SPE

SPE 22688
Application of the Pulse Decay Technique
A. Gilicz, Hungarian Hydrocarbon Inst.
SPE Member
Copyright 1991, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared lor presentation at the 66th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in Dalias, TX, October 6-9, 1991.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee foliowing review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect
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ABSTRACT
In recent years the pulse decay technique became
a frequent tool for the fast and convenient mea-
surement of permeability and porosity of mostly
tight rocks. The method is superior to conven-
tional steady state methods as it is much faster
and easier to perform. So far it was applied to
linear cores (plugs) only. In the last years radial
models appeared widely as they show some ad-
vantages over linear models, so the need emerged
to apply the method for radial cores. Experimen-
tal apparatus and mathematical models have been
developed to solve the problem. The current pa-
per describes experimental set-up, analytical so-
lutions of the governing equation and applications
of them to performed measurements.
INTRODUCTION
As numerous low-quality reservoirs worldwide still
present a considerable potential for hydrocarbon
production, attention was paid to the investiga-
tion of these rock types. Determination of their
permeability is usually difficult by the conven-
tional steady-state displacement methods because
the achievement of the steady-state condition is
sometimes questionable, the flow rates are diffi-
cult to measure and control, measurements can
last for a long time increasing error accumlations.
References and illustration at end of paper.
305
To complicate the situation, low permeability
rocks are usually sensitive to stress, flow velocities
and throughputs, they often contain sensitive clay
minerals and fines and are susceptible for demages
caused by floods.
As under these conditions the measurement of
pressure and time is much easier Brace et al.
[1] introduced a transient technique, known as
the pressure pulse technique for the measurement
of permeability. An inlet and an outlet vessel
was connected to the core the inlet vessel hav-
ing a slightly higher initial pressure as the out-
let one. The pressure wave generated in this way
was forced through the core and the pressure evo-
lution on both ends of the core was followed in
time. The log of the pressure difference depicted
vs. time gave a straight line the slope of which
was proportional to permeability. It was the very
first model and the authors made some neglec-
tions, which however have influence under other
circumstances. This is particularly the relation
of the pore volume to vessel volumes [2,3]. Later
investigators [4,5] included the core's compressive
storage in their solutions. Based on the relation
of in- and outlet vessel volumes and the pore vol-
ume three experimental setups and solutions exist
- they were all treated by the literature:
2 APPLICATION OF THE PULSE DECAY TECHNIQUE TORADIAL CORES SPE 22688
THEORY
The variable P is the difference ofP pressure any-
where in the core and the initial core pressure Pini,
i.e.:
The outline of the geometry is depicted in Fig.2.
The flow in the core is described with the radial
diffusivityequation:
The applied fluid may be either liquid or gas. In
the later case thepseudopressure of Al-Hussainy
et al.[Il] has to be substituted for pressure and
the adjusted time of Meunier et al.[12] for time.
Their deffinitions are respectively:
(2)
(1)
(4)
(3)
0
2
P 10P p4Jc oP
-+--=--
or
2
r Or k at
P = P - Pini
fP P
m(p) = 2 J.... () (P) dp
P.... P P z
t .. = fic! ~ d t
pc
also be evaluated. Pressure transducers are lo-
cated at both upstream and downstream vessels.
The model and vessels are located in an air ther-
mostated cabinet to provide thermal stability and
reservoir temperatures.
Mter the placement of the core the systemis filled
up with either gas or liquid, and confining pres-
sure is applied. Reaching equilibrium the valve
separating the core and the upstream vessel - usu-
ally that one connected to the centre of the core
- is closed and the pressure in this vessel is in-
creased slightly. By opening the valve the pressure
wave propagates through the core into the down-
stream vessel. Pressure evolution in the vessels is
recorded. As the measurement is usually short, it
is continued to equilibrium, although this is not
a necessary requirement. This is especially useful
in case of large vessels or very low permeabilities
where measurement times can get longer.
Pressure data along with geometrical data and
viscosity/ compressibility data are the inputs of
computer programs which fit the mathematical
models elaborated to the measurement data. Two
parameters of these solutions are unknown: per-
meability and porosity. Programs vary these val-
ues in a systhematic way until match of pressures
is achieved.
- inlet vessel volume much less than outlet
vessel and pore volume [6],
The next stage in the evolution of the method
was the simultaneous determination of porosity
and permeability. The solution was developed by
Haskett et al. [8] having numerous advantages: a
fast method providing two important values from
one measurement uder the same conditions with-
out subjective judgement, etc.
Recently Kamath et al.[9] illustrated that the
early time pressure response of the core in the
pulse decay measurement contains even more in-
formation, and core heterogenities can be de-
tected.
All former solutions were derived for linear core
plugs. In the last years however radial models
have been introduced in many labs. Radial models
use full diameter cores obtained directly from cor-
ing operations in drilling. In radial models (cores)
flow of fluids has actually the same radial charac-
ter as the flow of fluids in the vincity of wells so
it is assumed that radial cores represent reservoir
flow conditions more accurately.
Also the preparation of radial cores for measure-
ments is somewhat simpler as that of plugs: one
has to cut the top and bottom sides of the core
paralelly and drill a small hole into the centre of
the core, no special cutting device is necessary,
and the core holding is also simpler.
Due to these facts the need emerged to apply the
pulse decay technique under radial circumstances.
The current paper aimes to present the experi-
mental and theoretical solution of the problem.
EXPERTIMENTALSETUP
- inlet vessel, outlet vessel an pore volume in
the same range [7].
- inlet vessd volume much higher as outlet
vessel and pore volume [4,5],
The scheme of the experimental setup is shown in
Fig.!. Prior to experiments the top and bottomof
the core is cut paralelly and a hole is drilled into
the centre of it. Then it is placedinto the cylin-
drical coreholder. Some silicon paste is placed
to the top and bottom side of the core for seal-
ing. The upper side of the coreholder is movable.
The effect of overburden pressure can be modelled
by providing confining pressure load to this disk.
By measuring its shift, rock compressibilities can
306
SPE 22688
Initial conditions are:
A.GILICZ 3
rw < r < R p(r,t = -0) =Pini
Pu(t = -0) = PI
Pd(t =-0) =P2
(5)
(6)
(7)
M1(r) ={C1P1 [J1(anR) + c:; a,.Jo(anR)] +
C2P2 [ Jl(anr",)-
danJo(anr",)]} Yo(a,.r) (15)
Boundary conditions:
r =rw;t > 0
where
C
_ p.cV
u
1-
2kr
w
1rH
r = R;t > 0
Pd(t) = p(R; t)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
M2 (r) = - {C1 P1 [C:;anYo(anR)+
Y1(an R) ] +C2P2 [ Y1(an r",)-
danYo(anr",)]} Jo(anr)
(16)
(17)
P2 is usually equal to Pini , but not necessarily.
With this notation however the solution could be
kept quite general.
Equations 8 and 11 express that pressure must
be continous between vessels and core boundaries,
whereas equations 9 and 12 express mass conser-
vation i.e. the pressure change rate in the vessels
is proportional to the fluxes into- and out of the
core.
Equation 1 with initial and boundary conditions
was solved by means of the Laplace transform.
Details are given in Appendix A. The general so-
lution is:
where
c _ P.CVd
2 - 2kR1rH
P(r,t) = P
oo
+
! t M1(r) +M2 (r)
C n=1 +RF21
where
(13)
(14)
(18)
and an are the positive roots of the equation
(19)
n =1,2,3,... ,00
307
4 APPLICATION OF THE PULSE DECAY TECHNIQUE TO RADIAL CORES SPE 22688
Note that P2 is usually zero because P2 = Pini
This however is not a necessary condition.
Pressures are measured in the vessels, i.e. at r w
and r = R locations, so Eq.14. is needed at these
points. If r = r
w
then after some manipulations
the numerators become
The general solution includes also particular
cases, where the ratio of Vu/Vd is much higher
or much less then 1. These cases are not applica-
ble for porosity determination, but some labs may
prefer any of these solutions, so they are provided
in Appendix B.
If inlet vessel, pore volume and outlet vessel vol-
umes are in the same range, the solution is sensi-
tive to porosity as well. Figs. 3. and 4. show some
simulated pressure histories. Parameters of these
runs are summarized in Table 1. As can be seen
the rate of pressure changes is a strong function of
permeability, whereas equilibrium pressures are a
function of porosity.
