X.

MOSFET CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Notation: uppercase w/ uppercase subscript (e.g., VIN, VOUT) DC large signal lowercase w/ lowercase subscript (e.g., vin, vout) AC small signal lowercase w/ uppercase subscript (e.g., vIN, vOUT) total signal, DC+AC

Large-signal Analysis find DC operating point (models nonlinearity of MOSFET IV equation) Method 1: Load-line (graphical) Analysis. Requires MOSFET IV curves. Method 2: Method of Assumed States. Large-signal (1) Guess region of operation for each MOSFET. Circuit Model (2) Solve circuit with KCL/KVL/nodal analysis, substituting appropriate IV equation for MOSFET IDS. (3) Check that assumptions for MOSFET operating regions were correct (triode: VGS VT, VDS VGS-VT; saturation: VGS VT, VDS VGS-VT). If not, start over, guessing new operating regions for the MOSFETs. Small-signal Analysis find small-signal gain, Rin, Rout (use a linearized circuit model for the MOSFET) small-signal circuit model is a linearized model for the MOSFET, only valid for small signals near a given DC operating point (AKA quiescent point) Small-signal allows for linear circuit theory (superposition, phasor analysis) Circuit Model transconductance: g m = DS vGS Q
i

1 output resistance: ro = 1 =
g ds

i DS v DS Q

Note: Evaluate small-signal parameters at DC operating point ro small-signal parameter Gm triode/linear saturation KVDS(1+VDS) K(VGS-VT)(1+VDS) small VDS: 1/[K(VGS-VT)] 1/[K(VGS-VT)2]

MOSFET Amplifier Analysis

(1) Large-signal analysis Find DC operating point w/ load-line analysis or method of assumed states. (2) Small-signal analysis Zero out all DC sources, replace MOSFETs with small-signal model, and find gm and ro for each MOSFET at the DC operating point. To find voltage gain Av = vout/vin, solve for vout using KCL/KVL/nodal analysis. To find Rin and Rout, zero out all independent sources and find Rth at the input and the output (this may require VTEST/ITEST method).

Common Source Amplifier Large Signal Small Signal Av=vout/vin = -gm(ro || RD) Rin = Rout = ro || RD

XI. OP-AMPS Operational amplifier high-gain voltage amplifier with differential inputs and single output
Circuit Symbol Circuit Model Input/Output Characteristic

Vo = A(Vp-Vn), Vo = [VSS,VDD] Note: Vo cannot exceed the power supply rails VDD and VSS A = Gain, Rin = input resistance, Rout = output resistance Ideal op-amp: A , Rin , Rout 0 Negative Feedback since its hard to make the op-amp gain stable over all operating conditions (the gain fluctuates with temperature, process variation, and power supply noise), negative feedback is used to stabilize the op-amp output
negative feedback usually occurs when the output is connected to the negative input terminal

Suuming Point Constraint for ideal op-amp in negative feedback (2) vp=vn (for stable Vo=A(Vp-Vn), A=) (1) ip=in=0 (since Rin=) Op-amp Analysis (1) Check for negative feedback. (2) Apply summing point constraint.
(3) Solve the circuit using circuit-analysis techniques (remember that Vo cannot exceed the supply rails).

Op-amp Circuits
Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier Unity-gain Buffer

Vout Vin

R2 R1

Vout Vin

= 1+

R1 R2

Vout Vin

=1

Adder

Subtractor

R R Vout = R3 V1 + R3 V2 2 1

Vout =

R2 (V V2 ) R1 1

Integrators

Vout = j1 Vin RC

Vout = 1 Vin j L R

Vout Vin

( j )

1
2

LC

Differentiators

Vout = jRC Vin

Vout = j L R Vin

Vout = ( j )2 LC Vin

Cascading Op-amp Circuits Find gain of each stage and multiply them together to get total gain