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Membrane
Membrane
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION AIMS THEORY APPARATUS PROCEDURE RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDICES 2 3 4 5 9 9 11 12 14 16 17 18
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The AFC 99 is rated with 99% NaCl rejection at maximum pressure and temperature which is 64 bar and 80 whereas the AFC 40 has 60% CaCl2 rejection at 60 bar and 60 Both of
these membranes use in operation of reverse osmosis. Meanwhile, the CA 202 is rated with apparent retentation of 2000 MWCO and the FP 100 is 100000 MWCO. Both of these two membranes use in ultrafiltration process which CA 202 operates at 25 bars and 30 the FP 100 is at 10 bar and 80 while
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AIMS
To study the characteristics of membrane by performing a characteristic study on 4 different types of membranes.
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This figure is examples of different substance that correspondence to the pore size of the membrane separation method. Reverse osmosis separates aqueous ionic solutions of different concentration. There is an osmotic pressure when the solvent moves from an area of high water potential to low water potential so that equal ionic concentrations on each side of membranes. When a hydraulic pressure is applied to the concentrated solution which is greater and in reverse to the osmotic pressure, water molecules will pass to dilute solution side through the membrane. This process can separate water from ions and low-molecular weight organic constituents. Ultrafiltration enables precise separation, concentration and purification of dissolved and suspended constituents based on the relative molecular size of substance. Microfiltration membranes enable efficient and precise separation as well as concentration of suspended and colloidal particles.
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REVERSE OSMOSIS
ULTRAFILTRATION
MICROFILTRATION
The membrane separation techniques utilized in the dairy industry serve different purposes:
RO -used for dehydration of whey, UF permeate and condensate. NF -used when partial desalination of whey, UF permeates or retentate is required. UF -typically used for concentration of milk proteins in milk and whey and for protein standardization of milk intended for cheese, yoghurt and some other products.
MF -basically used for reduction of bacteria in skim milk, whey and brine, but also for defatting whey intended for whey protein concentrate (WPC) and for protein fractionation.
Many theoretical models and the identification of new factors controlling flux, J or mass transfer through membranes have been proposed. The build-up of deposited materials on the surface has introduced the terms of hydrodynamic resistance which are the best outlined basic operating patterns.
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The flux J will be given by: J= = = (1) is a variable depending on the applied pressure and time (the
compressible deposit), so that the expression requires a numerical solution. A useful method for the effects of cross-flow removal of depositing materials is to write: J= (2)
Removal of solute by cross-flow is sometime assumed constant, and equal to the convective particle transport at steady state which can be obtained experimentally or from an
appropriate model. In many situation however, steady state of filtration is seldom achieve. In such case, it is possible to describe the time dependence of filtration by introducing an efficiency factor, , representing the fraction of filtered material remaining deposit rather than being swept along by the bulk flow. This gives: RC = , where o < <1 (3)
Although deposition also occurs during ultrafiltration, an equally important factor controlling flux is concentration polarization.
a) Applied pressure
b) ln CA
c) ln (cross-flow velocity)
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As long as concentration Cw is less than Cg, Cw will increase with pressure, but the moment Cw equals to Cg, an increase in bring about an increase of the layer resistance Rp, and the flux will no longer vary with pressure. Assuming no fouling effect, the membrane resistance Rm can be calculate from the flux equation below: J= The slope obtain from the plot of flux J vs be express by the rejection coefficient, R R= Where Cf is final macrosolute concentration in the retentate C0 is initial macrosolute concentration V0 is initial volume Vf is final retentate volume (7) is equals to (6) the retention of any solute can
This expression assumed complete mixing of retentate seldom accomplishes due to concentration polarization. The apparent rejection coefficient depends on factors affecting polarization including UF rate and mixing. For material entirely rejected, the rejection coefficient is 1 (100% rejection); for freely permeable material it is zero.
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APPARATUS
The membrane test unit (TR14) Sodium chloride solution
PROCEDURE
General start-up procedures
1. Ensure all valves are initially closed. 2. Prepare a sodium chloride solution by adding 100 gram of sodium chloride into 20 litre of water. 3. Fill up the tank with the salt solution prepared in step 2. The feed shall always be maintained at room temperature. 4. Turn on the power for the control panel. Check that all sensors and indicators are functioning properly. 5. Switch on the thermostat and make sure that the thermo oil is above the coil inside thermostat. Check that the thermostat connections are properly fitted. 6. The unit is now ready for experiments.
