AT X Introduction to L E Harvey Gould December 5, 2006

Introduction

TEX looks more dicult than it is. It is almost as easy as . See how easy it is to make special symbols such as , , , , sin x, h , , . . . We also can make subscripts Ax , Axy x x2 ab A and superscripts, e , e , and e . We will use L TEX, which is based on TEX and has many higher-level commands (macros) for formatting, making tables, etc. More information can be found in Ref. [1]. We just made a new paragraph. Extra lines and spaces make no dierence. Note that all formulas are enclosed by $ and occur in math mode. The default font is Computer Modern. It includes italics, boldface, slanted, and monospaced fonts.

Equations
N

Let us see how easy it is to write equations. =

i=1

wi (xi x )2 .

(1)

It is a good idea to number equations, but we can have a equation without a number by writing xa , P ( x) = ba and 1 2. g= 2 We can give an equation a label so that we can refer to it later.
N

E = J
i=1

si si+1 ,

(2)

Equation (2) expresses the energy of a conguration of spins in the Ising model.1 We can dene our own macros to save typing. For example, suppose that we introduce the macros: \newcommand{\lb}{{\langle}} \newcommand{\rb}{{\rangle}} Then we can write the average value of x as \begin{equation} \lb x \rb = 3 \end{equation}
1

It is necessary to process (typeset) a le twice to get the counters correct.

The result is x = 3. Examples of more complicated equations:

(3)

I=

f (x) dx.

(4)

We can do some ne tuning by adding small amounts of horizontal spacing: \, small space \! negative space

as is done in Eq. (4). We also can align several equations: a=b c = d, or number them as subequations: a=b c = d. We can also have dierent cases: m(T ) = write matrices T= = and A B = P
i

(5) (6)

(7a) (7b)

0 1 [sinh 2J ]
4 1/8

T > Tc T < Tc

(8)

T++ T+ , T+ T e (J +B ) eJ . eJ e (J B ) (9)

dA = P rn

r dV.

(10)

Tables

Tables are a little more dicult. TeX automatically calculates the width of the columns.

lattice square triangular diamond simple cubic bcc fcc

d q 2 4 2 6 3 4 3 6 3 8 3 12

Tmf /Tc 1.763 1.648 1.479 1.330 1.260 1.225

Table 1: Comparison of the mean-eld predictions for the critical temperature of the Ising model with exact results and the best known estimates for dierent spatial dimensions d and lattice symmetries.

Lists
1. bread 2. cheese Tom Dick

Some example of formatted lists include the following:

Figures
sin x

We can make gures bigger or smaller by scaling them. Figure 2 has been scaled by 60%.

Figure 1: Show me a sine.

Figure 2: Plot of the Lennard-Jones potential u(r). The potential is characterized by a length and an energy .

Literal text

It is desirable to print program code exactly as it is typed in a monospaced font. Use \begin{verbatim}and \end{verbatim}as in the following example: double double double double double y0 = 10; // example of declaration and assignment statement v0 = 0; // initial velocity t = 0; // time dt = 0.01; // time step y = y0;

The command \verbatiminput{programs/Square.java}\allows you to list the le Square.java in the directory programs.

7
7.1

Special Symbols
Common Greek letters

These commands may be used only in math mode. Only the most common letters are included here. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

7.2

Special symbols
y dy = lim dx x0 x f (x) y as x x0 f (x) y
xx0

The derivative is dened as

(11) (12) (13) (14)

Order of magnitude: log10 f 4 n

f (x) 10n Approximate equality: f ( x) g ( x)

(15) (16)

A L TEX is simple if we keep everything in proportion:

f (x) x3 . Finally we can skip some space by using commands such as \bigskip \medskip \smallskip \vspace{1pc}

(17)

The space can be negative.

Use of Color

We can change colors for emphasis, but who is going pay for the ink?

Subgures

A As soon as many students start becoming comfortable using L TEX, they want to use some of its advanced features. So we now show how to place two gures side by side.

(a) Real and imaginary.

(b) Amplitude and phase.

Figure 3: Two representations of complex wave functions.

We rst have to include the necessary package, \usepackage{subfigure}, which has to go in the preamble (before \begin{document}). It sometimes can be dicult to place a gure in the desired place. Your LaTeX document can be easily modied to make a poster or a screen presentation similar to (and better than) PowerPoint. Conversion to HTML is straightforward. Comments on this tutorial are appreciated. 5

References
A [1] Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. Daly, A Guide to L TEX: Document Preparation for Beginners and Advanced Users, fourth edition, Addison-Wesley (2004).

[2] Some useful links are given at <http://sip.clarku.edu/tutorials/TeX/> .

Updated 5 December 2006.