Chapter 4 Fuzzy projectivity on quotient G-modules

4.1 Introduction
The notion of projectivity of modules was developed by Cartan and Eilemberg [11]. Zahedi and Ameri [57] studied about the fuzzy projectivity and injectivity of modules. Shery Fernandez [45] analysed the fuzzy projectivity of modules. As a continuation of these works, here we introduce the concept of fuzzy projectivity of quotient G-modules. In this chapter we discuss the projectivity and relative projectivity of quotient G-modules and the fuzzy projectivity on it.

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4.2 Projectivity of G-modules

4.2.1 Denition [45] A G-module M is projective, if for any G-module M and any G-submodule homomorphism : M M . This means that a homomorphism canonical homomorphism, : M M such that = , where : M M /N is the N of M , every homomorphism : M M /N can be lifted to a

M M /N

4.2.2 Denition [45] Let M and M be G-modules. Then M is M -projective if for any G-submodule N of M , any homomorphism : M M /N can be lifted to a homomorphism : M M .

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4.2.3 Proposition [45]

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Let M and M be G-modules such that M is M -projective. Let N be any G-submodule of M . Then M is N -projective and M /N -projective.

4.2.4 Proposition [45] Let M be a G-module and N be a G-submodule of M . If M has a fuzzy G-module, then the G-module N and M/N has fuzzy G-modules. 4.2.5 Denition [45] Let M and M be G-modules. Let and be fuzzy G-modules on M and M respectively. Then is -projective if i) M is M -projective ii) (m) ( (m)), m M and Hom(M, M ). M /N M M [0, 1]

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4.2.6 Remark

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Let and be fuzzy G-modules on M and M respectively and let be m M . Then we say that 1 is an anti-weak fuzzy homomorphism of M M M 1 M -projective. Hence Hom(M, M ) such that (m) ( (m)),

onto .

[0, 1] Since is -projective,

[0, 1]

(m) ( (m)), m M, Hom(M, M ). 1 ( )(m) (m), m M .

1 is an anti-weak fuzzy homomorphism of onto .

4.3 Projectivity on fuzzy G-modules

Shery [44] formulated the concept of fuzzy G-module projectivity and proved that any nite dimensional G-module has a fuzzy G-submodules and that completely reducible G-modules have fuzzy completely reducible

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G-submodules and derived some of its properties. Here we introduce and analyse the concept of projectivity and fuzzy projectivity on quotient G-modules. We analyse the relative projectivity of two quotient G-modules too, provided that the G-modules are relatively projective. Also, if a quotient fuzzy G-module is fuzzy projective with respect to another fuzzy G-module, then an anti-weak fuzzy homomorphism between the quotient fuzzy G-modules.

4.3.1 Proposition If M is M -projective, then M/N is M -projective where N is a G-submodule of M . Proof. M g M/N f h M

M /N Let N be a G-submodule of M and N be a G-submodule of M . Since : M M such that = where : M M /N is the canoniM is M -projective, the homomorphism M M /N can be lifted to

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cal homomorphism. Let g : M M/N be the canonical homomorphism dened by g (x) = x + N , x M . Now g : M M/N and : M M are homomorphisms.

x M . Then f is a homomorphism. Also h = f . Hence f : M/N M/N is M -projective. 4.3.2 Proposition If M is M -projective, then M/N is M /N -projective where N and N are G-submodules of M and M respectively. Proof. M g f f M M /N M /Y M /N can be lifted to h : M/N M such that h = f .

f : M/N M /N be the mapping dened by f (x + N ) = (x) + N ,

Hence a homomorphism h : M/N M such that h g = . Let

M/N

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Since M is M -projective, M is M /N -projective and M/N is to : M M such that = where : M M /N . Let M -projective. Since M is M -projective, : M M /N can be lifted

: M /N M /Y such that = g where (y + N ) = y + Y , y M . Let be the natural homomorphism from M into M/N dened

Y /N be a G-submodule of M /N . Since M is M /N -projective,

by (x) = x + N , x M . Since M is M /N -projective, a map-

dened by f (x + N ) = (x) + N where (x) M . Then f is a homomorphism. Since M is M /N -projective, f can be lifted to such that

f h = . Then f is a homomorphism. Let f : M/N M /N be

ping f : M/N M /N , dened by f (x + N ) = (x) + N such that

G-submodule of M /N .

f : M/N M /Y and : M /N M /Y where Y /N is a For x + N M/N , ( f )(x + N ) = [f (x + N )] = [ (x) + N ], (x) M = (x) + Y M /Y = f (x + N )

f = . Hence homomorphisms f : M/N M /N ,

Hence f = f .

