Title :

Hysteresis Loop Tracer.

Object :
To study the Hysteresis Loop of various samples and hence to determine the Coercivity, Retentivity and Saturation Magnetization of the samples.

Block Diagram :

Fig: Block Diagram of Hysteresis Loop Tracer

 Theory :

The characteristics of a ferro-magnetic substance are usually defined by Coercivity, Retentivity, Saturation Magnetization and Hysteresis Loss. Apart from resistive heating of the sample, because of the Eddy Current,the forward and backward paths traced near saturation will be different, which will lead to a small loop instead of a horizontal line in the magnetic polarisation (J) against field (H) plot. The intercept of the magnetic polarization tip will continue to increase with applied field upto very high values. Accordingly, retentivity (Jr) and saturation magnetic polarization (JS) will be asymptotic values of the j intercept & tip height respectively against H plots.Furthermore,the width of the loop along the direction of the applied field will depend on its magnitude and will continue to increase because shielding due to Eddy Current improportional to the external applied field. Therefore the true value of coercivity (JHC) corresponding to no Eddy Current situation, will be obtained by extrapolating the half-loop width against field line to the H=0 axis.

List of Apparatus :
1. Hysteresis Loop Tracer,Model-HLT-111 . :Scientific Equipment, Roorkee.

 Experimental Data :
Material : Hard Steel,(Ch+Ni)Alloy,Soft Iron Material
Magnetic Field H(Gauss) 125 170 215 275 325 125 170 215 265 305 125 165 210 265 310 Loop-Width (mm) 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 Tip-to-Tip Height or 2(ey)s (mv) 96 108 112 120 122 44 48 52 56 56 180 180 180 185 190 2*intercept or 2(ey)r (mv) 64 68 74 76 78 28 30 32 32 32 85 95 100 115 120

HARD STEEL

(Ch+Ni)Alloy

SOFT IRON

Calculations : Sample : Hard Steel .

From Graph 1 : Loop Width = 0.4 mm. (after dividing by multiplying factor 3) From Graph 2 : Tip-to-Tip height = 125mv . From Graph 3 : 2*intercept =80 mv .

(i) Coercivity :
Since, ex=*loop width =0.2 mm. Hc= (G0 . ex) / (As/Ac-N) Here,Hc=coercivity,Go = 3.46 Gauss/mm,

AS/AC = Area Ratio = 0.136 , N = Demagnetisation factor = 0.00018 . HC = ( 3.46*0.2 )/( 0.136-0.00018 ) = 5.095 Oe

(ii) Saturation Magnetisation : s = Js/4

(ey)S = *Tip-to-Tip height = 62.5 mv. s = Js/4 = ( G0.0.gx.ey )/{gy(AS/AC-N)4 } here, gx = 100 , gy = 1

S = ( 44.26*1*100*62.5*10-3 )/1*( 0.136-0.00018 )*4

= 162.08 Gauss

(iii) Retentivity :
(ey)r = *( 2*intercept ) = 40 mv r = Jr/4 = ( G0.0.gx.ey )/{1*(0136-0.00018)*4} = 44.26*1*100*0.04/{(0.136-0.00018)*4} = 103.73 Gauss

Sample : (Ch+Ni)Alloy (i) Coercivity :

From Graph 1 : Loop Width = 0.283 mm
( after dividing by multiplying factor 3)

From Graph 2 : Tip-to-Tip height = 58 mv From Graph 3 : 2*intercept = 33 mv Since, ex = * loop width = 0.1415 mm HC = ( 3.46*0.1415 )/( 0.136-0.00018 ) = 3.605 Oe

(ii) Saturation Magnetisation :

(ey)S = *Tip-to-Tip height = 29 mv

S = JS/4 = ( 44.26*1*100*0.029 )/{( 0.136-0.00018 )*4} = 75.20 Gauss

(iii) Retentivity :

(ey)r = *[2(ey)r] = 16.5 mv r = Jr/4 = ( 44.26*1*100*0.0165 )/{1*(0.136-0.00018)*4}

= 42.79 Gauss Sample : Soft Iron From Graph 1 : Loop width = 0.1 mm( after dividing by multiplying factor 3 ) From Graph 2 : Tip-to-Tip height = 190 mv From Graph 3 : 2*intercept = 117.5 mv (i) Coercivity : Since, eX = *loop width = 0.05 mm HC = ( 3.46*0.05 )*( 0.136-0.00018 ) = 1.274 Oe (ii) Saturation Magnetisation : (ey)S = *Tip-to-Tip height = 95 mv
S = JS/4

= ( 44.26*1*100*0.095 )/{1*(0.136-0.00018)*4} = 246.36 Gauss

(iii) Retentivity : (ey)r = *[ 2*intercept ] = 58.75 mv

r = Jr/4 = ( 44.26*1*100*0.05875 )/{1*(0.136-0.00018)*4}

= 152.35 Gauss

GRAPH FROM EXPERIMENTAL DATA: