin li nh tng thy trong USB sang mt mc tip theo. Hin ti, USB hu
tuyn c mt th phn ng k nh l s la chn cp kt ni cho nn tng PC (hnh 1-15).
Nhng cp cng ch c th c s dng theo phng thc ny. Cng ngh Bluetooth gii
quyt vn ny mt mc nht nh, ngoi tr vn gii hn v hiu nng v hot
ng tng tc. Mt gii php WUSB s dng UWB cung cp cho i tng s dng c quyn
hy vng v USB khng cn dng cp. iu gii thot kt ni USB, UWB c c mt
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 17

s tng trng ng k v th phn thit b kt ni ngoi vi PC. WUSB Working Group s
nh ngha mt c t ha hn cung cp tc ln n 480 Mbps (tng ng vi USB
2.0) trong phm vi 10 m.
Vi WUSB, mt ngi s dng c th mang mt thit b di ng, nh l PMP (Portable Media
Player), ti gn ngun ni dung, nh mt PC, my tnh xch tay, hoc mt a cng bn ngoi,
khi m qu trnh nhn thc v trao quyn hon thnh, video c th c chuyn vo PMP
xem sau.
Hnh 1-15: Cc thit b tng tc vi nhau thng qua USB
1.6.1.1.2 Kt ni a phng tin v tuyn cho cc thit b CE
Lin quan mt thit vi kt ni ngoi vi PC l kt ni a phng tin v tuyn cho
thit b in t m thanh v hnh nh cho ngi tiu dng (CE). Li ch m cc kt ni ny
em li v mt tc th cng khng thua km cc kt ni hu tuyn, nhng li ch to ln
nht m kt ni v tuyn ny em li l s d dng trong khi s dng v hiu qu truyn
d liu cao. Mt lp rng ln thit b thuc lnh vc gii tr (hnh 1-16) bao gm: B c
DVD, HDTV, STB, b ghi video c nhn (PVR), b chy MP3 v Stereo, my nh s, v cc
thit b CE khc d thy khp gia nh. UWB c th kt ni mt mn hnh plasma treo
tng hoc HDTV n mt STB hoc mt b chy DVD, m khng gp kh khn g v
m bo tnh thm m do khng c cp. UWB cng c th to ra a lung ti a thit b
ng thi. iu ny to ra nhiu iu v cng hp dn v nh kh nng xem ni dung cng
hoc khc nhau trn nhiu thit b trong c nh.
UWB cng c th kt ni cc thit b gia PC v cc thit b gii tr, nh my quay
xch tay s n PC s dng cc trnh x l nh s hoc ti mt LCD c ln xem. Kt
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 18

ni mt my nh s n mt my tnh c nhn xch tay chnh sa, bin dch, v gi nh
thng qua e-mail n mt thnh vin trong gia nh trong khi ang ngi mt hotspot cng
cng. UWB xut nhiu li ch c nht cho cc loi s dng ny (bng 1-2). Vi WPAN
s dng UWB, khi cc thit b trong phm vi gn, chng c th nhn ra nhau v trao i
thng tin xut hin khi ngi dng bm nt Play.
c im Li ch
Thng lng tc cao Nhanh, truyn vi cht lng cao
Tiu th cng sut thp Tui th bin ca cc thit b cm tay
di
Thit b v tuyn c chun ho, da
trn Silicon
Gi r
Tu chn kt ni hu tuyn Tin li v linh ng
Bng 1-2: Cc c im v li ch ca UWB trong mi trng PC v gii tr
Cc thit b CE xch tay, nh my quay s, my nh s, b chy MP3, v b chy video
c nhn c mong i s to ra mt th trng chnh ca UWB thi k u.
1.6.1.1.3 Thay th cp v truy nhp mng i vi cc thit b my tnh di ng
i vi nhng ngi s dng nhiu loi thit b di ng, qun l cp c th l mt s
bt tin ln nht l khi cc thit b ny cn phi kt ni vi nhau. Nhiu thit b, nh l
thit b tr gip c nhn s, kt ni thng qua cng USB, nhng cc thit b khc, nh in
thoi t ong 3G, c th yu cu mt b u ni c bit hoc mt b thch ng cho cp
USB. Cng ngh UWB cho php cc thit b ny vn hnh cng nhau-khng cn cp-ngay
khi chng t gn nhau. UWB cng c th c s dng to ra truy nhp mng cng sut
thp, tc cao trong cc khu vc hotspot.
Vng ph Internet Hotspot ang to ra mt im hp dn v mt th trng rng m
cho truy nhp Internet bng thng rng i vi cc thit b my tnh di ng ti mt vng xa
xi. Ngy nay, hai cng ngh ang to ra nhng Hotspot l: WLAN 802.11a/b/g v WPAN
da trn cng ngh Bluetooth. C hai u c nhng gii hn v nh a ch cho cc nhu
cu hn hp v kt ni bng thng rng: dung lng khng gian cao nhm phc v nhiu ngi
trong mt khng gian cho trc v tiu th cng sut thp. UWB s gip vt qua nhng kh khn
ny v c th to ra cho mt ngi c ci thinng k khi lnh vc ny trng thnh.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 19

Hnh 1-16: Kt ni cc thit b trong lnh vc gii tr
1.6.1.1.4 Cc kt ni ad-hoc gia cc thit b s dng UWB
Ging nh cng ngh Bluetooth, mi thit b s dng UWB u c th l ngun pht
v thu ni dung. Cc thit b c th c kt ni trc tip vi nhau thng qua WUSB. Lc ,
tin li s c nng ln mt cp khc (hnh 1-17).
Hnh 1-18 th hin mt s kt hp cng ngh to ra mt s tin li cha tng c. Trong
WLAN v LAN hu tuyn, WUSB (c th s dng UWB khi cng ngh ny trng
thnh, khi tc truyn d liu c th ln n hng Gbps) v USB hu tuyn.
1.6.1.1.5 Mng cm bin
Tt c cc loi b cm bin xut mt c hi khc cho UWB pht trin tt p.
Hin ti cc b cm bin ang c s dng mnh m trong nhiu ng dng. Nhiu loi b cm
bin c dng bo v nh ca, t, v cc ti sn khc. Vic ci t cc h thng an
ninh hin i tiu tn thi gian v t .
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 20

Hnh 1-17: Cc thit b Dual-role kt ni trc tip vi nhau theo WUSB
Ti sao vy? Bi v chi ph cho dy dn l kh nhiu v tiu tn nhiu thi gian
ci t. Thng thng, cc gia nh ct bt cc gc, ch t cc b cm bin c dy ny ti
cc li vo c th nhn thy. Vi mt gii php khng dy, chi ph cho vic ci t v bo
dng c th gim xung mt cch bt ng, phm vi bao ph c th c m rng v tin cy
c tng ln. UWB c th c dng nh l lin kt truyn thng trong mng cm bin, v tn
hiu UWB t n c th thc hin chc nng nh l b cm bin. N cn c th c lm mt
cch c bit xy dng cc bong bng an ninh xung quanh mt khu vc cho trc cn c
bo v, bao gm cc vng cnh bo bin i. Hy tng tng xem cn c g khc c th c
thc hin vi tng ny to ra s an ton, an ninh, v mt ci u thanh thn. Robert
Frost vit trong Mending Walls, Hng ro tt lm nn hng xm tt. Mt hng ro tt
nht phi kh b nhn thy hoc tng hnh: lnh vc ca UWB.
Cc b cm bin cng ang c dng trong cc trm y t kim tra tc xung,
nhit , v cc du hiu sng quan trng khc. Ngy nay, mt bnh nhn b tri buc bi
dy v cp khi vic theo di y hc m rng c yu cu. Mt ln na, UWB c th c dng
truyn ti thng tin cm bin khng cn dy, nhng cng c th thc hin chc nng nh
l mt b cm bin hi th, nhp tim, v trong mt s trng hp, cho x l nh y hc.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 21

Hnh 1-18: Phi hp cng ngh to ra mt kch bn hp dn
Mt mng cm bin UWB gii phng bnh nhn khi m ln xn ca cc b cm bin
c dy. Gii php UWB to ra mt thi ri rt d chu cho bnh nhn khi cn thit
phi theo di c nh.
1.6.1.2 Tc d liu cao
V bng tn kh dng i vi ngi dng c m rng, cc ng dng s tip tc pht
trin v lp y bng tn kh dng trong khi nhu cu gia tng. Thm vo s gia tng tp
chung vo bng tn, vn gia tng in thoi di ng v du lch thc y nhu cu v
kh nng dch chuyn bng tn, m ch n cng ngh khng dy. Cc ng dng sm nht
ca UWB s ly cc nhu cu th trng cho truyn dn d liu tc cao hn ang tn ti
lm trng tm. Tuy nhin, nhu cu khng dy c kh nng a phng tin ang p buc
nhng hnh ng mi ca t chc chun ho khng dy. Gii php UWB s ni ln vi cc
tnh nng hon ton ph hp vi cc ng dng ny bi v bng tn kh dng cao. c bit, cc
ng dng a phng tin mt cao, nh l dng trc tuyn a phng tin ti cc im
nng nh sn bay hoc trung tm hng ho thm tr c cc n v cng ng, s yu cu
bng tn khng nh cng ngh bng hp sng lin tc hin ti. Kh nng ng gi cht cc
t bo UWB bng tn cao vo cc vng ny m khng lm gim cht lng s thc y s
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 22

pht trin cc gii php UWB. UWB cho php download phim nh vi tc cao. Cc mn
hnh video c phn gii cao c ln tr nn ph bin vi mc gi chp nhn c. Cc thit
b ny c th t c li ch to ln t kh nng dung lng cao ca UWB truyn ni dung
video qua ng v tuyn t cc ngun video n mt mn hnh treo trn tng.
1.6.2 nh v v bm
nh v v bm trn mt phm vi ln, v d nh GPS, thay i phng php chng ta
i li. nh v v theo di trong mt phm v nh hn c th thay i cch t chc v theo
di cc i tng ca chng ta. Cc ng dng c th ci thin s an ton ca ti sn, gip chng
ta tm tha kho xe v thm tr gip ta gi lin lc tt vi nhng a tr ca mnh khi chng
xa.
1.6.2.1 nh v
Ngy nay, c nhiu cng ngh cho php chng ta nh v trn phm vi ton cu vi
chnh xc, iu m trc kia khng th thc hin c. Chng ta chuyn t vic dng
la bn sang dng GPS. Gi y, hy tng tng cc kh nng ang dn n mt bc tin
mi - vo bn trong nh. Mc d UWB khng phi l mt gii php hiu qu cho nh v
ngoi tri (do khong cch qu ngn), nhng n vn l mt gii php tuyt vi i vi cc vn
khong cch ngn. Mt vi bin th ca UWB c th c s dng xc nh khong
cch gia hai trm thu pht UWB bn trong nh. B nh v UWB c th c t mt cch
chin lc trong mt mng bo hiu ch ng bng bin khng dy dc theo mt con ng
chy qua ng qu nh du tuyn. Chng c th c dng tm ngi trong nhiu
tnh hung, nh l nhn vin cu ho trong cc to nh ang chy, s quan cnh st trong tnh
trang nguy him, ngi trt tuyn b thng trn mt sn tuyt, ngi i b ng di b thng
mt vng xa xi, hoc nhng a tr b lc trong cng vin.
1.6.2.2 Bm
Vi k thut bm tin tin, chng ta khng ch bit v tr ca cc i tng m cn
bm theo s chuyn ng ca nhiu vt c bit khc. V d, cc i tng c lu gi trong
kho c th c theo di t lc nhp kho cho n lc xut kho v thm tr n tn ch
cui cng ca chng. Bt k mt chuyn ng no trong mt c quan t chc cng c th c
theo di. Nh c theo di ti sn, hng ho, nn ci thin ng k kh nng lm n gin
ho vic lu tr v phn phi ti sn, hng ho v cc dch v trong khi lm tng kh nng
iu khin kim k.
V tnh cht di ng ca con ngi v cc i tng tng ln, nhng thng tin mi nht
v chnh xc v v tr tr thnh mt nhu cu th trng thch ng. Trong khi GPS v mt
s cng ngh E911 ha hn to ra mt mc chnh xc no bn ngoi nh, th cc cng
ngh theo di bn trong nh hin ti vn cn khng t kh khn v c chnh xc khong
t 3 n 10 mt. Trin khai UWB l mt s b p cho GPS v E911 n cho php s nh
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 23

