ADHIYAMAAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING HOSUR

TOPIC: Robotics

DEPARTMENT:

Paper by: S.RAMYA K.SHEELA III YEAR E.mail: ramya.sms.cse@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

hypothesis

that

people

would not only recognize robots personality but also The development of rapid robotic socially respond to such personality

technology has gone far beyond the traditional

industrial robots which rely on limited human-robot

interaction techniques to the recent development of accordingly, a balanced, 2 (AIBO personality: introvert vs. extrovert) x 2 (participant personality: introvert vs.

animal-like robots,

entertainment in

which engage

significant (human-robot)

peer-to-peer interaction

extrovert) between-subjects experiment (N=48) was

and manifest a wide range of social features including personality. Personality is an essential feature for

conducted. We believe that with accurate identification of AIBOs personality types, the matched and

creating socially interactive robots and study on this dimension enhance interaction. will facilitate

mismatched between participants difference perception AIBOs likeness, attractiveness, attractiveness), in of

personalities robots will and make

human-robot Using AIBO,

participants AIBO (i.e. pet-

developed by SONY, this study examines dimension the in

intelligence,

personality human-robot In order

physical social perception

interaction. to test the

of

the

interaction

(i.e.

Implications of the current study on human-robots

enjoyable, interesting, fun, entertaining, boring(reversed coded) and exciting), their self bonding to AIBO, their likeability of it and their social presence.

interaction and personality literature will be discussed.

Contents
o o o o o o o o o

1 Definitions 1.1 Defining characteristics 1.2 Etymology 2 Social impact 3 Technological trends 3.1 Technological development 3.2 Research robots 3.3 Varying cultural perceptions 4 Contemporary uses 4.1 General-purpose autonomous robots 4.2 Dedicated robots 4.2.1 Increased productivity, accuracy, and endurance 4.2.2 Some examples of factory robots 4.2.3 Dirty, dangerous, dull or inaccessible tasks

5 Potential problems 6 Timeline 7 History 7.1 Early modern developments 7.2 Modern developments 8 Literature 9 Notes and references 10 Further reading 11 External links

INTRODUCTION: A robot is a virtual or mechanical art ificial agent. In practice, it is usually an electromechanical machine which is guided by computer or electronic programming, and is thus able to do tasks on its own. Another common characteristic is that by its appearance or movements, a robot often conveys a sense that it has intent or agencyof its own.

as robots, but there is general agreement among experts and the public that robots tend to do some or all of the following: move around, and operate a their mechanical limb, sense manipulate environment, and exhibit intelligent behavior, especially behavior which mimics humans or other animals. There is conflict about whether the term can be applied most implies, devices controlled to common or which by remotely usage to are their InSouth an operated devices, as the solely

Definitions

software without human The word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as bots.
[

intervention Africa, robot is

informal and commonly used term for a set of traffic lights. Stories of artificial

There is no consensus on

which machines qualify

helpers and companions

and attempts to create them have a long history but fullyautonomous machine only appeared in the 20th century. programmable the Unimate, The robot, was first digitally operate and

production of consumer and industrial goods. It is difficult to compare numbers there "robot The International Organization Standardization gives for a of are of robots in different countries, since different what a is. definitions

installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Today, commercial and industrial robots are in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which suitable are for too dirty, dangerous or dull to be humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, surgery, laboratory and mass transport, earth and space exploration, weaponry, research,

definition of robot in ISO 8373: "an automatically controlled. reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile industrial definition is for use in automation used by

applications."] This the International Federation of Robotics, the European Research Network (EURON), committees. and many national standards Robotics

The Robotics Institute of America (RIA) uses a broader definition: a robot is a "re-programmable multi-functional manipulator designed to move tools, materials, or parts, specialized

people have their own.

[6]

For

example, Joseph

Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked: "I can't define a robot, but I know one when I see one." According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, a robot is "any automatically machine that operated replaces

devices through variable programmed motions for the performance robots of a variety of tasks." The RIA subdivides into four classes: devices that manipulate objects with manual control, automated devices that manipulate objects with predetermined controlled robots cycles, with programmable and servocontinuous point-to-point trajectories, and robots of this last type which also acquire information from the move environment intelligently and in

human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike
[]

manner".