Procedures
1. The general start-up is performed. 2. Valves V2, V5, V7, V11 and V15 are opened. 3. The plunger pump (P1) is switched on and valve V5 is slowly closed to set the maximum working pressure at 20 bars. The pressure value at pressure gauge is observed and the pressure regulator is adjusted to 20 bars. 4. Valve V5 is opened. Membrane maximum inlet pressure is set to 18 bars for membrane 1 by adjusting the retentate control valve (V15). 5. The system is allowed to run for 5 minutes. The sample is collected from permeate sampling port and the sample is weighed using digital weighing balance. The weight of permeates every 1 minutes for 10 minutes. 6. Step 1 to 5 for membrane 2, 3 and 4 are repeated. The respective valves are open and close and membrane maximum inlet pressure is adjusted for every membrane. Membrane Open valves (step 2) V2, V5, V7, V11, and V15 V2, V5, V8, V12 and V16 V2, V5, V9, V13 and V17 V2, V5, V10, V14 and V18 Sampling valves Retentate control valve V15 V16 V17 V18 Membrane maximum inlet pressure(bar) 18 12 10 8.5
1 2 3 4
Open V19 and closed V11 Open V20 and closed V12 Open V21 and closed V13 Open V22 and closed V14
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Membrane 4 536.17 768.43 1001.07 1233.24 1465.07 1696.85 1924.43 2153.87 2393.55 2608.04
3000
500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Membrane separation is based on separation mechanisms and size of the separated particles. The membrane processes that have been widely used are microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, electrolysis, dialysis, electrodialysis, gas separation, vapour permeation, pervaporation, membrane distillation and membrane contactors. Pervaporation is the only process that involves phase change. All processes except electrodialysis are pressure driven. We conduct this experiment to study the characteristics on 4 different types of membranes which are AFC 99 (polyamide film), AFC 40 (polyamide film), CA 202 (cellulose acetate) and FP 100 (PVDF). From the graph that has been plotted, the slope of the membrane 4 is the steepest compared to other membranes. This followed by membrane 2, membrane 3 and membrane 1 respectively. Based on the graph, membrane 1 is used for reverse osmosis process. This is because the weight of permeates for membrane 1 have the lightest weight. Reverse osmosis operates at very high pressure which is more than 20 bras. Reverse osmosis require the greatest operating pressure as it has the smallest pore-size range and has the ability to remove solids as small as salts. Only small amounts of very low molecular weight solute can pass through the membranes. Membrane 1 is nonporous, asymmetric, and composite with homogeneous layer which has dense pore size. Reverse osmosis is mainly applied in production of pure water. Apart from that, nanofiltration is a type of membrane process that uses membrane 3. This is also same as reverse osmosis that operates at high pressure but not as higher as pressure used in reverse osmosis. The driving force used in nanofiltration is between 4 to 20 bars. Nanofiltration is used for organic, color and contaminant removal as well as for softening. Membrane 3 is also asymmetric, microporous which has pore size between 1 to 5 nm. Main application of nanofiltration is to separate small organic compounds and multivalent ions. Membrane 2 operates in ultrafiltration. Ultrfiltration designates a membrane separation process, driven by a pressure gradient, in which the membrane fractionates components of a liquid as a function of their solvated size and structure. The membrane configuration is usually cross-flow. The feed water flows across the membrane surface by limiting the extent of particle deposition and formation on the membrane surface. The membrane pore size is
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CONCLUSION
From this experiment, it can be concluded that membrane 1 is operate in reverse osmosis process while membrane 3 is in nanofiltration process. Both of this membrane process operate at very high pressures and are typically deployed for the removal of dissolved inorganic and organic constituents. Low pressure membrane processes which are microfiltration and ultrafiltration are applied for the removal of particulate and microbial contaminants and can be operated under negative or positive pressure. Membrane 2 and membrane 4 has been used in ultrafitration and microfiltration respectively.
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1. (1986). Dairy Processing Handbook. In Dairy Processing Handbook (p. 125). sweeden: Tetra Pak Processing Systems AB. 2. Eliane Rodrigues dos Santos Goes,Elisabete Scolin. Mendes, Nehemias Curvelo Pereivela, Sueli Teresa Davantel de Barros. (2005). influence at different condition on the concentration by reverse osmosis. Retrieved 9 april, 2012, from Alim.Nutr.Araquara: http://serv-bib.fcfar.unesp.br/seer/index.php/alimentos/article/viewFile/489/452 3. http://www.solution.com.my/pdf/TR14(A4).pdf. (n.d.). membrane test unit. Retrieved 9 april, 2012, from solteq: http://www.solution.com.my/pdf/TR14(A4).pdf 4. membrane separation technology primer. (n.d.). Retrieved 8 april, 2012, from asahi kasei chemicals: http://www.asahi-kasei.co.jp/membrane/microza/en/kiso/index.html 5. nakagawa, o. (2012, february 12). membrane separation. Retrieved april 8, 2012, from wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_technology#Membrane_separation_processes 6. Ripperger S., Schulz G. (1986). Microporous membranes in biotechnical applications. In Bioprocess Engineering (pp. 43-49). 7. Zeman, Leos J., Zydney, Andrew L. (Inc,1996). Microfiltration and Ultrafitration, Principles and Applications. In M. Dekker, Microfiltration and Ultrafitration, Principles and Applications. New York.
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