GUIDEBOOK

FOR THE DESIGN OF

ASME SECTION VIII
PRESSURE VESSELS
Third Edition

by

James R. Farr
Wadsworth, Ohio

Maan H. Jawad
Camas, Washington

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 2006 by ASME, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United
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INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY THE AMERICAN
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Farr, James R.
Guidebook for the design of ASME Section VIII pressure vessels/by James R. Farr,
Maan H. Jawad.2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7918-0172-1
1. Pressure vesselsDesign and construction. 2. Structural engineering.
I. Jawad, Maan H.
II. Title.
TA660. T34 F36 2001
681.76041dc21
2001046096
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Woodhead Publishing ISBN-13: 978-1-84569-119-6
Woodhead Publishing ISBN-10: 1-84569-119-9

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Dedicated to the memory of

Barbara R. Farr
and dedicated to
her friend and pal,
Dixie Jawad.

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PREFACE

TO

THIRD EDITION

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, is a continuously changing document. It contains the latest, safe, and economical rules for the design and construction of pressure vessels and pressure
vessel components.
The contents of many chapters have been updated to incorporate improvements made in design methods
since the book was originally issued. Some of the changes are extensive while others are minor. The brittle
fracture rules have been extensively updated and expanded to reflect the latest technology. The heat
exchanger chapter has been completely re-written to reflect extensive changes made recently in VIII-1. A
new Quick Reference Guide is included in Appendix A to help the reader locate various sections of the latest edition of the VIII-1 code. Metric units were added to some of the figures to reflect recent metrication of
the ASME code.
James R. Farr
Wadsworth, Ohio
Maan H. Jawad
Camas, Washington
December 2005

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PREFACE

TO

SECOND EDITION

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, is a live and progressive document. It strives to
contain the latest, safe and economical rules for the design and construction of pressure vessels, pressure vessel components, and heat exchangers. A major improvement was made within the last year by changing the
design margin on tensile strength from 4.0 to 3.5. This reduction in the margin permits an increase in the
allowable stress for many materials with a resulting decrease in minimum required thickness. This was the
first reduction in this design margin in 50 years and was based upon the many improvements in material
properties, design methods, and inspection procedures during that time.
Chapters and parts of chapters have been updated to incorporate the new allowable stresses and improvements which have been made in design methods since this book was originally issued. Some of these changes
are extensive and some are minor. Some of the examples in this book have changed completely and some
remain unchanged. This book continues to be an easy reference for the latest methods of problem solving in
Section VIII.
James R. Farr
Wadsworth, Ohio
Maan H. Jawad
St. Louis, Missouri
July 2001

vii

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PREFACE

TO

FIRST EDITION

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, gives rules that pertain to the design, materials
selection, fabrication, inspection, and testing of pressure vessels and their components. With few exceptions,
the rules that cover the design of components tend to be complicated to implement. This book was written
to demonstrate the application of the design rules to various components. Other rules, such as those pertaining to fabrication, inspection, testing, and materials are not covered here.
This book is intended as a reference for designers of pressure vessels and heat exchangers. The theoretical background of the equations used here was kept to a minimum, since such background can be obtained
from other references. Note also that while the design requirements of such components as shells and heads
are interspersed throughout the ASME Code, design requirements pertaining to some specific components
are given here in one chapter for easy reference. The emphasis in this book is on solved examples, which
illustrate the application of the various equations given in the ASME Section VIII Code.
Chapter 1 of this book covers background information and general topicssuch as allowable stresses and
joint efficienciesapplicable to all components. Chapter 2 is for the design of cylindrical shells under
internal and external loads. Chapter 3 covers the design of dished heads and transition sections that are
under internal and external loads. Chapter 4 considers flat plates, covers, and flanges. Openings are
reviewed in Chapter 5, and Chapter 6 covers special components of VIII-1, such as stayed construction,
jacketed components, half-pipe jackets, and noncircular vessels. Chapter 7 covers heat exchangers, and
Chapter 8 covers stress categories, fatigue, and other special analysis of components.
James R. Farr
Wadsworth, Ohio
Maan H. Jawad
St. Louis, Missouri
January 1998

ix

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are indebted to many people and organizations for their help in preparing this book and revisions and
for permitting us to use material supplied by them. Thanks is given to our former co-workers, fellow ASME
Committee Members, and many other persons who have given us suggestions and corrections. Special thanks
is given to Mr. Mike Bytnar of the Nooter Corporation for providing us with the front cover photograph, to
Mr. Thomas P. Pastor of HSB Global Standards for permitting us to use their new Quick Reference Guide for
VIII-1, and to our editors Mary Grace Stefanchik and Tara Smith at ASME Press for their continued guidance.

xi

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TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Preface to Third Edition ......................................................................................................................................v

Preface to Second Edition .................................................................................................................................vii
Preface to First Edition .......................................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................................xi
List of Figures..................................................................................................................................................xvii
List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1
Background Information...................................................................................................................................1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................1
Allowable Stresses.....................................................................................................................................2
Joint Efficiency Factors .............................................................................................................................4
Brittle Fracture Considerations..................................................................................................................9
Fatigue Requirements ..............................................................................................................................19
Pressure Testing of Vessels and Components..........................................................................................23
1.6.1
ASME Code Requirements .......................................................................................................23
1.6.2
What Does a Hydrostatic or Pneumatic Pressure Test Do?......................................................23
1.6.3
Pressure Test Requirements for VIII-1......................................................................................23
1.6.4
Pressure Test Requirements for VIII-2......................................................................................25

Chapter 2
Cylindrical Shells .............................................................................................................................................27
2.1
2.2

2.3
2.4

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................27
Tensile Forces, VIII-1 ..............................................................................................................................27
2.2.1
Thin Cylindrical Shells .............................................................................................................27
2.2.2
Thick Cylindrical Shells............................................................................................................33
Axial Compression ..................................................................................................................................35
External Pressure .....................................................................................................................................41
2.4.1
External Pressure for Cylinders with DO/t 10 .......................................................................41
2.4.2

External Pressure for Cylinders with DO/t < 10 .......................................................................44

2.4.3

Empirical Equations ..................................................................................................................45

xiii

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xiv

2.5
2.6

Table of Contents

2.4.4
Stiffening Rings.........................................................................................................................46
2.4.5
Attachment of Stiffening Rings ................................................................................................49
Cylindrical Shell Equations, VIII-2.........................................................................................................51
Miscellaneous Shells ...............................................................................................................................52
2.6.1
Mitered Cylinders......................................................................................................................52
2.6.2
Elliptical Shells .........................................................................................................................53

Chapter 3
Spherical Shells, Heads, and Transition Sections .........................................................................................55
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................55
3.2 Spherical Shells and Hemispherical Heads, VIII-1.................................................................................55
3.2.1
Internal Pressure in Spherical Shells and Pressure on Concave Side of
Hemispherical Heads ................................................................................................................55
3.2.2
External Pressure in Spherical Shells and Pressure on Convex Side of
Hemispherical Heads ................................................................................................................59
3.3 Spherical Shells and Hemispherical Heads, VIII-2.................................................................................61
3.4 Ellipsoidal Heads, VIII-1.........................................................................................................................62
3.4.1
Pressure on the Concave Side ...................................................................................................62
3.4.2
Pressure on the Convex Side.....................................................................................................63
3.5 Torispherical Heads, VIII-1 .....................................................................................................................65
3.5.1
Pressure on the Concave Side ...................................................................................................65
3.5.2
Pressure on the Convex Side.....................................................................................................67
3.6 Ellipsoidal and Torispherical Heads, VIII-2............................................................................................68
3.7 Conical Sections, VIII-1 ..........................................................................................................................70
3.7.1
Internal Pressure........................................................................................................................71
3.7.2
External Pressure.......................................................................................................................80
3.8 Conical Sections, VIII-2 ..........................................................................................................................89
3.9 Miscellaneous Transition Sections ..........................................................................................................93
Chapter 4
Flat Plates, Covers, and Flanges.....................................................................................................................97
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................97
4.2 Integral Flat Plates and Covers................................................................................................................97

4.3
4.4

4.5

4.6

4.2.1
Circular Flat Plates and Covers.................................................................................................97
4.2.2
Noncircular Flat Plates and Covers...........................................................................................99
Bolted Flat Plates, Covers, and Flanges................................................................................................101
4.3.1
Gasket Requirements, Bolt Sizing, and Bolt Loadings ..........................................................101
Flat Plates and Covers With Bolting .....................................................................................................102
4.4.1
Blind Flanges & Circular Flat Plates and Covers...................................................................102
4.4.2
Noncircular Flat Plates and Covers.........................................................................................102
Openings in Flat Plates and Covers.......................................................................................................102
4.5.1
Opening Diameter Does Not Exceed Half the Plate Diameter...............................................103
4.5.2
Opening Diameter Exceeds Half the Plate Diameter .............................................................104
Bolted Flange Connections With Ring Type Gaskets ...........................................................................104
4.6.1
Standard Flanges .....................................................................................................................105
4.6.2
Special Flanges........................................................................................................................113