Merriam-Webster descri

bes a robot as a "machine that looks like a human being and performs various complex acts (as walking or talking) of a human performs being", or a "device that automatically complicated often repetitive tasks", or a "mechanism guided by automatic controls".[9] Modern robots are

response. There is no one definition of robot which satisfies everyone, and many

usually used in tightly

controlled such as

environments on assembly

to do a specific task or to do a whole range of tasks or actions. It may also have some ability to perceive and absorb data on physical objects, or on its process respond local data, to physical or or to to environment,

lines because they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this, most humans rarely encounter robots. However, domestic robots for cleaning and maintenance and around homes are in increasingly common in developed particularly in the military. Defining characteristics While there is no single correct will definition several, all, of of or the "robot,"[10] a typical robot have possibly countries, in Japan.

various

stimuli. This is in contrast to a simple mechanical device such as a gear or a hydraulic pressor any other item which has no processing ability and which does tasks through purely mechanical proces ses and motion. Mental agency

Robots can also be found

following characteristics. It has some is ability an to For robotic engineers, the physical appearance of a machine is less important

electric machine which interact electronic with physical

objects and to be given programming

than the way its actions are controlled. The more the control system seems to have agency of its own, the robot. more An likely the machine is to be called a important feature of agency is the ability to make choices. Higher-level necessary, by ant robots.

make decisions

driving based on

this information, such as the 1990s driverless cars of Ernst Dickmanns or Grand the entries in the DARPA Challenge, would quite likely be called a robot.

cognitive as shown

functions, though, are not

A sentient car, like fictional KITT, can make navigate

the which

A clockwork car is considered a

decisions,

never robot.

freely and converse fluently with a human, is usually considered a robot. Physical agency

remotely vehicle is

operated

sometimes considered a robot (or telerobot)

A car with an computer, which in a drive

onboard like Bigtrak, could

programmable sequence, might be called a robot.

However, many laymen, if

for a

A self-controlled

car which could sense its environment and

machine appears to be able to control its arms or limbs, and especially if it

appears anthropomorphic orzoomorphic (e.g. ASIM O or Aibo), it would be called a robot.

usually characterized as a robot.[13]

mechanical

humanoid, piano is like ASIMO, is almost always characterized as a robot, usually as a service robot. is very as a Even for a 3-axis CNC milling machine using the same control system as a robot arm, it is the arm which is almost always arm is always as an called a robot, while the CNC machine is usually just a machine. Having eyes can also make a difference in whether a machine is called a robot, since humans instinctively connect eyes with sentience. However, simply sufficient criterion being for anthropomorphic is not a something to be called a robot. A robot must do something; an inanimate object shaped like

A player

rarely characterized as a robot.

A CNC milling

machine occasionally

characterized robot.

A factory

automation almost characterized An

industrial robot.

autonomous or tracked

wheeled

device, such as a selfguided rover or selfguided almost characterized mobile robot service robot.

vehicle, as

is a or

always

A zoomorphic me toy, is

chanical like Roboraptor,

ASIMO would not be considered a robot. Etymology

who can be mistaken for humans. They can plainly think for themselves, though they seem happy to serve. At issue is whether the robots are the their of being exploited and consequences treatment. However, Karel apek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to an etymology in

scene

from Karel Universal

the Oxford

English

apek's 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossum's robots The word robot was Robots), showing three

Dictionary in which he named his brother, the painter and writer Josef apek, as its actual originator. In an article in the Czech journal Lidov noviny in 1933, he explained that he had originally wanted to call the creatures laboi (from Lat in labor, work). However, he did not like the word, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested "roboti". The

introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel apek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Robots), in Universal published makes people

in 1920. The play begins a factory that artificial

calledrobots, but they are closer to the modern ideas of androids, creatures

word robota means literally work, labor or serf labor, and figuratively "drudgery" or "hard work" in Czech and many Slavic languages. Traditionally the robota was the work period a serf had to give for his lord, typically 6 months of the year. Serfdom was outlawed apek usage broadened the in 1848 in Bohemia, so at the time wrote R.U.R., of to the include sense of still

