1.

Many athletes turn to ergogenic aids to enhance their performance. Identify the type of performer who would take RhEPO (recombinant erythropoietin). Describe the effects that RhEPO has on the body and how it impacts on performance.
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2.

Performers may use the ATP-PC system during short, sharp explosive movements. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of this energy system. Critically evaluate the use of ergogenic aids that might affect performance in explosive activities.
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3.

Carbohydrate loading and creatine supplementation are two types of nutritional ergogenic aid. Discuss the effects of using one of these aids referring to the following: the type of performer benefiting the performance enhancing qualities the associated side effects.

Identify and describe one type of training, other than interval or circuit, that could be used to develop aerobic capacity. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this type of training and explain how target heart rates are used as an intensity guide.
[20]

Clayesmore School

4.

The body uses oxygen during recovery from exercise resulting in an elevated rate of aerobic respiration. The first stage of this process involves the breakdown of glycogen to pyruvic acid. Describe the remaining stages that use oxygen to complete the breakdown of glycogen. An ergogenic aid is any substance that enhances performance. Discuss the following as aids to enhancing performance the use of dietary manipulation pre competition meals post competition meals
[20]

1.

1 mark per point max 1: identification of endurance athlete e.g. cycling, 10,000m runner.

1 mark per point max 3: Rh EPO (artificial hormone) stimulates the production of erythrocytes (red blood cells); this increases the athletes haemoglobin levels; therefore increases the athletes oxygen carrying capacity; more oxygen is delivered to the working muscles increasing their ability to take part in endurance events /increase in VO2 max.
[4]

2.

20 marks in total SEE SAMS FOR G453 FOR LEVELS MARK SCHEME METHODOLOGY Indicative content Advantages 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. produces energy quickly/few reactions/simple it relies on a fuel that is already stored in the muscle cell/immediate does not require the delivery of glycogen or oxygen by the blood/anaerobic it occurs without any special features within the muscle cell compared to the aerobic energy system that requires specific sites in the mitochondria recovery is very fast.

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Full recovery can occur in the first minute of rest compared to the aerobic energy system that can take hours for full recovery/30 secs to replenish 50% ATP/PC/ 2-3 mins full recovery. No fatiguing by products.

7.

Disadvantages 8. Lasts for short time/Ltd threshold/ the capacity to maintain ATP levels within the muscle cell is very limited (compared to the aerobic energy system where ATP restoration is plentiful) for every molecule of PC broken down, only one molecule of ATP can be reformed (compared to the aerobic energy system where 38 molecules of ATP can be replenished from a single molecule of glucose/1:1 ratio/yield the stores of PC/phosphocreative are very small (compared with glycogen and fat stores that can be mobilised for energy in the aerobic system)

9.

10.

1 mark for each of the points listed, but two aids must be discussed for maximum marks. 11. Identification of two relevant ergogenic aids

Amphetamines 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. these are CNS/central nervous system stimulants/they increase blood pressure/ heart rate/they redistribute blood to the skeletal muscles their activity mimics the sympathetic nervous system they enhance speed/power they can combat /delay fatigue place considerable stress on cardiovascular system/increase HR can allow athletes to push dangerously beyond normal limits causing circulatory failure/death/mask injury can be physically addictive/tolerance to them builds meaning the athlete needs to take increasing levels for same effects (a) (b) Elevate/increases level of blood Free Fatty Acids Increases muscle tension

Caffeine 19. 20. 21. is a CNS/central nervous system stimulant/it increases blood pressure/heart rate than amphetamines it combats/delays fatigue

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it acts as a diuretic/increases the risk of dehydration/heat exhaustion it can be physically addictive Elevates/increases level of blood Free Fatty Acids

Anabolic Steroids 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. increase development of muscle mass/strength/fat free body mass/power facilitate recovery from high intensity training allowing athletes to train harder/more frequently causes hormonal disturbances in males and females causes liver damage causes musculoskeletal damage/weakened tendons reduces HDL cholesterol levels/increases risk of heart disease/heart attack increases blood pressure

Human growth hormone 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. aids muscle growth/increases muscle mass gives overall decrease in body fat enhances healing after musculoskeletal injuries increases possibility of abnormal growth/acromegaly/bone thickening which causes broadening of hands/feet/face/skin thickening enlargement of internal organs/sort tissue growth muscle and joint weakness heart disease glucose intolerance/diabetes hypertension/high blood pressure

Phosphate loading 42. 43. 44. elevates levels of stored phosphates/ATP/PC Work longer at higher intensity/increase alactic threshold Speeds up recovery

Creatine supplements 45. elevates levels of stored PC

46. 47. 48. 49.

speeds the recovery process enhances ATP resynthesis increases stress on the heart/liver work longer at higher intensity/increase alactic threshold
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Clayesmore School

3. Creatine Supplements 1 anaerobic/power/strength Type of performer 2 any high intensity/short duration performer eg (P) 100m sprinter/throwers/wing in rugby/hockey/football/netball players 3 increases capacity for/duration of high intensity activity/alactacid threshold 4 reduces recovery time 5 allows higher quality interval training/strength training sessions 6 weight gain/water retention Associated side effects 7 possible muscle cramping 8 long term effects not fully known 9 (possible) liver problems 10 (possible) kidney problems Carbohydrate Loading 11 aerobic/endurance performer 12 any medium/low intensity/long duration performer eg (P) middle/long distance runners/games players/cross country skiers 13 increases glycogen synthesis activity 14 increases muscle glycogen stores 15 increases endurance capacity 16 delays fatigue

