Contents

Title
Acknowledgement List of Figures and Tables List of Abbreviations Summary I. Introduction to Nanoscience I.1.Characterization Techniques in Nanoscience Research I.1.1.Types of Electron Microscopes I.1.1.1.Transmitting Electron Microscope (TEM) I.1.1.2.Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) I.2.Top down and Bottom up Approaches to Nanotechnology I.3.Nanoparticles Synthesis Methods II. Carbon Nanotubes II.1.Definition II.2.Structure of Carbon Nanotubes II.2.1. Single- Walled Nanotubes(SWNTs) II.2.2. Multi-Walled Nanotubes(MWNTs) II.3.Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes II.3.1. Solid Carbon-Based Production II.3.1.1. Laser Ablation II.3.1.2.Electric Arc Method II.3.2. Gaseous Carbon Based Production II.3.2.1.Homogeneous Process II.3.2.2.Heterogeneous Process II.3.3.Templating Technique II.4.Purification II.6.CNTs Growth Mechanisms II.6.1.Floating Catalyst Method II.6.2.Supported Catalyst Routes II.6.3.Catalyst Free Routes II.7.Physical Properties of CNTs I

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Title
II.8.General Properties of SWNTs II.8.1.Adsorption Properties of SWNTs II.8.2.Mechanical Properties II.8.3. Electronic Properties III.Carbon Nanotubes Applications III.1.Increasing Octane Number of Gasoline Using Functionalized CNTs III.1.1.Synthesis of Functionalized CNTs III.1.2.Addition of Functionalized CNTs to Gasoline III.1.3.Octane Number Analysis III.2. The Adsorption of Resorcinol From Water Using MWCNTs III.3.NaCl Adsorption in MWCNTs/Active carbon Combination Electrode III.4.Cancer Treatment IV. CNTs Hazards IV.1.Occupational Exposure to CNTs V.Conclusion References

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Acknowledgement
I want to acknowledge and express contribution of Dr. Ibrahim Ahmed Mohamed Abdel-Hamid, lecturer of inorganic chemistry. A special thanks to him for his efforts in directing me in this essay to have a great work.

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List of Figures and Tables

Name Page number 1 Fig. I.1 Objects Size 2 Fig. I.2 Biological Nanostructures 6 Fig. I.3 An Image of Ant in Scanning Electron Microscope 6 Fig. I.4 Top down and Bottom up Approaches 7 Fig. I.5 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Production Using Vapor Phase 8 Fig. I.6 Surface Modifications 10 Fig. I.7Assembling Nanoparticles for Applications Table I.1. Nanoscience Applications 10 12 Fig. II.1 Structure of Graphite 12 Fig. II. 2 Single Walled Carbon Nanotube 12 Fig. II.3 Types of Carbon Nanotubes 13 Fig. II.4 Showing Three Different Structures of SWNT 14 Fig.II.5a,b High Resolution (TEM) of A Bundle of SWNTs 14 Fig. II.6 Concentric MWNT 15 Fig. II.7 TEM Image of MWNT 15 Fig. II.8 laser Ablation 16 Fig. II.9 Electric Arc Method 17 Fig. II.10 Homogenous CCVD Fig. II.11 Heterogeneous CCVD 17 18 Fig. II.12 Templating Technique 20 Fig. II.13 SWNTs with pH-Sensitive Poly (Acrylic acid) Molecules 21 Fig. II.14 CNT Growth 22 Fig. II.15 Supported Catalyst Modes 22 Fig. II.16 Floating and Supported Catalyst 23 Fig. II.17 Catalyst Free Route 24 Fig. II.18 SWNT Bundle 27 Fig. III.1 Synthesis of Functionalized CNTs 27 Fig. III.2 Samples of Gasoline 28 Fig. III.3 Octane Number Analysis 30 Fig. III.4a,b Desalination Theory 32 Fig.IV. Risk Management Steps

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List of Abbreviations
TEM SEM CNTs SWNTs MWNTs HiPCO c-MWNT CCVD MTBE TBF TBA PM dda oda Transmitting Electron Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope Carbon Nanotubes Single-Walled Nanotubes Multi-Walled Nanotubes high pressure CO conversion Concentric Multi-Walled Nanotube Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition methyl tertiary butyl ether tertiary butyl formate tertiary butyl alcohol Particular Matter dodecylamine octadecylamine

Summary
This essay talks about nanoscience and one of the important nanomaterials which is carbon nanotubes. In the beginning, we show the meaning of nanoscience, how the material properties at nanoscale differ from that in the bulk, the importance of biological nanosized materials such as proteins and how nanotechnology can treat diseases such as cancer and diabetes and characterization techniques for observing nanomaterials by transmission and scanning electron microscopes which are crucial tool in the study of emerging materials to evaluate their full potential in applications and to know their physical and chemical properties . We talk about top down and bottom up approaches to nanotechnology which used in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Bottom up synthesis methods such as flame pyrolysis, high temperature evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, colloidal or liquid phase methods and molecular self assembly. Top down synthesis methods which involve mechanical reduction of size such as grinding and milling, once nanoparticles are produced and purified, we can introduce surface modification to perform certain functions. After the introduction to nanoscience, we talk about carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and its structures, there are two main types of CNTs which are single- walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), there are three types of (SWNTs) which are zigzag, arm chair and helical structures. Its synthesis by different methods such as laser ablation, electric arc method, chemical vapor deposition and templating technique, also we talk briefly about processes after synthesis such as purification, filling and funcationalization of carbon nanotubes.

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We also talk about the growth mechanism of CNTs which still the source of much debate because of the variation in the conditions which allow formation of CNTs and that the growth of CNTs is rapid and difficult to observe insitu. There are three routes for production of CNTs which are floating catalyst route, supported catalyst route and free catalyst route. We mention some physical properties of carbon nanotubes such as adsorption properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes, mechanical properties and electronic properties. An important part of this essay is about carbon nanotubes applications such as increasing octane number of gasoline, adsorption of resorcinol from polluted water, NaCl adsorption in MWCNTs/active carbon combination electrode water desalination and cancer treatment. At the end of the essay, we talk briefly about carbon nanotubes hazards as it affects lung and skin and steps of risk management to protect workers involved in nanotechnology.

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Carbon Nanotubes Applications

Carbon Nanotubes Hazards