SOCIALIZATION

Soc Sci I, UP Visayas

Nature or Nurture?

How much of individual variability in a trait is due to genes; genes how much is due to environment? environment

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when socialization is not present

Frederick II (13th century)
His folly was that he wanted to find out what kind of speech ad what manner of speech children would have when they grew up, if they spoke to no one beforehand. So he bade foster mothers and nurses to suckle the children, to bathe and wash them, but in no way to prattle with them or speak to them, for he wanted to learn whether they would speak the Hebrew language, which was to oldest
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when socialization is not present

Fredirick II (13th century)
or Greek, or Latin, or Arabic, or perhaps the language of their parents, of whom they were born. But he laboured in vain, because the children all died. For they could not live without the petting and joyful faces and loving words of their foster mothers.

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when socialization is not present

Feral Children
Wild or undomesticated Children reared in complete or nearly complete isolation from human contact Example : Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron (1797)
No speech, of normal hearing, uttered some sounds Underwent language training for 5 years Victor would name objects that were presented but would not request them by using names He associaed a particular name with a specific object, not a class of objects
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when socialization is not present

Isolated Children
Those who grew up with extremely limited human contact Example : Genie discovered at the age of 13 in LA, California Experienced extreme social and physical isolation from 20 months of age until 13.5 years old

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Socialization
the process by which a person learns and generally accepts the established ways of a particular social group or society the general process of acquiring culture (ENCULTURATION)
Example: females learn how to be daughters, sisters, friends, wives, and mothers The process includes adopting ones cultural norms
NORMS conceptions of appropriate and expected behavior that are held by most members of the society

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Socialization
Important in the process of personality formation
Semai tribesmen of central Malay Peninsula of Malaysia : avoid violence Yanomamo Indians (border between Venezuela and Brazil) : boys are trained to be tough and aggressive
Unokai : a man who has achieved manhood status by killing another man Non-unokai: a man who has not achieved manhood status by the killing of another man
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Socialization
Important in the process of learning societal values
Japanese mothers American mothers

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Socialization :
Significance of the Early Years of Childhood

The experience of young children within families seem to have the greatest influence on the development of human personality

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Socialization :
Significance of the Early Years of Childhood Lev Semenovich Vygotsky : Cognitive development in a sociocultural context
Social interactions and activities Everyday experiences with adults and more mature peers

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Concepts
Guided Participation Collaboration in routine activities (relevant in the context) Helping child to adapt to new situations Structuring problem-solving attempts Typically involves a more skilled partner (apprenticeship) Observing and eavesdropping

Concepts
Private/Inner Speech Internalized language that originates from cooperative dialogues with more mature partners Used for self-guidance and self-direction

Socialization
Successful socialization - can result in uniformity within a society - those who internalize the norms of society are less likely to break the law or to want radical social change
- standardize education and make it compulsory for all children
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1. Primary Socialization
Learning that one gets from primary caretakers during the early years of life Teaching language and other cognitive skills, the internalization of cultural norms and values, the establishment of emotional ties, and the appreciation of others roles and perspective

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2. Anticipatory Socialization
Occurs when a person starts learning new norms and values in anticipation of a role he or she will occupy in the future

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Example:

Gender Socialization

The tendency for boys and girls to be socialized differently. Boys are raised to conform to the male gender role, and girls are raised to conform to the female gender role GENDER ROLE a set of behaviors, attitudes, personality characteristics expected and encouraged of a person based on his or her sex
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3. Development Socialization
Based on achievements of primary socialization Builds on already acquired skills and knowledge as the adult progresses through situations that require new expectations, obligations and roles New learning is added to and blended with old in relatively smooth and continuous process of development
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4. Reverse Socialization
Occurs when younger generation transmits cultural knowledge to the older generation

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5. Resocialization
Learning of new norms and values that occurs when adults join a new group or when life circumstances change dramatically. Takes place in the context where people have been partly or wholly isolated from their previous background

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Agents of Socialization
Family
Process of socialization may be intentional or unconscious

School
Imparting knowledge in the areas of science, math, reading, etc. Hidden curriculum teaches children important cultural values

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Agents of Socialization
Peer Group
A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common

Mass Media
Methods of communication that direct messages and entertainment to a wide audience (newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, the internet, and movies)

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Ecological Systems Theory

Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979)

MICROSYSTEM

MESOSYSTEM

EXOSYSTEM MACROSYSTEM
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Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems

MICROsystem
pattern of activities, roles, interactions experienced by individual in immediate setting
FAMILY; school; place of work Proximal Process: progressively more complex reciprocal interaction between active, evolving biopsychological organism and the persons, objects, symbols in its immediate environment

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Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems

MESOsystem
interrelations between microsystems
Family & school interactions

EXOsystem
settings that do not directly involve the individual but in which events occur that affect or are affected by the individual
Parents work; older sibs; social supports of parents

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Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems

MACROsystem
socioeconomic class, religion, culture, government policy, etc. that provide varying systems blueprints influence is distal

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