Craig Campbell

Professor Crowther
ENGL 1102
5 March 2009
Annotated Bibliography

Andrew Carnegie. Columbia University Library. “Rare Book and Manuscript Library”. 7
March 2009
<http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/img/assets/4815/Copy%20of%20ANDREW.j
pg>.

• This is a very well known picture of Andrew Carnegie. Although it is a simple

picture, it still conveys a sense of power that helps to explain how this man rose
from the working class to become one of the richest men in the world. It is very
important to know all aspects of the subject that is being researched and
Carnegie’s physical appearance is not an exception to this rule.

Andrew Carnegie’s Home. Carnegie Corporation. The Andrew Carnegie Story. By

Charlie May Simon. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc, 1965. 161.

• This picture portrays Andrew Carnegie’s home in New York. This photo is of
particular importance to the research since it truly gives a picture as to the gap
between Carnegie and the working class. Carnegie’s home can only be described
as a beautiful mansion and this will only help to sway readers towards seeing the
negative effects of big industry on the divisions of social classes during the 19th
century.

Carnegie, Andrew. “Andrew Carnegie.” Project Gutenberg. 1 November 2003. Literary

Archive Foundation. 5 March 2009.
<http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10253/10253-m/10253-m-001.mp3>.

• This is an amazing resource to use as it is a voice recording of Andrew Carnegie

speaking of the division of classes and how the upper class needs to cast aside its
excess riches and help the poor since the gap between the two classes had become
too large. This recording was obviously made during Carnegie’s philanthropic
years but it provides amazing material to use since Carnegie himself had realized
the irreparable harm that industry had caused to the working class Americans.

"Carnegie, Andrew (1835–1919)." The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography.

Abington: Helicon, 2005. Credo Reference. 06 March 2009
<http://www.credoreference.com/entry/5786603>.

• This article is highly relevant to the research since it goes into great detail as it
describes how Andrew Carnegie utilized new technologies in order to dominate
the steel industry. While other tycoons were wary of the new advancements,
Carnegie embraced them and the payout was huge. This shows how technology
has helped change the face of industry and the world. It also supports the idea that
the use of technology has the ability to separate classes since Carnegie’s use of the
 new advancements helped to secure his position in the upper social class of
America.

DeLong, Brad. “Andrew Carnegie.” Berkeley University of California. 5 March 2009.

<http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/andrewcarnegie.html>.

• This website provides detailed information about the actual expansion and
organization of Carnegie’s industry empire. This is very relevant to the research
since the research deals with the effects of the growth of industry on the working
class. By having detailed accounts of how Carnegie grew his business, one is able
to achieve a better understanding of how the America was transformed into a big
industry nation.

Gaughan, Willam J. Fort Frick. The William J. Gaughn Collection. Homestead. By

William Serrin. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. 200.

• This vintage image displays the aspects of the Homestead mill just before the
Homestead strike occurred. The mill was called “Fort Frick” (after the boss) since
a large whitewashed fence barricaded the entire place. The Carnegie Corporation
was obviously readying itself for the strike since they had every intention of
ridding itself of the union. This image is compelling because it symbolizes the
control that the upper class had over the lower class during this time period,
especially since the Carnegie Corporation eventually won out and rid itself of the
union at Homestead.

Gaughan, Willam J. Pinkerton Barge on Fire. The William J. Gaughn Collection.

Homestead. By William Serrin. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. 202.

• This image was taken on July 7, 1892 and displays a Pinkerton barge on fire
during the Homestead strikes. The Pinkertons were hired by Carnegie to regain
control of the steel works from the workers and the ensuing violence resulted in
10 deaths. This image helps to convey the severity of the violence that occurred
on that date and helps to show how the working class and the upper class were
truly pitted against one another. This is particularly important to the research as it
shows how industry results in a large gap between social classes.

Goldin, Milton. "THE GOSPEL OF ANDREW CARNEGIE." History Today 38.7 (June
1988): 11. MAS Ultra - School Edition. EBSCO. Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia. 6 Mar. 2009
<http://search.ebscohost.com.www.library.gatech.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=ulh&AN=4864519&site=ehost-live>.

• This article is very relevant to the research since it goes into great detail about the
dispersion of wealth in the mid to late 19th century. It ties Carnegie’s steel empire
to these figures and shows how the growth of industry only worsened these
conditions and expanded the gap between the rich and the poor.
Goldner, Cheri. “The Homestead Strike.” 1997. Bowling Green State University. 3 March
2009. <http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/carnegie/strike.html>.

• This website has a full description of the homestead strike that occurred on
Andrew Carnegie’s steel mill in 1892. This is a key moment in history that
pertains greatly to the research since it is a direct clash between the upper and
lower classes as the lower classes attempt to “rebel” in order to gain a higher
status in the social hierarchy. Andrew Carnegie beats the attempt through brutal
business tactics once again proving that big industry only increases the plight of
the poor.

Hendrick, Burton J. The Life of Andrew Carnegie. Garden City, New York: Doubleday,
Doran & Company, Inc, 1932.