sophisticated, experts and academics have increasingly explored the questions of what ethics might govern robots' behavior,[18] and whether robots might be able to claim any kind of social, cultural, ethical or legal rights.[19] One scientific team has said that it is possible that a robot brain will exist by 2019.Vernor Vinge has suggested that a moment may come and when computers

term robota had various types of work, but obsolete "serfdom" would

robots are smarter than humans. He calls this "the Singularity." He suggests that it may be somewhat or possibly very for philosophy dangerous by a

have been known. The word robotics, used to describe this field of study, was coined by the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov. Social impact As robots have become more advanced and

humans. This is discussed calledSingularitarianism.

In 2009, experts attended a conference to discuss whether computers and robots might be able to acquire any autonomy,

and

how

much

these

pose

some

inherent

abilities might pose a threat or hazard. They noted that some robots have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets that viruses elimination achieved that to attack some can and with weapons. They also noted computer evade have

concerns. Some academics robots for experts and have military

questioned the use of combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions.

There are also concerns about technology which might allow some armed robots to be controlled mainly by other robots The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become greater ability autonomous decisions. Some concerns public about attention of to more to their make complex, there should be implications

"cockroach as

intelligence." They noted self-awareness depicted in science-fiction is probably unlikely, but that there were hazards and have trends areas other and media scientific noted in which robotic and which and potential sources groups separate differing greater functionalities autonomy,

pitfalls. Various

autonomous robots have received media attention, especially one robot, EATR, which can continually refuel itself

might together result in

using biomass and organic substances which it finds on battlefields or other local environments.

of Robotics. An official report was issued in 2009 by Industry the Japanese Robot Policy Chinese a report government's Committee. have issued

The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence has president look at this issue. Some have suggested a need to build "Friendly AI", meaning that the advances which are already occurring with AI should also include an effort to make AI such intrinsically friendly and humane. Several measures reportedly studied has this topic in depth and its commissioned a study to

officials and researchers suggesting a set of ethical rules, as well as a set of new Legal concern occurrence telling falsehoods. Technological trends Technological development Overall trends Japan hopes to have fullscale Much Japanese commercialization technological government of service robots by 2025. research in Japan is led by agencies, particularly the Trade Ministry. legal guidelines referred to as "Robot Studies." Some has of been robots apparent

expressed over a possible

already exist, with robotheavy countries such as Japan and South Korea having begun to pass regulations requiring robots to be equipped with safety systems, and possibly sets of 'laws' akin to Asimov's Three Laws

As robots become more advanced, computer for robots. eventually operating Robot there may be a standard system designed mainly Operating System (ROS) is an open-source set of programs developed University, the Massachusetts Institute Technology and theTechnical of Munich, among University Germany, ROS of being at Stanford

relay this data to higherlevel Microsoft algorithms. is also

developing a "Windows for robots" system with its Robotics Developer Studio, which has been available since 2007. New abilities The Caterpillar Company is making a dump truck which can drive itself without operator. Research robots While most robots today are installed in factories or homes, performing labour or life saving jobs, many new types of robot are being developed in laboratories around the world. Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into new types of robot, alternative ways to think about or any human functions and

others.

provides ways to program a robot's navigation and limbs regardless of the specific hardware involved. It also provides high-level commands for items opening like and doors. image even When recognition

ROS boots up on a robot's computer, it would obtain data on attributes such as the length and movement of robots' limbs. It would

design robots, and new ways to manufacture them. It is expected that these new types of robot will be able to solve real world problems when they are finally realized

mostly produced only parts of these complex systems, bearings, and Synthetic molecular motors, but functioning robots have also been made such as the entrants to the Nanobot Robocup contest. Researchers also hope to be able to such as sensors,

microfabricated electrostatic holding nanowires.

create entire robots as gripper silicon small as viruses or bacteria, which could perform tasks on a tiny scale. Possible applications include micro surgery (on the level of individual cells), utilit y fog, manufacturing, weaponry and cleaning. Some people have suggested that if there were nanobots which could reproduce, the earth would turn into "grey far, have goo", argue while that others this So

some

Nanorobots: Nan hypothetical

orobotics is the still largely technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the scale of a nanometer (10 met ers). s, Also known be as nanobots or nanite they would constructed from molecular machines. researchers
9

hypothetical outcome is nonsense.[49][50]

consist of a small number of cube shaped units, which can move relative to their neighbours, for example SuperBot. Algorithms have been designed in case any such robots become a reality.

