SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY NAMAKKAL 637 003

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LABORATORY OBSERVATION NOTE

NAME

: ...

REGISTER NO: CLASS . : ..

SYLLABUS EC 2257 ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LAB

DESIGN OF FOLLOWING CIRCUITS 1. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers: Frequency response, Input and output impedance calculation 2. RC Phase shift oscillator, Wien Bridge Oscillator 3. Hartley Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator 4. Tuned Class C Amplifier 5. Integrators, Differentiators, Clippers and Clampers 6. Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrators SIMULATION USING PSPICE: 1. Differential amplifier 2. Active filters : Butterworth 2nd order LPF, HPF (Magnitude & Phase Response) 3. Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrator - Transistor bias 4. D/A and A/D converters (Successive approximation) 5. Analog multiplier 6. CMOS Inverter, NAND and NOR

S.NO. DATE

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

PAGE MARKS REMARKS NO. AWARDED

CYCLE I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 CYCLE II 10 11 12 13 14 15 Design of Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier Design of Current Series Feedback Amplifier

CONTENTS

DESIGN OF VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

EX.No.1

Date: AIM
To design and test the Voltage shunt feedback amplifier and to calculate the following parameters with and without feedback. 1. Frequency Response 2. Input impedance. 3. Output impedance.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Components Resistors Capacitors Transistor CRO Function generator RPSU DMM Probes Bread board Range Quantity Each 1 Each 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1

BC107 (0-20)MHz (0-1)MHz (0-30)V

EQUATION RELATING THE PARAMETERS AND COMPONENT VALUES

Without feedback
Voltage gain Av = -Rc/ [(RE|| XE) +re] Input impedance Zin =RB ll (RE+re)hfe Output impedance Zo = Rc

With feedback
Feedback factor = -1/Rf Voltage gain Avf = Av/ (1+A) Input impedance Zif = Zi/ (1+Av) Output impedance Zof = Zo/ (1+Av)

Design
Given VCC=12V; IC=IE=1mA; fL=50Hz VCE=VCC/2= VE=VCC/10=

re=26mV/IE= RE=VE/IE= Calculating Collector resistor VCC=ICRC+VCE+IERE Rc= (VCC-VCE-IERE)/IC = Calculating R1 & R2 R2 = 0.1RE = VB=VBE+VE=1.9V VB=VCC [R2/ (R1+R2)] R1= [(VCC*R2)/VB]-R2 R1= Calculating input coupling capacitor Ci=1/ (2fLRin) Rin = R1R2re = = Ci = Calculating input coupling capacitor CO=1/ (2fLRout) Rout = RCRL = CO = Calculating Bypass Resistor XE=RE/10 CE=1/ (2fLXE) =

Circuit diagram without feedback:

Circuit diagram with voltage shunt feedback

PROCEDURE
Without feedback. 1. The circuit is connected as per circuit diagram. 2. The establishment of DC bias is checked. 3. The input voltage is set in the function generator as 50mv at f = 1 KHz (This is for checking the circuit initially for its proper working). 4. The frequency is decreased to 50 Hz and the output is observed at selected values of frequency. Gain is calculated for various frequencies and the values are tabulated.
7

5. Frequency response curve is plotted from the readings. To find input resistance 1. Open circuit the output port and connect the DBR between function generator and input coupling capacitor. CRO output is taken after DRB. 2. The input signal Vs = 1V is set at f = 1 KHz. 3. The DRB is adjusted and Vin = 0.5V is brought. The value shown by the DRB gives input impedance. 4. The same procedure is repeated for the circuit with feedback To find output resistance 1. Short circuit the input port and connect the DBR across the output coupling Capacitor. CRO output is taken across DRB. 2. The input signal Vs = 1V is set at f = 1 KHz. 3. The DRB is adjusted and Vin = 0.5V is brought. The value shown by the DRB gives input impedance. 4. The same procedure is repeated for the circuit with feedback.

