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CSC/ECE 791B Survivable Networks SONET Protection Switching
George N. Rouskas
Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University
CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching
Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.1
Outline
1. Protection Switching Architectures 2. SONET Ring Types 3. Two-Fiber Protection 4. Four-Fiber Protection 5. Automatic Switching Protocol (APS)
Protection Switching
Network must continue to provide reliable services even in the presence of failures errors poor signal quality Protection techniques: ensure survivability involve the provision of redundant capacity reroute trafc when failures occur
APS Protocol
OAM protocol detects abnormal conditions Automatic protection switching (APS) protocol: switches trafc from working to protection entity upon failure no manual intervention Manual intervention necessary for repairing failed entity Revertive or non-revertive operation ATM protection techniques and APS protocol very similar
Non-Ring APS
Four architectures: 1. 1+1 switching 2. 1:1 switching 3. 1:n switching 4. m:n switching T-carrier employed protection switching
1+1 Switching
Protection path
Bridge
Selector
Source
Sink
Working path
Protection Domain
CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.6
1:1 Switching
Protection path
Bridge
Selector
Source
Sink
Working path
Protection Domain
CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.7
Extra Trafc Capability

Extra trafc: low priority, not protected trafc occupies protection entity under normal operation (no failures) preempted (dumped) when working entity fails and protected trafc switched over to protection entity sold at deep discount
1:n Switching
Switch Protection path Switch
Switch
Selector
Source n
Sink n
Source 2
Sink 2
Source 1
Sink 1
Working path Protection Domain
Protection in the Access Network
CO
Same feeder, Diverse sheath
CO
Same feeder, Diverse conduit
Business
Business
CO Different feeders, Diverse route Business
CO Different feeders, Different COs Business
CO
SONET Rings
Self-healing rings: services automatically restored following a failure or signal degradation restoration times less than 60 ms Deploy ber for loop diversity: 1. separate ber sheath 2. separate conduits 3. route diversity: take different physical routes from src to dest
SONET Ring Types
Attribute Number of bers per link Direction of the signal Level of protection switching
Choices 2-ber 4-ber Unidirectional Bidirectional Line switching Path switching
Unidirectional Rings
Only one direction around the ring used for two-way communication
Asymmetric delays
All working trafc travels in clockwise direction Opposite direction used for protection
Unidirectional Rings (contd)
NE 1 Span #8 Span #4
Span #1 Span # 5 Span #6
NE 2 Span #2
NE 4
Span #7 Span #3
NE 3
Bidirectional Rings
Physically indistinguishable from unidirectional rings; difference is in direction of trafc ow Under normal routing, both directions of a connection: travel along ring through same ring nodes travel in two opposite directions
Symmetric delays
Working trafc in both clockwise and counter-clockwise direction If links between NE1-NE2 fail, protection switching uses spans between NE2-NE3, NE3-NE4, and NE4-NE1
Bidirectional Rings (contd)
NE 1 Span #8 Span #4
Span #1 Span # 5 Span #6
NE 2 Span #2
NE 4
Span #7 Span #3
NE 3
2-Fiber vs. 4-Fiber Rings

2 or 4 bers between each pair of SONET nodes in the ring 2-ber rings robust enough for small geographical area (within city) may survive single failure, will partition with two or more 4-ber rings used for regional, national backbones may survive multiple failures 4 ber unidirectional rings: quite uncommon 2-ber vs. 4-ber bidirectional rings
2-Fiber Bidirectional Ring

Span #1 Working channels Span #1 Protection channels Span #5 Working channels Span #5 Protection channels
NE1
NE2
Each ber span carries both working-trafc channels and protection channels At most half the channels on each ber can carry working trafc
4-Fiber Bidirectional Ring

Span 1A Working channels Span 1B Protection channels Span 5A Working channels Span 5B Protection channels
NE1
NE2
Working and protection pairs carried over different bers Twice as much ber cable, but each ber can be used to capacity
Path Switching vs. Line Switching

