Electronics Letters

THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

NOVEMBER 1965 : VOLUME 1 : NUMBER 9

The input signal, of e.m.f. Kcos ay with internal impedance Zo, is applied through It is shown that zero conversion loss may an ideal selective circuit, which provides be obtained for the frequency change an infinite impedance at all frequencies from o? to 2 ^ + <oq using an ideal ring modulator switched at a frequency <op other than coq. Similarly the output signal, and having a reactive idler circuit at the normal output terminals. The frequency assumed to be at ojq 2o>p, is absorbed 2 op wj is obtained at the normal input in a pure-resistance load R_ 2 v i a a terminals, so that advantages are obtained selective circuit which provides an infinite with regard to earthing arrangements. impedance at all other frequencies. The The zero-loss ring (or lattice) modulator notation whereby a modulation product using first-order conversion, i.e. from is written as coq mcop instead of a)q to cop wq, has been demonstrated by mcop (oq is adopted because of its Belevitch.1 Here the output is taken at analytical advantages.2 the opposite pair of terminals to the The input current comprises only two input. Such a modulator, in practical components: form, usually requires two or three transformers, partly to provide a balanced i, = i0 cos ( a y + 60) carrier feed and partly to enable input + i_ 2 cos {(wg - 2oyV + 0_2} . (2) and output circuits to be earthed. By using the idea of a purely reactive and therefore 'idler' load at the normal output terminals, second-order conversion, i.e. to i* = // sign (cos a y ) = /0[(2/7T) COS {(Ojq - U)p)t + 6Q} 2a>p + <oq or 2o)p (oq, may be obtained with zero loss, the desired signal being + other frequencies] taken at the input terminals of the lattice. + L 2 [(2M cos {(wg - ojp)t + d_2} This enables both input and output + other frequencies] circuits to have a common earth, and the whole arrangement needs only one trans(3) . . . former, as shown in Fig. 1. For analysis, the arrangement of Fig. 2 The voltage vR is finite only at frequency is convenient. Here it is assumed for cjq u)p, so that simplicity that the idler-load impedance v = yX_,(2/7r)[/ {cos (WQ - oj )t + d } 0 p 0 is zero at all frequencies except ooq cop, R + /_ cos {(a>, w )t + d_ }] . (4) 2 p 2 where it is a pure reactance X_x. The ideal lattice switch is one which provides Now a periodic commutation represented by Vj = vR sign (cos ojpt) . . (5) the signature function and the components in this at frequencies sign (cos a y ) (4/77) COS o ) coq and wq 2(op balance the voltages - (4/3TT) COS 3oy + . . . (1) due to the applied e.m.f. and to the output in R_2. Thus at o)q we have
V cos (x)qt Zoio cos (ay + 0O)

ZERO-LOSS SECOND-ORDER RING MODULATOR

impedance at frequency (oq\ to match this conjugately, the impedance Z o is required to be

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which is a resistance R_2 in parallel with a reactance (4/7T2)X_L. Assuming that this match is provided,

zero impedance at co q ; infinite elsewhere \

zero elsewhere

ideal lattice switch

zero impedance at a>q-2cup infinite elsewhere

Fig. 2 Circuit for analysis

It is now easily seen that the output power, which is given by |/_ 2 | 2 * _ 2 /2 (12) is exactly equal to the input power V2I$RO, where we take Zo = RO + jX0. Thus the conversion-loss ratio is unity (zero conversion loss) irrespective of the value of X_ x. It is readily shown that the same result is obtained if o)q + 2wp and o)g + o)p are used in place of u)q 2op and

+ i_2 cos (ay + 0_2)}

and at uiq 2u>p we have
-R-ii-2

(6)

o^ - 2ojp)t + 9_2} It may sometimes prove inconvenient /O COS {(coq - 2cop)t + d0} to give a finite load at, say, o*q 2(op + i_ 2 cos {{(OQ - 2wp)t + 6_2}] . (7) while offering an infinite impedance at cjq + 2u)p. Actually little loss occurs if a These equations can now be written in finite load is provided at both frequencies, since the additional frequency is obtained phasor form as by a third-order modulation process f V - Zoio = yX^Mt o + i-2) (8) involving the 3oo terms in sign(cos (opi). p and The phasor equations now become - i ? _ 2 / _ 2 = y X _ 1 ( 4 M ( / 0 + ;_ 2 ) . (9)
Fig. 1 Convenient practical arrangement for zero-loss modulator