v chnh xc v theo di cc i tng chuyn ng trong nh vi chnh xc vi centimt.
iu ny ln lt lm cho c th cung cp ni dung nh v r rng v thng tin t tng c
th v chuyn ng, v theo di cc ti sn c gi tr cao v mt an ninh v s dng c
hiu qu. Trong khi y l mt th trng mi m, chnh xc c cung cp bi UWB s
thc y s trng thnh th trng v s pht trin cc ng dng mi trong lnh vc ny. Cc
h thng UWB c th lm vic trong mi trng phc tp trong c nhiu ngi, ti sn, v
cc tc ng qua li. Cc v tr nh l bnh vin, khu an ninh, trung tm o to, v cc ni
lm vic phn tn khc c th t c ch li to ln bng vic truyn thng c hiu qu hn
v nhanh hn. Vic lu tr t ng cc hot ng phc tp khng c cu trc gii phng con
ngi khi nhim v qun l. L lch thit b c th c c nhn ho, t ng chia s thit
b, con ngi c th t c s thoi mi hn vi cc ti sn sn c. S o lng thi gian
thc v s kim ton ni lm vic cung cp cho ngi qun l thng tin cn thit c c
mt quyt nh thc t chnh xc. Cc mc an ninh cha tng c c th t c bng s
theo di v tr con ngi v cc ti sn quan trng.
1.6.3 Radar
Tn hiu UWB lm xut hin radar r nt cao vi gi r. Vi cc kh nng ca
radar mi ny c to ra bi s b xung ca UWB, th trng radar s pht trin mnh m v
radar s c dng trong nhiu khu vc m khng cn phi tm. Mt s ng dng radar mi
mang tnh then cht trong UWB dng nh c vai tr ct yu bao gm cc b cm bin t
ng, b cm bin trnh xung t, ti kh thng minh, b cm bin an ninh c nhn, iu
tra chnh xc, v cc ng dng an ton cng cng xuyn tng. Nhng vm an ninh c trang b
radar da trn radar chnh xc th hin kh nng pht hin chuyn ng gn cc khu vc
c bo v, nh l cc khu vc c ti sn gi tr cao, khu vc cng chc, hoc cc khu vc b
hn ch. Vm ny c th c cu hnh bng phn mm pht hin chuyn ng ngang
qua cnh ca vm, nhng c th b qua cc chuyn ng bn trong hoc ng sau cnh vm.
Ngy nay, kh nng pht hin chuyn ng xuyn tng l mt thc t. Cc thit b
ny gi hng triu xung UWB trn mt giy, to ra mt tn hiu nh th, trong hu ht cc
hon cnh, c th xuyn qua hu ht vt liu nh ca, nh b tng rn chc, khi b tng, lp
, gch, g, nha, ngi, v si thu tinh. Kt qu ny l mt phng tin nhn bit nhng mi
nguy him hon ton mi vi nhiu cng dng. Thit b radar ny nhm phc v cho qun
i v i ng chin lc thi hnh lut php. Hot ng ca radar dnh cho phng tin trong
bng t 22 n 29 GHz c cho php di cc iu l ca UWB bng cch dng anten nh
hng trn cc t. Cc thit b ny c th pht hin v tr v chuyn ng ca cc i tng
gn mt phng tin i li, tch cc kh nng trnh xung t, s hot ho ti kh c ci
thin, v h thng gim sc thch ng vi iu kin ng x tt hn. Hnh 1-19 l hnh
nh th hin v cc thit b c th.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 24

Hnh 1-19: Cc radar chng chm, trnh xung t v o cao chnh xc
Cui cng, kt thc phn ng dng ca UWB, chng ta s tm hiu mt mng kh
ngc nhin, UWB thng qua dy (UWB over wires)
Cng ngh UWB c th hot ng thng qua dy dn v cp. iu ny c th lm
tng gp i bng tn kh dng cho h thng truyn hnh cp (CATV) m khng cn thay
i h tng tn ti. Cng ngh over-wire cho cp ng trc c th cung cp ti 1.2 Gbps
cho ng xung v 480 Mbps cho ng ln trong bng tn b xung, vi gi thnh thp, trn
nhiu kin trc mng khc nhau. Tn hiu UWB c th c t ti u cui cp v c
trch ra ti c ngi ngi dng. Cng ngh UWB wire - line khng gy nhiu hay lm gim
cht lng truyn hnh, Internet tc cao, thoi hoc cc dch v khc c cung cp bi
h tng CATV. Cng ngh ny s to cho ngi vn hnh cc kh nng i vi h tng tn ti
cung cp tt hn cc chc nng v lm tng tng thu nhp. H thng ny s dng cc k
thut mi kt hp hon ho truyn thng UWB v tuyn v UWB hu tuyn.
S kt hp cng ngh ny to ra rng bng tn mng v tuyn khng l cho vic
m rng ni dung c m bo an ton theo tt c cc ng t vn phng u cui ca nh
cung cp cp n mt lot cc thit b mng khng dy. iu ny chuyn i trung tm
gii tr gia nh thnh cng mng v hub khng dy.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 25
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. Phn tch tn hiu UWB

Chng 2
Phn tch tn hiu UWB
Sau khi nm c nhng c im c bn nht v UWB v nhng thuc tnh ca
n trn min thi gian v tn s, chng ta tip tc vi vic phn tch tn hiu UWB, trong
chng ny dng xung s dng v cc k thut iu ch trong UWB s c trnh by.
2.1 nh ngha tn hiu UWB
nh ngha mt tn hiu UWB v cc mt c lin quan l mt iu g khng
thc s r rng.
Sau y l mt s kh nng:
Mt tn hiu vi mt rng bng ln hn 500 MHz.
Mt tn hiu vi rng bng ln hn 20% tn s trung tm.
Nhng nh ngha ny cho php mt tn hiu CDMA vi mt tc 1 chip/ns hoc
mt tn hiu OFDM vi rng bng tn tng cng vt ra khi chun 802.11. Trong n
ny, chng ta coi rng tn hiu UWB c cu thnh t rt nhiu xung hp (c 1 ns hoc
thm tr cn hp hn).
2.2 Cc dng xung n chu k
C rt nhiu dng xung c s dng trong cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn. Tuy
nhin, tu thuc vo c tnh ca ph tn hot ng ca h thng m dng xung no c
la chn. i vi h thng UWB ph tn hot ng cho cc ng dng trong nh c FCC cp
pht t 3.1-10.6 GHz. Do ph tn c nh nh vy nn vic chn la dng xung cng l mt
vn quan trng. Nhm tun theo c t ca FCC, hai loi dng xung c nghin cu:
xung Gaussian v xung Raised Cosin.
2.2.1 Xung n chu k Gaussian
Xung Gaussian n chu k l mt tn hiu bng rng, tn s trung tm v rng
bng ph thuc vo rng ca chu k n. Trong min thi gian, xung n chu k
Gaussian c dng:
( )
2
,
_
t
e
t
t gm
(2-1)
Trong
l h s thi gian xc nh rng ca n chu k. Trong min tn s,

bin i Fourier ca xung n chu k Gaussian l:
( )
2 2 2
. . . . .
2

f
e f j f GM

(2-2)
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 26

Tn s trung tm f
c
phi tho mn:
1 2
2 2 2

c
f (2-3)
Chng ta c th thy rng f
c
t l vi nghch o ca
v rng bng -3dB vo

khong 116% f
c
(xem ph lc A). V vy, vi
= 0.033ns th tn s trung tm f
c
= 6.85 GHz
v rng bng -3dB xp x 7.5 GHz. Hnh 2-1 th hin mt dng sng in hnh ca
xung n chu k Gaussian v ph tn ca n.
Hnh 2-1: Xung n chu k Gaussian v ph tn ca n
2.2.2 Xung Raised Cosin
Trong c t ca FCC, mt n PSD cho tn hiu UWB c dng hnh ch nht. D
thy rng xung dng Gaussian khng hon ton ph hp vi quy nh ny. Do vy, xung
Raised Cosin c gii thiu c th thch hp hn vi quy nh v PSD ca FCC. Hnh
2-2 th hin xung Raised Cosin trn min thi gian v tn s. Xung Raised Cosin c th c
m t trong min tn s nh sau:
( )
( )
,
, 0
2
cos 1
2
1
, 1
1
'
'
1
]
1
f
f f
f H

B f
B f f
f f
>
< <
<
1
1
(2-4)
Trong , B l bng tn tuyt i. f
1
v
f c cho di y:
dB
f B f
6

f f f
dB 6 1
Vi
dB
f
6
l tn s -6dB ca xung Raised Cosin. V mc ch tn dng ton b bng tn c
FCC chp thun 7.5 GHz nn gi tr ca
dB
f
6
c thit lp l 3.75 GHz.
Dng sng tng ng trn min thi gian c tnh nh sau:
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 27

( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
1
]
1
,
_

2
6
6
6
1
4 1
2 cos
2
2 sin
2
t f
t f
t f
t f
f f H F t h
dB
dB
dB

(2-5)
Do h(t) l tn hiu bng tn thp (-
dB
f
6
, +
dB
f
6
) nn cn c dch n tng tn tn hiu
mong mun. Trong trng hp ph tn ca xung Raised Consin chim ton b bng tn c
FCC cp pht th xung bng gc phi chuyn sang tn s trung tm f
c
(6.85 GHz). Do ,
xung c pht i s l:
( ) ( ) ( ) t f t h t rc
c
2 cos .
(2-6)
rc(t) v RC(f) c th hin trong hnh 2-2.
Hnh 2-2: Xung Raised Cosin v ph nng lng ca n
2.2.3 La chn dng xung
Bng cch so snh hai dng xung c xut, chng ta cn la chn mt dng
s dng cho h thng UWB. Ta thy rng, mc d xung Raised Cosin c cc thuc tnh ph
kh p, kh khp vi mt n ph hnh ch nht c FCC a ra nhng loi xung ny rt kh
to ra bi mt mch in n gin. Tri li, xung n chu k Gaussian th c th c to ra
mt cch kh n gin, v do thng c la chn s dng cho cc h thng UWB.
2.3 Dy xung v chui gi tp m
Sau khi gii thiu mt s dng xung UWB th vic truyn dn cc xung chui xung
cn c xem xt. Trc tin chng ta to ra xung Gaussian n chu k ti nhng thi im cch
nhau bi khong thi gian lp (xem hnh 2-3) v chui xung ny c th c m t nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( )

n
j
f periodic
T j t gm t p
1
1
(2-7)
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 28

Trong T
f
l chu k khung, bng vi khong thi gian gia hai xung lin tip, gm(t) l xung
Gaussian n chu k. Chui xung trn c mt tn s lp xung xc nh l 1/T
f
. Da trn mt
ph nng lng ca xung Gaussian n chu k GM (hnh 2-1), mt ph cng sut
(PSD) c th c vit nh sau:
( ) ( )
,
_
,
_
+

+
f k f f f
periodic
T
k
f
T
k
GM
T
f GM
T
f P

2
2
2
2
2
(2-8)
Trong
v
2
ln lt l trung bnh v phng sai ca bin xung, trong trng hp chui
xung tun hon, chng ln lt l 1 v 0. Do , ta c:
( )
,
_
,
_

+
f k f f
periodic
T
k
f
T
k
GM
T
f P
2
2
1
(2-9)
Chng ta thy rng trong min tn s, chui xung n u n s to ra cc nhnh
cng sut theo cc khong 1/T
f
. iu ny c kim chng bng kt qu m phng trong hnh
2-3. Do vy, cng sut tn hiu UWB tri rng theo ng ph. Nhng nu PSD phng, cng
sut pht c th ti a theo quy nh ca FCC. Chng ta kt lun rng chui xung tun
hon khng tn dng c ti nguyn tn s mt cch c hiu qu v cn c ci thin. c
th lm mn ng ph, yu t then cht ti u vic s dng ph tn, chng ta cn loi b
s tng quan ca chui xung tun hon trong min thi gian. Mt phng php hu dng
gii quyt vn ny l lm cho cc xung xut hin ngu nhin trong min thi gian, do
vy nhiu s tng quan c th trnh c trong chui xung v ng ph c th c nn li.
Phng php ny c th hin trong hnh 2-4 v chui xung vi xung n chu k Gaussian c
th c m t nh sau:
( ) ( )

n
j
j f random
T jT t gm t p
0
(2-10)
Trong
j
T
l s ngu nhin thuc (0, T
f
). PSD ca chui xung ny c th thu c nh sau:
( ) ( )
2 1
f GM
T
f p
f
random