Concepts valid in general mesh networks (not just rings) Path switching: restoration of trafc handled by source/destination of each affected trafc stream source/destination reroute trafc in the event of a failure somewhere in the route affected trafc streams may take different protection routes also called path protection implemented in a 1+1 or 1:n arrangements
Path Switching vs. Line Switching (contd)

Line switching: restoration of trafc is handled by the nodes at the ends of failed link, not the sources/destinations Two ways to implement: 1. span protection: if a ber is cut between two nodes, trafc is switched to another ber between same two nodes 2. line protection: trafc is switched to another route through the network between the same two nodes all affected trafc streams take same protection route
Path Switching vs. Line Switching (contd)
Connection (a) Normal operation (b) Path switched restoration (path protection)
(c) Span protection, a form of line switching

(d) Line protection, another form of line switching

Common SONET Ring Types

All 8 ring types are possible, but three have become common: 1. UPSR: two-ber unidirectional path-switched rings 2. BLSR/2: two-ber bidirectional line-switched rings 3. BLSR/4: four-ber bidirectional line-switched rings
UPSR
1+1 protection: trafc from A to B sent simultaneously on working/protection bers B monitors both bers, selects the better signal Fast restoration: action required only at receivers no need for complicated signaling (APS) protocol But: asymmetric delays not a problem for voice trafc problem for TCP window ow control
UPSR (contd)
NE 1
NE 2
NE 4 Working traffic Protection traffic

NE 3 Working fiber Protection fiber

UPSR (contd)
No spatial reuse: a bidirectional connection uses capacity on each link of ring max trafc on ring equal to link speed No limit on number of nodes, length of ring Simple, easy to implement, low cost Popular in lower-speed local exchange and access networks
BLSR/4
Two bers for working trafc, two bers for protection Working trafc carried on both directions along the ring Trafc routed on shortest path between end nodes Spatial reuse: each connection uses capacity only on shortest path aggregate trafc can signicantly exceed link speed shortest path routing maximizes spatial reuse Extra trafc capability (1:1 protection)
BLSR/4 (contd)
NE 1 NE 2
NE 4 Working fiber Working traffic

NE 3 Protection fiber
BLSR/4 Protection Mechanisms

Span protection: trafc switched to protection ber between two nodes where failure occurred transmitter/receiver failures on a working ber working ber cuts Line protection: trafc rerouted around the ring on protection bers cuts of both protection and working bers along a link node failures
BLSR/4 Normal Operation
Working NE 1 Protection NE 2 NE 3
NE 6
NE 5
NE 4
BLSR/4 Span Protection
NE 6
NE 5
NE 4
BLSR/4 Line Protection
NE 6
NE 5
NE 4
BLSR/2
Protection bers embedded within working bers Both bers used to carry working trafc Half the capacity on each ber reserved for protection Span protection not possible Line protection similar to BLSR/4: upon link failure, trafc rerouted along other part of ring using protection capacity on two bers trafc mapping a tricky problem extra trafc capability (1:1 protection)
BLSR/2 Normal Operation

OC-12 BLSR/2 with 12 STS-1s
STS-1 #3 NE 1 W: 1-6 P: 7-12 W: 1-6 P: 7-12 NE 2 W: 1-6 P: 7-12 W: 1-6 P: 7-12 NE 3 STS-1 #3
W: 1-6 P: 7-12 NE 5 NE 4
W: 1-6 P: 7-12
W: 1-6 P: 7-12
W: 1-6 P: 7-12
W: 1-6 P: 7-12
W: 1-6 P: 7-12
BLSR/2 Line Switching