Soft

Robots: Robots with silicone bodies and flexible actuators (air muscles, electroactive polymers, and ferrofluids), controlled using fuzzy logic and neural networks, look and feel robots different with and from rigid are

A swarm of robots from the Opensource Microrobotic Project

skeletons, behaviors.

capable of different Reconfigurable Robots: A researchers investigated few have the

Swarm of

robots: Inspired by colonies insects such as ants and bees, researchers of swarms of are of tiny modeling the behavior thousands

possibility of creating robots which can alter their physical form to suit a particular the task like

robots which together perform a useful task, such as finding hidden, something

fictional T-1000. Real robots are nowhere near that sophisticated however, and mostly

cleaning, or spying. Each robot is quite

simple, the emergent

but

them space

attractive

for

exploration where can be

behavior of the swarm is more complex. The whole set of robots can be considered as one single distributed system, in the same way an ant colony can be considered a superorganism, exhibiting swarm intelligence. created iRobot include swarm, The the the largest swarms so far

missions, failure

extremely costly.

Haptic interface

robots: Robotics also has application in the design of virtual reality interfaces. Specialized robots are in widespread use in the haptic research community. interfaces," touch-enabled These allow user virtual robots, called "haptic

SRI/MobileRobots CentiBots project

[54]

interaction with real and the Microand environments. Robotic forces allow simulating the mechanical properties of "virtual" objects, which users can experience through

Open-source

robotic Project swarm, which are being used to research collective behaviors. Swarms are also more resistant to failure. Whereas one large robot may fail and ruin a mission, a swarm can continue even if several robots fail. This could make

their sense of touch. Haptic interfaces are also used in robotaided rehabilitation.

robots to be more equal to Varying cultural humans, having them care for old people, play with or teach children, or replace pets etc.[63] The general view in Asian cultures is that the more robots advance, the better, which is the opposite of the Western belief. "This is the opening of an era in which human beings and robots can coexist," says Japanese firm Mitsubishi about one of the many humanistic robots in Japan.[64] South Korea aims to put a robot in every house there by 2015-2020 in order to help Japan. Western or even societies fear much are the media catch up with technologically

perceptions Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North 1% 1% America, in Australasia and

in Africa.[59] 30% of all the robots in the world are in Japan. This means that Japan has the most robots in the world out of all the countries, and is in fact leading the world's robotics. Japan is actually said to be the robotic capital of the world. In Japan and South Korea, ideas of future robots have the been pro-robotic due mainly society to the positive, and the start of there is thought to be possibly famous 'Astro Boy'. Asian societies such as Japan, South Korea, and more recently, China, believe

more likely to be against, development of robotics, through output in movies and literature that they will replace humans. Some

believe that the West regards robots as a 'threat' to the future of humans, partly due to religious beliefs about the role of humans and society. Obviously, these boundaries are not clear, but there is a significant difference between the two cultural viewpoints.

TOPIO, a humanoid robot developed by TOSY that can pong. Robots classified can be by playping-

their specificity of purpose. A robot might perform be designed to one particular

task extremely well, or a range of tasks less well. Of course, all robots by their nature can be reprogrammed to behave differently, but some are limited by their physical form. For example, a factory robot arm can perform jobs such as cutting, welding, gluing, or acting as a fairground ride, while a pick-andplace boards. General-purpose autonomous variety of robots are functions Generalrobots that can perform a independently. robot can only populate printed circuit

Contemporary uses At present there are 2 main types of robots, based autonomous on their robots and use: general-purpose dedicated robots.

purpose robots known their needs, elevators computers,

autonomous typically spaces, can handle with and

type of robot is called a humanoid robot.

