2012 GENERAL STUDIES Paper 1(Mains) SOLVED WITH ANSWER Question 1 Answer any five of the following in about

250 words each: 255=125 (a) What do you understand by the term Innovation? Discuss the need for launching a national innovation policy in India. ANS:- Innovation:- Innovation is the development of new values through solutions that meet new requirements, inarticulate needs, or old customer and market needs in value adding new ways. This is accomplished through more effective product, processes, service, technologies, or ideas that are readily available to markets, governments, and society. Innovation differs from invention in that innovation refers to the use of a better and, as a result, novel idea or method, whereas invention refers more directly to the creation of the idea or method itself. Innovation differs from improvement in that innovation refers to the notion of doing something different rather than doing the same thing better.

Launching the Indian Innovation Movement

JRD Tata Corporate Leadership Award Lecture By Dr. RA Mashelkar, F.R.S. Director General Council of Scientific & Industrial Research New Delhi February 21, 1999 All India Management Association New Delhi I deem it a great privilege and honor to have received the JRD Corporate Leadership Award. This is a moment of great joy, happiness and pride for me. I am indeed overwhelmed. As I stand before you this evening, my mind goes back to the late fifties with images of a poor boy in the streets of Bombay, who went to the school barefoot until he was twelve years old. My mind goes back to 1960, when this boy was contemplating to leave studies, inspite of securing a position in the top thirty in the Maharashtra State Board in SSC examination, since his widowed mother could not support his college education. And then I remember the helping hand, the support by Dorab Tata Trust of sixty rupees per month that came his way, saw this boy complete the education. My mind goes back to those days in the House of Tatas, namely the Bombay House, where with special care and affection, this boy was given a hope for his future, by offering help which went far beyond the financial help. My mind also goes back to the glimpse one had, in that young impressionable age, of JRD Tata, a majestic figure, who then looked so distant but yet so close with his warm smile. Little did this boy realize that a day will come when he will be honored with the JRD Tata Corporate Leadership Award at a glittering function in the presence of the Honble Vice President of India and in the presence of the leading figures of the Corporate World. You may now see as to why this is a particularly illuminating moment in my life. I want to thank the All India Management Association for the great honor that they have done to me and the distinguished jury, who found me to be worthy of this honor. I feel overwhelmed today because I find that all my predecessors were men of such great eminence and distinction in the business world; each pioneering in his own way a unique leadership that left an indelible mark on the Indian corporate world. I feel overwhelmed also because this is probably the first time that a scientist has been given an award for corporate leadership and I am not sure that such a major corporate recognition has ever come the way of a scientist in Independent India. I interpret this as an explicit recognition by the Corporate World of the role of science & technology in economic development. I take it as a tacit recognition of the role of knowledge, innovation and creativity in creating wealth. I also take it as the recognition by the corporate world of the changing face of this great organisation, namely CSIR, a chain of forty laboratories. I accept this honor on behalf of the entire family of twenty three thousand members of CSIR, since the recognition is really theirs and not mine. I was appointed the Director General of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research on 1st July, 1995. Someone then asked me as to what was my dream for CSIR and I remember saying "CSIR incorporated". Then I was asked as to what was my dream for myself and I said that I wanted to be the "Chief Executive Officer of CSIR". In fact, I remember a nice clipping in a newspaper referring to me as a corporate scientist, a scientist, who thought corporate and talked corporate. In a way, I suppose this award is being given, not to the Director General of CSIR, but to the Chief Executive Officer of CSIR Inc. To me, therefore, it is a dream come true. I feel doubly gratified.

