ENG115 Day 6 Writing About Causes and Effects Goals for Cause and Effect Writing -Assess rhetorical

knowledge -Apply critical thinking skills -Follow writing process -Use proper conventions -Communicate clearly Rhetorical Knowledge -Audience -Purpose -Rhetorical situation -Voice, tone, point of view -Context, medium, genre Critical Thinking, Reading and Writing -Determine if an actual relationship between causes and effects exists -Understand the nature of the relationship -Document causality Qualities of Effective Cause and Effect Writing -Focus on topic -Provide clear claim / thesis statement -Provide sufficient evidence -Write clearly and logically -Consider other points of view Reading from Sources that Explain Causes and Effects -Use as models for your writing -Find evidence for your claim --Facts, statistics, expert testimony, experimental results, examples -Ask what you already know about topic, what you have to find out, what relationships you can establish, and where to find the information -Ask reporters questions Writing Process -Review your pre-writing and your research -Study causal chain -Check the claim / thesis statement -Organize your paper --Identify an effect and then determine its causes --Identify a cause and then determine its effects --Determine a series of causes and effects Lecture 2

Basic Grammar Review Parts of Speech -Verbs --Report action or condition, or express a state of being --Usually have five forms: base, past tense, --past participle, present participle, and present tense-third person singular (the s form) --Auxiliary verbs - forms of do, have, be --Modal auxiliary verbs - can, could, may, might -Nouns: name people, places, things, ideas --Proper nouns: Albany, Microsoft --Common nouns: singer, capital, religion --Count and noncount nouns --Concrete and abstract nouns --Collective: team, family, herd --Possessive: insects sting; neighbors car --Most nouns have singular and plural forms --Nouns use definite and indefinite articles -Pronouns -Types of Pronouns: --Personal: specific things and people change to agree with their antecedent --Possessive: indicate ownership, but do not add possessive apostrophes ex: That's mine. --Reflexive: refer back to the subject by naming something the subject did to itself end in -self or selves --Intensive: add emphasis, also end in -self/ves ex: Darren himself was surprised at his success. --Relative: describes a noun or pronoun and links two clauses together to create a more complex clause begins with who, which or that --Demonstrative: point out nouns and pronouns that are implied by the speaker's (and maybe listener's) current location or action(s) ex: This is good. (rather than This apple is good.) --Interrogative: ask questions --Indefinite: refer to a nonspecific thing or person do not change form --Reciprocal: refer to the separate parts of their plural antecedent ex: They all shook hands with one another. -Adjectives : modify nouns and pronouns -Adverbs : modify verbs, adverbs, adjectives -Prepositions : allow phrases to modify verbs, nouns, or adjectives -Conjunctions : join words, phrases, or clauses; indicate their relationships -Interjections : express emotion (usually surprise), frequently occur alone Parts of Sentences -Complete sentence: Subject plus predicate --Subject: who or what the sentence is about the noun and its modifiers --Simple subject: the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that names what the sentence is about --Complete subject: the simple subject and its modifiers --Compound subject: two or more simple subjects combined with a conjunction --Subject of imperative sentence: usually you, also usually implied --Subject of questions: subject may precede the verb -Predicate: says something about the subject the verb and its objects, complements, and modifiers --Simple predicate: the verb that asserts something about the noun

--Complete predicate: the verb plus its object or complement -Linking verbs: join the subject and information about it -Transitive verbs: identify actions that affect the direct object -Intransitive verbs: describe an action by a subject that is not done directly to anything or anyone they cannot take an object or a complement -Direct objects: the thing to which the action is done require a transitive verb to identify the action being done by the subject -Indirect objects: name to whom an action was done or for whom it was completed -Five sentence patterns: --Subject + linking verb + subject complement: New Yorkers are busy people. --Subject + transitive verb + direct object: The police officer caught the jaywalker. --Subject + transitive verb + indirect object + direct object: The officer gave the jaywalker a ticket. --Subject + transitive verb + direct object + object complement: The ticket made the jaywalker unhappy. --Subject + intransitive verb: She sighed. -Phrases: lack a subject or a predicate --Noun phrases: noun or noun substitute and its modifiers --Infinitive phrases: use the infinitive form of a verb (the to form) --Verb phrases: verbs plus any helping verbs --Appositive phrases: rename nouns or pronouns and appear directly after what they rename --Participial phrases: begin with either a present participle (the ing form of a verb) or a past participle (the ed or en form of the verb) function as adjectives --Absolute phrases: modify an entire sentence --Gerund phrases: use the -ing form of a verb function an nouns -Dependent or subordinate clauses Types of Sentences -Simple sentence: The bloodhound is the oldest known breed of dog. -Compound sentence: The police arrested him for drunk driving, so he lost his car. -Complex sentence: He consulted the dictionary because he did not know how to pronounce the word. -Compound-complex sentence: She discovered international finance, but she worked so hard investing other peoples money that she had no time to invest her own. -Purpose of sentence: declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory