ME-662 CONVECTIVE HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER
A. W. Date
Mechanical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Mumbai - 400076
India
LECTURE-38 CONV M T - COUETTE FLOW MODEL
() April 28, 2011 1 / 16
LECTURE-38 CONV M T -
COUETTE FLOW MODEL
1
Gas Injection - Effect of property variation and
T
- LBL
2
Gas Injection - Effect of property variation and
T
- TBL
3
Benzene evaporation in convective environment
Couette ow model permits effects of uid property
variations to be studied.
() April 28, 2011 2 / 16
Gas Injection (
T
= 1 ) - L38(
1
14
)
Prob: Consider laminar Couette
ow of air in which a gas with a
specied
g,T
is injected . Develop
relationship (g/g

) B when the
gas is CO
2
, He and H
2
. and study
the effect of
g,T
.
Soln: In the Couette ow model,
( u)/x = 0 = ( v)/y. Hence,
N
w
=
w
v
w
= v = const. The
species transfer Eqn
N
w

g
y
=

y
(
m
D

g
y
)
U
8
GAS
g , 8
= 0

g , T
Y

SPECIFIED
AIR
Integrating once
N
w
(
g,y

g,w
) =

m
D

g
y
|
y

m
D

g
y
|
w
Now, boundary condition
gives ( next slide )
() April 28, 2011 3 / 16
Soln ( Contd ) - 1 - L38(
2
14
)
N
w
=

m
D
g
/y|
w

g,w

g,T
Hence
N
w
(
g,y

g,w
) =
m
D

g
y
|
y
N
w
(
g,w

g,T
) or

m
D

g
y
|
y
= N
w
(
g,y

g,T
)
where D = const = F(
g
) because p & T are const, but

m
=
p
R
u
T
M
mix
=
p
R
u
T
(

j
M
j
)
1
=
p
R
u
T
_
M
g
M
a
M
a

g
+ M
g
(1
g
)
_
() April 28, 2011 4 / 16
Soln ( Contd ) - 2 - L38(
3
14
)
Substitution and intgration from y = 0 to gives
_
0

g,w
d
g
a
2
g
+ b
g
+ c
=
N
w
R
u
T
p M
g
M
a
D
with
a = (M
a
M
g
), b = M
g

g,T
(M
a
M
g
), c = M
g

g,T
where the LHS is given by
LHS =
1

b
2
4 a c
ln
_
2 a
g
+ b

b
2
4 a c
2 a
g
+ b +

b
2
4 a c
_
0

g,w
=
1
M
g
+
g,T
(M
a
M
g
)
ln
_
1 + B +
g,T
B (
M
a
M
g
1)
_
where
B =
0
g,w

g,w

g,T
=

g,w

g,T

g,w
and
g,w
=
g,T

B
1 + B
() April 28, 2011 5 / 16
Soln ( Contd ) - 3 - L38(
4
14
)
Now, for the Couette ow model
N
w
= g B, and
R
u
T
p M
g
=
1

g
Therefore
RHS =
N
w
R
u
T
p M
g
M
a
D
=
g B

g
M
a
D
Equating LHS = RHS and rearranging
(
g

g
D
) = (
M
a
M
g
)
_
ln (1 + B

)
B

_
where
B

= B
_
1 +
g,T
(
M
a
M
g
1)
_
. Hence
(
g
g

)
vp
=
ln (1 + B

)
B

(Ans) (
g
g

)
cp
=
ln (1 + B)
B
where subscript vp for variable and cp for const property.
() April 28, 2011 6 / 16
Soln - (
g
g

) B for
g,T
= 1 - L38(
5
14
)
B cp vp
CO
2
vp
He
vp
H
2

g,w
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0
.25 .893 .926 .571 .422 .200
.50 .811 .864 .422 .291 .333
1.0 .693 .768 .291 .189 .500
1.5 .611 .695 .228 .144 .600
2.0 .549 .638 .189 .117 .667
2.5 .501 .591 .163 .0998 .714
3.0 .462 .552 .144 .0873 .750
1

g,T
= 1 implies that the gas is the only transferred
substance . Also, B

= B M
a
/M
g
.
2
(g/g

)
vp,CO
2
> (g/g

)
cp
because M
CO
2
> M
air
3
For He and H
2
, this trend reverses.
4

g,w
increases with B
() April 28, 2011 7 / 16
Soln - (
g
g

) B for
g,T
= 0.01 - L38(
6
14
)
B cp vp
CO
2
vp
He
vp
H
2

g,w
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0
.25 .893 .893 .887 .888 .002
.50 .811 .811 .802 .792 .0033
1.0 .693 .694 .681 .668 .005
1.5 .611 .612 .598 .584 .006
2.0 .549 .550 .536 .522 .0067
2.5 .501 .502 .488 .474 .0071
3.0 .462 .463 .449 .435 .0075
1

g,T
= .01 implies that the gas in the transferred
substance is a small fraction - rest is air.
2
(g/g

)
vp,CO
2
(g/g

)
cp
3
For He and H
2
, (g/g

)
vp
< (g/g

)
cp
4

g,w
, though small, increases with B
() April 28, 2011 8 / 16
Correlation with (
M
mix,
M
mix,w
) - L38(
7
14
)
Here, M
mix,w
= M
a
M
g
/(M
a

g,w
+ M
g
(1
g,w
))
and M
mix,
= M
a
( because
g,
= 0 ). Hence, from slide 4,
and using
g,w
=
g,T
B/(1 + B)
B