(2-11)
T ta thy rng
( ) f p
random
ch l mt bn m rng ca ph nng lng ca xung Gaussian
n chu k v khng c nhnh no trong .
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 29

Hnh 2-3: Chui xung tun hon v ph ca n
Hnh 2-4: Chui xung c v tr ngu nhin v ph tn
S d nh vy l do tt c cc xung xut hin ngu nhin hon ton v tuyt i khng c
thng tin tng quan v v tr xung. Thuc tnh trn c khng nh li bng kt qu m
phng trong hnh 2-4.
j
T
l dch thi gian (nhiu nano giy) c th c p dng cho tng xung. Tp hp {
j
T
} c th c thit k ging nh m gi tp m (PN). Trong h thng a truy nhp, mi mt
ngi dng c mt chui m ngu nhin duy nht. Ch b thu hot ng vi cng mt m ngu
nhin mi c th gii m truyn dn. Nu khng bit trc m nhy thi gian duy nht ny th
tn hiu khng th c tch ra thm tr ngay c trong trng hp m b thu t rt gn b
pht. Phng php gn cho tng xung UWB mt khong thi gian
j
T
ny cn c s dng
nh l mt k thut a truy nhp.
hiu thm v mt k thut a truy nhp v kh nng ng dng ca chng trong
UWB, ta xt thm mt s k thut a truy nhp khc (xem phn k thut a truy nhp).
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 30

2.4 Cc phng php iu ch trong UWB
Nh chng ta bit, mt xung n UWB khng mang thng tin. Chng ta phi thm
thng tin s vo xung tng t, iu ny c thc hin bng iu ch. Trong cc h thng
UWB, c mt s phng php iu ch c bn v chng ta s xt chi tit phn sau.
Thng thng, chng ta nh ngha hai dng iu ch c bn cho truyn thng
UWB. Chng c th hin trong hnh 2-5 (k thut iu ch da trn thi gian v k thut
iu ch da trn dng xung).
Hnh 2-5: Phn loi cc phng php iu ch trong UWB
Mt phng php iu ch ph bin nht trong truyn thng UWB l iu ch v
tr xung (PPM), trong mi xung c tr hoc gi trc thang thi gian bnh thng. Do vy,
mt h thng truyn thng c hai c th c thit lp vi mt dch thi v pha trc
hoc sau. Bng cch ch r thi gian tr chnh xc cho tng xung, mt h thng M-ary c
th c to ra.
Mt phng php thng dng khc s dng k thut o ngc xung: iu c ngha
l to ra mt xung vi pha ngc li. y c gi l k thut iu pha c hai (BPM).
Mt k thut iu ch hp dn khc l iu ch xung trc giao, trong yu cu
cc dng xung c bit m khi c to ra chng phi trc giao nhau.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s k thut iu ch ni ting khc nh OOK. Trong k thut
iu ch OOK, s c mt hoc vng mt ca xung th hin thng tin s 1 hoc 0
mt cch tng ng. iu ch bin xung (PAM) l k thut s dng s bin i bin
xung mang thng tin s.
Hn na, mt vi k thut iu ch truyn thng khc khng p dng c trong
truyn thng UWB. V d: k thut iu tn c s dng rng ri li rt kh p dng trong
UWB, v mi xung mang qu nhiu thnh phn tn s.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT
iu ch v
tr xung
(PPM)
K thut da trn thi gian K thut da trn dng xung
iu ch xung i cc
(BPPM)
OOK PAM
Ph-ng php iu ch dng xung
c bn (nhiu ch xung trc
giao)
31

Chng ta ln lt kim tra tng k thut iu ch c th p dng trong UWB ny. Tr-
c tin, chng ta xt hai k thut iu ch ph bin nht: PPM v BPM. Mt s so snh n
gin hai k thut iu ch ny c th hin trong hnh 2-6. Trong hnh 2-6(a), mt chui
xung khng c iu ch dng so snh. Xt mt v d cho trng hp PPM, xung tng trng
cho bt thng tin 1 b tr i (xung b dch sang phi). Xung tng trng cho bt 0 c gi
i trc xung khng c iu ch (xung b dch sang tri) trong hnh 2-6 (b). i vi trng hp
BPM, xung b o ngc tng trng cho bt 0 trong xung khng b o tng trng cho bt 1.
Xem hnh 2-6 (c) thy r hn vn ny. Sau y chng ta s i xt chi tit ln lt
tng phng php mt.
2.4.1 iu ch v tr xung
Nh cp trc, tham s quan trng trong iu ch v tr xung l tr ca
xung. Bng cch nh ngha mt xung c bn vi dng xung tu p(t), chng ta c th iu
ch d liu bi tham s tr
i
to ra cc xung s
i
nh th hin trong phng trnh 2-12,
trong t l thi gian.
( )
i i
t p s
(2-12)
Xt mt v d, chng ta t 75 . 0
1
, 25 . 0
2
,
25 . 0
3

, 75 . 0
4
ta s to ra mt
h thng PPM 4-ary. V theo , ta c: ( ) 75 . 0
1
+ t p s
( ) 25 . 0
2
+ t p s (2-13)

( ) 25 . 0
3
t p s
( ) 75 . 0
4
+ t p s
(a) Cc xung khng c iu ch

(b) iu ch v tr xung
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 32

(c) iu pha hai mc

Hnh 2-6: So snh k thut iu ch v tr xung v iu pha hai mc trong UWB
B thu phn bit 1, 0 bng thi gian n ca n, hoc tr gia cc xung (xem thm
hnh 2-7).
Hnh 2-7: iu ch v tr xung
Li ch ln nht ca PPM xut pht t tnh n gin ca n v lng lo trong vic
iu khin tr. Tri li, hot ng ca h thng UWB li yu cu mt chnh xc rt
cao v thi gian. Do , c th coi y l mt nhc im ca phng php iu ch ny.
Ngoi ra iu ch v tr xung c tc dng lm phng ph tn hiu, do lm gim nhiu
ti cc h thng v tuyn c. PPM cho php s dng k thut thu s dng b lc thch ng ti
u. B thu s dng mt b tng quan tch tn hiu di mc tp m. So vi cc h thng s
dng phng php iu ch khc, h thng s dng PPM cho php ng b ho tt hn v yu
cu chnh xc nh thi ln hn.
Xc sut li bt c tnh theo cng thc sau, vi iu kin s dng b lc thch ng b
thu:
(2-14)
Trong :
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 33

Q(): l hm Q.
E
b
: l nng lng trung bnh trn mt bt.
N
0
: l mt ph cng sut tp m ti b thu.
Q() l hm c nh ngha nh sau:
( )

z
d e z Q
2 /
2
1
(2-15)
Hnh v khng gian tn hiu v xc sut li bt c th hin trong hnh 2-10 v 2-11.
2.4.2 iu pha hai mc BPM (hay iu ch i cc- Antipodal Modulation)
K thut iu ch i cc th hin bt 1 bi mt xung dng v bt 0 bi mt
xung m. Tc l c s chuyn pha 180 gia bt 0 v 1. Xem hnh 2-8 hiu
thm v k thut iu ch ny v PPM trong UWB. Theo hnh 2-8 chng ta thy rng N
c
xung UWB dng truyn mt bt d liu, khong cch gia hai xung lin tip l T
f
, c bt
thng tin v chui gi tp m u tham gia iu ch xung UWB. Nh vy c ngha l
truyn bt d liu 1 khng c ngha l dng ton xung UWB dung.
V mt ton hc, chng ta c th biu din tn hiu BPM nh sau.
( ) t p s
i i

,
i
=-1,1.
Trong p(t) nh cp trong 2.3.1,
c coi nh l tham s dng xung. Theo chng

ta d dng nhn thy s o ngc xung c bn p(t) s tng ng vi bt 0 v bt 1 c
pht i.
Ta c th biu din tn hiu UWB s dng iu pha c hai khi c mt chui bt c a
vo iu ch xung UWB nh sau:
( ) ( )

j
f j
jT t s b t s
(2-16)
Trong b
j
l gi tr {-1, +1} ph thuc vo bt d liu.
Xc sut li bt c tnh theo cng thc sau, vi iu kin s dng b lc thch ng b
thu:
(2-17)
Hnh v khng gian tn hiu v xc
sut li bt c th hin trong hnh 2-10 v 2-11.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 34

Hnh 2-8: M ho 0, 1 trong UWB
Mt trong s cc l do s dng iu ch xung i cc, c bit trong s so snh
vi k thut iu ch v tr xung (PPM), l li 3-dB trong hiu sut s dng cng sut.
iu c ngha l nu mun t c cng mt t l li bit th cc phng php iu ch
nh OOK, PPM phi dng nng lng bit (E
b
) gp i. y l mt thuc tnh ca phng php
iu ch ny.
Trn y gii thiu hai phng php chnh thng c s dng trong truyn thng
UWB. Ngoi ra cn mt s phng php iu ch khc cng c xut trong qu trnh
nghin cu nhm tm ra mt phng php iu ch thch hp nht cho truyn thng UWB.
Do vic cp cc phng php iu ch khc l cn thit c c mt ci nhn
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 35

ton din hn v cc k thut iu ch m UWB tri qua trn c phng din l thuyt
cng nh trong thc t.
2.4.3 Cc phng php iu ch khc
Hnh v 2-9 th hin cc phng php iu ch ny.
Trong hnh 2-9 (a) l mt chui xung cha c iu ch dng so snh. Hnh 2-9
(b) l mt v d v iu ch bin xung trong xung vi bin ln tng trng cho bit 1
v xung c bin nh hn tng trng cho bt 0. Hnh 2-9 (c) l k thut iu ch on-off
keying. y l phng php iu ch kh quen thuc. Hnh 2-9 (d) th hin mt v d v
iu ch xung trc giao trong bt 1 c tng trng bi mt xung Hermitian cp 3 c
iu chnh v bt 0 c tng trng bi mt xung Hermitian cp hai c iu chnh. Sau
y chng ta s xem xt thm v tng k thut va nu.
2.4.3.1 iu ch xung trc giao
iu ch xung trc giao l mt tp con ca iu ch dng xung vi thuc tnh l cc
dng xung phi trc giao vi nhau. u im chnh ca vic s dng cc xung trc giao khng
lin quan trc tip n phn iu ch, nhng n li rt hu ch khi s dng cc k thut a
truy nhp. Tuy nhin, do vic iu ch dng xung c s th khng phi l mt vn hp
dn trong c l thuyt v thc t. iu ny c l gii l do nu thc hin n th phc
tp thm vo cc mch in, b nh v cn nhiu iu khc l khng nh mi c th to c
cc dng xung c s. V do nu khng bt buc th chng ta khng nn thc hin phng
php ny. Tuy vy, nh gi r nh hng ca phc tp ca h thng m ch vi nhng
li nh gi ny l khng . Trong phm vi nghin cu ca n ch c th nh gi mt
cch khi qut nhm a c cc kt lun cn thit. iu khng may mn l tham s dng
xung
th khng cn ph hp m t tp hp xung c s v y chng ta t nhn cho

mi xung mt cch n gin l p
1
, p
2
, p
i
v gi thit rng cc xung ny c thit k sao
cho trc giao vi nhau.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 36

Hnh 2-9: Cc phng php iu ch khc
Vic nghin cu cc phng php to ra cc xung trc giao ny khng nm trong phm vi
nghin cu ca n.
C ba k thut iu ch nh trnh by trn - iu ch v tr xung, iu ch
xung i cc, iu ch xung trc giao - c xut s dng trong truyn thng UWB.
Ngay khi cc tc nh nghin cu quan tm n cc dng iu ch nhm xut s dng
cho UWB th cha c mt n lc ng k no tp chung vo phng php iu ch bin
xung cng nh on-off keying. Tuy nhin, nh cp th s y khi nghin cu v mt
vn lun lun l cn thit c bit vi trong lnh vc nghin cu l thuyt. Do vy cc
kh nng s dng ca chng cng c tho lun di y.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 37

2.4.3.2 iu ch bin xung
iu ch bin xung (PAM) cho UWB c th c trnh by theo phng trnh
(2-14).
( ) t p s
i i

i
>0 (2-14)
Trong tham s dng xung
nhn cc gi tr dng. Xt mt v d, chng ta t

i
=1, 2
v ta c tp xung c hai s
1
=p(t), s
2
=2p(t).
Ni chung, iu ch bin xung khng phi l mt phng php hp dn cho truyn
thng c ly ngn. L do chnh bao hm mt thc t rng mt tn hiu c iu ch bin
m c bin nh th d b nh hng ca tp m hn phn c bin ln hn. Hn na,
lng cng sut ln hn c yu cu pht cc xung c bin cao hn. i vi cc h thng
sin, cc h thng s dng iu ch bin thng c phn bit vi cc h thng s dng ph-
ng php iu ch gc l yu cu rng bng tn hp v khng hiu qu trong vic s
dng cng sut. Do vy, u im ln nht ( rng bng tn hp) dng nh khng c ngha
i vi UWB, v hu ht cc ng dng UWB li coi yu t cng sut nh l mt vn ct
yu. cng l l do ti sao m iu ch bin li khng c quan tm n trong UWB.
2.4.3.3 On-Off keying
On-Off keying (OOK) trong UWB c th c coi nh l mt dng iu ch dng xung
trong tham s dng xung
c th l 0 hoc 1 nh th hin trong phng trnh (2-15).