navigate independently in A general-purpose robot acts as a guide during the day and a security guard at night own re-charging doors and

interface

electronic

perform generalDedicated robots Main robot In 2006, there were an estimated 3,540,000 service robots in estimated 950,000 industrial robots.
[68]

other basic tasks. Like purpose robots can link with networks, software and They provide monitor quality, accessories may that increase their usefulness. recognize people or objects, talk, companionship, environmental respond to

articles: Domestic

robot and Industrial

use,

and

an

alarms, pick up supplies and perform other useful tasks. variety General-purpose of functions or they robots may perform a simultaneously

different

estimate in

counted more than one million robots operation worldwide in the first half of 2008, with roughly half in Asia, 32% in Europe, 16% in North America, Africa.[69] Industrial 1% and in Australasia and 1% in service robots can be placed into roughly two

may take on different roles at different times of day. Some such robots try to mimic human beings and may even resemble people in appearance; this

classifications based on the type of job they do. The first category includes tasks which a robot can do with greater productivity, accuracy, or endurance than humans; the second of humans category dirty, find consists which

were robots in estimated

an use,

estimated and an

3,540,000 service

950,000 industrial robots.

[68]

different

estimate in

counted more than one million robots operation worldwide in the first half of 2008, with roughly half in Asia, 32% in Europe, 16% in North America, Africa.[69] 1% in Australasia and 1% in

dangerous or dull jobs undesirable.

Increased productivity, accuracy, endurance A Pick and Place robot in a factory Many factory jobs are now performed by robots. This has led to cheaper mass-produced including and Stationary goods, automobiles electronics. manipulators and

Some

examples factory robots

of

Car three decades factories become typical factory hundreds on

production: Over the last have A automobile

dominated by robots. contains of industrial robots working fully automated

used in factories have become the largest market for robots. In 2006, there

production lines, with one robot for every

ten human workers. On an automated line, a production conveyor iswelded, glued, paint ed and assembled sequence stations.

typically with SCARA manipul ators, which remove tiny electronic components from strips or trays, and place PCBs them with on to great

vehicle chassis on a

finally at of a robot

accuracy. Such robots can place hundreds of thousands of components per hour, far out-performing a human accuracy, reliability. in speed, and

Packaging: Indust robots are also and of for

rial

used extensively for palletizing packaging for example

manufactured goods, rapidly taking drink cartons from the end of a conveyor belt and placing and them into boxes, or for loading unloading machining centers.

Automated

guided vehicles (AGVs): Mo bile robots, following markers or wires in the floor, or using vision or lasers, are used to transport such as

Electronics: Mass

-produced printed circuit boards (PCBs) are almost exclusively manufactured by pickand-place robots,

goods around large facilities, warehouses, container ports, or hospitals.

Interim AGVthat deploy from

Technologies develop Early ed AGV-Style Robots were limited that and to could had to tasks be be the triangulation

beacons or bar code grids for scanning on the floor or ceiling. In most tend to to factories, require high triangulation systems moderate

accurately defined performed

same way every time. Very little feedback intelligence robots only the or was needed most The of

maintenance, such as daily cleaning of all beacons or bar codes. Also, if a tall pallet or large vehicle blocks beacons or a bar code is marred, AGVs may become such lost. AGVs Often are

required, and the

basic exteroceptor s (sensors). limitations

these AGVs are that their paths are not easily altered and they cannot alter their paths if obstacles block them. If one AGV breaks down, it may stop the entire operation.

designed to be used in human-free environments.

Newer

AGVs such as the Speci-Minder, ADAM, Tugand

PatrolBot Gofer are designed people-friendly workspaces. They navigate recognizing natural features. 3D scanners or other means of sensing the environment in two or three dimensions help to eliminate cumulative errors i n dead-reckoning calculations of the AGV's position. maps of current Some their lasers and those by for

planning algorithms. in perform sequential such masks in semiconductor

and They

obstacle avoidance are able to operate complex nontasks as a environments and repetitive and non-

transporting photo

lab, specimens in hospitals goods warehouses. dynamic such pallets, and in For areas, as AGVs

warehouses full of require additional strategies. Only a few augmented systems currently claim to be able to navigate in environments. reliably such vision-

AGVs can create environment using scanning localization and use with simultaneous mapping (SLAM) maps to navigate in real time with other path

Dirty, dangerous, dull or inaccessible tasks

Telerobots: When on site to

a human cannot be present perform a job because

A U.S.