We see today that there has been a sea change in the economic, political and technological environment the world over. Age old attitudes and mindsets are being discarded everywhere. India has been no exception; its economy has been unshackled and the forces of competition have been unleashed. A new vision of India as a major player in the global setting has been articulated. The wave of change sweeping the country and the world has thrown up myriad opportunities and challenges. In order to meet these challenges, just as we had launched a national freedom movement to unshackle ourselves from the foreign powers, we need to launch a national innovation movement. The role of science and technology in this movement is the theme that I want to pursue in this lecture. To fulfill this role of S&T would mean unleashing the power of Indias full intellectual infrastructure, including its publicly funded R&D institutions. Indeed, we recall the great hope with which our leaders had built a massive chain of publicly funded R&D institutions, CSIR being only one of them. They were built in a context, and as the context changes, so does the content. As Darwin says, "It is not the strongest of the species that survives, not the most intelligent; it is the one that is most adaptable to change". Going further than Darwin, it is fair to say that only those who can anticipate the change, can lead the change. I want to begin initially by referring to the first determined steps that CSIR took to herald this change process. We began the process of change in CSIR to build an enduring science business link. But then we saw a big cultural divide between the R&D institutions and the industry. The fact that science has to make an economic and social sense had not dawned on large number of our institutions, whereas demand on science from industry was sadly missing. The institutions worked on the basis of scientific novelties and perceived needs, whereas the business units worked on the basis of attractiveness in the market and potential for profit. The products from our institutions invariably came out as some sort of packages containing knowledge and information, whereas the business units were looking for only finished goods and services, which were saleable. Our campaign was to see that industry viewed our institutions as idea generators, providers of new concepts and windows on knowledge on the rest of the world. We tried to persuade the Indian industry to assume the role of partners, who had the technical, financial and marketing strengths to take ideas to the market place. We tried to convince the industry that they should not look at institutions as super markets, where off the shelf technologies were sold, but on the other hand, in the true spirit of partnership, they should willingly integrate national R&D resources into their business strategy. We tried to create a climate of improved communication and understanding, faith in mutual growth and development of healthy working relationships. But to build this trust and confidence, we had to show that CSIR itself was willing to change. In early January 1996, we prepared CSIR 2001: Vision & Strategy, a white paper, which was an announcement of CSIRs will to change. It was an explicit agenda for CSIR with a detailed road map for attaining the true potential of CSIR, visualized not in relation to what it used to do in the past but in relation to what others, the world over, were likely to do in the future. We defined a new product and a new process in CSIR. The new product was research as a business. The new process was doing research in a business like manner. We were enthused when the corporate world appreciated the white paper. I remember Mr. Ratan Tata, in a private conversation with me, called it a unique corporate like document from a publicly funded organization. We made conscious efforts to ensure that the power was not centered in Delhi at the Headquarters, it was where the action was. We thus empowered the Directors in the laboratories allowing them greater freedom in decision making. Autonomy goes with accountability. We built performance based budgeting systems for the laboratories. Each laboratory was asked to develop a business plan, not just a research plan. We set targets not only on the external earnings but also on the new production to be catalyzed in industry, new jobs to be created etc. The tangible impact on industry & society had to be assessed and measured. In a corporate like approach, we had set quantitative goals for ourselves. But we soon realized that it was not enough to realize our target of earnings from our customers. It was important to know whether they were satisfied and would come to us again. What were the gaps in our delivery of the product to them what changes and improvement would they like. We, therefore, set up a Customer Satisfaction Evaluation Cell I believe a first by any Indian publicly funded R&D institution. The way ahead was not clear, there were no techniques and text books to go by. We had to chart out our own methods and techniques. Last year we completed customer satisfaction evaluation of 100 projects, this year we would so far over 400 projects and then for all the 1200 to 1400 projects that we undertake in a year for our customers. The feed back has given us valuable lessons that are helping us align our processes to customer preferences. Our effort was to awaken the scientist in an entrepreneur and an entrepreneur in a scientist. If a scientist created wealth for the nation through the economic exploitation of the technologies developed by him, then we felt that he should also get a share of this wealth. So we created incentive schemes for these scientists, both at individual and institutional level. At institutional level, we allowed the laboratories to build a corpus through the net surpluses that they generated by offering their processes, products and technology to industry and we allowed full freedom for them to use the surpluses in the way they wanted. This meant autonomy and freedom, but only to the performers, who generated surpluses. We allowed our laboratories to set up commercial arms and also to take equity in start up companies by using knowledge as an equity. We also allowed our scientists to be on the boards of directors of both public sector and private sector companies; thereby bringing in some of that corporate culture and thinking from the boardrooms to the precincts of the laboratories. CSIR believes in progress through partnership at all levels; local, national & global. For this, we had to build strong internal knowledge networks within CSIR by building a TEAM CSIR spirit. We launched such major TEAM CSIR efforts in areas, where India can emerge as a global leader. For instance, India is described as a rich country, where poor people live. Our richness is due to our rich biodiversity and wisdom of traditional knowledge base including traditional medicinal systems. We have so far not been able to exploit this advantage and create wealth. For this purpose we have launched a programme on discovery and development of bioactives based on plant and other

