Power Transmission and Distribution

Calculation Example

Parallel Line Protection with Distance Relay With and without mutual compensation

Date: 20.03.13 Rev. 1.0

Nuremberg PTD EA 13 Gustav Steynberg

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1. Aim of example
This example will show how to apply the distance protection on parallel lines, giving a calculation method for zone reach settings. The user must decide if parallel line compensation is applied or if it is sufficient to modify the ground fault reach as illustrated. Other options such as switching over parameter sets for different line conditions is only mentioned in passing.

2. Line data used for the example

The data that will be used for this example, as well as the circuit used to model the fault data is shown below.

Figure 1: Single line diagram for this example

Parameter Rated Voltage Operating voltage p.u. Short circuit power R/X ratio R0/R1 ratio X0/X1 ratio
Table 1: Source data for model system

Source B00041 500 kV 1.05 4762 MVA 0.0304 3.57 0.9157 following data

B00611 500 kV 1.037 16329 MVA 0.0326 0.3006 0.5708

The two parallel lines B0022 and B0049 have the Parameter Rated Voltage Line length R1 positive sequence resistance per km X1 positive sequence reactance per km Cb line capaciatance per km C0 zero sequence capaciatance per km R0/R1 ratio X0/X1 ratio R0M zero sequence mutual resistance per km X0M zero sequence mutual reactance per km
Table 2: Line data for model system

500 kV 10 km 0.0389 Ohm/km 0.3961Ohm/km 10 nF/km 5 nF/km 6.05 3.61 0.1953 Ohm/km 0.7454 Ohm/km

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The connection between busbar N0001 and N0006 (B00681) is simulated with the following line data Parameter Rated Voltage 500 kV Line length 100 km R1 positive sequence resistance per km 0.9435 Ohm/km X1 positive sequence reactance per km 8.9642Ohm/km Cb line capaciatance per km 5 nF/km C0 zero sequence capaciatance per km 2 nF/km R0/R1 ratio 20 X0/X1 ratio 20
Table 3: Data for connection B00681 between the source busbars

From the line data given in Table 2, the following parameters for diatance relay setting can be calculated:

RE = RL

R0

R1 3

XE = XL

X0

X1 3

R E 6.05 1 = RL 3 RE = 1.68 RL

X E 3.61 1 = XL 3 XE = 0.87 XL

3. Distance settings for Zone 1 Relay at B00181

The reach setting for the first zone is set to cover as much of the protected line as possible but ensuring at the same time that no overreach occurs. The parallel line does not affect the phase to phase measuring loops, so the settings for the reach is initially done without consideration of the parallel line: X1 (zone 1 reach in X direction) = 80% of X1 times the line length:

X 1 = 0.8 0.3961 10 X 1 = 3.169prim

In this example no special consideration is given to the arc resistance coverage, so set the resistance reach the same as the X reach. For the phase to ground loop the parallel line will cause an over or underreach depending on the direction of earth current flow in the parallel line. To avoid overreach of the zone 1, the setting applied for XE/XL may be made smaller than the value calculated from the line data in chapter 2 above. The following may be used to calculate the modified XE/XL setting parameter for Zone 1 that applies when the parallel line is in service:

k XER = 1 + k XEL + k XEM rI 0 1

whereby

. Equation 1

kXER = modified XE/XL setting for Zone1

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kXEL = XE/XL calculated with line data = 0.87 kXEM = mutual coupling factor calculated with line data (X0M/3XL) rI0 = ratio of zero sequence current on parallel line to protected line (note direction)

k XEM = k XEM = k XEM

X 0M 3 X L

0.7454 3 0.3961 = 0.627

If the infeeds from the two busbars feeding the parallel lines is about the same, then the zero sequence current in the parallel line for faults close to the set reach limit (80%) will flow in the same direction in both the faulted and unfaulted line (viewed from the relay with the fault at 80%). This would cause underreach of zone 1. In this example it is apparent that the right hand source has a much stronger infeed. It must therefore be checked to see in which direction the parallel line current flows when a phase to ground fault is applied at 80% from busbar N0001. The ratio of the two earth currents must then also be determined. Fault at 80% Earth Current AG B00181 4200 A at 4.5 degrees B00451 490A at 170 degrees

Table 4: Earth current for fault AG at 80% from B00181 along line B0022 with both lines in service

With the data from Table 4 the value of rI0 can be calculated (note that they flow in opposite direction):