( ) t p s
i i

i
=0, 1 (2-15)
Xung on c to ra khi
i
=1 v xung off khi

i
=0; do s
1
=p(t) v s
2
=0.
Kh khn c bn ca OOK l s c mt ca a ng, trong cc ting vng ca
nhng xung ban u hoc nhng xung khc khin n tr nn kh khn trong vic xc minh s
vng mt ca mt xung. OOK cng l phng php iu ch c hai, tng t nh BPM nhng n
khng th c m rng thnh mt phng php iu ch M-ary nh PPM, PAM, OPM.
Xc sut li ging nh trng hp PPM.
Khng gian tn hiu v xc li bt xem trong hnh 2-10 v 2-11.
2.4.4 Tng kt v cc phng php iu ch
Trong phn ny chng ta a ra s tng hp nh gi v cc phng php iu ch cho
truyn thng UWB trong bng 2.1. Bng ny tng hp li cc u im v nhc im ca tng
phng php iu ch nu.
Hnh 2-11 s cho chng ta thy BER ca mt s phng php iu ch. Theo , xc
sut li ca PPM cng khng khc g so vi OOK, cao hn so vi BPM. Sau khi a ra
nhng kin nh gi v im mnh v im yu ca tng phng php iu ch th
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 38

vic quyt nh mt phng php kh dng nht l rt quan trng. Xt mt cch ton din
th PPM l phng php iu ch c c nhiu u im hn c mc d khng phi l ph-
ng php m hiu qu v cng sut l ti u so vi BPM.
Phng php iu ch u im Nhc im
PPM n gin Cn ng b mt cch
chnh xc
BPM n gin, tit kim cng
sut pht ( li 3 dB)
Ch iu ch hai mc
OPM Trc giao cho a truy nhp Phc tp
PAM n gin Kh nng chng tp m
km, cng sut s dng ln
OOK n gin Ch iu ch c hai, kh
nng chng tp m km
Bng 2-1: Tng hp u nhc im ca cc phng php iu ch
Hnh 2-10: Khng gian tn hiu ca OOK, PPMv BPM
C ba l do chnh dn n kt lun trn. Th nht, do a ng l nguyn nhn
chnh gy ra tnh mt n nh v mt thi gian nhng PPM c th tn dng c tnh
ny rt tt c th thch ng vi knh v tuyn c phn x v cng nh c thuc tnh v
ph tn hiu rt tt. Tri li, iu ch BPSK m ho d liu cn pht bi cc tnh xung nn
c th b mo khi truyn trong knh v tuyn c phn x mt cch d dng. Th hai, do
Philips ang lm vic nhm trin khai b nh thi chnh xc, l vn then cht
xy dng mt h thng thc t, cho nn vn nh thi vi chnh xc cao c th c
gii quyt n gin hn. L do th ba khin cho PPM nhn c nhiu s quan tm l do
Time Domain Inc, mt trong nhng cng ty u tin trin khai cc sn phm UWB mang
tnh thng mi, cng s dng k thut iu ch ny. Time Domain Inc ch to thnh
cng mt s chipset truyn thng UWB da trn k thut iu ch ny, iu t n cng
ni ln mt iu l PPM c chp nhn nh l mt phng php iu ch trng thnh.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 39

Hnh 2-10: Xc xut li theo l thuyt i vi OOK, PPM, v BPM
iu ch PPM c hai s dng cc chui di momocycle (n chu k) cho truyn
thng, iu ch d liu v nhn dng knh c thc hin bi bin i v tr xung trong
mi khung. Khi pht nhng chui trn, iu quan trng l m bo rng tnh ton vn
ph truyn dn vn khng b nh hng.
Chui xung n chu k Gaussian c iu ch bi BPPM c th c m t nh sau:
( ) ( )
+
n
j
shift PPM f f BPPM random
T d T T j t gm p
1
_ _
. 1
(2-16)
trong T
f
l chu k khung.
f
T
l v tr ngu nhin ca xung trong mt khung, n c gi
tr trong khong (T
PPM_shift
, T
f
-T
PPM_shift
). d l d liu c hai c pht nhn gi tr l 0 (c th
l -1 cng khng nh hng) hoc 1. T
PPM_shift
l thi gian tr hay h s dch v tr theo
thi gian. V tr ca xung tham kho (referenced pulse) c cho bi p
random
(t). Cc tham s ny
th xem trong hnh 2-10.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 40

Hnh 2-10: Cc xung v tr ngu nhin vi iu ch BPPM
Hn na, gi tr ca T
f
li xc nh tc k hiu. Nu T
f
l 100 ns th tc k
hiu s l 10 Mb/s. Bng cch gim T
f
, tc k hiu c th tng ln nhng khi nhiu giao
thoa k hiu (ISI) cng tng. Kt qu l gi tr ca T
f
khng th la chn qu nh tr khi
khong cch gia trm pht T
x
v trm thu R
x
cng rt nh. Thay v thay i tc k hiu
iu chnh tc truyn dn, chng ta c th tng tc d liu bng cch s dng
iu ch M-ary PPM. Do , nhiu bt thng tin hn c th c pht i trong mt k hiu.
{
f
T
} l mt chui m gi tp m PN. i vi mt tuyn truyn thng, mt cp b thu v b
pht phi hot ng ti cng mt m gi tp m PN. Do b thu s bit c thi im
tch d liu (xung) ng da trn m PN, v cc b thu khc th khng bit c m PN ny
nn khng th thu ly c d liu t tuyn truyn thng ny.
Chng ta nhn thy rng trc c mt xung c tch chnh xc bi b thu th cc
xung tip theo c th c bm cht bi mt b tng quan da trn m PN mt cch d
dng. Do vy, cha kho gii quyt vn trong thit k b thu l lm sao chng ta c
th tch ng v tr ca xung v thi gian vi chnh xc cn thit.
2.4 Phn tch cng sut
Theo c t ca FCC, gii hn cng sut cho vng tn s t 3.1 GHz n 10.6 GHz l
-41.25 dBm/MHz. Do ton b bng tn lm vic l 7.5 GHz nn gii hn trn ca cng sut
truyn dn P
Tx
trong h thng UWB c th c tnh ton nh sau:
milliwatts dBm MHz MHz dBm P
Tx
56 . 0 5 . 2 7500 . / 25 . 41 (2-17)
Da trn gi tr cng sut pht, chng ta c th tnh ton cng sut thu c P
Rx
ti b
thu UWB bng cch s dng m hnh knh. Mt m hnh knh UWB thc t c xut
bi Philips Research Redhill da trn cc o c knh. Theo , khi tng khong cch gia Tx
v Rx th cng sut tn hiu UWB thu c s b gim tu theo mi trng truyn.
i vi mi trng tm nhn thng (LOS): P
Rx
e
-1.9d
P
Tx
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 41

i vi mi trng tm nhn b che khut (non-LOS): P
Rx
e
-3.4d
P
Tx
trong d l khong cch gia Tx v Rx tnh theo mt.
Qu cng sut ca h thng UWB c th hin trong bng 2-2 v xem thm ph lc B.
Bng tn tn hiu UWB 7.5 GHz (3.1 GHz 10.6 GHz)
Gii hn cng sut tn hiu theo FCC -41.25 dBm/MHz
Cng sut pht ti a -2.5 dBm (0.56 mw)
Khong cch gia Tx v Rx 10 mt
Cng sut (s dng m hnh LOS) -115.0341 dB
Cng sut tp m -98.2900 dB
H s duty cycle 0.01
SNR
instantaneous
3.2559 dB
Bng 2-2: Qu cng sut ca h thng UWB
2.5 Phn tch mi trng truyn dn v cc nh hng ca n ln tn hiu UWB
2.5.1 nh hng ca a ng
Nh trnh by trong phn u im ca h thng UWB. Ta thy a ng l mt
vn m m hu ht cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn u gp phi. Do anten thu
thu c tn hiu n trc tip v tn hiu b phn x t b pht. Nu mt xung UWB n
(monocycle Gaussian) c pht thi tn hiu thu c s bao gm mt tn hiu ng thng v
cc tn hiu b phn x. Tn hiu thu c r(t) vi gi thit khng c tp m c th c trnh
by:
( ) ( )

L
n
n n
t s a t r
1

(2-18)
trong
1
<
2
<
3
<<
n
. Tham s
n
v a
n
ln lt l tr v bin ca thnh phn
a ng th n, trong
1
v a
1
tng trng cho ng n trc tip. Dng sng s(t) xc nh
xung n UWB thu c. L l s lng ng tn hiu.
Nh chng ta bit, rng xung ca s(t) thng thng nh hn 200ps. Do , cc thnh phn
a ng vi nhng tr khc nhau ln hn rng xung c th c tch ra mt cch v hi.
Chng ta c th kt lun rng h thng UWB c kh nng chng li nhiu a ng rt tt.
Tuy nhin, cc thnh phn a ng tr vi thi gian di a
n
s(t-
n
) c th gy ra vn ISI
c bit khi
n
>T
f
. ngn chn vn ISI, T
f
khng th c chn vi gi tr qu b khi
xy dng chui xung pht.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 42

2.5.2 Cc nh hng c lin quan n chuyn ng gia Tx v Rx
Mt phng bnh thng c th c xem nh l mi trng a ng mt cao, v mt
vn m chng ta s phi i mt l nh hng ln knh truyn dn do dch chuyn cc
i tng.
Tc chuyn ng cao nht ca mt i tng chuyn ng c th coi nh 2m/s,
y l mt gi tr kh hp l trong iu kin mt cn phng. Bng mt php phn tch
hnh hc n gin chng ta c th thy s thay i v chiu di ng gy ra bi mt i
tng chuyn ng vi tc 2m/s nh hn 4.10
-7
m. Do tc ca sng in t l 3.10
8
m/s nn
dch thi gian s l 4.10
-7
/3.10
8
, tc l vo khong 10
-15
giy, hay 10
-6
ns. So vi rng
xung 0.1ns th dch thi gian gy ra do i tng chuyn ng c th l i trong mt
khong thi gian ngn.
Nu chng ta quan st h thng trong mt khong thi gian di th i tng chuyn
ng c th gy ra vn kha trn mt vi ng kh dng b mt ti pha thu. Do ,
mt k thut dng bm ng s c gii thiu trong phn tip theo.
2.5.3 Kho li ng kh dng nht
Nu knh truyn dn v tuyn to ra mt thay i ng th iu c ngha l -
ng dn kh dng b mt bm. Qu trnh tch xung cho kho ng dn ng cn phi c
thc hin li. Vn y l lm sao tch c ng mnh nht nhng mt kho.
Mt gii php hp dn c xut, theo xut ny th vic thc hin tch
xung v qu trnh gii iu ch phi c thc hin ng thi vi qu trnh tch xung. Khi
qu trnh tch xung nhn thy ng mnh nht b dch qu nhiu, v nh vt qu ngng cho
php, n s bt u hiu chnh thng tin nh thi ca cc xung UWB u vo m
bo rng xung lm mu ti b thu lun lun trng khp vi cc xung u vo mnh nht (ng
dn kh dng nht). Sau , qu trnh gii iu ch s lm vic vi cc tn hiu mu mi,
quan trng l vn di s theo di ca qu trnh tch xung.
2.6 Mt s k thut a truy nhp
Trong phn ny, cc phng php a truy nhp truyn thng cng c xem xt kh
nng ng dng trong UWB.
2.6.1 a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trong UWB
Mt k thut a truy nhp ph bin trong truyn thng bng hp l phn chia ngi
dng da trn bng tn s dng. K thut ny c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
(FDMA). Mi ngi dng s dng mt tn s sng mang khc nhau truyn v nhn tn
hiu.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 43

