Dental plaque Streptococcus mutans Streptococcus sanguis Biolfilm: A continuously formed coating of microorganisms & organic matter on to Glycoprotein

Plague forms within 24hrs after cleaning Formation begins as positively charged proteins in saliva adhere to negatively charged enamel

Dental Caries (tooth decay) Streptococcus mutans (most common) Lactobacillus Actinomyces viscosus The chemical dissolution of enamel & deeper parts of teeth The most common infectious disease in developing countries because of refined sugar in diet Unchecked, the decay can proceed through the enamel Into dentin Pulp cavity Eventually cause an abscess in the bone supporting the tooth. Formation of dental caries - Surcose = Glucose + fructose Dextran Lactic acid cavity Dextran: cements bacteria to tooth enamel Lactic acid: eats tooth enamel

Periodontal disease Cause: Gingivitis is due to the long-term effects of plaque deposits. Plaque is a sticky material made of bacteria, mucus, and food debris that develops on the exposed parts of the teeth Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease: only gums Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis/ trench mouth: the most severe form of periodontal disease periodontitis

Food poisoning Staphylococcus aureus Cause: produces heat stable exotoxins Source: egg products, meat & meat products, hands of food preparers S&S: - Gastroenteritis - nausea 1-6hr* - vomiting - diarrhea * depends on the dose of bacteria intake. Prevention: refrigeration growth of S. aureas Treat: self limiting

Food poisoning E. coli O157:H7 Cause: actual infection Source: has a reservoir in cattle & other similar animals S&S: - severe with bloody diarrhea - painful abdominal cramps - not much of fever Complications: 3-5%: temp. anemia, profuse bleeding, kidney failure.

Prevention: Fluoride: helps reduce the solubility of teeth The amount of fluoride that can be added to the diet/ used topically is limited due to fluoride toxicity Reduce the amount of dietary sucrose (white table sugar) Fissure sealants Treatment: Cavities are filled w/ amalugum (silver) or composite

Food poisoning Salmonellosis results from ingestion of foods containing Salmonella (enteritidis, typhimurium, choleraesuis) Source: found in the intestines of birds, reptiles, mammals S&S: - fever - diarrhea - abdominal cramps Immunocompromised: can invade bloodstream causing life threatening infections.

Food poisoning Others: - Clostridium botulinum - cyclospora: a diarrheal illness related to Guatemalan raspberries- these berries became contaminated in fields w/ this unusual parasite - Vibrio parahemolyticus: contaminated oyster beds in Galveston Bay, Texas. Caused an epidemic of diarrheal illness in persons eating raw oysters. - Calicivirus/ Norwalk Virus: rarely dianosised because the lab test is not widely available. S&S: causes an acute GI illness: usually w/ more vomiting than diarrhea that resolves within 2days. Transmit: person to person. Infected kitchen workers can contaminate a salad/ sandwich as they prepare it, if they have the virus on their hands.

Bacillary Dysentery: Shigellosis Several serotypes of Shigella: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii & S. sonnei Trans: contaminated food, fingers, flies, feces, formites S&S: - fever - irritability - drowsiness - nausea - weight loss - vomiting - diarrhea - abdominal pain Dysentery is rarely fatal in adults Treatment: self limiting Flouroquinolones Fluid replacement

Cholera Virbio cholerae (Gram -, comma shaped) An acute, diarrheal illness resulting from infection of the intestine Common today in India & Africa Enterotoxin binds to sm intestine epithelia making membranes highly permeable to water - loss of fluids Cl ions - inhibition of Na absorption Trans: contaminated drinking water/ food (shellfish, fruit, vegetables). S&S: - *watery diarrhea (rice water stools)* - vomiting - leg cramps - Rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration & shock - skin becomes wrinkled, eyes sink inward, blood thickens, circulation w/o treatment, death can occur in hours treatment: - fluid & electrolyte replacement - with prompt rehydration, fewer than 1% will die from Cholera - Antibiotics shorten the course, but most important is still rehydration.

Gastric Ulcers Helicobacter pylori (helix shaped) - 1 cultured in 1982 from gastric biopsy tissues -survives the acidity of the stomach by generating ammonia which neutralizes gastric acidity around the bacterial cells. - colonizes & multiples in the gastric mucosa directly above the epithelial cell layer of the stomach: this will lead to destruction of the epithelia resulting in an ulceration S&S: - 95% of patients w/ duodenal ulcers - 70% of patients w/ gastric ulcers - burning & pain esp when eating spicy/ sour foods Treatment: tetracycline. Amoxicillin
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Prevention: - boil water/ treat it w/ chlorine - thoroughly cook food - avoid uncooked foods - vaccines not available in US

Diagnosis: - lab tests - culturing stool sample -examining stools under the microscope Treatment: INTOXICATIONS: usually none, but attempt to alleviate S&S: - replace fluids & electrolytes - preparations of bismuth subsalicylate can diarrhea * These meds should be avoided if there is high fever/ blood in stool because they may make the illness worse. INFECTIONS: might give antibiotics in addition to substances to alleviate S&S

Aflatoxin poisoning Aspergullus flavus (fungal) - produces aflatoxins: most potent carcingoens yet discovered. - cause liver damage - aflatoxins are associated crops, particularly corn, cottonseeds, peanuts, and nuts. - all corn exported from the US is required to be tested for aflatoxin.