sources. Twenty of the CSIR laboratories have been networked together in this exciting endeavor. This is the first time in the history of CSIR that such massive networking and synergy has been built. We are hoping that in three years we will come up with at least five new molecules of global importance and erase the image of India as only a copier of new molecules developed in the West. Going further, while forging strong linkages with the corporate world in India, CSIR forged global partnerships by realizing that the chain of concept to commercialization necessarily crosses transnational boundaries today. In an era of global connectivity through modern information technology, the concept of virtual laboratory is gaining ground. As a part of the global innovation strategy, several companies world over are scouting for new ideas and patents. External technology acquisition is assuming importance within leading corporations. The ability to assemble and manage an effective global knowledge network in a short time, rather than developing in-house capability is becoming the key determinant of competitiveness. Taking advantage of this strategic shift, CSIR has become a partner of industry around the world today. Mobil & IIP have joined hands together to jointly develop and market the Mobil/IIP technologies worldwide. Stone & Webster of USA is implementing IIPs technologies on visbreaking. In Latin America, SmithKline Beacham has joined hands with IICT in some new exciting projects on drugs. Boeing relies on NAL for some crucial fatigue research. NALs software supplied to Civil Aviation Authority in U.K determines the landing frequency of aircrafts at Heathrow airport today. NCLs partnerships with giants such as General Electric, a company with an R&D budget higher then Indias R&D budget, was declared as a model for external R&D alliances by General Electric in 1998. Rather than being a perennial seeker of knowledge from the western world, we are emerging as an exporter of knowledge. We do believe that India has a tremendous comparative advantages, due to its great intellectual infrastructure, to emerge as a hub of R&D in the new global context & we are proud that, in a small way, CSIR is showing the way on opportunities in export of knowledge. While CSIR is forging global corporate level partnerships, it is also forging unusual local partnerships by reaching the unreached in the remote corners of India. A village called Athaoni, on the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka is the place from where Kolhapuri chappals come to us. They were till recently made by age-old traditional technique. Our scientists from CLRI studied this and helped to reduce the processing time from 30 days to 10 days through application of some good science, the stamping process was standardized, certain innovative changes in design, based on computer aided techniques, were made to give more comfort to the wearer. But this was not a top down process. The oldest man in the village was consulted, he was convinced that the age old traditions must change. Today several hundred artisans have been trained by CLRI. This has not only enhanced the family incomes of the villagers but also changed their perception of science, development and change in short a micro social transformation. For CSIR, it has realized that it is not technoeconomics alone, but also socio-economical & socio-cultural aspects, that it needs to be conscious about. The daunting task before publicly funded R&D institutions is always that of optimum coupling with industry. If the coupling is too strong, then the laboratory continues to do what the industry wants today, thus sometimes losing a long distance vision. On the other hand, if there is no or little coupling, then the institutions solve problems that may have no relevance at all to the industry needs. A good institution develops an optimum coupling. CSIR will have to seek such optimum coupling. In this context a question is often asked as to how far should a national laboratory go in terms of self-financing. I feel it is more important for a laboratory to balance the budget of India rather than balance its own budget. I wish to give an example. When 400 out of 800 tanneries in Tamilnadu were closed down by the high court due to environmental pollution consideration, it was CSIR through its CLRI and NEERI which came up to put them back in action with green technologies. CSIR thus saved export loss of a few thousand crores for India; whereas the laboratories themselves might not have earned even a few crores. In other words, through this, and several such examples, CSIRs contributions to balancing the national budget through both tangible and intangible contributions are immense. It is in the spirit to make a difference to India that CSIR will be moving in future. Let me take this point further by adhering to the examples from the leather industry only. CLRI launched a "Leather Technology Mission" with emphasis on technology. This was one of the highly successful endeavors of CSIR, which contributed so much to the growth of the Indian leather sector. CLRI has now proposed a "Leather 2010" vision for India, going far beyond its technology mandate. It is trying to set the pace for Indian leather industry itself by urging it to raise its ambition and stimulating a bold and visionary thinking. CSIR scientists will be increasingly moving out of their ivory towers, moving into industry boardrooms, in the corridors of the several Bhawans in Delhi where decisions are made, standing shoulder to shoulder with the industry to fight their battles nationally as well as globally. CSIR will be increasingly proactive whether in setting up a new agenda for the civil aviation industry through the launch of its SARAS aircraft, or in sourcing the next century energy sources for India in the form of gas hydrates as it has done recently, or pioneering the export of knowledge to the advanced countries as it has done in the area of industrial catalysts, an area dominated by multinational cartels so far. On another front, an Indian innovation movement embodies in itself the launch of an intellectual property movement in India, and it was CSIR that did it in a proactive way. India has been concerned about the protection of its traditional knowledge base. When a patent on the wound healing properties of turmeric was given by the United States Patents Office, it was CSIR, which made it its business to fight this battle and win it. It was a pioneering effort, since this was the first time that a wrong patent on traditional knowledge given in the western world was fought successfully by the third world. In the CSIR society meeting last month, the Prime Minister had this to say:- "Its winning initiative to challenge the patent on turmeric in the USA made every Indian proud and also more aware of the importance of a strong patents regime to both safeguard and promote Indias interests in intellectual property. The country today is actively debating the right legal framework for patents to advance Indias interests in the global arena. Our laws in this regard have to be consistent with the best international practices, so that the innovations by Indian scientists are protected and commercialised in the best possible manner. I compliment the CSIR for creating an intellectual climate supportive of the early passage of the Bill to amend the Patents Act." I can confidently say that CSIR will continue to reach out, and lead the movement in the intellectual property arena in India.