490 4200 rIO = 0.117 rIO =

If all these results are substituted in equation 1:

k XER = 1 + 0.87 + 0.627 (0.117) 1 k XER = 0.797

As this setting is smaller than the XE/XL result calculated with line parameters, the relay will underreach with this setting if the parallel line is out of service. The modified setting is smaller because the earth currents on the two parallel lines flow in opposite directions for an earth fault at the zone 1 reach limit of 80%. The further condition when the parallel line is open and earthed at both ends must be considered seperately. This condition will generally cause overreach if no special measures are applied. As this is not a normal operating condition, parameter set change-over is commonly applied for this condition. To calculate the modified XE/XL setting for this condition when the parallel line is open and earthed at both ends with equation 1, the ratio of parallel to protected line earth current must be obtained for an earth fault at the end of the line (100%). These two earth currents will be in opposite directions:

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Fault at 100% Earth Current AG

B00181 3320 A at 2.1 degrees

B00451 1760A at 176.8 degrees

Table 5: Earth current for fault AG at 100% from B00181 along line B0022 with line B0049 open and earthed at both ends

With the data from Table 5 the value of rI0 can be calculated:

1760 3320 rIO = 0.530 rIO =

If this parameter is substituted in equation 1:

k XER = 1 + 0.87 + 0.627 (0.53) 1 k XER = 0.538

This setting value of XE/XL will accommodate the earth fault at 100% of the line B0022 when the parallel line B0049 is open and earthed at both ends.

4. Distance settings for Zone 1 Relay at B00291

For the relay at the opposite line end the same applies. In this case the earth current will however be in the same direction on both the faulted and parallel line as the right source is the strong infeed. Fault at 80% Earth Current AG B00291 9800 A at 2.7 degrees B00561 5670A at 2.7 degrees

Table 6: Earth current for fault AG at 80% from B00291 along line B0022

With the data from Table 6 the value of rI0 can be calculated:

5670 9800 rIO = 0.579 rIO =

If all these results are substituted in equation 1:

k XER = 1 + 0.87 + 0.627 0.579 1 k XER = 1.233

As this setting is larger than the XE/XL result calculated with line parameters, the relay will overreach with this setting if the parallel line is out of service. The further condition when the parallel line is open and earthed at both ends must be considered seperately. This condition will generally cause overreach if no special measures are applied. As this is not a normal operating condition, parameter set change-over is commonly applied for this condition. To calculate the modified XE/XL setting for this condition when the parallel line is open and earthed at both ends with equation 1, the ratio of parallel to protected line earth current must be obtained for an earth fault at the end of the line (100%). These two earth currents will be in opposite directions: Fault at 100% B00291 B00561

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Earth Current AG

14300 A at -2.6 degrees

7570A at 172.1 degrees

Table 7: Earth current for fault AG at 100% from B00291 along line B0022 with line B0049 open and earthed at both ends

With the data from Table 7 the value of rI0 can be calculated:

7570 14300 rIO = 0.529 rIO =

If this parameter is substituted in equation 1:

k XER = 1 + 0.87 + 0.627 (0.529) 1 k XER = 0.538

This setting value of XE/XL will accommodate the earth fault at 100% of the line B0022 when the parallel line B0049 is open and earthed at both ends.

5. Summary of setting options and modelling results

Earth faults at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the line length are simulated. The 3 line conditions, both lines in service, parallel line open and parallel line open and earthed at both ends are used. The relay reach with the calculated XE/XL settings is then evaluated with these results. The results are given in tabular form below: Fault positio n from B0018 1 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Measured fault position with relevant XE/XL setting Both lines in service Parallel line open Parallel line open and earthed at both ends 0.87 0% 21% 44% 71% 130 % 0.797 0% 21% 45% 73% 130 % 0.538 0% 25% 53% 86% 150% 0.87 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 0.797 0% 27% 53% 78% 103% 0.538 0% 30% 61% 90% 117 % 0.87 0% 34% 62% 82% 86% 0.797 0% 35% 64% 85% 90% 0.538 0% 42% 73% 97% 100%

Table 8: Reach of relay at B00181

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Fault positio n from B0029 1 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Measured fault position with relevant XE/XL setting Both lines in service Parallel line open Parallel line open and earthed at both ends 0.87 0% 26% 54% 88% 135 % 1.233 0% 21% 45% 74% 112 % 0.538 0% 31% 66% 107% 163% 0.87 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 1.233 0% 21% 42% 63% 85% 0.538 0% 31% 62% 92% 122 % 0.87 0% 25% 47% 67% 83% 1.233 0% 21% 39% 56% 70% 0.538 0% 30% 58% 81% 100%

Table 9: Reach of relay at B00291

As expected, when the line configuration matches the conditions used to determine the setting of XE/XL, the relay reach is accurate (in some cases this only applies at the set zone 1 reach of 80%). From Table 8 it is clear that only the condition parallel line open and earthed at both ends can result in an overreach condition by Zone1. With the XE/XL setting that applies to this condition (0.538) this overreach is avoided. This setting also provides more than 50% coverage of the line under all other conditions. In Table 9, for the right hand side, the reach modifications due to the parallel line are more severe. Here also the parallel line open condition comes close to overreach with the setting for both lines in service (1.233). The setting for parallel line open and earthed (0.538) however again avoids overreach under all conditions and safely covers more than 50% of the line with zone 1.

6. Conclusion
If the zero sequence parallel line compensation can not be done by measurement connection of the parallel feeder earth current to the I4 current measuring input, adaption of the settings is necessary to ensure selective tripping with the Zone 1 of the distance protection. If possible, the condition when the parallel line is open and earthed at both ends should be signalled to the relay so that a parameter set switch over can be applied for this special condition. For this condition activate a parameter set with the XE/XL setting equal to 0.538 in this example. For other (normal) system conditions the XE/XL setting for parallel line open (0.87) can be applied in this example. This setting does not overreach and ensures more than 50% coverage under all conditions. If the parallel open and earthed condition cannot be signalled to the relay, use a fixed setting for XE/XL. In this example apply the value 0.538 which never causes overreach and still obtains more then 50% coverage under all conditions.

7. Fault Resistance
When at the one line end there is a very strong infeed in comparison to the other end, the fault resistance coverage at the weak infeed end may present a problem for the distance protection. To analyze this, the fault resistance (ohmic) and arc resistance must be considered separately. The arc resistance is characterized by a fixed arc voltage, independent of the magnitude of current flowing through it. The fault resistance however has a current dependant voltage (Ohms Law) across it. It is therefore apparent that the fault resistance presents the most difficult conditions.

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The above diagram (Figure 2-28) from the 7SA6 relay manual can be used to calculate the required resistance reach for Zone 1. The relay at B00181 has the weaker infeed and will be analyzed as this will require the largest R setting. The following equations from the 7SA6 relay manual will be used:

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In this example, for a fault at 80% along the line B0022 measured by relay at B00181: I1 I2 I1/I2 4600 A 17600 A 0.261

For the arc voltage a value of 20 kV is assumed, this corresponds to an arc length of approximately 8 m. The corresponding arc resistance is given by the following:

Rarc = Rarc Rarc

U arc I1 + I 2 20000 = 4600 + 17600 = 0.9Ohm

As no information regarding the tower footing resistance is available a value of 3 Ohm is assumed (typical values where overhead ground wires are present are less). The required reach setting for Zone 1 earth fault reach therefore is:

18600 0.9 + 3 R1E = 1.2 1 + 4870 1 + 1.68 R1E = 8.41Ohm

As the calculated primary Zone 1 reach in X direction (80%) was calculated to be 3.169 Ohm, this results in a large ratio between R and X reach (R1E / X1 = 2.65). The zone reduction angle will have to be set accordingly. (Refer to relay manual). Simulation of an AG fault at 80%, with the parallel line open and 3.9 Ohm fault resistance produces the following relay reach measurement:

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RE/RL 1.68 1.68 1.68

XE/XL 0.87 1.233 0.538

Measured R 8.45 8.45 8.45

Measured X 2.75 2.35 3.25

Zone 1 R coverage with Line angel = 84 degrees [8.41 + X/tan(84)] 8.70 8.65 8.74 (max X impedance is outside Zone 1 setting of 3.169)

Table 10: Impedance measured by relay at B00181 during AG fault at 80% along line B0022 with 3.9 Ohm fault resistance.

As shown in Table 10, the fault at the reach limit of Zone 1 with the worst case fault resistance will always be covered by the calculated RE1 setting. Similar calculation can be applied for the relay at the remote end. When the parallel line is in service, the weak infeed end will have stronger infeed current so that the influence of the resistor will be less pronounced.