TABULATION
Without feedback S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Voltage in Volts Vo/Vin Gain=20log(Vo/Vin)

With feedback S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Voltage in Volts Vo/Vin Gain=20log(Vo/Vin)

Model Graph: Gain (dB) without feedback 3 dB with feedback 3 dB

f1 f1 frequency in Hz

f2

f2

Result
Thus the Voltage shunt Feedback Amplifier is designed and tested and the following parameters are determined. Parameter Mid band Gain Upper Cut-Off frequency Lower Cut-Off frequency Bandwidth Input resistance Output resistance Without feedback Theoretical Practical With feedback Theoretical Practical

10

DESIGN OF CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Ex.No:2 Date:
Aim To design and test the Current series feedback amplifier and to calculate the following parameters with and without feedback. 1. Mid-band Gain. 2. Bandwidth, Cut-Off frequency. 3. Input impedance. 4. Output impedance. Components required: S.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 COMPONENTS Resistors Capacitors Transistor CRO Function generator RPSU DMM Probes Bread board RANGE BC107 (0-20)MHz (0-1)MHz (0-30)V QUANTITY Each 1 Each 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1

Equation Relating the parameters and component values Voltage gain Av = -Vo/Vin Without feedback Voltage gain Av = -Rc/ [(RE|| XCE) +re] Input impedance Zi= RB (RE+re) Input impedance Zo= Rc Transconductance Gm = -hfe/(hie+RE) With feedback Voltage gain with feedback Avf=-Rc/ (RE+re) Feedback factor = -Re Desensitivity D=1+ Gm Transconductance with feedback Gmf = Gm/D Input impedance Zif = RB ((RE|| XCE) +re) Output impedance Zof = Rc

11

Design Given Vcc=12V; Ic=Ie=2mA; fL=50Hz VCE=VCC/2= VE=VCC/10= re=26mV/IE= RE=VE/IE= Calculating Collector resistor VCC=ICRC+VCE+IERE Rc= (VCC-VCE-IERE)/IC = Calculating R1 & R2 R2 = 0.1RE = VB=VBE+VE=1.9V VB=VCC [R2/ (R1+R2)] R1= [(VCC*R2)/VB]-R2 R1= Calculating input coupling capacitor Ci=1/ (2fLRin) Rin = R1R2re = = Ci = Calculating input coupling capacitor CO=1/ (2fLRout) Rout = RCRL = CO =

12

Calculating Bypass Resistor XCE=RE/10 CE=1/ (2fLXCE) = Circuit diagram without feedback

Circuit diagram with feedback

Procedure 1. The circuit is connected as per circuit diagram. 2. The establishment of DC bias is checked. 3. The input voltage is set in the function generator as 50mv at f = 1 KHz

13

(This is for checking the circuit initially for its proper working). 4. The frequency is decreased to 50 Hz and the output is observed at selected 20 values of frequency. Gain is calculated for various frequencies and the values are tabulated. 5. Frequency response curve is plotted from the readings. 6.Repeat the above procedure to find the frequency response of the circuit with feedback. To find input resistance 1. Open circuit the output port and connect the DBR between function generator and input coupling capacitor. CRO output is taken after DRB. 2. The input signal Vs = 100 mV is set at f = 1 KHz. 3. The DRB is adjusted and Vin = 50 mV is brought. The value shown by the DRB gives input impedance. 4. The same procedure is repeated to find the input resistance with feedback. To find output resistance 1. Short circuit the input port and connect the DBR between function generator and output coupling capacitor. CRO output is taken after DRB. 2. The input signal Vs = 100 mV is set at f = 1 KHz. 3. The DRB is adjusted and Vin = 50 mV is brought. The value shown by the DRB gives input impedance. 4. The same procedure is repeated to find the output resistance with feedback. Tabulation Without feedback S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Voltage in Volts Vo/Vin Gain=20lo g(Vo/Vin)

14

With feedback S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Voltage in Volts Vo/Vin Gain=20lo g(Vo/Vin)

Model Graph Gain (dB) without feedback 3 dB with feedback 3 dB f1 f1 f2 f2

frequency in Hz

15

Result Thus the Current Series Feedback Amplifier is designed and tested and the following parameters are determined. Parameter Mid band Gain Upper Cut-Off frequency Lower Cut-Off frequency Bandwidth Input resistance Output resistance Without feedback Theoretical Practical With feedback Theoretical Practical