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f can be lifted to f such that f = f .

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M/N is M /N -projective. 4.3.3 Denition [45]

A G-module M is said to be self-projective if M is M -projective. 4.3.4 Denition[45] Two G-modules M and M are said to be relatively projective if M is M -projective and M is M -projective. 4.3.5 Proposition If M and M are relatively projective G-modules then M/N and M /N are relatively projective quotient G-modules where N and N are G-submodules of M and M respectively and N = Im(N ). Proof. If M is M -projective, by the above proposition, M/N is M /N -projective. Since M and M are relatively projective G-modules, M is M -projective. Hence M /N is M/N -projective. Now M/N is M /N -projective and M /N is M/N -projective. Hence M/N and M /N are relatively projective quotient G-modules.

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4.3.6 Example

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Let G = {1, 1}, M = Q( 2) and M = Q( 3). Then M and M are G-modules. Also Q is a proper G-submodule of both Q( 2) and Q( 3). Consider the quotient G-modules is Q( 2)/Q and Q( 3)/Q. Let be the homomorphism dened from Q( 2) Q( 3)/Q by (a + b 2) = b 3 + Q, a, b Q. Dene : Q( 2) Q( 3) by (a + b 2) = a + b 3, a, b Q. Then is a homomorphism. Let be the natural homomorphism from Q( 3) Q( 3)/Q. (a + b 3) = (a + b 3) + Q = b 3 + Q; a, b Q. For a + b 2 Q( 2), ( (a + b 2)) = (a + b 3) =b 3+Q = (a + b 2) = .

Hence : Q( 2) Q( 3)/Q can be lifted to : Q( 2) Q( 3), and so Q( 2) is Q( 3)-projective. Now to show that Q( 2)/Q is Q( 3)-projective.

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Q( 2) h Q( 3)

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f Dene f : Q( 2)/Q Q( 3)/Q by f ((a + b 2)+ Q) = (a + b 3)+ Q. i.e., f (b 2 + Q) = b 3 + Q; a, b Q. Let : Q( 2) Q( 2)/Q be the natural homomorphism. That is (a + b 2) = (a + b 2) + Q, = b 2 + Q.

Q( 2)/Q

Q( 3)/Q

a, b Q

Dene h : Q( 2)/Q Q( 3) by h((a + b 2)+ Q) = a + b 3, a, b R. For a + b 2 + Q Q( 2)/Q, ( h)((a + b 2) + Q) = [h[(a + b 2) + Q]] h(b 2 + Q) = (a + b 3) =b 3+Q = f (b 2 + Q).

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h = f . Hence Q( 2)/Q is Q( 3)-projective. 4.3.7 Example

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Let G = {1, 1}, M = Q( 2) and M = Q( 3). Then Q( 2)/Q is Q( 3)/Q-projective Q( 2) Q( 3) g f Q( 2)/Q f Q( 3)/Q Q( 3) Let Q( 3)/Q(= Y /N ) be a G-submodule of Q( 3)/Q(= M /N ). Since Q( 2) is Q( 3)/Q-projective, : Q( 3)/Q Q( 3) such that = g where (b 3 + Q) = b 3, b Q. Let be the natu ral homomorphism from Q( 2) Q( 2)/Q, dened by (a + b 2) = b 2 + Q, a, b Q. Since Q( 2) is Q( 3)/Q-projective, a mapping f : Q( 2)/Q Q( 3), dened by f (b 2 + Q) = b 3 + Q such that

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f = . Then f is a homomorphism. For a + b 2 Q( 2), (f )(a + b 2) = f [ [(a + b 2)] = f (b 2 + Q) =b 3+Q = (a + b 2).

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Let f : Q( 2)/Q Q( 3) be dened by f (b 2 + Q) = b 3, b Q. Then f is a homomorphism. Since Q( 2) is Q( 3)/Q-projective, f can be lifted to such that f = . ( f )(b 2 + Q) = [f (b 2 + Q)] = (b 3 + Q) =b 3 = f (b 2 + Q). f = f . Hence Q( 2)/Q is Q( 3)/Q-projective.

If Y /N = Q/Q = Q is the G-submodule of M /N = Q( 3)/Q under consideration, then : Q( 3)/Q Q( 3)/Q/Q/Q = Q( 3)/Q is the identity mapping and hence the result is true.

