ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART o Generating blood pressure o Routing Blood Pulmonary

ry circulation- heartlungsheart Systemic circulation-heartbodyheart o Regulating blood supply ANATOMY OF THE HEART o Location,shape Shape: blunt cone(Adult) Loc: lies obliquely in the mediastinum, with its base directed posteriorly and slightly superiorly and the apex directed anteriorly and slightly forward Base: 2nd intercostal space parasternal border Apex: 5th intercostal space midclavicular line o Pericardium Heart is surrounded by pericardial cavity which forms the pericardium or pericardial sac It has 2 layers the outer fibrous layer and the inner serous pericardium Fibrous- tough, fibrous connective tissue that anchors the heart within the meadiastinum Serous- is a simple squamous epithelium overlying a layer of loose connective tissue and fat Parietal pericardium-serous pericardium lining the fibrous pericardium Visceral pericardium- part covering the heart surface is the visceral pericardium. Pericardial cavity- located between the visceral and parietal pericardia is filled with a thin layer of pericardial fluid produce by the serous pericardium. o Heart wall Epicardium Thin serous membrane forming the smooth outer surface of the heart. It consist of simple squamous epithelium overlying a layer of loose connective tissue and fat. Myocardium Thick middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for contractions of the heart chambers Endocardium Inner surface of the heart chambers; which consist s of simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue. Trabeculae carnae Modified ridges inferior walls of ventricles Pectinate Smaller muscular ridges o External anatomy Four chambers Two atria( right and left) located at the base of the heart Two ventricles (right and left) extends from the base of the heart toward the apex. Auricles are extension between atrium and ventricles Sulcus is a groove on the surface of the heart containing blood vessel and fat. o Coronary sulcus- extends around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles . o Two sulci indicate division of right and left ventricle

Anterior interventricular sulcus- extend inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the anterior surface of the heart Posterior interventricular sulcus- extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart

Large Veins Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava carry blood from the body to the right atrium 4 pulmonary veins carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium. Pulmonary trunk and aorta exits the heart. o The pulmonary trunk arising from the right ventricle, splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries Heart Chambers Right atrium o Openings from the: Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava( blood from the body) Coronary Sinus( blood from the heart itself) Left Atrium o Openings from the: 4 pulmonary veins(blood from the lungs) interatrial septum-seperates the two atrium fossa ovalis on the right sides commemorates the former location of foramen ovale(opening between left and right atria in embryo and fetus) Right Ventricle o Opens to the pulmonary trunk Left ventricle o Opens into the aorta Interventricular septum- separate the two ventricle Heart Valves Allow blood flow into and out of the ventricles but prevent the backflow of blood. Atrioventricular valve(AV) o Located between each atrium and its ventricle Tricuspid valve o AV valve between right atrium and right ventricle that has three cusps Bicuspid valve or mitral valve o AV valve between left atrium and left ventricle that has two cusps Papilary muscles- muscular pillars in ventricles; anchored to the tricuspid valve Chordae Tendinae- free margins of cusp of the atrioventricular valves Semilunar valve o Located at the base of the large vessel carrying blood away from the ventricles o Aortic(aorta) and pulmonary(pulmonary trunk) Function of the heart valves o Left ventricle relaxed Bicuspid valve open; chordae tendinae relaxed Aortic semilunar valve is closed;backflow is prevented o Left ventricle contracted

Bicuspid is close; chordae is tensed and backflow is prevented Aortic semilunar valve is open, blood flows into the aorta Route of Blood flow through the heart o SVC/IVCRight atriumTricuspid ValveRight VentriclePulmonary semilunar valvesPulmonary trunkpulmonary arteriesLung tissue(pulmonary circulation)pulmonary veinsleft atriumbicuspid valveleft ventricleaortic semilunar valvesaorta Aorta Body tissues(systemic circulation SVC/IVC coronary arteriesheart tissue(coronary circulation)coronary sinus; cardiac veinsRight atrium Blood supply to the heart o Left coronary artery-originates on the left side of the aorta has two major branches Anterior interventricular artery- lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus Circumflex artery- extends around the coronary sulcus on the left to the posterior surface of the heart.