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Table of Contents

4.7

xv

Spherically Dished Covers ....................................................................................................................118

4.7.1
Definitions and Terminology...................................................................................................118
4.7.2
Types of Dished Covers ..........................................................................................................119

Chapter 5
Openings .........................................................................................................................................................125
5.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................125
5.2 Code Bases for Acceptability of Opening.............................................................................................125
5.3 Terms and Definitions............................................................................................................................126
5.4 Reinforced OpeningsGeneral Requirements .....................................................................................126
5.4.1
Replacement Area ...................................................................................................................126
5.4.2
Reinforcement Limits..............................................................................................................126
5.5

Reinforced Opening Rules, VIII-1 ........................................................................................................128

5.5.1
Openings With Inherent Compensation ..................................................................................128
5.5.2
Shape and Size of Openings ...................................................................................................128
5.5.3
Area of Reinforcement Required ............................................................................................129
5.5.4
Limits of Reinforcement .........................................................................................................131
5.5.5
Area of Reinforcement Available............................................................................................132
5.5.6
Openings Exceeding Size Limits of Section 5.5.2.2 ..............................................................142

5.6

Reinforced Opening Rules, VIII-2 ........................................................................................................144

5.6.1
Definitions ...............................................................................................................................144
5.6.2
Openings Not Requiring Reinforcement Calculations ...........................................................144
5.6.3
Shape and Size of Openings ...................................................................................................146
5.6.4
Area of Reinforcement Required ............................................................................................146
5.6.5
Limits of Reinforcement .........................................................................................................146
5.6.6
Available Reinforcement.........................................................................................................147
5.6.7
Strength of Reinforcement Metal............................................................................................148
5.6.8
Alternative Rules for Nozzle Design ......................................................................................148
Ligament Efficiency Rules, VIII-1 ........................................................................................................154

5.7

Chapter 6
Special Components, VIII-1..........................................................................................................................159
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................159
6.2
Braced and Stayed Construction .............................................................................................159
6.2.1
Braced and Stayed Surfaces....................................................................................................159
6.2.2
Stays and Staybolts .................................................................................................................162
6.3 Jacketed Vessels.....................................................................................................................................163
6.3.1
Types of Jacketed Vessels .......................................................................................................163
6.3.2
Design of Closure Member for Jacket to Vessel.....................................................................164
6.3.3
Design of Openings in Jacketed Vessels .................................................................................165
6.4 Half-Pipe Jackets ...................................................................................................................................168
6.4.1
Maximum Allowable Internal Pressure in Half-Pipe Jacket...................................................169
6.4.2
Minimum Thickness of Half-Pipe Jacket................................................................................171
6.5 Vessels of Noncircular Cross Section....................................................................................................175
6.5.1
Types of Vessels ......................................................................................................................175
6.5.2
Basis for Allowable Stresses ...................................................................................................176

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xvi

Table of Contents

6.5.3
6.5.4

Openings in Vessels of Noncircular Cross Section.................................................................180

Vessels of Rectangular Cross Section .....................................................................................185

Chapter 7
Design of Heat Exchangers ...........................................................................................................................189
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................189
7.2 Design of Tubesheets in U-Tube Exchangers .......................................................................................189
7.2.1
Nomenclature ..........................................................................................................................189
7.2.2
Preliminary Calculations .........................................................................................................194
7.2.3
Design Equations ....................................................................................................................195
7.3 Fixed Tubesheets ...................................................................................................................................208
7.3.1
Nomenclature ..........................................................................................................................208
7.3.2
Preliminary Calculations .........................................................................................................209
7.3.3
Design Equations ....................................................................................................................212
7.4 Additional Rules ....................................................................................................................................223
7.5 Methods of Attaching Tubes-to-Tubesheet............................................................................................223
7.5.1
Push Out Tests.........................................................................................................................227
7.5.2
Tube-to-Tubesheet Locking Mechanism.................................................................................228
7.6 Expansion Joints ....................................................................................................................................229
Chapter 8
Analysis of Components in VIII-2................................................................................................................233
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................233
8.2 Stress Categories....................................................................................................................................233
8.3 Stress Concentration ..............................................................................................................................239
8.4 Combinations of Stresses ......................................................................................................................239
8.5 Fatigue Evaluation .................................................................................................................................244
References .......................................................................................................................................................249
Appendices......................................................................................................................................................251
Appendix AGuide to VIII-1 Requirements..................................................................................................251
Appendix BMaterial Designation ................................................................................................................255
Appendix CJoint Efficiency Factors ............................................................................................................257
Appendix DFlange Calculation Sheets........................................................................................................279
Appendix EConversion Factors ...................................................................................................................285
Index ...............................................................................................................................................................287