Trong UWB, k thut FDM ny c thc hin bng cch s dng cc xung c rng
bng tn hp hn bng tn tng cng; tuy nhin, chng vn l bng tn rt rng. C th
phn bit knh bng cch nhn tn hiu (xung) vi mt sng mang.
2.6.2 a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian
Trong a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian(TDMA), mi ngi dng s dng cng m
v cng bng tn; tuy nhin, cn phi c mt dch thi gian trnh nhiu. Ni chung, k
thut ny yu cu tt c ngi dng phi c ng b, khng phi l mt vic d thc hin
khi m s ngi dng tng ln. Xt mt cch ton din, k thut ny ch c p dng cho ng
xung (T mt trm gc trung tm) n ngi dng di ng.
2.6.3 a truy nhp phn chia theo m
Mt k thut a truy nhp kh dng trong UWB l gn cho mi ngi dng mt m tri
ph. K thut ny c bit n vi ci tn a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). V c
bn c th phn chia thnh ba phng php thc hin CDMA:
Nhy tn (FH: Frequency-Hopping): Lm vic ging nh FDMA nhng im khc nhau
duy nht l bng tn s dng c phn nh bng m cho mi s truyn dn.
Nhy thi gian (TH: Time-Hopping): Knh c chia thnh cc khe thi gian nh trong
TDMA, nhng dng m xc nh khe thi gian no c dng cho mi s truyn dn.
Chui trc tip (DS: Direct-Sequence): Trc khi truyn dn th lung d liu c
nhn vi chui gi tp m. Ti pha thu th vic tch ngi dng ra ti pha thu cng c thc
hin bng cch nhn lung tn hiu thu c vi cng mt m gi tp m m pha pht
nhn. Thao tc ny c gi l thao tc gii tri ph. V nh vy cho php ngi dng mong i
thc hin gii iu ch.
iu khin tp chung ca h thng, nhm qun l qu trnh a truy nhp, thng
khng c mong i i vi cc ng dng ca UWB. Nn vic thit k h thng phi nhm
vo yu cu loi b yu t iu khin tp chung, v n l iu kin thun li c cc
n v t iu khin c th hot ng m khng cn phi hp ng v lu lng. Phng php
truyn thng ny thng c bit n vi tn gi l ad-hoc Networking. Do cc node khng
trc tip thng tin vi nhau nn cng khng cn phi ng b mng do cc node c th trc
tip lin lc vi nhau. Nn cu hnh truyn thng qua mng ad-hoc ca UWB c xem nh
khng ng b. Tuy vy, cc node kt ni trc tip vi nhau hay vi mt node chung no
th vn phi c ng b v c th chia s tc bit c cung cp bi node chung . Loi
cu hnh ny c gi l mt piconet. Node chung iu khin lu lng trong mt piconet theo
phng php TDMA, v khi truyn thng c ng b. Bn cnh mt s piconet c
th hot ng d b trong cng mt khu vc. Tip theo, cung cp d liu n v t mt
node cho trc n node trung tm, TDD thng c dng v l do n gin v do ng b
c thit lp trong mng.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 44

Cc h thng FH-CDMA khng c nghin cu trong n ny do hiu nng ca n
khng khc so vi TH, nhng li yu cu h thng phc tp hn c th nhy gia cc tn s.
Phn tip theo s xt chi tit thm v cc phng php iu ch.
2.6.3.1 Time-Hopping
Mi mt khung c khong thi gian l T
f
(xem thm hnh 2-10) c chia nh thnh N
h
chip c rng T
c
. Mi i tng s dng (c k hiu l k) c gn mt mu dch thi gi tp
m
{ }
n k
h
,
,
h n k
N h h
,
0
, c gi l chui nhy thi gian, n cung cp mt dch thi b
xung cho mi xung trong chui xung. Xung th n nhn thm mt dch thi l
c n k
T h
,
giy.
Thi gian b xung cho mi xung phi khng c vt qu thi gian khung T
f
. Vi k thut iu
ch s dng l PPM, d liu thng tin c mang i bi dch thi
. Biu thc tn hiu

ca ngi dng th k c th c vit nh sau:
( ) ( )

n
b c n k f k
n
T h nT t p A t s
,
(2-19)
trong p(t) l hm xung c s nh trnh by trong phn iu ch, gi tr ca
n
b
ph
thuc vo b
n
( l dch thi m iu ch PPM thm vo, n dng m ho thng tin),
n k
h
,
xc nh dch thi b xung cho xung th n bi m gi tp m c cp pht cho ngi
dng k.
2.6.3.2 Chui trc tip
Chui trc tip cng c dng cho a truy nhp trong h thng OOK v BPM. Trong
h thng ny, mi k hiu c tng trng bi mt s lng xung, chng c c iu ch bin
xung bi mt chui chip. Cc k hiu u vo c iu ch hoc l bin hoc l
v tr tng ng ca mi chui xung.
i vi tn hiu c hai, trong trng hp DSPAM hoc DSPPM, tn hiu ca i tng s dng
th k (k=1,,K) c th c vit di dng sau:
( ) ( )

,
_
,
_

n
N
i
n k c b i k n k k
c
b iT nT t p a b A t s
1
0
1
, ,
0
,
1
2
(2-20)
trong , n l ch s thi gian, p(t) l xung UWB c bn, T
b
l chu k bt, T
c
l chu k chip,
a
k,i
{-1, 1} l chip th i ca i tng s dng th k, N
c
l s lng chip c dng th hin
mt k hiu,
{ } 1 , 1 ,
1
,
0
,

n k n k
b b
l cc bit thng tin ca i tng s dng th k. N
c
chui chip
PN,
( )
{ }
1 , 0 ,
,...,

c
N k k
a a
, c s dng nhn dng i tng s dng th k. Phi m bo rng
T
p
nh hn chu k chip T
c
v N
c
T
c
phi nh hn khong lp thu k hiu tn s.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 45

i vi h thng DS-PPM, bit thng tin 1 c tng trng bi mt khung cc xung khng
tr v bit 0 c th hin c th hin bi cng mt khung cc xung nhng vi tr tng
ng vi thi gian tham kho. t K l s lng ngi s dng trong h thng. Do
0
,n k
b
c
thit lp l 1 v bt thng tin ca ngi dng th k c mang bi
1
,n k
b
trong h thng ny. i
vi tn hiu DS-PAM,
1
,n k
b
c thit lp l 1 v bit thng tin ca i tng s dng th k c
mang bi
0
,n k
b
.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 46

Chng 3
B thu pht UWB
3.1 Kin trc tng quan ca b thu pht UWB
tm hiu v cc thnh phn ca mt h thng truyn thng UWB, mt s khi c
th hin trong hnh 3-1 trong trng hp K ngi dng c th dng chung ti nguyn ph tn
UWB.
Hnh 3-1: Kin trc tng quan ca h thng UWB
Cc khi in hnh ca b thu pht UWB bao gm c th hin phn di ca hnh v v
v pha bn tri l phn anten. Mc ch ca anten l dng chuyn cc xung thnh sng
in t v ngc li. Bn cnh anten l phn RF trc sau c th hin. Phn ny chu trch
nhim m bo khi bng gc c th giao tip c vi anten. Phn ny bao gm LNA v b
iu khin li t ng AGC trong khi thu.
Tip theo l khi bng gc tng t c dng trong b pht to ra cc xung v thc hin
chuyn i tng t sang s cn thit trong b thu. L do c mt hp vi nt v t gia phn
tng t v s l do khng c s r rng v cch thc tng tc v cch thc x l tn hiu
trong hai min cng khng c phn nh r rng. Mt cu hi d dng c t ra l b t-
ng quan thng c dng cho gii iu ch nn trin khai trn min tng t hay s. Phn
kin trc b thu s trnh by thm gii quyt cu hi ny.
Cui cng, m ho v gii m c thc hin trong min s v c thc hin trc khi ln n
cc lp cao hn.
Qua mt s phn tch s lc v b thu pht UWB, chng ta c th d dng nhn ra
mt iu l phc tp ch yu trong h thng UWB nm b thu. Do vy phn tip theo
s trnh by chi tit hn v b thu UWB.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 47

3.2 Kin trc b thu UWB
Xy dng b thu UWB l mt nhim v rt phc tp, n lin quan n vic thit kt
thut ton thu UWB cng nh l trin khai mch in. Chng ny ch yu tp trung vo
kin trc b thu UWB.
3.2.1 B thu tng quan (B lc thch ng)
Trc tin, kin trc tng quan ca b thu UWB c gii thiu. B lc thch ng l m
hnh b thu ti u. B lc thch ng c th c thc hin bng cch tng quan tn hiu u
vo vi tn hiu mong i.
( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
.
0 0
t
T t
template
dt t S t r t r
(3-1)
trong S
template
(t) l xung mu c bit trc v r(t) l tn hiu vo ti b thu.
Hnh 3-2: B thu tng quan (b lc thch ng) cho UWB
B lc thch ng cho tn hiu UWB c minh ho trong hnh 3-2.
i vi trng hp tn hiu UWB c iu ch bng phng php BPPM, xung mu
S
template
(t) c iu chnh nh trong hnh 3-2. Xung mu ny c th c nghin cu cng vi
phng php iu ch BPPM trnh by trong chng 3. Na u tin ca xung mu s to
ra mt kt qu tng quan m vi xung thu c l 0, v na th sau ca mu xung s to ra
kt qu tng quan dng vi xung thu c l 1. Do , tn hiu UWB c th c gii iu
ch bng xung mu BPPM ny. Sau khi ly mu ti cui mi khung, chui d liu c hai
( ) t m
~
c to ra, n tng trng cho d liu c pht c gii iu ch ti b thu. ( ) t m
~
c th
c so snh vi d liu ni tip u vo m(t) nh gi cht lng (BER v SNR) ca b
thu.
3.2.2 My thu Rake
Tch tn hiu trong mt mi trng a ng l l do chng ta s dng my thu
Rake. Mt my thu Rake in hnh bao gm mt tp b tng quan, mi b tng quan tng ng
vi mt tr khc nhau, cho tn hiu a ng c th c gii iu ch. V l do ,
my thu Rake c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng tri ph, n cho php chng li ISI (gy
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 48

ra bi truyn dn a ng). V d, mt h thng CDMA truyn thng s dng my thu Rake
tng cng cht lng tch.
Trong cc h thng UWB, tng kt hp my thu Rake cng c th c s dng
tch tn hiu trong mi trng a ng. V chng ta ang tp trung vo mi trng mt ngi
dng, nn ch mt b tng quan c tch hp vi my thu Rake trong qu trnh m phng. Vic
trin khai kin trc my thu Rake y ch yu v mc ch thu nng lng t tn hiu a
ng. Kin trc ca my thu Rake c th hin trong hnh 3-3 bn di.
Hnh 3-3: Kin trc my thu Rake (5 fingers) vi mt b tng quan
So vi b thu tng quan, b thu s dng my thu Rake thu c tn hiu t nhiu ng
v b xung nng lng t cc ng thu c nn t c mt tn hiu c tnh tng quan trc
(pre-correlation) tt hn. Cc ng (cc xung c thu t ) c la chn bi my thu Rake
phi ti u, iu c ngha l chng phi l nhng ng kh dng nht. (Lm sao xc
nh c cc ng kh dng nht thuc qu trnh tch xung, trong n khng cp).
Khong cch v thi gian ti thiu gia cc finger ca Rake c thit lp l 250ps nh l gii
hn vt l ph hp cho phn cng ca b thu.
Nh th hin trong hnh 3-3, cc finger c trin khai theo nhng ng tr. Nu cc
ng tr c thit lp chnh xc, 5 xung kh dng nht c th c la chn ti u ra ca
ng tr ti cng mt thi im. Nm tn hiu b tr c th hin trong hnh 3-4.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 49