Early time solutions can be used for heterogenity
detection [9]. In radial system they are as follows:
At r = r
w
location
APPLICATION
(26)
(25)
_-'Lt (fS\
eric ycr.t)
At r=R location
To determine porosity and permeability the core's
pressure response has to be matched with Eq.14.
All parameters of Eq.14 can be calculated except
porosity and permeability. In terms of these two
variables this equation is nonlinear. The determi-
nation of nonlinear parameters is usually tedious
and needs certain mathematical methods as it-
eration, gradient search or the Newton-Raphson
procedure. To realize them is in general compli-
cated, so a simple, but stable direct search al-
gorithm was constructed. It minimizes the sum
of squares between the measured and calculated
pressures. Fig.5. shows the procedure. Starting
with an initial guess for permeability and porosity
a rectangle is constructed and for all cornerpoints
and side midle points the sum of squares is calcu-
lated. This means a search roughly in all possible
directions. One of the points will have a mini-
mum function value and the rectangle is shifted
to this point. Again the function is calculated
for the new points exept for those which overlap
with the last rectangle. If the function minimum
is found to be in the midle of the rectangle, the
size of it is shrinked and the search goas on until
the rectangle size becomes less as a certain limit.
The method has the advantage that no derivates
of the least squares function have to be calculated.
Also it is rather insensitive to the initial guesses
and not susceptible to find local minimums on the
sum of squares function surface.
Measurements have been carried out on four core
samples. The flow medium was formation wa-
ter. In order to test reproducibility of the method
measurements were conducted several times. The
repetition of measurement gave nearly identical
results, so the procedure has good reproducibil-
ity. The matched in- and outlet pressures of the
particular cores can be seen in Figs. 6-9. Re-
sults are summarized in Table 2. Also the results
were compared with conventionally measured per-
meability and porosity values. As can be seen in
Fig.10 the agreement is good.
(24)
(21)
(20)
(23)
(22)
M
l
(r
1D
) = CIP
I
{ J
l
(a..R)Yo(a..r1D )-
Y
l
(a..R)Jo(a,.r1D )+
+c:; a,. [ Jo(a.. R)Yo(a..r1D )-
Yo(a..R)Jo(a..r1D ) ]}
M
2
(r
1D
) = 2C
2
P
2
'll'a..r 1D
Ml(R) = C2P2 { Jl (a..r1D )Yo(a.. R)-
Yl (a..r1D )Jo(a.. R)+
c:; a .. [ Jo(a.. R)Yo(a..r1D )-
Yo(a..R)Jo(a,.r1D ) ]}
M
2
(R) = 2C
I
P
l
'll'a.. R
C = I-tP
c
Ie
whereas if r=R, then
In equations 14-23 C means:
308
SPE 22688 A.GILICZ
5
pressure
P - Pini
see Eq.A-26
radius
outer radius of core
Laplace variable
time
volume
variable
second kind, zero order Bessel function
second kind, first order Bessel function
second kind, second order
Bessel function
gas deviation factor or .;as
root of transcendent equation
viscosity
porosity
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
s
t
V
z
a
.
M
N
p
p
Q
n
r
R
NOMENCLATURE
A = constant in Eq.A-IO, A-ll
B constant in Eq.A-IO, A-ll
c = compressibility
C = see Eq.24
C
1
see Eq.lO
C
2
= see Eq.13
F
1
;2 = seeEq.17,18
Fa see Eq.B-6.
H = thickness of core
1 = imaginary unit or initial
1
0
= modified, first kind, zero order
Bessel function
modified, first kind, first order
Bessel function
modified, first kind, second order
Bessel function
= first kind, zero order Bessel function
first kind, first order Bessel function
= first kind, second order Bessel function
= permeability
modified, second kind, zero order
Bessel function
modified, second kind, first order
Bessel function
K2 = modified, second kind, second order
Bessel function
= Laplace transformation sign
numerator
index
= denominator
- The analytical solution is general, no ne-
glections on pore volume storage were done.