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LIST

OF

FIGURES

Figure
Number
1.1
1.2
E1.1
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
E2.8
2.6
2.7
E2.13
2.8
2.9
2.10
3.1
E3.4
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
E3.11
E3.12
E3.13
3.8
3.9

Welded Joint Categories (ASME VII-1) ...............................................................................................5

Category C Weld ...................................................................................................................................9
...............................................................................................................................................................9
Some Governing Thickness Details Used for Toughness (ASME VIII-1) .........................................12
Impact-Test Exemption Curves (ASME VIII-1) .................................................................................15
Charpy Impact-Test Requirements for Full Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
With Tensile Strength of Less Than 95 ksi (ASME VIII-1) ...............................................................16
Reduction of MDMT Without Impact Testing (ASME VIII-1)..........................................................17
Fatigue Curves for Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4XX, High Alloy Steels, and High Tensile
Steels for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700F (ASME VIII-2)........................................................18
.............................................................................................................................................................28
Comparison of Equations for Hoop Stress in Cylindrical Shells .......................................................29
.............................................................................................................................................................30
Chart for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels With Yield Stress of 30 ksi and Over,
and Types 405 & 410 Stainless Steels ................................................................................................37
C Factor as a Function of R/T (Jawad, 2004).....................................................................................38
.............................................................................................................................................................39
Geomatic Chart for Cylindrical Vessels Under Extrenal Pressure (Jawad and Farr, 1989) ...............42
Some Lines of Support of Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure (ASME VIII-1)...................43
.............................................................................................................................................................48
Some Details for Attaching Stiffener Rings (ASME VIII-1)..............................................................50
MiteredBend........................................................................................................................................53
Elliptical Cylinder ...............................................................................................................................54
.............................................................................................................................................................57
.............................................................................................................................................................59
.............................................................................................................................................................63
.............................................................................................................................................................66
.............................................................................................................................................................67
.............................................................................................................................................................69
.............................................................................................................................................................71
.............................................................................................................................................................74
.............................................................................................................................................................75
.............................................................................................................................................................78
.............................................................................................................................................................86
.............................................................................................................................................................89
Inherent Reinforcement for Large End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2).....................90
xvii

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xviii List of Figures

3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
4.1
4.2
E4.5
E4.6
E4.7
4.3
E4.8
5.1
5.2
5.3
E5.1
E5.2
E5.3.1
E5.3.2
E5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.5
5.6
E5.5
E5.6
E5.7
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
E6.8
7.1
7.2a
7.2b
7.2c
7.2d
7.2e
7.2f

Values of Q for Large End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2)........................................91