W: 1-6 P: 7-12 NE 2 W: 1-6 P: 7-12 NE 3
STS-1 #3 NE 1
STS-1 #3
W: 1-6 P: 7-12 NE 5 NE 4
W: 1-6 P: 7-12
W: 1-6 P: 7-12
W: 1-6 P: 7-12
W: 1-6 P: 7-12
W: 1-6 P: 7-12
BLSRs
More efcient than UPSRs for distributed trafc patterns Protection capacity shared among all connections Example: 10-node ring, 1.5 Mbps between adjacent nodes UPSR requires 15 Mbps protection capacity on each ber BLSR/2 requires 1.5 Mbps protection capacity on each ber
BLSRs (contd)
Maximum number of nodes: 16 Maximum ring length: 1200 Km (6 ms propagation delay) BLSRs deployed in regional/national high-speed (OC-48, OC-192) networks BLSR/4 can handle more failures than BLSR/2
SONET Matched Nodes
ADM
ADM
ADM
SONET Ring #1
ADM
MN MN
MN MN
ADM
SONET Ring #2
ADM
1+1 protection ADM ADM
Automatic Protection Switching (APS)

APS takes place at the SONET line level Very complex task ANSI APS document (T1.105.01-998) 100 pages long! Only basic operation explained here Emphasis on role of K1, K2 bytes of LOH ATM APS protocol similar, K1, K2 bytes in APS ATM cells
APS Objective
Whether trafc is received over the working or protection ber is determined by: 1. the status of the bridge at source node 2. the status of the selector at destination node Objective: establish agreement between source and destination regarding the status of bridge/selector K1, K2 LOH bytes used by APS protocol for this purpose
APS Events
Protection switching: a change in the current position of the bridge/selector Initiated due to certain events: 1. externally initiated commands, e.g., forced switch, manual switch, lockout of protection, etc. 2. automatically initiated command, e.g., loss of signal (LOS), loss of frame (LOF), signal degrade (due to parity errors), etc.
APS Protocol: K1, K2 bytes

K1 byte: switch request (protection switching event) 4 bits destination node 4 bits max 16 SONET nodes K2 byte: source node 4 bits long/short bit status (of bridge/selector) 3 bits Source/destination use K1, K2 bytes to coordinate protection switching actions
APS Protocol Operation

Each node: uses local priority logic to rank (possibly many) local events encodes highest priority event E1 into K1 byte to be sent extracts event E2 last received by remote entity uses global priority logic to rank events E1, E2 let E be the highest priority event among E1, E2: sets the status of local bridge/selector based on E encodes status in the K2 byte to be sent if status = status of last K2 byte received, mismatch alarm
WDM SONET Rings

1.
W point-to-point rings, each on one of W wavelengths high cost: W OADMs, SONET ADMs at each node
independent rings severe electro-optic bottleneck
2. Static virtual topology, based on trafc pattern fewer OADMs, SONET ADMs, alleviates bottleneck 3. Dynamic virtual topology requires sophisticated OXCs, trafc grooming capabilities

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CSC/ECE 791B Survivable Networks SONET Protection Switching

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.1

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.2

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.3

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.4

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.5

Extra Trafc Capability

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.8

Working path Protection Domain

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.9

Protection in the Access Network

Same feeder, Diverse sheath

Same feeder, Diverse conduit

CO Different feeders, Diverse route Business

CO Different feeders, Different COs Business

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.10

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.11

SONET Ring Types

Choices 2-ber 4-ber Unidirectional Bidirectional Line switching Path switching

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.12

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.13

Unidirectional Rings (contd)

Span #1 Span # 5 Span #6

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.14

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.15

Bidirectional Rings (contd)

Span #1 Span # 5 Span #6

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.16

2-Fiber vs. 4-Fiber Rings

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.17

2-Fiber Bidirectional Ring

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

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4-Fiber Bidirectional Ring

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

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Path Switching vs. Line Switching

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.20

Path Switching vs. Line Switching (contd)

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.21

Path Switching vs. Line Switching (contd)

(c) Span protection, a form of line switching

(d) Line protection, another form of line switching

Common SONET Ring Types

CSC/ECE 791B, Spring 2008: SONET Protection Switching

Copyright c 2007 by George N. Rouskas p.23