Also it includes particular cases where the
ratio of upstream/downstream volumes is
either much higher or much lower than 1.
- A simple but stable history matching algo-
rithm was designed to determine porosity
and permeability. So the evaluation is free
from subjective judgement.
The results obtained by the method are
in agreement with conventionally obtained
porosity and permeability values.
- As the method is fast it could be introduced
as a standard measurement procedure.
- The lab apparatus allows measurements un-
der reservoir conditions (confining pressure,
pore pressure and temperatures).
CONCLUSIONS
As pointed out by Haskett et al. [8] the simulta-
neous determination of porosity and permeability
by history matching has several advantages, so
the core has to be mounted only once, evaluation
of results is free from subjective interpretation,
stress dependent hysteresis is eliminated.
The method is faster and easier to perform as con-
ventional steady-state methods, so as a new al-
ternative it could be introduced as a standard lab
measurement.
The method fits well into operations made by
radial models and does not increase operational
costs.
The application of the pulse decay method has
been extended from linear to radal cores. Radial
cores need a somewhat simpler preparatory work
as linear cores (plugs) and may more properly rep-
resent flow conditions near the wellbore.
Unfortunately our apparatus could not capture
early time data with adequate resolution, so the
investigations for core heterogenities could not be
performed. Future developments planned on the
apparatus will make it possible.
DISCUSSION
Analytical solution could be found of the
pulse decay technique for radial cores.
309
6 APPLICATION OF THE PULSE DECAY TECHNIQUE TO RADIAL CORES SPE 22688
SUBSCRIPTS
d,(2)
=
downstream
ini
=
initial
n
=
index
u,(l) upstream
w
=
borehole
8. Haskett, S.E., Nahara, G.M. and Holditch,
S.A.: "A Method for the Simultaneous De-
termination of Permeability and Porosity in
Low-Permeability Cores" SPE 15379 paper,
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Ex-
hibition 1986, New Orleans, October 5-8.
SUPERSCRIPTS
- = Laplace transformed or average
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The support and permission of the Hungarian Hy-
drocarbon Institute to publish this paper is highly
appreciated. Special thanks to Dr. Gyula Milley
for supervising the lab measurements.
REFERENCES
9. Kamath, J., R.E. Boyer and F.M. Nak-
agawa:. "Characterisation of Core Scale
Heterogenities Using Laboratory Pressure
Transients" SPE 20575 paper, SPE 65th
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibi-
tion, New Orleans, September 23-26 1990.
10. R.A1-Hussainy,H.J. RameyJr., P.B. Craw-
ford: "The Flow of Real Gases Through
Porous Media" JPT (May 1966) 624-636.
1. Brace, W.F., Walsh J.B., Frangos,
W.T.:"Permeability of Granite under High
Pressure" Journal of Geophysical Research
(1968), Vol. 73, 2225-2236.
2. Trimmer, D.A.: "Design Criteria for Lab-
oratory Measurement of Low Permeabil-
ity Rocks" Geophysical Research Letters
(1981), Vol.8. No.9. 973-975.
11. Meunier, D., Kabir, C.S. and Wittmann,
M.J.: "Gas Well Test Analysis: Use of Nor-
malized Pressure and Time Functions" SPE
Formation Evaluation, (Dec.1987) 629-636.
12. Van Everdingen, A.F. and Hurst, W.:"The
Application of the Laplace Transformation
to Flow Problems in Reservoirs" Petroleum
Transactions, AIME, (Dec.1949) 305-324.
APPENDIX A
13. Abramovitz, M. and Stegun, I.A.: Hanbook
of Mathematical Functions Dover Pub!.
Inc., New York 1972.
14. Fodor, Gy.: Technical Application of the
Laplace Transform (in Hungarian) Techn.
Ed. Budapest, 1966.
The mathematical solution of the problem is sim-
ilar to the solution of Van Everdingen and Hurst
[12] except that the boundary conditions are dif-
ferent. Considering Eq.2. and applying Laplace
transform to Eq.1 and to initial and boundary
conditions i.e. to Eqs. (5)-(9), (11) and (12) we
get
(A-2)
(A-I)
tPP 1 dP -
-+--=CsP
dr
2
r dr
3. Lin, W.:"Parametric Analyses of the Tran-
sient Method of Measuring Permeability"
Journal of Geophysical Research (1982),
Vol.87, No.B2, 1055-1060.