Inherent Reinforcement for Small End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2).....................92
Values of Q for Small End of Cone-to-Cylinder Junction (ASME VIII-2)........................................93
.............................................................................................................................................................94
Some Acceptable Types of Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers (ASME VIII-1) ..................................99
Multiple Openings in the Rim of a Flat Head or Cover With a Large Central Opening
(ASME VIII-1) ..................................................................................................................................104
Ring Flange Sample Calculation Sheet.............................................................................................106
Welding Neck Flange Sample Calculation Sheet .............................................................................109
Reverse Welding Neck Flange Sample Calculation Sheet................................................................114
Spherically Dished Covers With Bolting Flanges (ASME VIII-1) ..................................................119
Example Problem of Spherically Dished Cover, Div. 1 ...................................................................122
Reinforcement Limits Parallel to Shell Surface................................................................................127
Chart for Determining Value of F for Angle q (ASME VIII-1 and VIII-2) .....................................130
Determination of Special Limits for Setting t,r for Use in Reinforcement Calculations .................131
Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement in Ellipsoidal Head, Div. 1 ........................................132
Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of 12 in. 16 in. Manway Opening, Div. 1 ..............135
Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of Hillside Nozzle, Div. 1..........................................137
Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of Hillside Nozzle, Div. 1..........................................138
Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement With Corrosion Allowance, Div. 1 ............................140
(ASME VIII-1) ..................................................................................................................................143
(ASME VIII-1) ..................................................................................................................................143
Nozzle Nomenclature and Dimensions (Depicts General Configurations Only) (ASME VIII-2) ...145
Limits of Reinforcing Zone for Alternative Nozzle Design (ASME VIII-2) ...................................149
Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement in Ellipsoidal Head, Div. 2 ........................................149
Example Problem of Nozzle Reinforcement of 12 in. 16 in. Manway Opening, Div. 2 ..............152
Example Problem of Nozzle Reiforcerment of Series of Openings Div. 1 ......................................156
Typical Forms of Welded Staybolts (ASME VIII-1) ........................................................................161
Typical Welded Stay for Jacketed Vessel (ASME VIII-1) ................................................................161
Some Acceptable Types of Jacketed Vessels (ASME VIII-1)...........................................................164
Some Acceptable Types of Closure Details (ASME VIII-1) ............................................................166
Some Acceptable Types of Penetration Details (ASME VIII-1) ......................................................170
Spiral Jackets, Half-Pipe and Other Shapes......................................................................................171
Factor K for NFS 2 Pipe Jacket ........................................................................................................172
Factor K for NFS 3 Pipe Jacket ........................................................................................................173
Factor K for NFS 4 Pipe Jacket ........................................................................................................174
Vessels of Rectangular Cross Section ...............................................................................................176
Vessels of Rectangular Cross Section With Stay Plates ...................................................................178
Vessels of Obround Cross Section With and Without Stay Plates and Vessels of Circular Cross
Section With a Stay Plate..................................................................................................................179
Plate With Constant-Diameter Openings of Same or Different Diameters ......................................180
Plate With Multidiameter Openings..................................................................................................181
Example Problem of Noncircular Vessels (ASME VIII-1)...............................................................186
Various Heat-Exchanger Configurations (TEMA, 1999)..................................................................190
Tubesheet Integral with Shell and channel (ASME. VIII-1) ............................................................191
Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Gasketed with channel, Extended as Flange
(ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................192
Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Gasketed with Channel, not Extended as a Flange
(ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................193
Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Channel (ASME. VIII-1).........................................................194
Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Integral with Channel, Extended as a Flange
(ASME. VII-1) ..................................................................................................................................195
Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Integral with channel, not Extended as a Flange
(ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................196

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List of Figures xix

7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6a
7.6b

Tubesheet Geometry (ASME. VIII-1)...............................................................................................197

Typical Untubed Lane Configurations (ASME VIII-1) ....................................................................198
Curves for the Determination of E*/E and v* (ASME. VIII-1) .......................................................199
Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Channel (ASME. VIII-1) ...........................................................210
Tubesheet integral with Shell and Gasketed with Channel, Extended as a Flange
(ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................211
7.6c
Tubesheet Integral with Shell and Gasketed with Channel, not Extended as a Flange
(ASME. VIII-1) .................................................................................................................................212
7.6d
Tubesheet Gasketed with Shell and Channel (ASME. VIII-1).........................................................213
7.7
Xa vs.Zd, Zv, or Zm(ASME.VIII-1) ...................................................................................................214
7.8
Xa vs. Fm with negative Q3 (ASME. VIII-1) ....................................................................................215
7.9
Xa vs.Fm with positive Q3 (ASME. VIII-1) ......................................................................................222
7.10
Some Acceptable Types of Tube-to-Tubesheet Attachments (ASME VIII-1)..................................225
7.11
Some Acceptable Types of Tube-to-Tubesheet Strength Welds (ASME VIII-1) .............................226
7.12
Schematic Detail of a Hydraulic Tube Expander .............................................................................000
7.13
Typical Detail of Grooves in a Clad Tubesheet ................................................................................227
7.14
Some Bellows-Type Expansion Joints ( ASME VIII-1) ...................................................................230
7.15
Some Flanged and Flued Expansion Joints ( ASME VIII-l) ............................................................231
E8.1
...........................................................................................................................................................238
8.1
Linearizing Stress Distribution .........................................................................................................240
E8.4
Model of a Finite Element Layout in a Flat Head-to-Shell Junction ...............................................243
8.2
Fatigue Curves for Carbon, Low Alloy, 4XX High Alloy, and High Strength Steels
for Temperatures Not Exceeding 700F (ASME VIII-2) ................................................................245
8.3
Cyclic Curves ....................................................................................................................................246
A.1
...........................................................................................................................................................000
C.1
...........................................................................................................................................................257
C.2
...........................................................................................................................................................258
C.3
...........................................................................................................................................................259
C.4
...........................................................................................................................................................260
C.5
...........................................................................................................................................................261
C.6
...........................................................................................................................................................262
C.7
...........................................................................................................................................................263
C.8
...........................................................................................................................................................264
C.9
...........................................................................................................................................................265
C.10
...........................................................................................................................................................266
C.11
...........................................................................................................................................................267
C.12
...........................................................................................................................................................268
C.13
...........................................................................................................................................................269
C.14
...........................................................................................................................................................270
C.15
...........................................................................................................................................................271
C.16
...........................................................................................................................................................272
C.17
...........................................................................................................................................................273
C.18
...........................................................................................................................................................274
C.19
...........................................................................................................................................................275
C.20.E ...........................................................................................................................................................276
D.1
Fig. D.1Ring Flange With Ring-Type Gasket...............................................................................279
D.2
Fig. D.2Slip-On or Lap-joint Flange With Ring-Type Gasket .....................................................280
D.3
Fig. D.3Welding Neck Flange With Ring-Type Gasket ...............................................................281
D.4
Fig. D.4Reverse Welding Neck Flange With Ring-Type Gasket..................................................282
D.5
Fig. D.5Slip-On Flange With Full-Face Gasket............................................................................283
D.6
Fig. D.6Welding Neck Flange With Full-Face Gasket .................................................................284

