By:

Dr Rania El-Saady

Dental Ceramics (Dental Porcelain)

Scope:1- Definition of Ceramics & Porcelain Materials 2- Uses of Dental Porcelain 3- Advantages and Disadvantages of Dental Porcelain 4- Composition of Dental Porcelain 5- Manufacturing 6- Manipulation (VIDEO) 7- Definition of SINTERING 8- Properties of Porcelain 9- Porcelain Teeth

Dental Porcelain
Ceramic:
A material composed of metallic & nonmetallic elements.

Porcelain
Supplied as fine ceramic P to be mixed

with distilled H2O ---> Paste

After formation into the desired shape ----> fired (fused at high temp) strong, insoluble in oral fluids, exell esthet

Dental Porcelain
Various Shades

Pigments

Uses:

Dental Porcelain

1- Denture teeth.

2- Jacket crowns. 3- Porcelain-metal crown 4- Inlays, Onlays 5- Veneers to cover E defects

Porecelain Teeth
Made of high & medium fusing porcelain Retention on acrylic dentre bases by pins

(mechanical interlocking)
Advantages
1- More esthetic than A.R teeth 2- More wear-resistant 3- The only dentdentureure teeth that allow a rebase of the

Disadvantages
1- Brittle 2- Clicking sound 3- Require more interridge space for better retention 4- Higher density than A.R. Teeth. 5-Lower coeff of thermal expansion than A.R. 6- Too hard difficult grinding & polishing 7- Less resilient

Porcelain-metal crown (PFM)

Laminate Veneer

Composition

Porcelain

Conventional dental porcelain is a vitreous ceramic (glass amorphous structure)

1- Feldspars (80%) 2- Silica (Quartz- 15%) 3- Kaolin (4%)

Dental Porcelain
Composition
1. Feldspars (75- 85%)
- Naturally occurring mineral oxide: K and Na Aluminum silicate (K2O.Al2O3.SiO2 & Na2O.Al2O3.SiO2) - Acts as a FLUX: melts 1st (becomes glassy) binds other ingredients together. - Acts as a BINDER during heating. - Upon heating, it fuses and becomes glassy, retaining . the form of porcelain while fusing.

Leucite : (crystalline phase) with high coefficient of thermal expansion

Composition

Dental Porcelain

2- Silica (Quartz -12 22%): Remains unchanged during firing Acts as a strengthening agent. Is present as a fine crystalline dispersion throughout the glass phase .

Composition

Dental Porcelain

3- Kaolin (3-5%):
Only in decorative porcelain As it causes opaqueness of Porcelain !!! Is a hydrated Aluminum (Al2O3.H2O) moldability Binder (forms workable mass with H2O) Maintains shape of restoration before firing

As Kaolin is not included Dental Porcealin is Feldspathic glass with crystalline inclusions

Dental Porcelain
Composition
4. Other ingredients (1%):
a. Glass modifiers
Metal ions (Na+, K+, Ca++) porc with diff melting temp. glass fluidity = viscosity Lower softening temp
Thermal expansion

b. Suger or Starch: Binder ( used in dentistry) c. Pigments (Metal Oxides) d. Fluorescent Agents (Lanthamide oxide) e. Fluxes (Low fusing glasses)

Dental Porcelain
Manufacturing
Ingredients are fused together (melted) Then quenched in H2O get a FRIT Such high heat reaction is known as Pyrochemical Reaction Results in 2 principle phases: 1- Viterous (Glass phase) formed during firing 2- Crystalline (Mineral phase)
Glassy Matrix

Mineral Phase
(Quartz)

Dental Porcelain
Porcelain technique
(conventional condensation and sintering):

Manipulation:e.g. Porcelain Jacket Crown (PJC) 1. Compaction: 2. Firing 3. Glazing 4. Cooling

Manipulation:1- Compaction of Porcelain J Cr

Dental Porcelain

Prepared on cast covered with Pt foil (Pt foil withstands high temp 1755C) To give Porcelain required shape To remove excess H2O shr and porosity Methods of Condensation : Addition of dry P by brush (to absorb H O) Mild Vibration ( to pack wet powder densly to underlying framework) Spatulation (small spatula is used to apply & smooth the wet porcelain)
2

Dental Porcelain
1- Compaction of Porcelain J Cr
Factors affecting condensation success: A- Skill of operator B- Application of a range of sizes
greater compaction

2- Firing procedure:.