V - Zoio =

These may be solved to give the input

245

ELECTRONICS LETTERS November 1965 Vol. 1 No. 9

P(X)

inS < 0> LR >0

2

for * on G (7)
for * on M (8)

VO-A )^
R+2*+2
=

= - E z onM (2)

LS>>LT<0

y^_K4/3772) (f0 + i om which we see that

Rj

(15) (16)

= *_2/_2/3

so that, if R + 2 = R-2> only one mntn f the power goes into the frequency coq + 2aip, causing only 0-45dB loss to the output at cog 2ojp. This result suggests that it may often be suitable, when more convenient, to use low-pass and high-pass filters for the input and output signal paths, respectively. A final point of interest is that, if the idler loadyX_1 is replaced by a resistance load i?_i, the corresponding analysis gives a matching value for Z o of R_2 in parallel with (4/TT2)R_1, a value for i_ 2 of V/2R_2, and a conversion loss of 3dB if R_2 = (4/7T2)R_l. But it must be noted that the idler load must be zero at frequencies other than wq cop; this condition is not merely one of analytical convenience in this case, since a constantresistance termination over all frequencies would give a constant-resistance (or time-invariant) input impedance to the lattice, and there would then be no evenorder modulation at all.3
D. G. TUCKER 7th October 1965

where A = cos a, Ao = cos a0, G represents gaps between screens, and M represents perfectly conducting screens, as shown in Figs. \a and b. When M is a halfplane, i.e. the region x > 0, and y 0 is a conducting halfplane, eqn. 1 is valid for x < 0, and eqn. 2 is valid for x > 0. The key point is to solve these dual integral equations. The solution when Ez = exp (jkxX) was obtained in the following form:

Now let the parameter of the original equations (eqns. 1 and 2) change to the new one. Then, for the slits, we have

J_Qs(A) exp (-jknSX)dX = 0

r
= Ps(\)exp{-jk(x and the suffix S denotes slits. For strips, we have

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= - exp(jkxX)was for nS > 0 (10) m : . . where the incident wave at y = 0 is exp (jkxX), and

The path of integration is shown in Fig. 2a. The purpose of this letter is to extend the analysis to the problem of many screens such as slits or strips. We define the following function, for the problem of n strips:
2n

- |nS)(A + Ao)} . 2 a . (11)

J_Gr(A) exp (-jknTX)dX = 0

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II (x - a;)

2
riant)

. (4)

and, for the problem of n tapes,

2n

= - exp (jkLrK) . . . (5) where

for

nT

<0
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o}

Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Birmingham Birmingham, England

LT =

QT(X) = PT(X) exp{ - jk(x- {n

where a,- and bt are the x co-ordinates of the edges of the slits and strips, respecReferences tively, as shown in Figs. \a and b. The 1 BELEVITCH, v.: 'Theorie des circuits non- denominator of eqn. 4 is the summation lineaires en regime alternatif (Librairie Uni- of the (2n l)th-order slit co-ordinate versitaire, Louvain, 1959) 2 TUCKER, D. C : 'Circuits with periodically- and
varying parameters' (Macdonald, London, 1964), chap. 2 3 Ibid., chap. 8

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and the suffix T denotes tapes. These modified integral equations are the same form as those for the halfplane problem and can be solved exactly. Consequently
1

- Wd ~A )
(15)

a2n_2a2n\

. . . .

(6)

A/0 + W O + A)
. (16)

and the same form for eqn. 5. These functions have the properties that
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIFFRACTION BY SLITS OR STRIPS The two-dimensional diffraction of plane waves by slits or strips whose width and number are arbitrary is investigated by solving integral equations exactly. It is an extension of the diffraction theory by a conducting halfplane, and the solution is obtained by changing the parameter of the original integral equations.

The two-dimensional diffraction of plane waves by a perfectly conducting halfplane was solved exactly by means of an angular spectrum of plane waves by Clemmow in 1951.* According to his paper, the dual integral equations of an unknown spectrum P(X) for an incident plane wave Ez are
Fig. 1

-y

Co-ordinate system

=0onG
246

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a n slits b n strips ELECTRONICS LETTERS November 1965 Vol. 1 No. 9