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GF 1
GF 1
Gaseous Fuels
Gaseous fuels are those which are burnt in gaseous sate in air or oxygen to provide heat
Can be produced at a central location and clean gas can be distributed over a wide area. Nuisance of smoke production and ash disposal eliminated at point of fuel utilization. Greater control of variation in demand, conditions of combustion and nature of flame and heating atmosphere possible. Greater economy by use of efficient heat exchange methods possible. Gaseous fuels require far less excess air for complete combustion.
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Its high specific volume results in displacement of air in premixed combustion systems. Hence power produced with gaseous fuels is less when compared to solid and liquid fuels. Due to its high specific volume, gaseous fuel containers are much larger than those for liquid fuels.
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Natural Gas
The only gas occurring in nature. Origin is believed to be organic and not due to methanation of carbon dioxide with hydrogen, both mineral in origin. May be found with (associated) or without (unassociated) crude oil. Contains 60 to 90% methane, rest are propane, butane, heavier and more complex hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and nitrogen plus some helium.
Natural Gas
Certain processes have to be carried out. 1. Separation of liquid and gas. Liquid may be a hydrocarbon present in the gas well along with the gas. 2. Dehydration. Water is corrosive and hydrates may form which will plug the flow. Water will also reduce the calorific value of the gas. 3. Desulfurization. Presence of hydrogen sulfide is undesirable. The gas is called sour. When the sulfur is removed the gas is sweetened.
Natural Gas
Natural gas may be used as 1. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). 2. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Natural gas when made artificially it is called substitute, or synthetic or supplemental natural gas (SNG).
Natural Gas
Natural gas has 90-95% methane plus 04% nitrogen, 4% ethane and 1-2% propane. Methane is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential approximately 4 times that of carbon dioxide. Its C/H ratio is lower than that of gasoline so its CO2 emissions are 22-25% lower (54.9 compared to 71.9 g CO2/MJ fuel).
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There are some advantages also: Particulate emissions are very low relative to diesel fuel. Lower adiabatic flame temperature (~2240K) compared to gasoline (~2310K) due to its higher product water content, giving lower NOx. Operating under lean conditions will also lower peak combustion temperatures giving lower NOx.
Water gas
Water gas is a synthesis gas, containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is a useful product but requires careful handling because of the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. The gas is made by passing steam over red-hot coke: C + H2O CO + H2 The reaction is endothermic so the coke must be continually reheated to keep the reaction going. At low temperature the following reaction takes place C + 2H2O CO2 + 2H2 This is usually heated by alternating the steam stream with an air stream. Following exothermic reactions take palce C + O2 CO2 2C + O2 2CO
Producer Gas
It comprises mainly of CO & N2. It is produced in a furnace called producer, by blowing air or a mixture of air and steam through hot bed of solid fuels ( coal / coke ). Producer gas made from coal or coke has the following composition & properties:
CO CH4 H2 CO2 N2
= 20 30 % =03% = 11 20 % =46% = 46 55 %
C.V. = 1250 1550 kcal/Nm3 Sp. Gr. = 0.85 0.90 Combustion Air Requirement = 1 1.3 Nm3/Nm3 of producer gas
Gobar Gas
Gobar gas is obtained by the fermentation of gobar (cattle dung) in the absence of air. The refuse material can still be used as a fertilizer. It consists mainly CH4 and CO2. Two main products of gobar gas plant are fuel gas and manure. A farmer with 5 or more cattle can install a gobar gas plant.
Gobar Gas
Typical composition & properties are shown below:
CH4 CO2 = = 60 30 % %
H2
9.5%
N2 = 0.5% H2S & O2 = Trace Ignition Temperature = 650 C Octane Rating = 110 C.V. = 5400 kcal/Nm3 Explosion Limit in Air = 5 15 % Air/Gas Ratio for Complete Combustion=10 : 1
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22-25 %
16-20 % 4-5% 51-55 % 0.2- 0.5%
Wood Gas
Wood gas is obtained either by carbonization of wood in metal retorts or by gasification of wood. It is a medium C.V. gas not of much commercial interest It can be used in engines, stoves and furnaces by mixing with their proper fuels.
Combustion calculations
Example: Octane is burnt with 10 % excess air. Calculate (a) Air/Fuel Ratio by weight (b) Air/Fuel ratio by volume (c) Weight of dry exhaust gas formed per unit weight of fuel (d) Volume of exhaust gas at 1 atm and 260 C per unit weight of fuel Sp. Gr. Of Octane may be assumed as 0.7
Combustion Calculations
Example Nos. 5-38 (Self Study) 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,33, 34, 35,36, 37, 38