16

DESIGN OF CLASS C TUNED AMPLIFIER Ex. No: 3 Date: Aim: To design, construct and test the RF tuned amplifier-using transistor. Components required: S.No 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 Design: fc = 3 KHz and fc= 1/2LC Choose C = 0.1F and find L Components Resistors Capacitors Transistor CRO RPSU Inductance box Probe Bread board Range BC107 (0-20)MHz (0-30)V Quantity Each 1 Each 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
17

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Set the input signal of amplitude 50 mV using signal generators. 3. Apply the input to the circuit and vary the input frequency and note down the output voltage. 4. Calculate the gain and plot the graph. Tabulation: S.No. Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo) Vin= V Gain = 20 log (Vo/Vin)

Model Graph: 3dB Gain (dB)

fL fr fh

Frequency in Hz

18

Result: Thus the class C single tuned amplifier was designed and verified for single frequency Parameter Designed frequency Obtained frequency

19

DESIGN OF RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR Ex. No: 4 Date: Aim: To construct and study the characteristics of a RC phase shift oscillator. Components required: S.No 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 Components Resistors Capacitors Transistor CRO RPSU DMM Probe Bread board Range Quantity Each 1 Each 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

BC107 (0-20)MHz (0-30)V

Equations Related Frequency of oscillation fo=1/ (2RC(6+4K)) Design VCC=12V; IC=4mA; VCE=6V; VBE = 0.7V; hfe =100; hie=650; f=2KHz VE=VCC/10 = RE=VE / IE = RC= (VCC- VE VCE)/IC= V2=VBE+ VE = VCC=V1+V2 V1= VCC- V2 = IB=IC/hfe = R1=V1/10IB =

20

R2=V2/9IB = f = 2KHz XCE=RE/10 = CE=1/ (2f XCE ) = f0=1/ (2RC(6+4K)) Given f0 = 2 KHz

To Find R: Let K=1; but K=RC/R R= RC = To Find C: C = 1/ (2f0R10) = Circuit diagram:

Tabulation S.No. Output Voltage (Volts) Time period (ms) Practical frequency(Hz)

21

Model graph

Amplitude in volts

Time in ms

Procedure 1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The power supply and CRO are switched on. 3. The output voltage and frequency is noted down in the CRO and the supply voltage is also noted. 4. The input supply voltage is noted down using the regulated power supply and the corresponding output voltage and frequency are noted. 5. The readings are tabulated. 6. Graphs are plotted, and the obtained frequency is compared with the Theoretical frequency.

Result Thus the RC phase shift oscillator has been designed and tested successfully.

22

Design(Theoretical) Frequency

Practical Frequency

DESIGN OF WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR Ex. No:5 Date: Aim To design a Wein bridge oscillator for the given frequency. Components Required: S.No 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 Components Resistors Capacitors Transistor CRO RPSU Potentiometer Probe Bread board Range Quantity Each 1 Each 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

BC107 (0-20)MHz (0-30)V (0-22)K

Equations Related fo=1/ (2RC) Design

FEEDBACK NETWORK

Frequency of oscillation fo = 1/ (2RC) fo = 10 KHz. C = 0.01f R = 1/(2 foC) R= Here R1=R2=R = For sustained oscillation R3/R4 = 2 Let R4 = 1KOhms

23

R3 = AMPLIFIER STAGE VCC = 12V; RE = VE/IE = RC1 = RC2 = (VCC- VE VCE)/IC= R5 = R7 = (VCC- VB)/ I1 = R 6 = R8 = V B / I2 = Where I1 = 10IB ; I2 = 9IB IC = 2.2mA = IE ; VCE = VCC/2; VE = VCC/10 =

Procedure
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The power supply and CRO are switched on. 3. The output voltage and frequency is noted down in the CRO for various supply voltage. 4. The readings are tabulated. 5. Graphs are plotted, and the obtained frequency is compared with the Theoretical frequency.