4. Bourbie, T. and Walls, J.: "Pulse De-
cay Permeability, Analytical Solution and
Experimental Test" SPEJ (October, 1982)
719-721.
6. Amaefule, J.O. et al.: "Laboratory Deter-
mination of Effective Liquid Permeability in
Low-Quality Resevoir Rocks by the Pulse
Decay Technique" SPE 15149 paper,SPE
California Regional Meeting, Oakland, 1986
April 2-4.
5. Chen, T. and Stagg, P.W.: "Semilog Anal-
ysis of the Pulse-Decay Technique of Per-
meability Measurement" SPEJ (December,
1984) 639-642.
7. Hsieh, P.A. et al.: "A Transient Labora-
tory Method for Determining the Hydraulic
Properties of Tight Rocks - I. Theory" Int.
J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. and Geomech.
Abstr. (1981) Vol. 18245-252.
(A-3)
(A-4)
310
SPE 22688 A.GILIGZ 7
By introducing z == VCi the solution of Eq. A-I
is
dP
b(r; a) = Azlt(zr) - BzK
1
(zr) (A-7)
The constans A and B have to be determined from
boundary conditions. Substituting Eq. A-6 and
A-7 into Eq.A-3 and A-5 also considering A-2 and
A-4: (A-13)
peri 8) = DIet (C1Pl {[ zIl(zR) +C28Io(ZR)]
Ko(zr) - [ C28Ko(zR) - ZK1(ZR)] Io(zr)}) +
D ~ t (C2P2 {[ zKl(zr",) + C18Ko(zr",)] Io(zr)+
[ zIl(zr",) - C18Io(zr,.,)] Ko(Zr)}) (A-12)
where
Det = [ zIl(zr",) - C18Io(zr",)]
[ C28Ko(zR) - ZK1(ZR)] +
[ zKl(zr",) +C18Ko(zr",)]
[ zIl (zR) + C28Io(ZR)]
(A-5)
(A-6) Per; a) = Alo(zr) +BKo(zr)
and it's space derivate:
For later use this solution can be put in the fol-
lowing simplified form:
AzI1(zr",) - BzK1(zr",) =Cl{8 [AIo(zr",)+
BKo(zr",) ] - PI} (A-B)
- M(a)
P(ra) =--
I N(a)
(A-14)
AzIl(zR) - BzKl(zR) =-C2{8 [AIo(zR)+
BKo(zR) ] - P2} (A-9)
After rearranging:
A [ zIl(zr,.,) - C18Io(zr",)] - B [ zKl(zr",)
+C
1
8K
o
(zr,.,) ] =-C1Pl (A-IO)
M(s) and N(s) designating the numerator and the
denominator respectively.
One of the outstanding features of the Laplace
transformis that early and late time solutions can
be obtained without the complete inversion of the
Laplace domain solution. This also allows the in-
direct check of the solution as both early and late
time behavoiur can be estimated by simple phys-
icallaws. In our case we expect from early time
solution that it should be close to the initial con-
ditions, whereas late time solution (steady state)
should obey Boyle's law, as the process is actu-
ally isoterm expansion of a fluid through certain
volumes.
The early time solution in Laplace space is ob-
tained by
A [ zIl(zR) +C28Io(ZR)] + B [ C28Ko(zR)-
zK
1
(zR) ] = C
2
P
2
(A-ll)
P(rjt ~ 0) = -1 {lim P(rja)}
._00
Invoking the equalties
(A-15)
Applying Cramer's rule this equation system can
be solved for A and B. After some rearrangement
the solution in Laplace space is:
(A-16)
311
8 APPLICATION OF TITh JLSE DECAY TECHNIQUE TO RADIAL CORES SPE 22688
and applying A-15 we get after longer manipula-
tions for r = r
w
- PI
P(r",; 6 -+ 00) = ( )
Vi Vi +
and for r=R
-
P(R; 6 -+ 00) = ---,---=----.-
Vi (Vi +
(A-I7)
(A-I8)
(A-2I)
Mter some manipulations
which can be inverted directly via tables [14] and
we get Eq. 25 and 26 in the text. They clearly
tend to P
1
and P2 respectively if time is close to
zero, and these are actually initial conditions, i.e.