Hnh 3-4: Thng tin vn tt ca cc tn hiu trong iu kin khng c tp m trong my
thu Rake. Tn hiu 1 l tn hiu b tr u tin ca tn hiu UWB u vo gc; tn
hiu 2 l mt phin bn tr ca tn hiu 1, v tng t vi tn hiu 3,4,5; tn hiu 6 l tng
hp ca 5 tn hiu tr (1,2,3,4,5). (Khng tp m)
Cc mi tn ca a, b, c, d v e trong hnh 3-4 tng trng cho 5 ng kh dng nht.
Sau khi cho qua cc ng tr trong my thu Rake, 5 ng ny c ly tng ti thi im .
Nng lng ca chng c th c tch lu to ra mt xung UWB tt hn, l mi tn s
trong tn hiu 6.
Hiu nng c ci thin r rng hn bi kin trc my thu Rake c th hin r rng
hn trong trng hp c tp m (hnh 3-5). Bi v thm mt vi ng tn hiu cng nhau nn c
th ly trung bnh nh hng ca tp m. Do , SNR u ra trong cu trc my thu Rake -
c tng ln v hiu nn ca my thu Rake cng tt hn b thu tng quan UWB n thun.
C th thy rng my thu Rake c mt hiu nng tt trong mi trng a ng, v c
th gim vn ISI mt cch ng k. Nhng r rng l my thu Rake yu cu chnh xc
trong nh thi cao hn, l thi gian chnh xc ca cc xung n theo ng kh dng. Do
xung UWB rt hp nn yu cu nh thi l mt gnh nng thm. Bi vy, nghin cu v
nh hng n hiu nng do li nh thi l rt cn thit trong khi thit k h thng UWB.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 50

Hnh 3-5: Thng tin vn tt v tn hiu trong iu kin c tp m b gii hn bng trong
my thu Rake. Tn hiu 1 l tn hiu b tr u tin ca tn hiu UWB u vo ban
u; tn hiu 2 l tr ca tn hiu 1, v theo quy tc tng t i vi tn hiu 3,4,5; tn
hiu 6 l tng hp ca 5 tn hiu tr (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
3.2.3 Cc h s li x l
C hai h s li SNR v cu trc my thu Rake. Mt l li x l do nhiu Rake
finger v h s cn li l do b lc thch ng.
i vi b thu s dng my thu Rake nh trong hnh 3-3, s kt hp ca 5 xung kh dng
c th c s dng nh l u vo ca b lc thch ng. Nu 5 xung kh dng ny l ging
nhau v bin v chng tuyt i khng trng ln ln bt k xung thu c no, nng lng
ca xung m phng s l 25 ln xung n v nng lng tp m s l l 5 ln xung n. Trong
trng hp ny, li x l ln SNR c th t c nh sau:
,
_
ni
si
Rake
P
P
Gain log 10
= 10log(25/5)=7dB (3-2)
R rng l li x l ny s l 0dB nu khng c Rake finger no c dng.
B lc thch ng cng c li x l ln SNR, v y ch a ra kt qu cho mc ch
nh gi:
in out
N
S
BW T
N
S
,
_
,
_
. . 2
(3-3)
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 51

trong T l chu k tn hiu tng quan v BW l bng tn tp m c o. Hn na, chng
ta c th vit tip li x l ca b lc thch ng nh sau:
( ) BW T Gain
filter Matched
. . 2 log 10
_

(3-4)
Cui cng, s kt hp ca hai h s li ny s lm tng SNR ti u ra ca b lc
thch ng so vi SNR u vo.
3.2.4 Tho lun
Trong trng ny, b thu tng quan v b thu s dng my thu Rake cho cc h thng
UWB c xem xt. Tuy nhin, c mt s vn cn c nhn mnh li.
3.2.4.1 S lng Rake finger
V l thuyt, cng nhiu Rake finger th hiu nng cng c ci thin do c nhiu
hn s ng tn hiu UWB c bm. Nhng trong thc t, nhiu ng tr, phn chnh ca
Rake finger, th gy tn km v cng c th lm cho vn li nh thi tr nn kh x l
hn. Do , chng ta khng ngh trin khai qu nhiu Rake finger trong b thu. S lng
ph hp c th t c da trn s o c knh y .
3.2.4.2 Mt vi vn xung quanh thit k mch s v tng t
Mc d trin khai mch in khng phi l trng tm ca n, nhng mt s vn
lin quan n mch in cng vn c quan tm. Trc tin, b trn c mt vai tr quan
trng tng quan tn hiu UWB n c khuych i vi tn hiu mu. Do , n phi
c c im u vo bng rng v tnh tuyn tnh tt.
Hnh 3-6: Trin khai analog ca b thu UWB
Vic thit k mt b trn nh vy vi mt yu cu cao s l mt th thch khng nh
cho cc nh thit k. Mt vn khc l lm sao chia min tng t v min s trong
b thu UWB. Ngy nay, tc ca ADC khng cao to ra d liu UWB c ly mu
ti tc ly mu yu cu ti thiu, nn chng ta khng th to ra mt h thng ton s. Do
, nhiu phn x l phi thc hin trong min tng t, nh b trn v b tch phn, nh c
th hin trong hnh 3-6.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 52

Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 53
n tt nghip i hc Chng 4. So snh UWB vi cc h thng bng rng khc

Chng 4
So snh UWB vi cc h thng truyn thng bng rng
khc
Trong chng ny chng ta s tho lun v mt s im tng ng v s khc bit
quan trng ca cc h thng truyn thng UWB, tri ph (SS), v ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s trc giao (OFDM). Mc d y ch l s tho lun xt ch mc khi qut.
Trc ht chng ta c th thy rng phm vi ng dng ca UWB so vi tri ph trc
tip v OFDM l khc nhau. S khc nhau ch yu l khong cch, rt nhiu cc ng dng
m trong OFDM v tri ph trc tip thng c s dng nhng n li khng nm trong
phm vi quan tm ca UWB. Chng ta c th ly mt s v d, tri ph trc tip c dng
trong in thoi di ng th h th ba v cc dch v d liu. Tri li, OFDM li ang c
quan tm trong cc h thng di ng th h th t. Hn na, OFDM cng c s dng cho
qung b truyn hnh s, nh ISDB-T ti Nht bn. K thut truyn thng UWB hin ti
khng c s dng cho cc ng dng khong cch ln v ng dng ngoi tri. Tuy nhin, LAN
khng dy cho cc ng dng trong nh ang thuc phm vi quan tm ca UWB v do ta
c c mt c hi tt thy c s khc bit ca UWB so vi cc cng ngh khc m c
cng mt phm vi ng dng. Chng ta s ln lt kho st chi tit hn.
4.1 CDMA
Mt trong nhng chun truyn thng v tuyn cho cc ng dng ngoi tri ph bin
nht l IEEE 802.11b dng cho mng ni b khng dy. N hot ng ti bng tn khng c
ng k 2.4 GHz. Trong 802.11b, cc k thut tri ph c s dng thu tn hiu bng
hp v tri rng ph ca tn hiu ra ton b bng tn kh dng, mc ch ca chnh l
trit nhiu t cc ngi dng khc hoc cc ngun tp m. Bng 2.4 GHz c bit n nh
l bng ISM, n l t vit tt ca Industrial, Scientific, v Medical.
Nh trnh by trong phn a truy nhp, c hai k thut chnh tri ph: tri
ph dng nhy tn (FHSS) v tri ph dng chui trc tip (DSSS). Mt ci nhn tng quan
v quan h trn min tn s- thi gian c th hin i vi hai phng php ny trong hnh
4-1 v 4-2.
Trong hnh 4-1 chng ta c th thy rng hai ngi dng chim d mt bng tn hp
trong mt thi gian ngn. C 79 knh nhy tn trong chun IEEE 802.11 v mi knh c
rng bng l 1 MHz.
Tri li, hnh 4-2 li cho thy rng mi i tng s dng lun lun chim dng ton b bng
tn kh dng v cc i tng s dng khc nhau th c tch ra bi cc m gi tp m (PN).
Do , DSSS cng c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA).
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 54

Mc d c DSSS v FHSS c c t nh l cc chun trong WLAN 802.11, gn
y l IEEE 820.11b, nhng ch c DSSS l lp vt l c nh ngha. Chun 802.11a
nh ngha mt lp vt l OFDM (c tho lun sau.)
Hnh 4-1: Quan h trn min tn s thi gian i vi hai i tng dng s dng tri ph
nhy tn.
4.2 So snh UWB vi DSSS v FHSS
Trong phn ny chng ta s nu ra mt s kt qu so snh ca ba k thut iu ch
sau: Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS), tri ph dng nhy tn (FHSS) v UWB. Thit lp ban
u cho mi phng php nhm chim 3.2 MHz, pht ti tc 3.125 Mbps, v h tr 30 i
tng s dng ng thi.
i vi mt h thng DSSS t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) c th c vit nh sau:
( )
b
DSSS
E N N K
SNR
2 / 3 / 1
1
0

(4-1)
trong K l s lng i tng s dng v N l s lng chip trn mt bit.
T s li bit (BER) c th c tnh ton t:
,
_
2 2
1
DSSS
DSSS
SNR
erfc BER
(4-2)
trong erfc l hm li b, n c nh ngha nh sau:
( )
( )
( )
+
+

0
1 2
1 2 !
1 1
1
k
k k
k k
z
z erfc
(4-3)
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 55

Hnh 4-2: Quan h trn min tn s thi gian i vi hai i tng dng s dng tri ph
chui trc tip.
Tri li BER i vi FHSS c th c tnh ton nh sau:
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
i
i
M
i
i
M
M
FHSS
S N
S
erfc C
k N
S
erfc
k
BER
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1 1
1
(4-4)
trong k l s lng khe nhy tn, M l s lng i tng s dng, S l cng sut tn hiu, v
N l cng sut tp m. Do , S
i
tng trng cho cng sut tn hiu t cc i tng s dng
gy nhiu.
i vi kt qu UWB, SNR u ra trung bnh c th c tnh ton bng cch gi thit mt
chui nhy thi gian ngu nhin. t s lng i tng s dng tch cc (active) l N
u
. V ta c
SNR l:

( )
u
N
k
k a s rec
p s
A N
m A N
SNR
2
2 2 2
2
1

(4-5)
trong
2
rec
l phng sai ca thnh phn tp m b thu ti chui xung u ra b tch phn.
Tham s ph thuc dng sng n chu k m
p
v
2
a
l c cho bi
( ) ( )

dx x v x m
rec p
(4-6)
v
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 56

( ) ( )

1
]
1
ds dx x v s x T
rec f a
2
1 2
(4-7)
trong A
1
l bin ca n chu k, T
f
l thi gian khung c gi s l 10 ns, v N
s
l s l-
ng xung UWB trn mt k hiu.
Kt qu u tin ny c th hin trong hnh 4-3 cho trng hp mt ngi dng theo
chng ta c th d dng thy rng tt c ba phng php u c cng mt ng cng t s
li bt theo SNR.
Khi 30 i tng s dng pht ng thi th s khc bit c th hin r. iu ny
c minh ho trong hnh 4-4. Mt phn ng cong li ca nhy tn c dng thng mc d khi
th SNR vn tng, l do s lng i tng s dng qu ln so vi s lng khe tn s kh
dng. Do vy, hin tng xung t lun lun xy ra, gy ra nhiu ngay c khi SNR cao.
Hnh 4-3: So snh BER ca ba h thng DSSS, FHSS, v UWB trong trng hp mt ngi dng.
Mt cch nhn nhn m rng ca hnh 4-4 c th hin trong hnh 4-5, trong th
hin r rng, v mt l thuyt vi cc iu kin c gi thit, DSSS c cht lng tt
hn. Tuy nhin, rng bng chip c gi s cho DSSS l 0.37 ns, iu c ngha l cng
vic x l tn hiu s kh hn rt nhiu (v do chi ph tr nn t hn) so vi h
thng UWB.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 57