Circuit diagram

24

Tabulation
S.No. Output Voltage (Volts) Time period (ms) Practical frequency(Hz)

Model Graph:

25

Result
Thus the Wein Bridge oscillator has been designed and tested. Design(Theoretical) Frequency Practical Frequency

DESIGN OF LC OSCILLATORS HARTLEY AND COLPITT OSCILLATOR Ex. No: 6 Date: Aim: To design 1. Colpitts Oscillator for the given frequency. 2. Hartleys Oscillator for the given frequency. Components required: S.No 1 2 3 Components Resistors Capacitors Transistor BC107 Range Quantity Each 1 Each 1 1

26

4 5 7 8 9 Design

CRO RPSU DMM Probe Bread board

(0-20)MHz (0-30)V

1 1 1 1 1

VCC=12V; VE=VCC/10 = RE=VE/IE =

IC=2.2mA;

VCE=6V;

hfe=100

RC= (VCC-VCE-VE)/IC = V2=VBE+VE = VCC=V1+V2 V1 = VCC V2 = IB=IC/ = R1=V1/10IB = R2=V2/ 9IB = Assume CE= 2.7F, Ci = Co = 1F FEEDBACK CIRCUIT Colpitts Oscillator fo=1/ (2LCT ) fo=22 KHz; L=10 mH CT= 1/ (42f2L) = But CT=C1C2/ (C1+C2) Assume C1=1f; C2 = Hartley Oscillator fo=1/ (2LTC)

27

Assume C=0.1F; f0 = 4.4KHz LT= 1/ (42f2C) = LT=L1+L2 Assume L1= 1mH; L2 = Circuit Diagram Hartley oscillator

Colpitts oscillator

28

PROCEDURE Colpitts Oscillator 1.The components are connected as per the circuit diagram. 2.The biasing voltage is given and the output is observed. 3. The biasing voltage is varied and the output variations are tabulated. 4.The output wave is plotted on the graph. Hartley Oscillator 1. The components are connected as per the circuit diagram. 2. The biasing voltage is given and the output is observed. 3. The biasing voltage is varied and the output variations are tabulated. 4. The output wave is plotted on the graph. Tabulation a.Colpitts Oscillator Time Period(ms) Practical frequency(Hz) Output voltage (Volts)

b.Hartley Oscillator Time Period(ms) Practical frequency(Hz) Output voltage (Volts)

Model graph

Amplitude in volts

29

Time in ms

Result
Thus the LC oscillators were designed and tested.

Oscillators Hartley Colpitts

Designed frequency(Hz)

Obtained frequency(Hz)

DESIGN OF COLLECTOR COUPLED ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR EX NO: 7 DATE: AIM: To design Collector coupled astable multivibrator to generate square wave. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: S.No 1 2 3. 4. 5. COMPONENTS CRO RESISTORS CAPACITOR TRANSISTORS PROBES RANGE (0-20MHz) BC107 BNC to Open QUANTITY 1 1 EACH 2 2 2

30

6. 7. 8.

BREADBOARD RPS DMM

(0-32)V

1 1 1

DESIGN: TON = 15.2 ms = TOFF, IC = 5.8 mA We know that, TON = 0.69 RC R=

TON 0.69C
TON 0.69 C

Assume C = 4.7F; VCE(ON) = 0.2V R= =

RC1 =

VCE VCE (ON ) IC

RC1 =

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

31

The components are connected as per the circuit diagram. The DC supply is switched ON. The output voltage and the time period is measured across transistors Q1& Q2 at both the emitter and the collector. 4. The waveforms are plotted on a graph. MODEL GRAPH:

1. 2. 3.

32

RESULT: Thus the collector coupled astable multivibrators was designed and tested. Multivibrator circuit Collector coupled astable Theoretical frequency Practical frequency

DESIGN OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR Ex No: 8 Date: AIM: To design a multivibrator circuit to produce an output pulse of 250s COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

COMPONENTS CRO RESISTORS CAPACITORS. TRANSISTOR PROBE

RANGE (0-20)MHz

QUANTITIY 1 EACH 1 EACH 1 2 2

BC107

33

6. 7. 8.