I have spoken so far about how an organisation like CSIR is showing the will to change and contributing to the Indian innovation movement. But let me move on to the bigger picture now. Let me speak about a dream that I have. This is 1999, the last year of the century, indeed the millennium. Next century is the century of the mind, it is the century of knowledge. I feel, therefore, that India has a big chance to lead in the next century. We should declare 1999 as the year of the national debate and set up, at the end, a national agenda for the twenty-first century to build the new India of our dreams. I place before you a ten point agenda, centered around knowledge and innovation, which could form the basis of a debate. 1. Making India a world class knowledge society is the biggest challenge for the twenty-first century. For this, every Indian must become a knowledge worker. Education is the crucial key. Therefore, make primary and middle school education compulsory and see that every child goes to school. Create a new creative education system, which is child centered and where the message of science reaches all the school children. Create a new curriculum, which is flexible and is knowledge and creativity based not merely information based. Achieve world level educational systems and build world class institutions to make India a leading knowledge society. 2. Restructure, modernize and de-bureaucratize the universities and publicly funded R&D institutions giving them flexibility, freedom of operation and also financial autonomy. It is not the sanctions from outside but it is the self-imposed sanctions that are hurting these institutions of learning and knowledge. Emphasize that in science, there are more unequals than equals. Identify those scientists and institutions that can become world class and hold their own in the twenty-first century and give them support on a sustained basis. 3. Enhance in a stage wise manner the national investment in education and R&D. Carry forward the powerful JAI VIGYAN slogan by instilling a new sense of confidence in the Indian S&T community. Minimize brain drain maximize brain gain, and create Indian brain banks around the world by creating an Indian Knowledge Network (IKN), both in cyberspace and physical space. 4. Let industry look at technology as an instrument of growth rather than just markets as an instrument of growth. Create a massive demand pull on the Indian academia and R&D laboratories and forge organic linkages with them. Take corporate initiatives to set up on cost sharing basis, common world class facilities with national R&D systems, which could be run autonomously and professionally. 5. For a cash starved but intellectual capital rich country like India, emergence of knowledge industry is a great news. In these industries, the traditional factors of production such as land, labor and capital become less important, when compared to knowledge; indeed this industry is dominated by intellectual capital and intangible assets. Launch major initiatives to build these knowledge assets in India by facilitating the growth of knowledge industries with bold and visionary policy frameworks and speedy implementation. 6. Launch an aggressive Intellectual Property Policy, in the government, in the institutions and in the industries. Erase the impression of India as a country that is ducking and avoiding to one where it is willing to aggressively face the global competition by leading with a positive intellectual property policy. Launch a patent literacy mission. Invest heavily in both physical and intellectual infrastructure, which will meet the new challenges of generation of world class intellectual property, its capture, documentation, protection, evaluation and exploitation. 7. It is only by unleashing the creative potential of our masses and ability to add value to their indigenous knowledge, innovation and practices that we can make India self-reliant and a leader in sustainable technologies. Promote a national fund to support grass root innovators, with the aim of building a national register of innovators, converting these innovations into viable business plans and disseminating the knowledge of indigenous innovations across the nation to enthuse them about the innovative potential of our society. Visualize through this action the potential of a job led growth. 8. Change Indias image as producing and exporting low-technology products. Launch a massive programme to create value added knowledge-based exports by networking Indian R&D and business enterprises. Create incentives for export of knowledge and also knowledge-based products. 9. Announce a new Technology Policy, by bringing together all the stakeholders; the previous one is decades old. The new Technology Policy, should be in consonance with the dreams and aspirations of our people. It should be a bold and visionary policy fully integrated with our new needs, economic, educational, environmental policies; clearly articulating the vision of technology savvy India, that will lead and now follow. 10. Finally, 1999 should be the year, where we should launch a powerful national innovation movement to propel us into the next millennium. It is only through the process of innovation that knowledge can be converted into wealth and social good. Through this movement, every citizen, every constituent of India must become an innovator. The I in India, should not stand for imitation and inhibition, it must stand for innovation. The I in IIT must stand for innovation. The I in industry, the I in CSIR must stand for innovation. The I in every individual Indian must stand for innovation. It is only this innovative India that will signal to the rest of the world, that we are not a hesitant nation, unsure of our place in the new global order, but a confident one, that is raring to go and be a leader in the comity of nations. Finally, while receiving this Corporate Leadership award, perhaps I should have added some words about what makes a good leader. To my mind, there is a generosity and universality in what makes a good leader and even a good organisation, a good society, a good nation. Interestingly, these attributes are linked to the three parts of the human anatomy. The first is innovation, which emanates from the brain, the mind. The second is compassion, which emanates from the heart. The third is the passion in the belly. The CSIR of my dream will be an organization that will have all these attributes; innovation, compassion and passion. It will be an innovative organization, using the latest tools of science and technology in the innovation process. It will have compassion at its heart; it will make sure that it contributes to social development, worries about the downtrodden, and tries to bring quality to their life. Finally, it will be an organization showing an unusual

passion in the way it works and delivers. Ladies and gentlemen, it is as CEO of this CSIR Inc., an organisation full of innovation, compassion & passion, that I accept this JRD Tata Corporate Leadership award with great joy and pride. Thank you very much.

(b) Keeping in view the informal sectors share in the total workforce of the country, critically examine the relevant inclusive measures initiated by the Government of India and their effectiveness. ANS:-

(c) Examine the causes and the extent of desertification in India and suggest remedial measures. ANS:-

(d) In the context of the growing demands for the ban of Endosulfan in the country, critically examine the issue involved. What, in your view, should be done in the matter? ANS:-

(e) The Indian independence movement was a mass-based movement that encompassed various section of society. It also underwent the process of constant ideological evolution. Critically examine. ANS:-

(f) The issue of tourism in core areas of tiger reserve forests in the country is a subject matter of debate. Critically examine various aspects of this issue, keeping in view relevant recent judicial pronouncements. ANS:-

Question 2 Answer any seven of the following in about 150 words each: 157=105 (a) There is an urgent need for the Planning Commission to revise the chapter on health in the 12th Plan document. Comment. ANS:-

(b) The Union Cabinet recently cleared the proposal to rename and amend the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986. What are the salient features of the proposed amendments? ANS:-

(c) Domestic resource mobilization, though central to the process of Indian economic growth, is characterized by several constraints. Explain. ANS:-

(d) The flute-playing Krishna theme is very popular in Indian Art. Discuss. ANS:-

(e) What are the salient features of the Consumer Protection (Amendment) Bill, 2011 introduced in the Lok Sabha in December 2011? ANS:-