Performance enhancing qualities

17 weight increase/water retention/muscle stiffness 18 feelings of weakness during depletion stage 19 depression/irritability during depletion phase

Types of aerobic training Identify Describe 20 continuous training 21 low/medium intensity/60%80% max HR/maxVO2max 22 long duration/ > 20 minutes 23 rhythmical exercise/large muscle groups eg (P) run/swim/cycle etc 24 frequency is at least 2 times per week 33 Fartlek/speedplay training 34 form of continuous training 35 low intensity training interspersed with bouts of high intensity eg (P) jog, sprint, jog etc/running over different terrains/flat, uphill, downhill etc 36 long duration/ > 20 minutes 37 frequency is at least twice per week 38 rhythmical exercise/large muscle groups 39 Gerchler/Saltin method 40 develops aerobic and anaerobic systems 41 easy for specificity (eg (P) runners can run, swimmers can swim, cyclists can cycle etc) 42 develops muscular endurance (as well as aerobic capacity) 43 good for team players 44 (high intensity bouts come with) risk of injury 45 more demanding therefore motivation needed 46 if a lot of running involved danger of bone and connective tissue damage/repetitive strain/overuse injuries

Advantages

25 low intensity therefore small injury risk 26 easy for specificity (eg (P) runners can run, swimmers can swim, cyclists can cycle etc) 27 develops muscular endurance (as well as aerobic capacity) 28 can train for long periods of time

Disadvantages

29 Only trains the aerobic system/not anaerobic systems 30 limitations for team players/anaerobic performers 31 motivation needed/can become monotonous 32 if a lot of running involved danger of bone and connective tissue damage/repetitive strain/overuse injuries

47 48 49

target heart rate is the range of heart rate prescribed to match the training intensity requirements of a performer performer must remain within this range for training to be effective/bring about aerobic gains need to overload the aerobic system

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but stay below the anaerobic threshold heart rate measured using heart rate monitor/carotid pulse/radial pulse used calculate the training zone karvonen principle formula to identify correct training intensities as a % of the sum of max heart rate reserve

55 56 57 58 59

plus resting heart rate maximum heart rate = 220 age maximum heart rate reserve = maximum heart rate resting heart rate suggests training intensity between 60-75% of maximal heart rate reserve/VO2 max lower limit = 0.6 (max HR rest HR) + rest HR

60 61 62 63

upper limit = 0.75 (max HR rest HR) + rest HR uses heart rate that is equivalent to a % of VO2 max as there is a linear relationship between heart rate and VO2 max performers start working at lower end of range and gradually progress to higher end.
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4.

Markscheme (submax 8 marks) 20 marks in total SEE SAMS FOR UNIT G453 FOR LEVELS MARK SCHEME METHODOLOGY Indicative content 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (Stage 2) is Krebs cycle/TCA/citric acid cycle Pyruvic acid is broken down/converted to form acetyl CoA/Coenzyme A A complex cyclical series of reactions occur In which acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid/citric acid is formed CO2 is formed Hydrogen is removed/oxidation occurs

7. 8. 9.

There is an energy yield of 2 molecules of ATP Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated The reaction occurs in the (matrix) of the mitochondria

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10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

(Stage 3) is the electron transport system/chain/ETS/ETC Hydrogen atoms are transported to the cristae of the mitochondria Where electrons are removed/oxidative phosphorylation Hydrogen ions combine with O2/water is formed There is an energy yield of 34 molecules of ATP/total energy yield 34 38 ATP

(dietary manipulation) 15. 16. 17. 18. Use of carbohydrate/glycogen loading Glycogen stores are depleted a week before competition By heavy training/eating a diet rich in protein/fats/low in carbohydrates 3 - 4 days prior to competition training is tapered/reduced/performer eats a diet rich in carbohydrate The body compensates for its previous lack of carbohydrate Storing more glycogen than before/increasing glycogen levels Benefits endurance/robic athletes/games players (Negative effect) is quality of training may be compromised/feelings of weakness during glycogen depletion stage (Negative effect) is possible weight increase/water retention/muscle stiffness/ soreness (Negative effect) could be possible depression/irritability during the depletion phase

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

(pre-competition meal) 25. 26. 27. 28. These should be eaten 2-4 hours before competition To ensure that glycogen stores are high Glucose can also be eaten immediately before competition Benefits any performer who relies on the breakdown of glycogen for energy e.g. aerobic performer/games player

29. 30.

(Negative effect) if consumes too close to competition can have detrimental effect (Negative effect) high blood glucose levels will stimulate the release of insulin that will remove glucose from the blood stream/causing early fatigue/ hypoglycaemia

(post competition meal) 31. 32. 33. 34. The optimal time is within 2 hours of end of exercise As rate of muscle glycogen replacement is at its quickest Eat a carbohydrate rich meal Benefits any performer who has used glycogen as their fuel for exercise e.g. aerobic performer/games player
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Clayesmore School

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