Dental Porcelain

To sinter particles of porcelain powder In an electrically heated furnace Stages: Low Bisque Stage (Flux starts to flow)
Medium Bisque Stage (water evap shrinkage High Bisque Stage (fusion betw particles)

Firing should be done under vacuum

.

porosity

denser porcelain

Dental Porcelain
Def: Fusion of the powder particles to form
a continuous mass

Dental Porcelain
3- Glazing:
To obtain a smooth, shiny surface to simulate natural tooth structure. Reached in the last firing. Either by
Flow of the glass at the surface of the ceramic restoration= Self-glaze (prefeered)

Low fusing glass added to the ceramic restoration (Over-glaze)

Dental Porcelain
4- Cooling
Should be slow, to avoid surface crazing.

Properties:

Dental Porcelain

1- Shrinkage on firing (loss of H2O voids)

2- Porosity (interal voids str & translucency 3- Chemical Properties 4- Mechanical Properties (Brittle) 5- Esthetics & Color 6- Biological Effect( inert)

Properties

Dental Porcelain
1- Shrinkage on Firing

Loss of H2O VOIDS Elimination of voids during sintering volumetric shrinkage: 33%. It should be compensated for: A precise control of the condensation and firing technique during construction.

Properties

Dental Porcelain
Porosity:

Effect of porosity Internal voids Strength & Opacity Porosities can be reduced by 1- Greater degree of compaction 2- Firing under VACUUM 3- Blend of small and large particle sizes

Dental Porcelain
Compensated How???

Properties

Dental Porelain
Porosity

Different particle sizes!!!!!

Properties

Dental Porcelain
Porosity

Dental Porcelain
Porosity

Dental Porcelain
Porosity

Different particle size less Porosity

Dental Porcelain
One particle size More voids

Why porosity??

Dental Porcelain
Advantages
1- Satisfactory Esthetics & color stability 2- Adequate Strength 3- Excellent Biocompatibility

Disadvantages
1- Removal of additional tooth structure 2- Hardness & wear resistance Wear of opposing natural teeth 3- Brittleness

Mechanical Properties
Chemical Mechanical

Dental Porcelain
Ch unattackable

HF acid
(Hydrofluoric acid)

Esthetics Biological

CS: 172 MPa BRITTLE TS: 34 MPa Enamel H: 343 KHN H: 460 KHN (Kg/mm2) Highly influenced by Excellent nature of incident
light

*No adverse reaction * Too bulky crown

INERT

Dental Porcelain
Cassification
:
Acc to fusion temp Acc to method of firing

1- High fusing (1300C) Denture teeth (repair with no distortion) 2- Medium fusing (1100-1300C) Denture teeth 3- Low fusing (850-1100C) Cr & Br 4- Ultralow fusing (< 850C) Cr & Br

Acc to application

Dental Porcelain
Ceramic Restorations
All ceramic restorations:
1- Sintered all ceramic : -Aluminous porcelain. (core 40-50% Al2O3) -Leucite reinforced base. 2. Heat pressed all ceramic IPS & IS Empress 3. Slip Cast ceramic: 4. Milled ceramic restorations: -CAD/CAM (Cerec). -Copy milling (Celay)).

Porcelain fused to metal: Feldspar

The change in color matching of two objects under different light sources

Esthetics and color:

Enamel glows under ultraviolet light

Fluorescence

 translucency, surface reflect

Denture
Denture base Artificial teeth

porcelain

Acrylic

Artificial teeth

Attachment to denture base

Porcelain teeth Acrylic

Mechanical

Chemical

Which one is acrylic Which is porcelain?

??????
Loss of artificial tooth

Artificial teeth

Aesthetic
Porcelain teeth Acrylic

better

less

Artificial teeth

wear resistance
Porcelain teeth Acrylic

very high

low

Artificial teeth

clicking sound
Porcelain teeth Acrylic

present

no

Artificial teeth

resilience
Porcelain teeth Acrylic

less

More

Artificial teeth

Brittleness
Porcelain teeth Brittle Acrylic Less

Artificial teeth

ability to be ground
Porcelain teeth Acrylic

No

easy

Revision

presentation form

Glazing?

 Role of Kaolin??

Presence of Kaolin??

Porcelain Direct filling material?

Which one is more likely to be lost acrylic or porcelain teeth ?? A B

compaction
Why??

compaction
How?

 Effect of porosity??

 Lanthamide oxide why?

Broken tooth porcelain or acrylic?;/

Artificial teeth

resilience???

 Glass modifier Effect?

 Artificial teeth

Attachment to denture base???

 Investment materials Particle size? Why?

 Dimensional change during firing??

 Compensated How???

oPyrochemical reaction oSintering

Difference ?

Why?
vibration spatulation. addition of dry powder

 Firing procedure accompanied with ..?

 Pyrochemical reaction???