Hnh 4-4: So snh BER trong trng hp 30 i tng s dng pht ng thi.
S lng i tng s dng
Hnh 4-5: So snh BER theo s lng s dng cho cc h thng UWB v DSSS
V vy, chng ta c th tng kt bng cch pht biu rng vi mt hiu nng tng t
nhau u c th t c bi c hai h thng bng rng DSSS v UWB, vi gii hn bng tn
ging nhau cho trc. Tuy nhin, xut pht t thc t, UWB kh dng hn do n c th trin
khai d dng hn bi chi ph thp hn (l do chi ph thp nh trnh by trong phn
nhng u im ca UWB). Khi rng bng tng ln th gnh nng x l tn hiu trong cc
h thng DSSS v FHSS cng tng theo, khin cho UWB cng tr nn hp dn hn.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 58

4.3 Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM), i khi cn c gi l iu ch
a tone ri rc (DMT), l mt k thut truyn dn da trn tng ca ghp knh phn chia
theo tn s (FDM). Hu ht chng ta u quen thuc vi FDM nh trong cc ng dng ca
pht thanh v truyn hnh: thng thng, mi trm gc c thit k pht qung b ti mt
tn s c bit hay cn gi l knh. Trong OFDM, mt b pht n pht trn nhiu tn s
trc giao nhau (c th ln n hng nghn). Do cc tn s qu gn nhau nn mi mt bng tn
cho pht tn hiu OFDM cng ch l bng tn tn hiu hp. Kt hp vi cc k thut iu
ch cao cp ln mi thnh phn c th to ra kh nng chng nhiu tt.
OFDM gn nh lun lun c s dng vi m ho knh-mt k thut sa li- to ra
FDM trc giao c m ho (COFDM). l mt k thut m khi trin khai s l rt kh khn,
nhng ngy nay n cng ang c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng vin thng s khin cho
cng vic m ho v gii m tn hiu trn tr nn n gin hn. H thng ny cng c s
dng rng ri trong pht qung b cng nh l cc dng cng ngh mng my tnh. Nguyn do
ch yu cho kh nng ng dng ca COFDM trong cc h thng k trn l kh nng chng
a ng, thng c bit n nh l bng ma ca qung b truyn hnh tng t. Vi cc
c im ny, m hnh h thng UWB s dng OFDM s rt tt trong vic trng li hin
tng a ng, nhng khi trin khai s gp nhiu kh khn (xem thm phn chun ho,
OFDM).
4.3.1 Mt s c im ni bt ca OFDM
Khng c bng bo v gia cc sng mang
Hiu sut s dng ph ti a
Trng ln gia cc bng c iu khin
ng b ho v thi gian v tn s c chnh xc cao
4.3.2 Cc trng hp ng dng ca OFDM
OFDM c s dng trong nhiu h thng truyn thng nh: ADSL, Wireless LAN,
truyn hnh v truyn thanh s, UWB.
4.3.2.1 DSL
OFDM c s dng trong cc kt ni ADSL theo chun G.DMT (ITU G.922.1). Thc
t COFDM khng d dng gy nhiu vi cc tn hiu khc l l do chnh m n c s
dng rng ri trong cc ng dng nh modem ADSL trong cc dy ng c s dng
t c tc truyn dn cao hn.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 59

4.3.2.2 WLAN
OFDM ngy nay ang c s dng trong cc ng dng ca WLAN, bao gm WiMAX
v IEEE 802.11a/g.
4.3.2.3 Truyn hnh v truyn thanh s
COFDM ngy nay cng c s dng rng ri ti chu u v mt s ni khc trong
chun Eureka 147 DAB c chp nhn cho pht thanh qung b s, v cng cho c TV s trn
mt t trong chun DVB-T. Mt trong nhng li ch chnh c cung cp bi COFDM l
kh nng chng a ng, v suy hao tn hiu trong iu kin kh quyn, hoc chuyn
ng ca vt th bay.
4.3.2.4 UWB
Trong h thng UWB a bng (MB) c ng h bi WiMedia Alliance s dng ghp
knh OFDM v n l mt trong nhng giao din v tuyn cho UWB c sc cnh tranh. i th
trc tip ca UWB theo MB-OFDM chnh l DSSS (xem thm phn chun ha).
S chi tit ca b thu pht OFDM c th hin trong phn ph lc C.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 60
n tt nghip i hc Chng 5. Phn tch nhiu

Chng 5
Phn tch nhiu
V tn hiu UWB c mt bng tn rt rng nn n hot ng nh l mt h thng ph
(overlay system) ln cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn khc. Hnh 5-1 th hin mt s h
thng v tuyn m UWB nht thit phi cng tn ti v do phi chp nhn nhng tr ngi
nht nh. Nhng vn ny c th c chia lm hai mng. Th nht, UWB phi c c
ch gim nhiu hoc phi c kh nng hot ng c di s c mt ca nhiu. Th hai,
UWB khng c to ra nhiu ln i vi cc ngi s dng dch v khc. nh ngha v nhiu
ln cn cha r rng, nhng thng thng gi tr nhiu ny thng phi nh hn mt ngng ti ta
cho php hoc nh hn nhiu t cc b pht nng lng in t v hng.
Chng ta c th d dng thy rng mt trong nhng l do trnh s dng cc bng tn thp l
c rt nhiu cc dch v v tuyn s dng ti cc bng ny m UWB phi i mt. Ngun
nhiu chnh cho cc h thng v tuyn ngoi tri hot ng trong khong 3 GHz v 10 GHz
l cc mng ni b v tuyn 5-GHz da trn OFDM.
5.1 Nhiu lin quan n mng WLAN
Trong thi k u, quan tm ln nht v UWB l liu n c gy nhiu ln cc h
thng RF ang tn ti cung cp cc dch v thit yu cho qun i, hng khng, cu
ho, cnh st, v gii cu hay khng. V l do ny, FCC dnh khong 2 nm nh gi cc
c t xut cho UWB v cui cng i n mt kt lun rng, khng c nhiu ng
k t cc h thng UWB. Kt lun ny c thc hin bi mt nguyn do chnh l gii hn
cng sut pht cc thp c p dng cho h thng UWB.
Tri li, cc thit b UWB c cng sut thp li ang phi i mt vi vn nhiu
t cc h thng v tuyn khc. Trong s cc h thng , h thng WLAN 802.11a l mi
quan tm chnh. Bi v n c mt cng sut pht cao v bng tn hot ng ca n
(5.150-5.825 GHz) nm trong bng tn hot ng c FCC chp thun cho cc h thng
UWB. Do , mt kt qu m phng c trnh by trong phn ny nghin cu vn
nhhiu t 802.11a n h thng UWB.
5.1.1 Nhn li tn hiu WLAN 802.11a
Chun 8023.11a ch r mt lp vt l OFDM, thng tin c tch ra thnh nhiu phn
c iu ch bi nhiu sng mang. Theo chun ny, mt tn hiu 802.11a 20 MHz c
xy dng bi 64QAM cho vic m phng nhiu t h thng WLAN n UWB (hnh 5-1).
T s gia hiu in th nh v hiu in th RMS c quan st l 3.2227, l iu
quan trng to ra tn hiu WLAN 5GHz vi mt mc cng sut r rng.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 61

Hnh 5-1: Mt tn hiu WLAN 802.11a v ph ca n (5.3 GHz, 64QAM)
5.1.2 Phn tch hiu nng h thng UWB vi s c mt ca nhiu 802.11a
Trong hnh 5-2, kt qu m phng hiu nng ca b thu UWB vi s c mt ca
nhiu 802.11a c th hin. So vi m phng trong trng hp tp m b gii hn bng tn
(xem hnh 4-5), i vi h thng UWB, kh nng chng li nhiu t WLAN ca n thc t
cn tt hn kh nng chng li tp m nhit. iu ny l do tn hiu WLAN l mt tn hiu
nhiu bng hp i vi h thng UWB, v n ch bp mo mt lng nh tn s ca tn hiu
UWB. Nhng do thng thng th tn hiu nhiu WLAN mnh hn nhiu so vi tn hiu tp
m nhit v kha cnh nng lng, vn nhiu ny nghim trng hn nh hng ca tp m
nhit ln h thng UWB.
5.1.3 Gii php cho vn nhiu
Nh c th hin trong kt qu m phng v c trnh by trn, tn hiu nhiu
WLAN thc s l mt iu nguy him i vi h thng UWB, v cn phi c gii php
cho php h thng UWB hot ng cng vi ngun nhiu WLAN 5 GHz. Mt gii php kh thi
l s dng b lc chn di vi bng chn t 5.1-5.9 GHz ln tn hiu UWB thu c. V vy,
nu c tn hiu nhiu WLAN 5 GHz trong tn hiu thu UWB th n c th kh bi b lc
chn di. Nhng c hai vn chnh tn ti trong gii php ny: th nht l trin khai mt b
lc chn di tt kh c th p ng c yu cu tn s cao; th hai l b lc chn di cng c
th gy mo tn hiu UWB v lm gim hiu nng ton h thng. Tuy vy, trong trng
hp c mt ca nhiu WLAN 802.11a 5GHz th b lc ny cng c th ci thin ng k
hiu nng ca h thng.
Gii php a bng l mt phng php khc gii quyt vn nhiu ny. Theo
xut ny, ph tn UWB khng ng k 7.5 GHz c chia ra thnh cc bng tn khng
trng ln , v mi bng c rng khong 500 n 700 MHz. D liu c th c pht thng
qua tt c cc bng con hoc ch mt s trong . Trong trng hp cng tn ti vi IEEE
802.11a th mt hoc hai bng UWB con tng ng (bng b nhiu) c th c loi b khi
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 62

qu trnh truyn dn m bo khng c nhiu ca h thng 802.11a trong tn hiu
UWB.
5.1.4 nh hng ca UWB ln WLAN
Theo [2], vi h thng WLAN c tn s trung tm ti 5.2 GHz v h thng UWB c
tn s trung tm ti 4.2 GHz (xem hnh 5-1) th nh hng ln hiu nng nhiu l nh nht
khi cng sut tn hiu ca WLAN 802.11a nh hn cng sut tn hiu UWB 10 dB.
Hnh 5-2: M phng quan h SNR v BER vi nhiu t WLAN (tp m t do)
Ngoi ra, s dng h thng UWB a bng cn c th gip hn ch nh hng ca
UWB ln WLAN. Cc sng mang c tn s trng ln ln ph 802.11a.
Mt th nghim c thc hin nhm xc nh hiu nng ca mng WLAN 802.11b
di nh hng ca cc tn hiu UWB cng sut ln, v kt qu chi tit khng c nu ra
y. Qua th nghim ta c th kt lun, h thng 802.11b c th chu nh hng ca nhiu
UWB to ra bi truyn dn vi cng sut ln v khong cch ngn gia b pht UWB v b
thu WLAN. Thit lp th nghim c th hin trong hnh 5.2.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 63

Hnh 5-1: Cc h thng v tuyn khc hot ng cng bng tn vi UWB s va gy nhiu
cho v thu nhiu t nhau.
Trong th nghim ny, cc xung vi rng 500 ps c to ra t mt vi b pht
UWB. Tn s thu xung trong nhng m hnh ny c c inh ti 87 MHz. Tn s trung tm
ca qu trinh truyn dn l khong 1.8 GHz. in p ca cc xung o c ti u ra ca bng
mch xp x 300mV. Cc anten ng hng c s dng v c EIRP l -2dBm n 3 dBm
ph thuc vo tn s lp thu xung. Cc thit lp ban u ny khng tng thch vi quy
nh ca FCC, vt qu mt n ph cho truyn dn trong nh ti 30 dB trong bng 2.4 GHz.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 64