DMM BREAD BOARD RPSU

(0-32)V

1 1 1

DESIGN: Given: VCC = 6V; hfe(min) = 20; Ic(sat) =6 mA; VBB= -1.5V; T=140s At stable state Q2 is ON and Q1 is OFF; RC1 = RC2 =

VCC VCE ( sat ) I C ( sat )

I C ( sa t h fe (m in )
=
)

IB2(sat) = IB1(sat) = R=

VCC V BE ( sat ) I B 2 ( sat )

At quasi-stable state, Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF; T = 0.693RC T Therefore, C = = 0.693R Assume IB1(sat) = IR2 IR1 = IB1(sat) + IR2 = VCC = VBE(sat) + IR1 (RC2+ R1) R1 = R1 = R2 =

VCC VBE ( sat ) I R1

- RC2

VCC ( VBB ) = I R2

The speed up capacitor C1 is chosen such that R1C1 = 1s C1 = Assume C2 = 2.2F CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

34

PROCEDURE; 1. The components are connected as per the circuit diagram. 2. The output is measured at the collector terminals of the two transistors. 3. The required output voltages and the total time period is noted. 4. The graph of the output waveform is drawn using the observed values.

MODEL GRAPH:

35

RESULT: Thus a monostable multivibrator is designed and the output waveform is plotted.

Parameter Pulse Width

Theoretical value 140s

Practical value

36

CYCLE - II

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER EX.NO.9 DATE: AIM: To design and simulate the differential amplifier using multisim software APPARATUS REQUIRED: Multisim software PROCEDURE

37

1.

2.
3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Go to start Menu Program National instruments Circuit design suit 10.1 Multisim 10.1 Create a new project. Go to View Tool bars and select the basic requirements. Now design the given circuit. Now by selecting the appropriate components place them on the template at the desired position. Then connect the various components such that they form a complete circuit ensure that they are no loops or unnecessary conditions due to crossing of wires. Connect the oscilloscope at the output terminals and view the output. Print the resultant output using graph option.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
0
V 4 1 2 V

R 2 3 . 9

R 1 3 . 9

V+

VQ

Q V = 1

2 Q

2 V 2 V V F

V V F

O A R

F M E

F P Q

V L = 1 V = 5 0 H

R 3 3 . 6 V 3 1 2 V

O A R

F M E

F P Q

= =

V 0 . 9 5 0 H

9 z

RESULT: Thus the differential amplifier for both common mode & differential mode is designed & tested EX.NO.10 ACTIVE BUTTERWORTH SECOND DATE : ORDER FILTERS AIM: To design and simulate the active 2nd order butterworth filter for low pass and high pass filters using multisim software. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Multisim software

38

PROCEDURE
1.

2.
3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Go to start Menu Program National instruments Circuit design suit 10.1 Multisim 10.1 Create a new project. Go to View Tool bars and select the basic requirements. Now design the given circuit. Now by selecting the appropriate components place them on the template at the desired position. Then connect the various components such that they form a complete circuit ensure that they are no loops or unnecessary conditions due to crossing of wires. Connect the oscilloscope at the output terminals and view the output. Print the resultant output using graph option.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR LOW PASS FILTER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR HIGH PASS FILTER

39

RESULT: Thus the active low pass and high pass filters were designed and its output response was ploted.

EX.NO.11 DATE :

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

40

AIM: To design and simulate the Astable multivibrator using multisim software APPARATUS REQUIRED: Multisim software PROCEDURE
1.

2.
3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Go to start Menu Program National instruments Circuit design suit 10.1 Multisim 10.1 Create a new project. Go to View Tool bars and select the basic requirements. Now design the given circuit. Now by selecting the appropriate components place them on the template at the desired position. Then connect the various components such that they form a complete circuit ensure that they are no loops or unnecessary conditions due to crossing of wires. Connect the oscilloscope at the output terminals and view the output. Print the resultant output using graph option.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RESULT: Thus the Astable Multivibrator is designed and its output response is plotted.

