ANT 103-Holt-Spring 2013

STUDY OBJECTIVES FOR EXAM 1 The exam is based on the following material. This material is pulled from all class lectures and lecture handouts, as well as the following chapters in your text: Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1. How is biological anthropology evolutionary, scientific and biocultural? What are the four subfields of anthropology? Four Branches of Anthropology: Cultural, Archaeology , Linguistic, Physical(biological) Biocultural approach-The scientific study of the interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culture. 2. What are the theories of catastrophism, uniformitarianism, inheritance of acquired characteristics, blending inheritance? Catastrophism -The doctrine asserting that cataclysmic events (such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and floods), rather than evolutionary processes, are responsible for geologic changes throughout Earth's history. Uniformitarianism -that natural processes operating today are the same as natural processes that happened in the past Blending inheritance -An outdated, disreputed theory that the phenotype of an offspring was a uniform blend of the parents' phenotypes. Inheritance of acquired characteristics- a hypothesis that physiological changes acquired over the life of an organism (such as the enlargement of a muscle through repeated use) may be transmitted to offspring.lamarkism 3. Who are Lyell, Lamarck, Malthus, Mendel, Darwin? In what year was On the Origins of Species published? Charles Darwin Cambridge university graduate, Englishman appointed to do a 5 year voyage around the world to collect, study and document the natural world. Lyell-Scottish geologist rediscovered Hutton claims on uniformitarism. His research confirmed the earth was very old. Lamark- Posited characteristics acquired via inheritance(Lamarckism) (1809) Provided first serious model of physical traits' passing from parents to offspring Malthus - Founded demography: only some will find enough food to survive. Provided the concept of characteristics advantageous for survival. Mendel- an Augustinian monk living in a monastery in what is now Brno, Czech Republic, published in an obscure local scientific journal the results of his work on inheritance. Mendel had spent the previous eight years crossbreeding different varieties of garden pea plants theory of particulate inheritance. On the origin of species published 1859.

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4. How is evolution defined? How does microevolution differ from macroevolution? What is natural selection? What three criteria are involved in the process of natural selection? What is reproductive fitness? What is the only difference between artificial selection and natural selection? Evolution change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes asmutation, natu ral selection, and genetic drift. microevolution Small-scale evolution,such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next. macroevolution Large-scale evolution, such as a speciation event, that occurs after hundreds or thousands of generations. Natural selection- biological characteristics that enhance survival increase in frequency from generation to generation Natural selection-biological characteristics that enhance survival increase in frequency from generation to generation. Members of a population endowed with these characteristics produce more offspring that survive to reproductive age. Three criteria for natural selection: Variation, herietability, differential success in surviving and reproducing. Reproductive fitness- selective value of trait. The only difference between natural selection and artificial selection is whether the difference in reproductive success is driven by naturally occurring processes, or whether the selection is imposed by humans

5. What are the four forces of evolution? How does each contribute to variability within and between populations? What is a cline? What is sexual selection? Sexual dimorphism? What are the four types of mutations? Four forces of evolution: Natural selection Gene flow: the diffusion or spread of new genetic material to another in the same species. Mutation- Random change in a gene or chromosome creating a new trait . Genetic drift- random change in an allele frequency from one generation to the next with a greater affect in small populations. Cline- A gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next. Sexual selection The frequency of traits that change due to those traits' attractiveness to members of the opposite sex. Sexual diphomism- changes characteristics of male part of species because thats whole the females decide to mate with. EX. Colorful male birds. Four types of mutation: substitution, insertion, deletion, frameshift

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6. What are: Directional election, disruptive selection, stabilizing selection? How does each affect genetic variability in a population? directional selection -Selection for one allele over the other alleles, causing the allele frequencies to shift in one direction. disruptive selection- Selection for both extremes of the phenotypic distribution; may eventually lead to a speciation event. stabilizing selection Selection against the extremes of the phenotypic distribution, decreasing the genetic diversity for this trait in the population 7. Be familiar with the terms from the Genetics Handout Terms and concepts you should be familiar with. 8. What is a structural gene? What is a regulatory gene? How do regulatory genes account for the evolution of complex traits, like limbs and eyes? Why are Hox genes important? Regulatory genes- Those genes that determine when structural genes and other regulatory genes are turned on and off for protein synthesis. Structural genes- Genes coded to produce particular products, such as an enzyme or hormone, rather than for regulatory proteins. Regulatory genes(hox genes are responsible for turning on and off structure genes. If not turned off your limbs could grow beyond the point that would be acceptable for normal life. 9. What is the theory of particulate inheritance? Who is associated with this theory? Understand the principles of segregation and independent assortment. Mendelian inheritance- The basic principles associated with the transmission of genetic material, forming the basis of genetics, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. Law of Segregation Mendel's experiment with tall and short pea plants demonstrates how each individual plant has two particles called alleles. When a pea plant produces gametes (reproductive cells), it segregates one allele to each one. Law of Independent Assortment The law states that when the parents differ from each other in two or more pairs of contrasting characters, the inheritance of one pair of characters is independent to that of the other pair of characters

10. What is meant by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What is meant by gene or allele (or genotype)

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frequency? States that both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constantthat is, they are in equilibrium Gene allele frequency - it is the number of copies of a particular allele divided by the number of copies of all alleles at the genetic place (locus) in a population. 11. What is a biological race (subspecies)? What is a biological species? Race can reproduce and get fertile offspring. 1. Morphological distinctiveness 2. Biographic distinctiveness Variation between groups high Variance between groups low Biological species intermixing can make infertile offspring. 12. What did Lewontin- Relethforths studies show about the distribution of human genetic variability? What is the relevance of his find to the concept of race? Why is it difficult, if not impossible, to classify human variation into races? Cranial traits , genetic markers, skin color 10% variation between regions 90% variation within regions Races account for 5-10% of genetic diversity. 13. Be familiar with the following terms and concepts: polymorphic, Allens Rule, Bergmans Rule, lactase persistence, anthropometry, polygenic trait, endogamy, exogamy, gene-culture coevolution. Polymorphic- biology occurs when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species Allens rule- colder climates usually have shorter limbs Bergmans rule- populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions.. long linear body Lactace persistence- the continued activity of the enzyme lactase in adulthood Anthropometry- measurement of the human individual. polygenic trait- is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group. Exogamy is a social arrangement where marriage is allowed only outside of a social group. geneculture coevolution or biocultural evolution was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution. In DIT, culture is defined as information and behavior acquired through social learning.

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14. Why is the presence of the sickle cell allele said to represent an example of balanced polymorphism in some West African populations? When carriers have advantages that allow a detrimental allele to persist in a population, balanced polymorphism is at work. 15. What are the selective factors that have shaped the evolution of skin color in humans? Skin cancer Sunlight stimulates the synthesis of vitamin D in our bodies 16. What are the three ways in which humans adapt to their surroundings? How do these differ? What is the difference between developmental adaptation and acclimatization? Three ways are: Genetically(Natural Selection), Physiologically(development,acclimatation), Culturally. Developmental adaptation- long term physiological response that occurs throughout the development of the population. Acclimatization- fast response- an individual organism adjusting to a gradual change in its environment. 17. What is meant by the New Physical Anthropology? What are the NHANES standards? National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 18. You should know the anatomy of the human skeleton (Lab handout)