• This book is of great significance to the research as it gives first-hand accounts of

Carnegie’s rise to power and how he personally managed his various assets and
businesses. It details everything from how he dealt with his partners to how he
handled the various strikes in his many mills. It also includes figures of
Carnegie’s personal portfolio, which show the great divide between the rich and
poor. The accounts of the strikes and Carnegie’s reactions are of great importance
since it shows how the upper class viewed the lower class and how it attempted to
control them through subversive means.

Minor, Robert. Comic: Andrew Carnegie. Online image. 1908. Spartacus Educational. St.
Louis Post-Dispatch. 4 March 2009.
<http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTminor1.jpg>.

• This comic strip, dating from 1908, depicts Carnegie in his later years yelling
“Down with the rich!” to all of the tycoons of industry. It is very ironic since
Carnegie himself is one of the richest men in the world at the time. This comic
was obviously drawn during Carnegie’s philanthropic years, during which he gave
away 90% of his total wealth to help aid the poor. This is in stark contrast to the
former years of his life in which he abused the system of industry in order to
exploit the working class to increase profits. This comic is important to the
research since it shows that the public was not readily fooled by Carnegie’s words
and that they still did remember his harsh treatment of those less fortunate than
him.

“Mob Law at Homestead.” New York Times 7 July 1892. 8 March 2009
<http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9405EED61538E233A25754C0
A9619C94639ED7CF&scp=14&sq=andrew+carnegie+homestead&st=p>.

• This is the original front-page article in the New York Times from July 7, 1892
that described the scenes that were taking place during the homestead strike. In
particular, this article was written breaking the news of the 10 men killed as a
result Carnegie sending in the Pinkertons (private detectives) on barges to take
back control of the steel works. This is an amazing resource to use as it provides
accounts of the clash between the working class and Carnegie as well as details on
 how the working class was treated. It also reveals the vast distance between the
classes and the resulting animosity each had for the other.

Morris, Charles. The Tycoons. New York: H. Holt and Co, 2005.

• This printed source is very important to the overall research and topic as it
includes the balance sheets from the Carnegie Steel Company from 1883 to 1900
as well as the income Carnegie accumulated annually from his holdings up until
1900. These figures help show the ever-increasing gap between the rich and the
poor as industry began to take hold in 19th century America. It also shows the
massive growth of industry as a whole in America during this timeframe.

Poole, Keith T. “Andrew Carnegie.” 1999. University of California. 3 March 2009.

<http://voteview.ucsd.edu/Carnegie.htm>.

• This website is highly relevant to the research since it contains the information
from an entire lecture on Carnegie’s life and business practices. The information
also deals with the strikes that Carnegie had to deal with and how he handled
them along with data and information regarding his own personal wealth and that
of his company’s. This information, tied together, provides strong evidence
supporting the growth of industry and the resulting impairment of rights to the
poor.

Serrin, William. Homestead. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.

• This printed source gives detailed accounts about the Homestead strike of 1892
that occurred on one of Carnegie’s steel plants. The document provides quotes and
information from primary sources detailing the actual strike, why it occurred, and
how the men in power (specifically Carnegie) reacted to it. Specifically, it shows
how Carnegie obviously did not show the working class respect as he attempted
to decrease their pay and destroy the union in an attempt to increase his own
profit margins. This strengthens the connection between the spread of industry
and the increase in the gap between classes.

Simon, Charlie May. The Andrew Carnegie Story. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company,
Inc, 1965.

• This biography details Carnegie’s rise from the lower class and also contains
articles and quotes written by Andrew Carnegie. The book also goes on to
describe how Carnegie embraced new technology whole-heartedly in his steel
factories (specifically Homestead) when many other businessmen simply would
not take the risk in trusting the new advances. By embracing technology, this
biography shows that Carnegie’s empire of steel was built largely because of the
advances in technology and Carnegie’s embracement of them. It also goes on to
describe the subsequent negative changes to wages and conditions of the mill
workers as a direct result of the new technologies.
"The man of steel. " American History. 1 Apr. 2000: 62. Research Library. ProQuest.
Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia. 6 Mar. 2009 <http://www.proquest.com/>

• This article provides additional detailed information about the rise of Carnegie
from “rags to riches” which can be used to help construct an argument supporting
the idea that the growth of industry widened the gap between classes. By crossing
this gap, Carnegie provides insight into both sides of these gaps and also
strengthens this argument since it was industry that gave him the ability to cross
into the upper class.

Wall, Joseph. The Andrew Carnegie Reader. Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press,
1992.

• This book is a great primary source since it is a compilation of many of

Carnegie’s self-written articles and letters. This compilation gives great insight
into Carnegie’s mind and shows how he perceived his own growing wealth in
respect to the meager state of the world. Many of the written pieces deal
specifically with the strike at Homestead and his overall thoughts on the spread of
his steel empire across America which are particularly important to this research
since it gives details of the events from his point of view.

Whaples, Robert. "Andrew Carnegie". EH.Net Encyclopedia. January 11, 2005.

<http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Whaples.Carnegie>.

• This web resource provides great information about Carnegie’s life and the
Homestead strike. The homestead strike is of great importance to the research
since it is a clash between the working class and the upper class (represented by
Carnegie). It also goes on to describe Carnegie’s business model of vertical
integration, which provides information of industry practices and how big
business was emerging.