Hnh 5-2: Thit lp th nghim tm nhiu ti card WLAN t cc b pht UWB vi cng sut
cao (theo IEEE 2003)
Cc o c v thng lng th hin mt iu khng mi l: vi cc khong cch nh
hn 30 cm, thng lng ca WLAN rt t ngt khi 15 hoc nhiu hn b pht UWB vi cng
sut ln c s dng v nu khong cch ln hn 40 cm th s nh hng c th b qua.
5.2 Bluetooth
Bi vit nh hng ca tn hiu UWB ln hiu nng 802.11a v bluetooth ca tc gi
M. Hamalainen, J. Saloranta, J. P. Makela, I. Opperman, and T. Pantana trong IEEE vo
thng 11 nm 2003 kt lun rng kt ni Bluetooth chu nh hng t hn so vi knh
802.11b tng ng. L do l tn s thu xung c s dng cho cc b pht UWB c c
nh, n to ra ph ng ring bit. V cc thit b Bluetooth c kh nng theo di cc trng
thi knh c th nn cc knh xu c th c trnh. Ch c mt s st gim thng lng t 530
kbps xung cn xp x 490 kbps c ghi nhn cho cc b thu pht t cch nhau 10m, v
khng c s suy gim thng lng no i vi cc thit b Bluetooth cch nhau 3 m. Nhng kt
qu o ny c thc hin trong khi cc thit b UWB c t cch xa b thu Bluetooth 15
cm.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 65

5.3 GPS
Cc b pht UWB c th gy nh hng n cc b thu GPS ng k v phi c nhng
bin php v truyn dn ti tn cc s GPS. Do , FCC gn mt gii hn cht ln mc
pht trong bng tn GPS.
Nm 1999, U.S.DOT (b giao thng vn ti Hoa K) kt hp vi i hc Standford
nghin cu kh nng tng thch ca UWB vi GPS v thc thi mt s kim tra nhm xc nh
vn nhiu. GPS ng mt vai tr quan trng trong nhiu h thng thng mi, qun s,
v cng cng. V d, my bay da trn thng tin t GPS, hay cc phng tin i li c trang
b h thng tm ng. in thoi di ng c trang b cc b thu GPS c thng mi ho.
l iu c d on trc, cc h thng da trn GPS v v tinh s tng mnh trong tng
lai.
Nhiu cc kim tra c thc hin bi i hc Standford nh gi c nh hng ln
chnh xc v mt kho ca b thu GPS cho hng khng cao cp. C t th nghim hn
xc nh nh hng ca UWB ln hiu nng mt kho (loss-of-lock) i vi hai b thu khc
nhau: Mt b thu cho hng khng v mt b thu gi thp cho thng mi. Cc th nghim cng
c thc hin xc nh nh hng ca UWB ln kh nng bt tn hiu ca b thu GPS
cao cp v b thu GPS mc ch tng quan (general-purpose). B thu th ba ny s dng
cng mt phn cng nh b thu cho hng khng, nhng phn mm th c thay i cho b
thu khng tn dng chin thut bt s dng cho my bay.
Chng ta thy rng cc ng ph c mt trong bt k tn hiu UWB no lm suy
gim tn hiu GPS ng k. Suy hao 17 dB c o thy m khng cn bt k mt n lc
no t tn hiu UWB vo cc ng ph nhy hn ca GPS.
Cui cng, cc tn hiu UWB vi PRF (tn s thu xung) cao xut hin nh l nhiu bng rng.
Nhng nu nh phng php iu ch cho UWB m khng c la chn mt cch k cng th
nh hng ca UWB s mnh hn tp m trng.
5.4 Cc h thng t ong
So vi GPS v cc h thng truyn thng ngoi tri khc th nh hng ca h thng
UWB v tuyn ln cc dch v in thoi di ng t ong khng c cp k trong khi
nghin cu. iu ny cng khng c g l, xem li hnh 5-1, hu ht cc h thng in thoi
di ng thng ri vo bng 1GHz v do , khng nm trong bng tn m UWB s dng.
Bng t ong 1.5 GHz c bo v rt tt bi cc quy nh ca FCC. Tuy vy, cc dch v
trong bng 2 GHz s b nh hng mt cp no . Nhng cng ch l ti cnh ca bng
tn chnh UWB v khng ph bin nh cc dch v trin khai trn h thng t ong ti thi
im hin ti.
Mt s th nghim c thc hin. nh hng ca h thng truyn thng UWB ln
bng PCS 1.9 GHz c kim tra. Kt qu kim tra cho thy khng c nh hng g ng
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 66

k m UWB gy ra cho h thng t ong. Trong cc th nghim kim tra, in thoi di
ng c t cch anten pht UWB 1.5 m, cng l mt khong cch khng phi ln.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 67
n tt nghip i hc Chng 6. Kt lun

Chng 6
Kt lun
Cng ngh truyn thng UWB l mt cng ngh mi v hin ti nhiu phm vi ng
dng ca n vn ang cn c nghin cu trn c l thuyt cng nh kim nghim trong thc
t. Ni dung n nu v phn tch c nhng vn c bn nht lin quan n cng
ngh ny.
Chng 1: Lm r c cc vn nh chun ho, cc ng dng, cc thch thc m cng
ngh UWB phi i mt, cc u im chnh ca h thng.
Chng 2: Lm r c nhiu vn lin quan n x l tn hiu trong UWB nh cc
dng xung s dng trong UWB v s la chn dng thch hp nht trn c phng din l
thuyt v thc t, cc phng php iu ch v s nh gi so snh cn thit c th la
chn mt phng php kh dng nht, phn tch c cc nh hng n truyn dn tn hiu
UWB, cc k thut a truy nhp c s dng v kh nng ng dng ca n trong UWB, phn
tch c vn cng sut s dng trong h thng ny.
Chng 3: Nu c kin trc tng quan ca h thng UWB, c s phn tch nhng cha
i su. Chng ny tp chung chnh vo cc vn c lin quan dn b thu tn hiu UWB
(phn quan trng nht trong h thng) phn tch c loi b thu thng c dng trong h
thng UWB (b thu s dng my thu Rake), trong c km theo nhng nh gi v mt s
tham s ca b thu nh s lng Rake finger. Trong chng cng cp n vn h s PG
trong UWB, mt tham s quan trng quyt nh kh nng lm vic ca h thng trong iu
kin mc cng sut pht thp do b rng buc gim nh hng n cc h thng v
tuyn ang tn ti khc.
Chng 4: So snh UWB vi cc cng ngh bng rng khc nh CDMA, OFDM. C
nhng nh gi v t s li bt ca UWB so vi cc h thng tri ph trc tip hin ti. Nu
c cc c im ni bt ca OFDM, do c th thy c kh nng ng dng ca
OFDM trong UWB (s kt hp cng ngh).
Chng 5: Phn tch c nhiu t h thng UWB n cc h thng khc, c bit
l WLAN v cng c xem xt nh hng t nhng h thng khc n vic truyn dn tn
hiu UWB, ch ra c mt s gii php cho vn nhiu ny.
Trn y l nhng vn chnh m n nghin cu c v cng ngh truyn thng
UWB. ti cha cp n cc vn nh: M hnh knh, dung lng h thng, anten s
dng trong UWB, ng b ho l nhng vn m nu m nu phn tch c
k s l nhng im hp dn. ti cng cha phn tch su c v cc loi b thu ti u
ca thng UWB, xu hng pht trin chnh ca ti.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 68
n tt nghip i hc Chng 7. Ph lc

Chng 7
ph lc
7.1 Ph lc A
V chng ta c:
( )
2 2 2
. . . . .
2

f
e f j f GM

(A-1)
Chng ta c ph nng lng ca xung Gaussian n chu k:
( )
2 2
2 4 2 3
2
. . .

e f f GM (A-2)
Tn s trung tm f
c
phi tho mn cng thc:
( ) ( ) 0 . . . 4 . . . . 2 /
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 6 3 5 2 4 3
2

c c
f
c
f
c c
e f e f df f GM d
2 6 3 4
. . . 4 . . 2
c c
f f
1 2
2 2 2

c
f (A-3)
Do , chng ta chng t rng f
c
t l vi nghch o ca .
Bc tip theo l xc nh rng bng 3dB ca ph nng lng xung n. Tn s 3dB f
3dB
phi tho mn:
( ) ( )
2 2
3
2
1
c dB
f GM f GM (A-4)
2 2 2 2 2
3
2
2 3 4 2 2 3 4 2
3
. . . .
2
1
. . .

c dB
f
c
f
dB
e f e f

2 2 2 2 2 2
3
2 2
3
2 ln . 2 2 ln
c c dB dB
f f f f (A-5)
Chng ta gi thit f
3dB
=mf
c
v
2 2 2
2
c
f =1, nn:
1 ln 2 2 ln
2
+ m m (A-6)
Da trn hnh 7-1, chng ta c c gi tr ca m l 0.48 hoc 1.64, v vy rng bng -3dB
c th c tnh nh sau:
( )
c c dB
f f BW 16 . 1 48 . 0 64 . 1
3

(A-7)
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 69

Hnh 7-1: Minh ho cho phng trnh A-5
7.2 Ph lc B
Cng sut tn hiu UWB c pht ti a theo c t FCC l:
P
Tx
=-41.25dBm/MHz.7.5GHz=0.56 milliwatts=-32.5181dBW (B-1)
Chng ta gi thit khong cch gia anten thu v anten pht l 10 mt, theo m hnh -1.9
LOS c xut bi Phillips Research Redhill:
P
Rx
e
-1.9d
P
Tx
(B-2)
Chng ta c cng sut tn hiu UWB thu c:
P
Rx_dB
=10log(e
-1.9
)-32.5=-82.5160-32.5181=-115.0341 dBW (B-3)
Da trn gi thit tp m ca mch in l t tp cc m nhit, cng sut tp m c c tnh
nh sau:
P
Noise_dB
=10log(P
Noise
)+F
LNA_dB
=10log(k.T.B)+F
LNA_dB
=10log(k.298.11.4.10
9
)+5
=-98.2900 dBW
Trong k l hng s Boltzmann, k=1.38x10
-23
J/K; T l nhit tuyt i ca mch in,
v d nh 298 K; B l rng bng ca xung UWB thu c; F
LNA_dB
l tp m ca LNA, v 5
dB c s dng nh l mt gi tr xp x.
V vy, SNR c th c tnh ton da trn cng sut tn hiu UWB thu c v cng sut
tp m nhit:
SNR=P
Rx_dB
-P
Noise_dB
=-115.0341-(-98.2900)=-16.7441 dB (B-5)
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 70

7.3 Phc lc C
S khi b pht tn hiu OFDM:
S b thu tn hiu OFDM:
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 71

Ti liu tham kho
1. R. J. Fontana and S. Gunderson. Ultra-wideband precision asset location
system. In UWBST 2002 IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and
Technologies, May 2002.
2.John.Wiley.and.Sons.Ultra.Wideband.Signals.and.Systems.in.Communication.Engineering.
3. G. F. Ross. Transmission and reception system for generating and receiving
base-band duration pulse signals without distortion for short base-band pulse
communicaton system. U.S. Patent 3,728,632, April 1973.
4. Time Domain. http://www.timedomain.com.
5. XtremeSpectrum. http://www.xtremespectrum.com.
6. T. W. Barrett. History of ultra wideband (UWB) radar & communications:
Pioneers and innovators. In Proceedings of Progress in Electromagnetics
Symposium 2000 (PIERS2000), July 2000.
7. C. L. Bennett and G. F. Ross. Time-domain electromagnetics and its
applications. Proceedings of the IEEE, 66:299318, March 1978.
8. J. Williams. The IEEE 802.11b security problem, part 1. IT Professional,
pages 9196, November 2001.
9. F. Ramirez-Mireles and R. A. Scholtz. Wireless multiple-access using SS timehopping
and block waveform pulse position modulation, part 2: Multipleaccess
performance. In Proceedings ISITA Symposium, October 1998.
10. M. Z. Win and R. A. Scholtz. Ultra-wide bandwidth time-hopping spread
spectrum impulse radio for wireless multiple-access communication. IEEE
Transactions on Communications, 48(4):679691, April 2000.
11. D. G. Leeper. Wireless data blaster. Scienti.c American, May 2002.
Dng Ng Qu, D01VT 72

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n tt nghip i hc Mc lc

l h s thi gian xc nh rng ca n chu k. Trong min tn s,

v rng bng -3dB vo

c coi nh l tham s dng xung. Theo chng

th khng cn ph hp m t tp hp xung c s v y chng ta t nhn cho

nhn cc gi tr dng. Xt mt v d, chng ta t

c th l 0 hoc 1 nh th hin trong phng trnh (2-15).

=1 v xung off khi

. Biu thc tn hiu

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