Eqs. 6 and 7 in the text. These solutions also have
significance in core heterogenity determinations as
pointed out by Kamath et al.[9].
Next the steady state solution is investigated. In
Laplace space it can be obtained by
I
Poo = ---
Denom
( CIPI { - +C2
6
] In ( .;c;r)-
[C2
61n
(.;c;R) +.;c; }+
C2P2{[.;c; .. - CIS In (.;c;rw )] -
[va."';" -c]In ( va.,)} ) (A-20)
Recalling Eq.2 this means in real pressure terms:
(A-22)
(A-23)
(A-24)
p. _ V"PI +Vtl
P
2
00 - qnrH(R2) +Vel +V,.
As can be seen the inversion needs the derivation
of the denominator (A-13) with respect to s, the
Laplace variable and the calculation of it at poles
Sn = 1,2, ... ,00.
Let's put the denominator of (A-13) N(s), into a
form
which is actually Boyle's law as expected. We see,
that both early and late time parts of the general
solution fulfill expectations indirectly validating
it.
It can be seen, that if all volumes are in the same
range, the solution is sensitive to the porosity,
whereas if the vessel volumes are much larger,
they dominate the steady state pressure the
porosity having neglible effect.
To obtain the complete inversion of Eq.A-12 the
denominator Det (A-13) had to be investigated for
branch points and poles. It was proved that there
was no branch point at the origin in Eq.A-12, only
a simple pole and all other singularities lie on the
negative real axis in the Laplace domain. Because
of this the expansion theorem of Heaviside could
be applied directly [14]. The form of it is
(A-19)
1
KO(:I: -+ 0) = -In:l:;K
1
(:I: -+ 0) =-;
:I:
Poe = limsP(r;s)
.-+0
:I:
1
0
(:1: -+ 0) =1;1
1
(:1: -+ 0) =-j
2
so Eq.A-12 becomes
Invoking the following equalities [13]:
where N(s) = z4Q [z(s)] (A-25)
312
SPE 22688 A.GILICZ 9
where
and after some manipulations we get Eq.19 in the
text:
(A-32)
Ko{i:l:) = - ~ i [ JO{:I:) - iYO{:I:)] ;
K1{i:l:) = -i [J1{:I:) - iY1{:I:)] ;
(A-27)
(A-26)
dN dQdz
- =4z
3
Q [z(a)] +z4 __
da dz da
Derivating (A-25) with respect to s we get
If we calculate this equation at the s singularities,
the first term drops, because Q [z{s)] = O. The
poles are determined based upon this condition.
Further
dz C .dz Cz
3
-= -;z - =-
ds 2z ds 2
So A-27 finally becomes
dN C [ 3dQ]
-(a =a.. ) =- z -
da 2 dz .. =....
(A-28)
(A-29)
n =1,2,3, ... ,00
So a .. are the positive roots of Eq.19 and can be
calculated later on numerically. Secondly we have
to calculate !f2- at z = ia... Invoking the equali-
ties:
d1o(az) I ( )
dz =alaZj
First we have to calculate the s.. poles. Clearly
there is one pole at the origin in A-25. For the
other poles lets designate arbitrarily
(A-33)
and after some rearrangement we get
lo{i:l:) = JO{:I:);
(A-34)
(A-30)
(A-31)
where a .. are certain real positive values. This set-
tlement allows simplifications in later derivations.
Using the deffinition of z we get
To find the values of a .. lets substitute A-31 into
A-26 and make it equal to zero. Invoking the fol-
lowing equalities
313
10 APPLICATION OF THE PULSE DECAY TECHNIQUE TO -RADIAL CORES SPE 22688
Taking Eq. A-34 at Zn = ia" we get after long
manipulations
dN 011" 3
-(a =a,,) =-a" [r..,F1 + RF2 ] (A-35)
da 4
where Fl and F
2
are Equations 17 and 18 in the
text.