Marine

it is dangerous, far away, or inaccessible, teleoperated robots, or telerobots are used. Rather than following a predetermined of a sequence movements,

Corps technician prepares to use a telerobot to detonate buried improvised explosive device near Camp Fallujah, Iraq a

telerobot is controlled from a distance by a There which are many jobs would human operator. The robot another may be in or or room humans

rather leave to robots. The job may be boring, such as domesticcleaning, or dangerous, exploring physically such as such as inside inaccessible, exploring

another country,

may be on a very different scale to the operator. For instance, a laparoscopic surgery robot surgeon allows to the work

a volcano Other jobs are

another planet, cleaning the inside of a long pipe, or performing laparoscopic s urgery.
[80]

inside a human patient on a relatively small scale open significantly shortening recovery compared to surgery,

time. When disabling a bomb, the operator sends a small robot to disable authors it. have Several been

activity disposal (EOD

known

as explosive ordnance

Automated fruit being

using a device called the Longpen to sign books remotely. Teleoperate d robot aircraft, like the PredatorUnmanned Aerial Vehicle, are being

harvesting machines: are used to pick fruit on orchards at a cost lower than that of human pickers.

The Roomba domestic v acuum cleaner robot does a single, menial job

increasingly

used by the military. These pilotless drones can search terrain and fire targets. Hundreds robots d used in Iraq and Afghanista n by military to roadside or Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in an the U.S. defuse bombs on of such

In the home: As

prices fall and robots become smarter and more simple autonomous, robots

as iRobot's Packbot an the Foster-Miller being TALON are

dedicated to a single task work in over a million homes. They are taking on simple but such washing, unwanted jobs, asvacuum and lawn

cleaning and floor mowing. Some find these robots to be cute

and

entertaining,

industrial

and

which is one reason that they can sell very well.

institutional cleaning markets, as they allow the job to be done faster, the without exposing workers to harful enzymes by dust released

Elder Care: The countries, Japan,

population is aging in many especially

meaning that there are increasing numbers of elderly people to care for, but relatively fewer young people to care for them Humans make the best carers, but where they are unavailable, robots are gradually introduced.

mites. For cleaning high-security institutions embassies such as and

prisons, duct cleaning robots are vital, as they allow the job to be completed without compromising security institution. buildings hazardous cancerogenic environments such as nuclear legally cleaned cleaning countries improve reactors must using robots, such be duct in as of the the

being

Hospitals with and

Duct Cleaning: In hazardous spaces of and a

and other government

the tight

building's duct work, many hours can be spent cleaning relatively small areas if a manual brush is used. duct primarily Robots have been used by many cleaners in the

Canada, in an effort to workplace

safety cleaning.

in

duct

media where the robot becomes evil are 2001: A Space Planet, Odyssey, Red ... Another sometimes the "uncanny

Potential problems Fears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films. A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots, motivated to take over or destroy the human race. (See The Terminator, Runaway,Bla de Runner, Robocop, the Replicators in Stargate, the in Battlestar Galactica, The Matrix, THX-1138, and I, Robot.) Some fictional robots are programmed to kill and destroy; others gain superhuman intelligence and abilities by upgrading their own software and hardware. Examples of popular Cylons

common theme is the reaction, called

valley", of unease and even revulsion at the sight of robots that mimic too humans

closely. Frankenstein(181 8), often called the first science fiction novel, has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or monster advancing beyond its creator. In the TV show, Futurama, the robots are portrayed as humanoid figures that live alongside humans, not as robotic butlers. They still work in industry, daily lives. Manuel noted bombs De that equipped Landa has "smart with but these robots carry out

missiles" and autonomous artificial perception can

be considered robots, and they make some of their decisions autonomously. He believes this represents an important and dangerous trend in which humans are handing over important decisions to machines. Marauding robots may