(f) What do you understand by the term Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)? What measures would you advocate for its containment and what are the implications of its spread in the community? ANS:-

(g) Given the accelerated pace of development and demand for energy, would you consider renewable energy as a viable option for Indias future? ANS:-

(h) Many food items contain trans fats. What do you understand by this term? Which Indian food items contain trans fats? What are the implications of trans fats on human health? ANS:-

Question 3 Answer the following in about 50 words each: (a) What is the Parivarik Mahila Lok Adalat? ANS:-

511=55

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(b) List the main objectives of the National Manufacturing Policy (NMP), 2011. ANS:-

(c) Comment on the significance of Rasarnava in studying the history of Indian Chemistry. ANS:-

(d) What are the Rights within the ambit of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution? ANS:-

(e) Comment on the significance of the Preamble contained in the Right to Information Act. ANS:-

(f) To implement one key recommendation of the Mohini Giri Committee, the Government has recently announced the constitution of a National Council. Highlight the composition and the mandate of this National Council. ANS:-

(g) Comment on the recent launching of the National Mission on Libraries (NML). ANS:-

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(h) What are the groups into which musical instruments in India have traditionally been classified? ANS:-

(i) Comment on the significance of fire in Zoroastrianism. ANS:-

(j) Why is Laurie Baker called the conscience keeper of Indian architecture? ANS:-

(k) You are stationed in a small district town in the plains of Northern India. The summer has been severe. Suddenly, a colleague, who had been out since morning, returns to the office complaining of headache, restlessness and confusion. Shortly, he becomes unconscious. His body temperature is 40 degree C. What first aid steps would you take to revive him? ANS:-

Question 4 Comment on each of the following in about 20 words each: (a) The significance of Patharughat in the Indian freedom struggle ANS:-

25=10

(b) Bagurumba folk dance ANS:-

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(c) Determine the value assigned to the vote of a Member of a State Legislative Assembly and of a Member of Parliament in the Indian Presidential elections ANS:-

(d) Significance of the SPOT-6 rocket launch for ISRO ANS:-

(e) Issues highlighted through the work of Palagummi Sainath ANS:-

Question 5 Why have the following been in the news recently? (Answer to be in one sentence only) : 15=5 (a) P. V. Sindhu ANS:(b) Aditya Kumar Mandi ANS:-

(c) Cyrus Mistry ANS:-

(d) Ashoke Sen ANS:-

(e) Mario de Miranda ANS:-

2012 GENERAL STUDIES Paper II(Mains) Question 1 Answer any four of the following in about 250 words each: 254=100 (a) Do you think that Chinas emergence as one of the largest trading partners of India had adversely affected the settlement of the outstanding border problem? ANS:-

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(b) Discuss the globalization of R&D and its impact on Indias development. Provide an illustration from at least one sector such as Information Technology or Health. ANS:-

(c) Discuss the contentious issues that have caused the prolonged constitutional logjam in Nepal. ANS:-

(d) The human population is slated to grow to 9 billion by 2050. In this context, many scientists predict that plant genomics would play a critical role in keeping out hunger and preserving the environment. Explain. ANS:-

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(e) The situation today is far different to that prevalent fifty years back when the Indus Water Treaty was signed. Highlight the complexity of the current challenges on both sides of the border in this regard. Do you think that a review of the Treaty is in Indias best interests? ANS:-

155=75 Question 2 Answer any five of the following in about 150 words each: (a) Write a short analytical note on Indian Diaspora. How is the New Diaspora different from the Old Diaspora? ANS:-

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(b) Why have the resource rich African and South Asian countries remained poor for decades? Explain. ANS:-

(c) Does Putins return as President of Russia mark a shift to a confrontationist stance in international diplomacy towards the West? ANS:-

(d) Analyse critically the interlinkages between the Convention on Biological Diversity and FAO Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. ANS:-

(e) Critically review the international concern in achieving the targets set for the Millennium Development Goals. ANS:-

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(f) Discuss the likely negative impact of the protectionist measures proposed by the US on Indias software industry. ANS:-

106=60 Question 3 Answer any six of the following in not more than 100 words each: (a) In the context of Assisted Reproductive Technologies, India has emerged as a hub of commercial surrogacy. What key biological, legal and ethical issues merit consideration while framing the regulation to govern surrogacy in India? ANS:-

(b) Why is international trade perceived to have failed to act as an engine of growth in many developing countries including India? ANS:-

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(c) Despite strict prohibitory regulations, doping has become increasingly common amongst athletes. Name five commonly used performance- enhancing drugs. What are the risks associated with their use? ANS:-

(d) Compare the significance of IBSA and BRICS in the context of Indias multilateral diplomacy. ANS:-

(e) The safe landing of the Curiosity Rover under NASAs space programme has sparked many possibilities. What are those and how could humankind benefit from them? ANS:-

(f) How have the US sanctions against Iran affected Indias bilateral relations with Iran? ANS:-

(g) What is Permaculture? Give at least three common examples where permaculture concepts are being put to use. ANS:-

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56=30 Question 4 Answer the following in not more than 50 words each: (a) The Sequoia supercomputer was launched this year. What are its specific features and what is its purpose? ANS:-

(b) What is meant by the G8+5 group? ANS:-

(c) The Human Papilloma Virus vaccine has been making the headlines in the recent months. Who make the ideal candidates for receiving this vaccine and what are its benefits? ANS:-

(d) What are Indias stakes in the South China Sea? ANS:-

(e) Explain the concepts Environmental Sustainabilty and Sustainable Development of People. ANS:-

(f) Explain briefly the Clean Development Mechanism as provided under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). ANS:-

2011 GENERAL STUDIES Paper I(Mains) Question 1 Critically examine the differing estimates for (i) poverty figures, and (ii) GDP growth data for April-June 2010, that have been in the news recently. In your view, what estimates are more reflective of the ground reality, and why?

