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A Summary of Classical Lamination Theory
A Summary of Classical Lamination Theory
Figure 1. Definition of general coordinate axes. Figure 2. Example laminate stacking sequences. Note that the t, s, and 2 outside of the parenthesis should be subscript.
The t stands for truncate, the s for symmetrical (implying the listed sequences should be mirrored across the laminates midplane) and the 2 outside of the parenthesis means that sequence is repeated twice. The fiber angles are measured from a general coordinate system defined in figure 2. (Note that the positive z axis points down.) While the whole laminate is defined according to this x-y-z coordinate system, in an individual ply, the 11 direction indicates the fiber direction, and the 22 direction is normal to the fiber direction. Material Properties In addition to the stacking sequence of the laminate, the material properties of the composite material must be defined. The following properties must be defined: - Mechanical Elasticity (E11, E22, G12, and 12) - Environmental Elasticity (11 , 22 , 11 , 22 ) which represent thermal and moisture expansion, respectively. Mechanical and Environmental Loads Finally, the mechanical and Environmental loads must be defined: - Normal Forces (Nxx, Nyy, Nxy) - Moment (twisting) forces (Mxx, Myy, Mxy) - Environmental (T and M in Celsius and % Moisture, respectively)
2 11 12 11 22 , 12 = 2 12 22 11 12 22
22 =
11 22 , 2 11 12 22
66 = 12
2. Calculate the transformed reduced stiffness matrix for each ply based on the reduced stiffness matrix and fiber angle. Where 11 = 11 cos 4 + 2 12 + 266 cos 2 sin 2 + 22 sin 4 12 = 21 = 12 cos 4 + sin 4 + 11 + 22 466 cos 2 sin 2 16 = 61 = 11 12 266 cos 3 sin 22 12 266 cos sin 3 22 = 11 sin 4 + 2 12 + 266 cos 2 sin 2 + 22 cos 4 26 = 62 = 11 12 266 cos sin 3 22 12 266 cos 3 sin 66 = 11 + 22 212 266 cos 2 sin 2 + 66 (cos 4 + sin 4 ) 11 = 12 16 12 22 26 16 26 66
3. Calculate the Aij, Bij, Dij matrices using the following equations where z represents the vertical position in the ply from the midplane measured in meters:
= 1 = 2
=1
=1
( 1 )
2 2 ( 1) 3 3 ( 1)
1 = 3
=1
4. Assemble ABD: =
5. Calculate inverse of ABD: abd = ABD-1 6. Calculate thermal and moisture expansion coefficients for each ply: Calculate the effective thermal and moisture expansion coefficients for each ply: =11 cos 2 +22 sin 2 =11 sin 2 +22 cos 2 = 2 cos sin (11 22 ) = 11 cos 2 + 22 sin 2 = 11 sin 2 + 22 cos 2 = 2 cos sin (11 22 ) Calculate thermal and moisture stress and moment resultants: Thermal Resultants:
=
=1
[11 + 12 + 16 ] [ 1 ] [12 + 22 + 26 ] [ 1 ]
=1
[16 + 26 + 66 ] [ 1 ]
=1 2 2 [11 + 12 + 16 ] [ 1] =1 2 2 [12 + 22 + 26 ] [ 1] =1 2 2 [16 + 26 + 66 ] [ 1] =1
2 2 2
Moisture Resultants:
=
=1
[11 + 12 + 16 ] [ 1 ] [12 + 22 + 26 ] [ 1 ]
=1
[16 + 26 + 66 ] [ 1 ]
=1 2 2 [11 + 12 + 16 ] [ 1] =1 2 2 [12 + 22 + 26 ] [ 1] =1 2 2 [16 + 26 + 66 ] [ 1] =1
2 2 2
7. Calculate midplane strains and curvatures induced in the laminate. These represent the deflections of the laminate.
0 11 0 12 16 0 = 11 12 16
12 22 26 12 22 26
16 26 66 16 26 66
11 12 16 11 12 16
12 22 26 12 22 26
+ + 16 + + 16 + + 66 + 16 + + 26 + 66 + +
8. For each ply a. Calculate ply strains in the x-y coordinate system
0 0 = + 0