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LIST

OF

TABLES

Table
Number
1.1.1

Criteria for Establishing allowable Stress Values for VIII-1 Except for UCI, UCD,
and ULT Material and for Bolting (ASME II-D)...................................................................................2
1.1.2 Criteria for Establishing allowable Stress Values for VIE-1 for UCI, UCD, and ULT Material
(ASME II-D)...........................................................................................................................................3
1.2
Criteria for Establishing Design Stress Intensity Values for VIII-2 Except for bolting
(ASME II-D)...........................................................................................................................................3
1.3
Stress Values for SA-515 and SA-516 Materials ...................................................................................4
1.4
Allowable Stress Values for Welded Connections..................................................................................5
1.5
Maximum Allowable Efficiencies for Arc- and Gas-Welded Joints (ASME VIII-1) ............................6
El.1
Stress Categories.....................................................................................................................................8
1.6
Assignment of Materials to Curves (ASME VIII-1) ............................................................................10
1.7
Minimum Design Metal Temperatures in High Alloy Steels Without Impact Testing ........................18
2.1
Tabular Values for Fig. 2.4 ...................................................................................................................36
3.1
Factor KOfor an Ellipsoidal Head With Pressure on the Convex Side.................................................64
3.2
Values of D for Junctions at the Large Cylinder Due to Internal Pressure..........................................72
3.3
Values of D for Junctions at the Small Cylinder Due to Internal Pressure..........................................73
3.4
Values of D for Junctions at the Large Cylinder Due to External Pressure.........................................80
E3.14 Allowable Stress and Pressure Data .....................................................................................................90
6.1
Example of Pressure Used for Design of Components......................................................................163
6.2
Closure Detail Requirements for Various Types of Jacket Closures..................................................169
6.3
Penetration Detail Requirements ........................................................................................................171
7.1
Joint Efficiencies fr for various tube-to-tubesheet attachments (ASME VIII-1)................................228
8.1
Primary Stress Category .....................................................................................................................234
8.2
Structural Discontinuity......................................................................................................................235
8.3
Thermal Stress ....................................................................................................................................235
8.4
Stress Categories and Their Limits (ASME VIII-2)...........................................................................236
8.5
Classification of Stresses (ASME VIII-2) ..........................................................................................237
8.6
Some Stress Concentration Factors Used in Fatigue .........................................................................239
E8.4 Summary of Finite Element Output ...................................................................................................244
B.1
Carbon Steel Plate ..............................................................................................................................235
B.2
Chrome-Moly Steel Plate Specifications, SA-387 .............................................................................235
B.3
Chrome-Moly Steel Forging Specifications, SA-182.........................................................................235
B.4
Chrome-Moly Steel Forging Specifications, SA-336.........................................................................256
B.5
Quench & Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings, SA-508 ......................................................256

xxi

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