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Answer any three of the following in about 250 words each: 203=60 (a) 'Essentially all that is contained in part IV-A of the Constitution is just a codification of tasks integral to the Indian way of life.' Critically examine this statement. ANS:-

(b) 'The exercise of executive clemency is not a privilege but is based on several principles, and discretion has to be exercised in public considerations.' Analyse this statement in the context of the judicial powers of the President of India. ANS:-

(c) Discuss the extent, causes, and implications of the 'nutrition transition' said to be underway in India. ANS:-

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(d) Bring out the salient feature of the PCPNDT Act, 1994, and the implications of its amendment in 2003. ANS:-

20 Question 2 Answer one the of following in about 250 words: (a) Trace the salient sequence of events in the popular revolt that took place in February 1946 in the then 'Royal Indian Navy' and bring out its significance in the freedom struggle. Do you agree with the view that the sailors who took part in this revolt were some of the unsung heroes of the freedom struggle? ANS:-

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(b) Evaluate the influence of the three important women's organizations of the early twentieth century in India on the country's society and politics. To what extent do you think were the social objectives of these organizations constrained by their political objectives? ANS:-

20 Question 3 Answer one of the following in about 250 words: (a) Critically examine the design of the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) scheme. Do you think it has a better chance of success than the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) in achieving its objectives? ANS:-

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(b) Highlight the structure, objectives and role of the Advertising Standards Council of India. In what way has the August 2006 government notification made it more effective? ANS:-

125=60 Question 4 Comment on any five of the following in about 150 words each: (a) Salient recommendations of the RBI-appointed Damodaran committee on customer service in Banks. ANS:-

(b) Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS). (c) Evolution of 'Green Benches' in out higher judiciary. ANS:-

(d) Distinction between 'Department Related Parliamentary Standing Committees' and 'Parliamentary Forums'. ANS:-

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(e) Benefits and potential drawbacks of 'cash-transfers' to 'Below Poverty Line' (BPL) households. ANS:-

(f) New initiatives during the 11th Five Year Plan in the National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB). ANS:-

Question 5 Examine any three of the following in about 150 words each: (a) The impact of climate change on water resources in India. ANS:-

123=36

(b) Measures taken by the Indian government to combat piracy in the Indian Ocean. ANS:-

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(c) The significance of counter-urbanisation in the improvement of metropolitan cities in India. ANS:-

(d) Problems specific to the denotified and nomadic tribes in India. ANS:-

Question 6 In the context of the freedom struggle, write short notes (not exceeding 50 words each) on the following: 53=15 (a) 'Benoy-Badal-Dinesh' martyrdom ANS:-

(b) Bharat Naujawan Sabha ANS:-

(c) 'Babbar Akali' movement ANS:-

Question 7 Comment on the following in not more than 50 words each: (a) Phase-IV of the tiger monitoring programme in India.

56=30

25

ANS:-

(b) Why the Central Statistics Office has notified a new series of Consumer Price Index from this year? ANS:-

(c) Composition and functions of the National Executive Committee of the National Disaster Management Authority. ANS:-

(d) The Bihar Special Courts Act, 2009 and why it has been in the news recently? ANS:-

(e) The Telecommunications Ministry's proposed Spectrum Management Commission. ANS:-

(f) The Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach to sanitation. ANS:-

54=20 Question 8 Attempt the following in not more than 50 words each: (a) Distinguish either between the 'Moatsu' and 'Yemshe' festivals of Nagaland or the 'Losar' and 'Khan' festivals of Arunachal Pradesh. ANS:-

(b) Write a sentence each on any five of the following traditional theatre forms: (i) Bhand Pather ANS:(ii) Swang ANS:(iii) Maach ANS:(iv) Bhaona ANS:(v) Mudiyettu ANS:(vi) Dashavatar ANS:-

26

(c) What are the major different styles of unglazed pottery making in India? ANS:-

(d) List the classical dance forms of India as per the Sangeet Natak Akademi. ANS:-

Question 9 Comment on following in not more than 50 words each: (a) Nisarga-Runa technology of BARC. ANS:-

55=25

(b) The first-aid that you can safely administer to a person standing next to you at the bus-stop who suddenly faints. ANS:-

(c) The Kaveri K-10 aero-engine ANS:-

(d) Molecular Breast Imaging (MBI) technology ANS:-

(e) E-governance initiatives by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). ANS:-

Question 10 Who are the following and why have they been in the news recently? (Each answer should not exceed 20 words) : 27=14 (a) Lieutenant Navdeep Singh ANS:(b) Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar ANS:(c) Logsang Sangay ANS:(d) P. R. Sreejesh ANS:(e) Nileema Mishra ANS:(f) V. Tejeswini Bai ANS:-