Substituting Eq. A-30 and A-31 according to A-
24 into the first and second term of the numerator
of Eq.A-12 we get
M1(r) =
i
a
" {[J1(a"R) + c:; a"Jo(a"R)] Yo(a"r)-
[Y1(a"R) + c:; a"Yo(a"R)] Jo(a"r)} (A-36)
M 2 (r) =
ia" {[da"Yo(a"r..,) - Y1(a"r..,)] Jo(a"r)-
[da"Jo(a"r..,) - J1(a"r..,)] Yo(a"r) } (A-37)
Finally substituting the last two equations along
with Eq.A-35 into Eq.A-24 and after some rear-
rangement we get Eq.14 in the text. Note that
the steady state term Poe in Eq.14. appears due
to the simple pole at the origin in the Laplace
domain.
APPENDIX B
As mentioned earlier, three possibilities exist con-
sidering volume ratios. The solution for all vol-
umes beeing in the same range has been described
in Appendix A. Two other possibilities remain:
Vu VdjV
u
Vd
Case V
u
Vd
The solution of this problem can be derived
from Eq.A-12 taking the limes of it if V
u
--+
00 i.e. C
1
--+ 00. Performing this and making
some simplifications we get
z [Kl(ZR)IO(Zr) + Ko(Zr)I1(rR)]
- PI
P(r; 8) = -;-
8C2 [ Ko(zr)Io(zR) - KO(ZR)Io(Zr)]
Denom (B-1)
where
Denom = z [ K1(zR)Io(zrw) +KO(Zrw)Il(ZR)] +
8C
2
[ Ko(zrw)Io(zR) - KO(ZR)Io(Zr
w
)]
Mter a similar treatment as in Appendix A the
inverted solution is:
P(r,t) =
[
M(r) (
P1 1 - 2 L..i ( F F) Fee B-2)
,,=1 a" r.., 1 + 2 + 3
where
M(r) = [Y1(a"R)Jo(a"r)-
O
2
J1(a"R)Yo(a"r) + -a"[Yo(a"R)Jo(a,,r)-
. 0
Yo(a"r)Jo(a"R)] ] (B-3)
F1 = a"Yo(a"R) +Y1(a"R)] J1(a"r..,)-
a"Jo(a"R) + J1(a"R)] Y1(a"r..,)} (B-4)
F2 = {Jo(a"r..,) [c:; [Ra"Y1(a"R) - Yo(a"R)]+
[-.!...Y1(a"R) - RYo(a"R)]] +
a"
Yo(a"r..,) [c:; [Jo(a"R) - Ra"J1(a"R)] +
[RJo(a"R) - (B-5)
F3 = i {[c:; a"Jo(a"R) + J1(a"R)] Yo(a"r..,)-
a"Yo(a"R)+
Y1(a"R) ] Jo(a"r..,)} (B-6)
314
SPE 22688 A.GILICZ 11
In this case an are the positive roots of the fol-
lowing equation:
[ ~ a,. Jo(a,.R) +Jl(a,.R)] Yo(a,.r,.,) =
[ ~ a,.Yo(a,.R) +Yl(a,.R)] Jo(a,.r,.,) (B-7)
n = 1,2,3, ... ,00
In this setup pressure is measured in the down-
stream vessel, so the solution is needed at r=R,
i.e.:
where
Fl = Jl(a,.R) [ ~ Yl(a,.r,.,) - CIYo(a,.r,.,)]
-Yl(a,.R) [ ~ Jl(a,.r,.,) - CIJo(a,.r,.,)] (B-ll)
F2 =Jo(a,.R) [- ~ Y2(a,.r,.,) +CIY1(a,.r,.,)] -
Yo(a,.R) [- ~ J2 (a,.r,.,) +CIJ1(a,.r,.,)] (B-12)
2
M(R)=--
1ra
n
R
(B-8)
whereas an are the positive roots of the equation
below
Application of Heaviside's expansion theorem
yields:
Denom = z [ Ko(zR)Il(zr,.,) +Kl(zr,.,)Io(zR)] +
CIS [ Ko(zr,.,)Io(zR) - Ko(ZR)Io(zr,.,)]
Case Vu << Vtl
This solution can also be obtained from the gen-
eral solution, from Eq.(A-12) by Vtl -? 00 i.e,C
2
-?