in Flat Rock, Michigan on January 25, 1979.[90] 37year-old Kenji Urada, a Japanese factory worker, was killed in 1981; Urada was performing routine maintenance on the robot, but neglected to shut it down properly, and was accidentally pushed into a grinding machine. Timeline Date Significance Descriptions of more than 100 First A.D. and machines and automata, including coin-operated machine, and a steam-powered eron of Alexandria engine, century a fire engine, a wind organ, a Robot name

have entertainment value, but unsafe use of robots constitutes danger. industrial an A robot actual heavy with

powerful actuators and unpredictably complex behavior can cause harm, for instance by stepping on a human's foot or falling on a human. Most industrial robots operate inside a security fence which separates them 1206 from human workers, but not all. Two robot-caused deaths are those of Robert Williams and Kenji

earlier in Pneumaticaand Automata by H

First programmable humanoid aut Boat with four ro omatons musicians

c. 1495 Designs for a humanoid robot

Mechanical knigh

Urada. Robert Williams was struck by a robotic arm at a casting plant 1738 Mechanical duck that was able to Digesting Duck

eat, flap its wings, and excrete 1963

First palletizing robot[94]

Palletizer

Japanese mechanical toys that 1800s served tea, fired arrows, and First robot with six 1973 Famulus painted electromechanically driven axes[95] First fictional automata called Programmable "robots" appear in the play 1975 product Humanoid robot, based on a suit History of armor with electrical actuators, Main article: History of exhibited at the annual exhibition robots in of the Model Engineers Society London Humanoid robot exhibited at the 1930s 1939 and 1940 World's Fairs universal

1921

manipulation arm, a Unimation PUMA

1928

1948

Simple

robots

exhibiting Many ancient

biological behaviors[92]

1956

mythologies include First commercial robot, from the artificial people, such as Unimation company founded the mechanical servants by George Devol built by the Greek Engelberger, based on Devol's god Hephaestus (Vulcan t patents o the Romans), the clay golems of Jewish First installed industrial robot legend and clay giants of

1961

Norse statue

legend, of Pygmalion that Ex

Al-Jazari's programmable humanoid robots Al-Jazari (11361206), a Muslim inventor during the Artuqid dynasty, designed and constructed a number of automated machines, kitchen musical including appliances, automata

and Galatea, the mythical came to life. In Greek drama, Deus Machina was contrived as a dramatic device that usually involved lowering a deity by wires into the play to solve a seemingly impossible problem. In the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas o f Tarentum postulated a mechanical "The steamof operated bird he called Pigeon".Hero Alexandria (1070 AD) created numerous user-configurable automated devices, and described steam and machines water. Su powered by air pressure, Song built a clock tower in China in 1088 featuring mechanical figurines that chimed the hours.[98]

powered by water, and the firstprogrammable human oid robots in 1206.The robots appeared as four musicians on a boat in a lake, entertaining guests at royal drinking parties. His mechanism had programmable that bumped a drum into

machine with pegs (cams) little levers that operated percussion instruments. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations Early modern developments

whether he attempted to build it. In 1738 and 1739, Jacques Vaucanson exhibited several automatons: duck. crane Tea-serving karakuri, with mechanism, 19th century. Tokyo Science Museum. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519) sketched plans for a humanoid robot around 1495. notebooks, in the Da 1950s, Vinci's contain rediscovered National The its life-sized a flute de

player, a pipe player and a mechanical neck, and duck could flap its wings, swallow food from the exhibitor's hand, and it gave the illusion its food of by digesting

excreting matter stored in a hidden compartment.

[100]

Complex

mechanical

toys and animals built in Japan in the 1700s were described in the Karakuri zui(Illustrated Machinery, 1796) Modern developments The Japanese

detailed drawings of a mechanical knight now known as Leonardo's robot, able to sit up, wave its arms and move its head and jaw. The design was probably based on anatomical research recorded in his Vitruvian Man. It is not known

craftsman Hisashige Tanaka (17991881), known Edison" of as or "Japan's "Karakuri complex