(g) Aishwarya Narkar ANS:-

27

2011 GENERAL STUDIES Paper II(Mains) 202=40 Question 1 Answer any two of the following in about 250 words each: (a) List the Central Asian Republics and identify those 1 of particular strategic and economic importance to India. Examine the opportunities and bottlenecks in enhancing relations with these countries. ANS:-

(b) Critically examine the security and strategic implications of the so-called 'string of pearls' theory for India. ANS:-

(c) "Compared to the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multisectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation Free Trade Area (BIMSTEC FTA) seems to be more promising." Critically evaluate. ANS:-

28

Question 2 Answer any three of the following in about 150 words each : 123=36 (a) Subsequent to the Nuclear Suppliers' Group (NSG) waiver in 2008, what are the agreements on nuclear energy that India has signed with different countries ? ANS:-

(b) Trace the progress of India's efforts for a joint counter-terrorism strategy with China. What are the likely implications of the recent Xinjiang violence on these efforts ? ANS:-

(c) Bring out the importance of the 'Small and Medium Enterprises Expo and Conference' held in Dubai last year for Indian business. ANS:-

29

(d) What are the salient features of the political and economic relationship between India and South Africa ? ANS:-

Question 3 Answer either of the following in about 250 words : 20 (a) "The causes and implications of the Jasmine Revolution and its spread are as much economic in nature as they are political." Critically evaluate. ANS:-

30

(b) In the context of the 'Euro-zone' debt crisis, examine the proposed 'six-pack' solution. Do you think that this has a better chance of success than the earlier Stability and Growth Pact ? ANS:-

Question 4 Answer any four of the following in about 150 words each : 124=48 (a) "As regards the increasing rates of melting of Arctic Sea ice, the interests of the Arctic Council nations may not coincide with those of the wider world." Explain. ANS:-

(b)Is there still a role for the concept of balance of power in contemporary international politics?Discuss. ANS:-

31

(c) "Strategic interests seem to be replacing commercial interests for the host country with regard to Cam Ranh Bay." Amplify. ANS:-

(d) To what extent has the withdrawal of al-Shababfrom Mogadishu given peace a real chance in Somalia ? Assess. ANS:-

(e) On a Formula-one (F-l) racing car track,information to drivers is generally signalled through the standardized use of flags of different colours. Describe the meanings associated with any six of the flags listed below : (i) White flag ANS:-

(ii) Black flag ANS:-

(iii) Yellow flag ANS:-

32

(iv) Blue flag ANS:-

(v) Black and white flag divided diagonally ANS:-

(vi) Chequered flag ANS:-

(vii) Yellow and red striped flag ANS:-

Question 5 Comment on any thirteen of the following in about 50 words each (a) International Year of Chemistry ANS:-

513=65

(b) The scourge of e-waste ANS:-

(c) 'Designer' poultry eggs ANS:-

(d) INSPIRE programme of the Department of Science and Technology ANS:-

(e) The 'Kessler syndrome' with reference to space debris ANS:-

(f) Omega-3 fatty acids in our food ANS:-

33

(g) Difference between 'spin-drying' and 'tumble-drying' technology with reference to drying of washed clothes ANS:-

(h) The diminishing population of vultures ANS:-

(i) 'Arsenic-bug' and the significance of its discovery ANS:-

(j) F-22 'Raptor' aircraft ANS:-

(k) 'Concentrated' solar energy and 'photovoltaic' solar energy ANS:-

(1) Analog, hybrid and IP systems in CCTV technology ANS:-

(m) Various applications of Kevlar ANS:-

(n) Differences between Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and Blu-ray Disc ANS:-

Question 6 Comment on the following in about 50 words each : (a) Functions of the World Customs Organisation (WCO) ANS:-

55=25

(b) Success of international intervention in Cote d'lvoire (Ivory Coast) ANS:-

34

(c) Strategies adopted by Colombia to eliminate its drug cartels ANS:-

(d) World Food Programme (WFP) of the United Nations (UN) ANS:-

(e) Sculpture of the broken chair in front of the UN building at Geneva ANS:-

Question 7 Why have each of the following been in the news recently? (Each answer in a sentence or two only) (a) Tiangong-1 ANS:(b) K-computer ANS:(c) Gliese 581 g ANS:(d) MABEL robot ANS:(e) 'Operation Shady Rat' ANS:(f) 'SAGA-220' ANS:(g) 'Billion Acts of Green' ANS:(h) L'Aquila earthquake ANS:(i) OPERA detector at Gran Sasso ANS:(j) Saturn's Titan ANS:Question 8 Why have the following been in the news recently ? (Each answer in a sentence or two only) (a)'News International' newspaper ANS:-

210=20

25=10

(b) Mustafa Abdul-Jalil ANS:(c) Abel Kirui ANS:-

35

(d) Natalie Portman ANS:(e) Nawaf Salam ANS:-

2010 GENERAL STUDIES Paper I(Mains). 1. Answer the following (in about 250 words for each answer) : 202=40 (a) "Disputes between the- riparian states on sharing of river waters in post- Independence India are becoming increasingly complex." Objectively analyse the major disputes in this connection, with special reference to the Southern States. ANS:-

(b) Critically examine the differing estimates for (i) poverty figures, and (ii) GDP growth data for April-June 2010, that have been in the news recently. In your view, what estimates are more reflective of the ground reality, and why? ANS:-

36

2. Answer any two of the following in about 150 words each: 122=24 (a) "Dalhousie's predecessors had acted on the general principles of avoiding annexations, if these could be avoided. Dalhousie acted on the principles of annexation, if he could do so legitimately. His annexations were both of war and peace." Analyse. ANS:-

(b) With respect to Cooperative Societies what are the salient features of the 106th and 111th Constitutional Amendment Bills as at present? ANS:-

(c) "Small-holder farms need to be strengthened to achieve national food security." Do you agree with this assessment? Substantiate. ANS:-

37

3. Answer any two of the following in about 150 words 152=30 (a) Comment on the spatial components in urban solid waste management in the country. ANS:-

(b) Assess the contributions made by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in agricultural development. ANS:-

(c) List the .significant local storms of the hot-weather season in the country and bring out their socio-economic impact. ANS:-

38

4. Answer any two of the following in about 150 words 122=24 (a) What are the grounds of disqualification of a Member of Parliament from either House? Quote relevant provisions in your answer. ANS:-

(b) Distinguish between the objectives, structure and functioning of the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan' and the Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti ANS:-

(c) Bring out the salient features of the evolution and the current status of the 'Bharat Stage' vehicle emission norms in the country. ANS:-

39

5. Write brief but precise notes on any six of the following. Your answer should not exceed 50 words in each case. (a) Transhumance in India ANS:-

(b) Frontogenesis and Frontolysi.s ANS:-

(c) Golden Revolution ANS:-

(d) Sea-floor spreading ANS:-

56=30

(e) Legislative powers assigned to the Rajya Sabha under Art. 249 and Art. 312 of the Constitution ANS:-

(f) Causes for dominant dendritic pattern of drainage in the Gangetic plains ANS:-

(g) 'Break-of-bulk' towns ANS:-

6. Answer any three of the following in about 150 words each: 123=36 (a) While bringing out their salient features, distinguish between either 'Madhubani' Art and 'Manjusha' Art or 'Rajasthani' schools of painting and the 'Pahari' school of Painting. ANS:-

(b) Bring out the powers and responsibilities attached to the office of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. ANS:-

40

(c) Distinguish between the following four literary awards: (i) Jnanpith Award ANS:-

(ii) Sahitya Akademi Award ANS:-

(iii) Vyas Samman ANS:-

(iv) Sarastvati Summan ANS:-

(d) After the September 1st changes, do you think that Unit Linked Insurance Plans (ULIPs) and Mutual Funds (MFs) are on a level playing field ? Substantiate your answer from the perspective of an ordinary investor. ANS:-

7. Answer any five of the following in about 150 words each: 125=60 (a) What do you understand by 'repo rate' and 'reverse repo rate? What are the implications in raising these rates? ANS:-

41

(b) "Cost-benefit analysis should not be the sole consideration, while deciding to host events like the Commonwealth Games." Critically comment on this perspective. ANS:-

(c) List any eight 'Ramsar' wetland sites located in India. What is the 'Montreux Record' and what Indian sites are included in this Record? ANS:-

42

(d) Are the 'Dedicated Freight Corridor' railway project and the 'Golden Quadrilateral' road project mutually complementary or competitive? Assess. ANS:-

(e) "Upliftment of the neglected sections of society will be best served with many more centers of the Indira Gandhi National Tribal University." Expand on the assertion made. ANS:-

(f) Comment on the salient features of the recent draft Model Real Estate (Regulation of Development) Act of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation of the Central Government. ANS:-

43

8. Answer each of the following, briefly but precisely. Each answer should be less than 50 words. 56=30 (a) How is disagreement between the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly of a State in passing of an ordinary Bill, resolved? ANS:-

(b) Comment on the recent HFC-23 emissions controversy that includes in its ambit some Indian companies. ANS:-

(c) Comment on the recommendations of the Wadhwa Commission on the Public Distribution System. ANS:-

(d) What are the salient features of The National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan? ANS:-

(e) You arrive first at, the scene where a bus accident has just occurred. What emergency measures should you immediately and safely adopt? ANS:-

(f) Bring out the sectoral and state-wise distribution patterns of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows into the country. ANS:-

9. Write brief notes on each of the following, in about 20 words each: 28=16 (a) Contributions of Latika Ghosh to the freedom struggle ANS:-

(b) Bhai Maharaj Singh as a freedom fighter ANS:(c) Chandrayaan-II ANS:-

44

(d) Agni-V ANS:(e) Babli Project ANS:(f) 'Swavalamban' Scheme ANS:(g) National Investment Fund ANS:(h) 'Aerostat' balloon ANS:10. Who are the following and why have been in the news recently? (Each answer should not exceed 20 words) 28=16 (a) Divya Ajithkumar ANS:(b) N.C. Saxena ANS:(c) Islam A. Siddiqui ANS:(d) Swarnalatha Cherukutty ANS:(e) Nitin Nohria ANS:(f) Deepak Mondal ANS:(g) Gaurav Singh Saini ANS:(h) Upendra Limaye ANS:-

45