PROJECT PROPOSAL

NAMES:
REGISTRATION # PROJECT TITLE:

SHAHIMULK, NAEEM KHAN, NADEEM KHAN

EE103093, EE103096, EE103097
WATER ACTIVATED ALARM CIRCUIT.
(WAA).

SUBJECT: SUBMITTED TO:

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS LAB. SIR IHTISHAM.

Project: Water activated alarm circuitCircuit (WAA) Department of Electronic Engineering.

Description: The circuit uses a 555 timer wired as an astable oscillator and powered by The emitter current of the BC109C. Under dry conditions, the transistor will Have no bias current and be fully off. However as the probes get wet the Transistor will conduct and sounding the alarm. An On/Off switch is provided and remembers to use a non-reactive metal For the probe contacts. Gold or silver plated contacts from an old relay May be used, however a cheap alternative is to wire alternate copper Strips from a piece of Vero board. These will eventually oxidize over but as Very little current is flowing in the base circuit, the higher impedance Caused by oxidization is not important. No base resistor is necessary as The transistor is in emitter followed current limit being the impedance at The emitter (the oscillator circuit).

COMPONENTS DIAGRAM: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

IN

THE

CIRCUIT

Breadboard. 0.02F capacitors ( 2 in number) 100F capacitor ( 1 in number) 9V battery. 100K and 4.7K resistor ( use resistor of any time for better performance) 6mm copper wires and LEDs or buzzer. 555 timer IC ( or 556 variant of timer IC can also be used)

FEATURES: 1) Operation over one year from one C size flashlight cell 2) Bright, high current LED pulse 3) Minimum external parts 4) Low cost
Project: Water activated alarm circuitCircuit (WAA) Department of Electronic Engineering.

5) Low voltage operation, from just over 1V to 5V 6) Low current drain, averages under 0.5 mA during Battery life 7) Powerful; as an oscillator

DETECTION: Two electrical conductive plates or probes can be used to make electrical contact with moisture, Which can simply be two copper wires. However for permanent applications a non-corrosive Metal such as stainless steel would be more suitable.

APPLICATIONS:
There are many possible applications for the circuits. Here are some possible uses. A) The circuit can be powered of a 3V battery and is very handy to use. B) It can be used to detect water level in dams.

555 Timer Circuits:

The 8-pin 555 timer must be one of the most useful ICs ever made and it is used in many projects. With just a few external components it can be used to build many circuits, not all of them involve timing!The circuit symbol for a 555 (and 556) is a box with the pins arranged to suit the circuit diagram: for example 555 pin 8 at the top for the +Vs supply, 555 pin 3 output on the right. Usually just the pin numbers are used and they are not labeled with their function

Astable - producing a square wave Monostable - producing a single pulse when triggered Bistable - a simple memory which can be set and reset Buffer - an inverting buffer (Schmitt trigger)

555/556 Astable:
An astable circuit produces a 'square wave', this is a digital waveform with sharp transitions between low (0V) and high (+Vs). Note that the durations of the low and high states may be different. The circuit is called an astable because it is not stable in any state: the output is continually changing between 'low' and 'high'.

555 astable output, a square wave (Tm and Ts may be different)

Project: Water activated alarm circuitCircuit (WAA) Department of Electronic Engineering.

555/556 Monostable:
A monostable circuit produces a single output pulse when triggered. It is called a monostable because it is stable in just one state: 'output low'. The 'output 555 monostable output, a single pulse

555/556 Bistable (flip-flop) - a memory circuit:

The circuit is called a bistable because it is stable in two states: output high and output low. It is also known as a 'flip-flop'.

It has two inputs

high' state is temporary.

555/556 Inverting Buffer (Schmitt trigger) or NOT gate:

555 bistable circuit

The buffer circuit's input has a very high impedance (about 1M ) so it requires only a few A, 555 inverting buffer circuit but the output can sink or source up to 200mA. This enables a high impedance signal source (a NOT gate) (such as an LDR) to switch a low impedance output transducer (such as a lamp).

NOT gate symbol

Project: Water activated alarm circuitCircuit (WAA) Department of Electronic Engineering.