Giemon", created an array extremely mechanical toys, some of

which served tea, fired arrows drawn from a quiver, and even painted a Japanese kanji character. In demonstrated on 1898 Nikola a radiofor Tesla Tesla publicly controlled torpedo. Based patents "teleautomation", a weapon the US Navy. The first Unimate In 1926, Westinghouse

asElektro for

exhibition

purposes, including the 1939 and 1940 World's Fairs.[105][106] In Japan's 1928, first

robot, Gakutensoku, was designed and constructed by biologist Makoto Nishimura. The robots were first created

hoped to develop it into system for

electronic autonomous by William Grey Walter o the Burden Neurological Institute They at Bristol, were England in 1948 and 1949 named Elmer and Elsie. These robots could sense light and contact with external objects, and use these stimuli to navigate. The first truly modern robot, digitally operated and programmable, was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was ultimately called the Unimate.

Electric Corporation created Televox, the first robot put to useful work. They followed Televox with a number of other simple robots, including one called Rastus, made in the crude image of a black man. In the 1930s, they created a

humanoid robot known

Devol sold the first Unimate to General

Motors in 1960, and it was installed in 1961 in a plant in Trenton, New a die Jersey to lift hot pieces of metal from them. Literature Robotic characters, androids (artifi cial women), and cyborgs (also "bionicmen/women", mechanical enhancements) become a staple science fiction. The first reference in Western mechanical In literature to servants Book have of or humans with significant men/women) or gynoids (artificial casting machine and stack

theRieu translation, "Golden maidservants hastened to help their master. They looked like real women and could not only speak and use their limbs but were endowed with intelligence and trained in handwork by the immortal gods." Of course, the words "robot" or "android" are not used to describe them, but they are mechanical nevertheless devices

human in appearance. The most prolific author of stories about robots was Isaac Asimov (1920 1992), who placed robots and their interaction with society at the center of many Asimov the ideal of his works. carefully set of

appears in Homer's Iliad. XVIII,Hephaestus, god of fire, creates new armor for the hero Achilles, assisted robots According by to

considered the problem of instructions robots might be given in order to lower the risk to humans, and arrived at his Three Laws of Robotics: a robot may

not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm; a robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law; and a robot must protect its own not existence as long as such protection does conflict with the First or Second Law These were introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround", although foreshadowed in a few earlier stories. Later, Asimov added the Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"; the rest of the laws are modified sequentially to acknowledge this. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first passage in Asimov's short story "Liar!" (1941) that mentions the First

Law

is

the use

earliest of the Asimov

recorded

word robotics.

was not initially aware of this; he assumed the word already existed by other denoting applied analogy with mechanics, hydraulics, and similar branches knowledge terms of

Conclusion
Today in we find most

robots working for people industries, factories, and warehouses,

laboratories. Robots are useful in many ways. For instance, economy it boosts because

businesses need to be efficient to keep up with the industry competition. Therefore, having robots helps business owners to be competitive, because robots can do jobs better

and faster than humans can, e.g. robot can built, assemble a car. Yet robots cannot perform every job; today robots roles include assisting technology research and industry. Finally, as the improves, there will be new ways to use robots which will bring new hopes and new potentials.

/adaptiverobotics/humano idrobotics/ Access 12 June 2005. [2] Foerst Anne, (1999) Artificial sociability: from embodied AI toward new understandings of personhood, Technology in Society, 21, pp. 373 386. T209 Resource CDROM, Cyborg, part 2 Robotics. [3] ASIMO Honda [online]. Available from: http://world.honda.c om/HDTV/ASIMO/ Acce ss 11 June 2005. [4] MIT website [online]. Available from: http://www.ai.mit.e du/projects/humanoidrobotics-group/ Access 11 June 2005 [5] Jones, A.C. (2002) Minds, matter and

REFERENCES:

[1] INEEL website [online]. Available from: http://www.inel.gov

machines, T209 Resource CD-ROM,

Cyborg, part 1 Robotics. [6] NASA website [online]. Available from: http://wwwaig.jpl.nasa.gov/public/pla nning/dist-rovers/ Access 12 June 2005. [7] Bruce, I.S. (1998) Man Made, The Scotsman, December 1, Spectrum, p. UP4, T209 Resource CD-ROM, Cyborg, part 1- Bionics. ASIMO image - T209 Resource CD-ROM, Cyborg, part 1 Robotics.