00. So we get:
So Eq. B-2 becomes
P(R,t) = PI [ 1+
4 f: 1 - ~ t ]
rR ,.=1 a,. {a,.(r,.,F
l
+F
2
) +F
3
} e C
P(rj s) =CIP
I
[Ko(zr)Io(zR)_
Denom
Ko(zR)Io(zr) ]
Denom
where
(B-9)
Jo(a,.R) [ ~ Yl(a,.r,.,) - CIYo(a,.r,.,)] =
Yo(a,.R) [ ~ Jl(a,.r,.,) - CIJo(a,.r,.,)] (B-13)
n =1,2,3, ... ,00
In this measurement the pressure decline in the
upstream vessel is measured, so r = r.., has to be
substituted into Eq. B-IO.
TABLE 1. PARAMETERS FOR EXAMPLES IN
FIG.3 AND FIG.4
R 0.0475 m
r,., 0.0025 m
H = 0.035 m
V
u
10E-6 rn
3
V
d
10E-6 rn
3
p. 0.4E-3 Pas
c 4.6E-10 l/Pa
Piu = 120 bar
Pi,.i 100 bar
Pid 100 bar
TABLE 2. RELATION OF PARAMETERS MEA-
SURED BY DIFFERENT METHODS
Core Porosity (-) Permeability, (rnD)
calculated measured calculated measured
# 1 0.0391 0.044 0.02 0.01
# 2 0.0503 0.041 0.0001 0.00022
# 3 0.043 0.051 0.05 0.081
# 4 0.072 0.058 0.03 0.014
(B-10)
315
SPE 22688
F1G.l: SCHEMEOF LAB APPARATUS
Phi' 5% J
k 0.1 mO
- k 0.01 mD
- - - k 0.001 mD
Time (8)
Fig.4 Effect of permeability on pressure
decline

120 [-
115
110
105
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I AIRtlllNIOaTA1SDe.uut1T I
L ,
p
'p
..
H
r
.
II
F1Q.2: FLOW GEOIlEllIY OF mE RADIAL CORE
..-anY
Fla..: SCHEMEOF lHE 1I1N1111111 SEARCH ALQORI1llIl
meas.
0.044
0.01 mD
calc.
Phi 0.039
k' 0.02
....

1201\
110 - ..1
115
_:::::".--------
115
120 ____,
- Phi 5%
110 - Phi 10%
--- Phi 15%
105
100 L_....... _ ___'___'___'__'___'___'__'_U'___ _"
1 ro
Time (8)
Fig.3 Effect of porosity on pressure
decline
105

o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ro
Time (8)
Fig.6 Pressure decline in core #1
316
SEE 2 2688
Pressure (bsr)

Preasure (bar)

k 1.0e-4 2.2e-4 mD
115 A .
calc.
Phi 0.0503
meas.
0.044
115
meas.
Phi 0.072 0.058
k 0.03 0.014 mD
110 f- ,,"" .
A
110 f- ","" .
10 23456 7 8 9
Time (5)
Fig.9 Pressure decline in core #4
105 f- .,-""" ::::............................... ,,=====,1 105 f- r=====,j
100lL-----l.---'--_-l------l._--'--_-l------l.-'::c:::=:J::=::::i:='---.J
o 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Time (5)
Fig.7 Pressure decline in core #2
Steedy atate permeability (mO)
0.1 ;;:.:=:....:.:.:.:::..:::..:.---.:...c'-'--------,,"':---:?1
Pressure (bar)

115
.......
calc.
Phi 0.043
k 0.05
meas.
0.051
0.081 mD
0.01
1.000E-03
110
1.DOOE-04 1L._'---L-1....L.J..LllL_--'-_L-J.--'-LW-'-'-_-'---'--'-.J...J..ll.LJ
1.000E-04 tOOOE-03 0.01 0.1
Pulse decay permeability (mO)
Fig.10 Relation of permeabilities
measured by different methods
4 U 2 U 3 U
Time (5)
Fig.8 Pressure decline in core #3
105 r ;7"................................................................................................................ i======;" I

317