= B
_
1 +
g,T
(
M
a
M
g
1)
_
.
B

B
= 1 + (
1 + B
B
) (
M
mix,
M
mix,w
1)
(g/g

)
vp
(g/g

)
cp
=
ln (1 + B

)
B

B
ln (1 + B)
This shows dependence on M
mix,w
/M
mix,
and B as
recommended correction from boundary layer ow model.
If
g,T
= 0, B

= B. If
g,T
= 1, B

= B (M
a
/M
g
)
() April 28, 2011 9 / 16
Turbulent Couette Flow - 1 - L38(
8
14
)
Here, the governing Eqn will be
N
w
(
g

g,T
) =
m
(D + D
t
)
d
g
dy
where

m
D
t
=
m

t ,ref
Sc
t
But, from Van-Driest model

t ,ref
=

t

ref
= l
2
m
u
y

u
y
= C
= C (

ref
u

)
2
( y
+
)
2
_
1 exp(
y
+
A
+
)
_
2
and
= C (

ref
u

)
2
(0.08
+
)
2
for y
+
> 26 where
C (

ref
u

)
2
= C

2
ref

ref

w
= C

ref

ref

ref
C
=
ref
() April 28, 2011 10 / 16
Turbulent Couette Flow - 2 - L38(
9
14
)
Substituting for D
t
and
m
, we have
N
w
(
g

g,T
) =
m
D (1 +

t ,ref
Sc
t
D
)
d
g
dy
= (
D p M
a
M
g
R
u
T
)
u

/
ref
M
a

g
+ M
g
(1
g
)
F
d
g
dy
+
where
F = 1 + (
Sc
Sc
t
) ( y
+
)
2
_
1 exp(
y
+
A
+
)
_
2
y
+
< 26
= 1 + (
Sc
Sc
t
) (0.08
+
)
2
y
+
> 26
() April 28, 2011 11 / 16
Turbulent Couette Flow - 3 - L38(
10
14
)
Taking N
w
= g B, (p M
g
)/(R
u
T) =
g
and u

= U

_
C
f ,x
/2,
LHS = (
g

g
U

2
C
f ,x
Sc) INT where INT =
_

+
0
dy
+
F
RHS =
M
a
B
_
0

g,w
d
g
(
g

g,T
) {M
a

g
+ M
g
(1
g
)}
=
ln (1 + B

)
B

= B
_
1 +
g,T
(
M
a
M
g
1)
_
Taking A
+
= 26 and Sc
t
= 0.9, we have
INT = 9.62 for CO
2
Air , Sc = 0.96
INT = 14.57 for H
2
Air and He-Air, Sc = 0.22
() April 28, 2011 12 / 16
Turbulent Couette Flow - 4 - L38(
11
14
)
Therefore
g
vp

g
U

2
C
f ,x
Sc =
1
INT

ln (1 + B

)
B

and
(g/g

)
vp
(g/g

)
cp
=
ln (1 + B

)
B

B
ln (1 + B)
This result is same as that for a Laminar boundary layer.
This is because it is assumed that the value of INT is
same for cp and vp conditions.
Note that g
vp
is signicantly inuenced by INT ( Sc ) .
() April 28, 2011 13 / 16
Evaporation of C
6
H
6
- L38(
12
14
)
Prob: C
6
H
6
evaporates from the outer surface of a circular
cylinder in air owing at 6 m/s normal to the cylinder.
From expts, h
cof ,v
w
=0
= 85 W/m
2
-K and B = 0.9 .
Allowing for property variations, estimate N
w
and
w
.
Given: Sc = 1.71, Pr = 0.71, cp
C
6
H
6
= 1.69 kJ/kg-K and
cp
a
= 1.01 kJ/kg-K.
Soln: Here,
B =

v,

v,w

v,w
1
= 0.9
v,w
= 0.4737 (Ans)
Therefore,
v,m
= 0.5 (
v,
+
v,w
) = 0.2368.
c
pm
= 1.69 0.2368 + 1.01 0.7632 = 1.171 kJ/kg-K.
Hence, g

= (h
cof ,v
w
=0
/c
pm
) = 0.0726 kg/m
2
-s .
Also, M
mix,
= 29 and
M
mix,w
= (0.4737/78 + 0.5263/29)
1
= 41.286.
() April 28, 2011 14 / 16
Soln ( Contd. ) - L38(
13
14
)
For Flow over a cylinder
1
, Nu
cp
Pr
0.37
.
Therefore, using the short-cut empirical formula
g
vp
g

cp
=
ln (1 + B)
B
(
Pr
Sc
)
0.37
(
M
mix,
M
mix,w
)
0.67
=
ln (1 + 0.9)
0.9
(
0.71
1.71
)
0.37
(
29
41.286
)
0.67
= 0.6525
Therfore, g = 0.0726 0.6525 = 0.0474 kg/m
2
-s ( Ans ) .
Thus, the effect of property variations is to
reduce g
vp
compared to g
cp
.
1
Zhukauskas A Heat Transfer from Tubes in Crossow,
Eds: Hartnett J P and Irvine T F, Adv H T, vol 8, Academic Press, ( 1972 )
() April 28, 2011 15 / 16
Soln ( Contd. ) - L38(
14
14
)
If we followed the Couette ow theory, then in this case,
B

= B
_
1 +
g,T
(
M
a
M
g
1)
_
= 0.3346
Hence
(
g
g

)
vp
=
ln (1 + 0.3346)
0.3346
= 0.8626
But, for variable properties, h
cof ,vp
= h
cof ,cp
Pr
.25
.
Therefore, g
vp
= g

cp
(0.71)
0.25
0.8626 = 0.0575 kg/m
2
-s.
This value is greater than that obtained from the empirical
formula. Thus, Couette ow theory provides an approximate
answer due to linear velocity prole assumption.
() April 28, 2011 16 / 16