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4.3.8 Proposition

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Let and be fuzzy G-modules on the G-modules M and M -respectively M/N , N is a G-submodule of M , dened by (m + N ) = (m), m M and is -projective. Proof. Given that is -projective. projective, M/N is M -projective. such that is -projective. Then : M/N [0, 1] is a fuzzy G-module on

M is M -projective and

(m) ( (m)), m M and Hom(M, M ). Since M is M -

[0, 1]

M /N f Now it remains to prove that (m + N ) (h(m + N )), m + N M/N M/N

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and h : M/N M . For m + N M/N , (m + N ) = (m) (given) is -projective

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( (m)), = {(h )(m)} = {h[ (m)]}

(m + N ) {h(m + N )},

is the canonical homomorphism from M into M/N .

is -projective. 4.3.9 Proposition Let and be fuzzy G-modules on M and M such that is -projective. Then the fuzzy G-modules and on M/N and M /N result dened by (m + N ) = (m), m M and (m + N ) = (m ), m M . Then is -projective. Proof. Given that is -projective M is M -projective and (m) ( (m)), m M and Hom(M, M ).

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101 M

M/N

M /N

[0, 1] Dene f : M/N M /N by f (m + N ) = (m) + N . Then f is a By Proposition 4.3.2, we know that M/N is

homomorphism.

M /N -projective. Now, it remains to prove that (m + N ) For m + N M/N , m + N M/N , f Hom(M/N, M /N ). (f (m + N )),

(m + N ) = (m) ( (m)) mM

= ( (m) + N ) = (f (m + N )).

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(m+N ) (f (m+N )), m+N M/N and f Hom(M/N, M /N ). is -projective.

4.3.10 Example Let G = {1, 1}, M = Q( 2) and M = Q( 3). Let : Q( 2) Q( 3)/Q be the homomorphism dened by (a + b 2) = (a + b 3)+ Q, a, b Q and : Q( 3) Q( 3)/Q be the canonical homomorphism so that (a + b 3) = (a + b 3) + Q. Then can be lifted to : Q( 2) Q( 3) given by (a + b 2) = a + b 3, a, b Q, such that = . Q( 2) is Q( 3)-projective. [0, 1] Q( 2) Q( 3) Q( 3)/Q

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Now, dene : Q( 2) [0, 1] by 1/4, if a = b = 0 (a + b 2) = 1/5, if a = 0, b = 0 1/6, if b = 0 1, if c = d = 0 (c + d 3) = 1/2, if c = 0, d = 0 1/3, if d = 0.

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and : Q( 3) [0, 1] by

is -projective. 4.3.11 Example

Let G = {1, 1}, M = Q( 2), M = Q( 3). Dene and on M and M as in the above example. Dene on Q( 2)/Q by ((a + b 2) + Q) = (a + b 2); a, b Q.

Since Q( 2) is Q( 3)-projective, by example 4.3.6, Q( 2)/Q is Q( 3) projective. Let h : Q( 2)/Q Q( 3) be the mapping h((a + b 2) + Q) = (a + b 2) = a + b 3.

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Let : Q( 2) Q( 2)/Q be the canonical homomorphism dened by (a + b 2) = (a + b 2 + Q. Now, it remains to prove that ((a + b 2) + Q) (h(a + b 2) + Q). For (a + b 2) + Q Q( 2)/Q, ((a + b 2) + Q) = (a + b 2) ( (a + b 2)), is -projective = {(h )(a + b 2)} = {h[ (a + b 2)]} {h(a + b 2) + Q)} is -projective. 4.3.12 Example Let G = {1, 1}, M = Q( 2), M = Q( 3). Let and be fuzzy

G-modules on M and M as dened in the above example. Then is -projective. Dene : Q( 2)/Q [0, 1] by ((a + b 2) + Q) = (a + b 2) and : Q( 3)/Q [0, 1] by ((a + b 3) + Q) = (a + b 3); a, b Q. Since is -projective, (a + b 2) ( (a + b 2)), Hom(M, M ).

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Dene f : Q( 2)/Q Q( 3)/Q by f ((a + b 2)+ Q) = (a + b 3)+ Q. Then f is a homomorphism. By example 4.3.7, we know that Q( 2)/Q is Q( 3)/Q-projective. Now, it remains to prove that ((a + b 2) + Q) (f ((a + b 2) + Q)). For (a + b 2) + Q Q 2/Q, ((a + b 2) + Q) = (a + b 2) ( (a + b 2)), is -projective = ( (a + b 2) + Q) = (f ((a + b 2) + Q)) ((a + b 2) + Q) (f ((a + b 2) + Q)). is -projective. 4.3.13 Remark It may be recalled that when is -projective, 1 is an anti-weak fuzzy homomorphism of and . In a similar manner, since is -projective, we can say that f is an anti-weak fuzzy homomorphism of onto .