EX.NO.12

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

41

DATE : AIM: To design and simulate the Monostable multivibrator using multisim software APPARATUS REQUIRED: Multisim software PROCEDURE
1.

2.
3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Go to start Menu Program National instruments Circuit design suit 10.1 Multisim 10.1 Create a new project. Go to View Tool bars and select the basic requirements. Now design the given circuit. Now by selecting the appropriate components place them on the template at the desired position. Then connect the various components such that they form a complete circuit ensure that they are no loops or unnecessary conditions due to crossing of wires. Connect the oscilloscope at the output terminals and view the output. Print the resultant output using graph option.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RESULT: Thus the Monostable Multivibrator is designed and its output response is plotted. EX.NO.13 DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTOR

42

DATE : AIM: To simulate the Digital to Analog Convertor using multisim software APPARATUS REQUIRED: Multisim software PROCEDURE
1.

2.
3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Go to start Menu Program National instruments Circuit design suit 10.1 Multisim 10.1 Create a new project. Go to View Tool bars and select the basic requirements. Now design the given circuit. Now by selecting the appropriate components place them on the template at the desired position. Then connect the various components such that they form a complete circuit ensure that they are no loops or unnecessary conditions due to crossing of wires. Connect the oscilloscope at the output terminals and view the output. Print the resultant output using graph option.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

43

RESULT: Thus the Digital to Analog Convertor is simulated and its output response is plotted. EX.NO.13 ANALOG MULTIPLIER DATE : AIM: To simulate the Voltage Doubler and Voltage Tripler circuit using multisim software. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Multisim software PROCEDURE
1.

2.
3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Go to start Menu Program National instruments Circuit design suit 10.1 Multisim 10.1 Create a new project. Go to View Tool bars and select the basic requirements. Now design the given circuit. Now by selecting the appropriate components place them on the template at the desired position. Then connect the various components such that they form a complete circuit ensure that they are no loops or unnecessary conditions due to crossing of wires. Connect the oscilloscope at the output terminals and view the output. Print the resultant output using graph option.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
VOLTAGE DOUBLER:

44

VOLTAGE TRIPLER:

45

RESULT: Thus the Analog Multiplier circuit was simulated and its output response is plotted. INTEGRATORS, DIFFERENTIATORS, CLIPPERS AND CLAMPERS Ex. No: 5 Date: AIM To observe the clipping waveform in different clipping APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO 1 2 3 4 5 ITEM DIODE RESISTORS CAPACITOR FUNCTION GENERATOR CRO IN4001 1K 10 K 0.1F (0-1) MHz RANGE Q.TY 1 1 1 configurations.

1 1 1

CLIPPER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

46

1 K O H M

I N 4 0 0 1 V o u t 1 K H z 5 V 2 V

1 K O H M

I N 4 0 0 1 V o u t 1 K H z 5 V 2 V

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Connections are given as per the circuit . Set input signal voltage (5v,1kHz ) using function generator. Observe the output waveform using CRO. Sketch the observed waveform on the graph sheet.

CLAMPING CIRCUITS Aim: To study the clamping circuits (a). Positive clamper circuit (b) Negative clamper circuit APPARATUS REQUIRED : S.NO 1 2 ITEM DIODE RESISTOR RANGE IN4001 1K Q.TY 1 1

47

10 K 3 4 5 DESIGN : Given f = 1kHz T = 1 / f = 1x 10- 3 Sec RC Assuming, C = 0.1F R = 10 K CAPACITOR FUNCTION GENERATOR CRO 0.1F (0-1) MHz -

1 1 1 1

Circuit Diagram : Positive clamper

Negative clamper C = 0.1F

I/P

IN4001

10K

o/p Vo

48

Procedure : 1.Connections are given as per the circuit . 2. Set input signal voltage (5v,1kHz ) using function generator. 3. Observe the output waveform using CRO. 4. Sketch the observed waveform on the graph sheet. Result : Thus the waveforms are observed and traced .for clipper and clamper circuits .

49