Ergotism Claviceps purpurea (fugal)

Thrush- Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) Candida albicans (yeast)

Mumps Mumps virus: paramyxovirus Incubation: 14-25days An acute viral disease

Viral Enteritis Rotavirus is a major cause Trans: fecal-oral route

Occurs to some extent every year on cereals & grasses in N. Dakora. Occurs in humans & livestock Trans: eating contaminated cereal crops & grasses (rye, barley, oat, quack grass, wheat, hay) S&S: - animals: convulsive ergotism include hyperexcitability, belligerence, ataxia/ staggering, lying down, convulsions & backward arching of the back. - humans: loss of muscle coordination, tremors & weight loss

Infection of the mouth and throat Trans: formites, imbalance of oral normal flora Groups: newborns, children, immunocompromised, particularly AIDS patients. S&S: white patches in the mouth Diag: swab infected tissue & examine it microscopically. Treat: oral fluconazole/ nystatin

Major cause of infant morbidity & mortality in developing countries Accounts for 1/3 of childhood deaths in some countries Virus replicates in the intestine damages the intestinal epithelium & causes a watery diarrhea & vomiting within 48hrs. Treat: Fluid replacement Self limiting Prevention: sanitary practices

Trans: saliva & droplets entering the oral cavity & respiratory tract - after initially replicating in the upper respiratory tract - virus travels in the blood to the salivary glands & causes them to swell S&S : -parotitis is the most common manifestation: * myalgia, weight loss, malaise, headache, and lowgrade fever * symptoms after 1wk & have usually resolve after 10days Prevention: MMR

Hepatitis A, B, C, D & E A: RNA virus - fecal oral, food borne - 15-40days

An inflammation of live, caused by viruses, an amoeba & various toxic chemical B: DNA virus - blood and other bodily fluids, crosses placenta - 45-180 days, avg: 90days C: at least 2 unclassified RNA viruses: Flavivirus, Togavirus - blood and blood product, occasionally crosses placenta - short 2-4 wks Long 8-12 wks - subclinical to severe - most resolve spontaneously - yes for chronic liver disease - yes for vaccines -yes for possible association with liver caner -yes for chronic liver disease - NO for vaccine - Yes for carrier state - no chronic liver disease - no for vaccine: no need if person is vaccinated against Hep B - no vaccine D: defective RNA; has Hep B capsid. - blood; Can only infect if person contracted HepB and D was able to use HapB capsid. Super-infect/ coinfect - can cross placenta - 2-12 wks - severe: high mortality rate - no carrier state - moderate but high mortality in pregnant women E: unclassified RNA virus: Calcivirus - fecal oral - more common in adults than children - 2-6 wks

- usually mild, rarely severe, self-limiting - no carrier state - no chronic liver disease - Yes for vaccine

-subclinical to severe; most recover completely - yes for carrier state: associated w/ 80% of liver cancer

Giardiasis Giardia lamblia/ G. intestinalis (flagellated protoazoan) Trans: fecal oral, contaminated food & water containing cysts (egg like state) of G. lamblia S&S: - bowel inflammation - weight loss - fat absorption resulting in FROTHY DIARRHEA - dehydration - deficiencies in fat soluble vitamins - arthritis

Amoebic Dysentery Entameoba histolytica (ameba) - fecal- oral Ingesting cysts in food/ water contaminated w/ fecal matter Incubation: 1 4 wks S&S: Mild form: loose stools, stomach pain & cramping Severe of amebiasis: stomach pain, bloody stools, fever Diag: stool/ blood sample Treatment: metronidazole

Cryptosporidosis Cyptosporidium parvum - found in soil, food, water, contaminated water with infected human/ animal feces Trans: contaminated food & water, fecal oral from kittens & puppies S&S: most common: water diarrhea. Dehydration Weight loss Stomach cramp/ pain Nausea Fever Vomiting

Dia: stool sample Treat: - Metronidazole ( antifungal but works against Giardiasis) - quinacrine Prevention: Maintain water supplies free of human/ animal wastes

(flagyl) - Prevention: maintenance of sanitary drinking water - Boil/filter water - Bottle water

Diag: stool sample Treatment: self eliminating Immunocompromised: no effective treatment and may be fatal. Esp, in AIDS patients