FoodSecurity andClimateChange inDryAreas Amman,Jordan 14Feb2010

FABABEANANDITSIMPORTANCE TOFOODSECURITY INTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES

J.I. J I Cubero C b (Univ. (U i of fCrdoba) C d b ) Carmenvila(IFAPA) AnaMTorres(IFAPA) Crdoba,Spain

An increasing population is the strongest challenge t produce to d not t only l more f food d but also more plant-derived products

According to FAO, the world agrarian production should duplicate for 2050 to guarantee food for a world population of about 9.000 million inhabitants

TO FULFILL THE NEEDS, WE HAVE TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTION IN A SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE MAINTAINING THE POTENTIAL OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND EVEN IMPROVING IT IS A MUST

INCREASING FOOD CHALLENGES Impact on climatic change E i Environmental t l impacts i t of f agriculture i lt Rising cost of food products Food safety Public resistance to chemical use

NEW CROPS ARE INDEED NEEDED, BUT WHY NOT TO START WITH IMPROVING AND EVEN REMODELLING TRADITIONAL CROPS?

ESPECIALLY THOSE THAT DO MAINTAIN AND IMPROVE THE FERTILITY OF THE SOIL WHILE PROVIDING FOOD AND FEED FOR EXAMPLE, PULSES

BUT...
Millones 100 90

Pulses: world cultivated area

Cultivatedarea(20002008)Mh C ha

Soya
80 70 60 50 40 30 20

NO CHANGES
Garbanzos Habas Guisantes

Commonbeans(dry)

Pulses Alt Altramuz Caup (faba Frijoles secos beans) Guand still are Lentejas the poor Veza man Sojafood

ha

Otherpulses
10

Faba beans
0

2000 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

FAOSTAT,2009

The reason is a very low research work on pulses

M ha 250 200 150 100 50 0

Maincropsatworldlevel Wheat Rice Maize Soya (oil crop) Barley Sorghum Millet Cotton B Beans (Phaseolus Ph l ) Sunflower Sugar cane Potato

Yields,ingeneral<1t/ha
M ha 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 beans s chickpeas cowpea lentils lupins Fababeans peas vetch t

Butfababean>1t/ha /
ha

WHAT IS REQUIRED

Adaptability R i t Resistance to t stresses t Agronomic performance Nutritional value

XXthcentury 2000BP >1500AC >8000BP

XXthcentury

Fababeanproblems
Low yields Lack of improved varieties Poor mechanization Biotic and abiotic stresses N t iti Nutritional l constraints t i t

BUT WE WILL SEE THAT THERE HAVE BEEN ADVANCES IN ALL THESE FIELDS

TO SUCCEED IS POSSIBLE

AGRICULTURAL REFORMS

AND AND BREEDING EFFORTS

NEVER FORGET THEIR ROLE IN THE SOIL: SOIL THE NATURAL AND UNLIMITED SOURCE OF NITROGEN
Chickpeas 2484 Beans 12215 Faba bean 178-251 Peas Lentils 174196 167189
nodules

C N (kg/ha/year)
At Atmosferic f i N

rhizobium
NH4+

It can be used as a forage crop or as a green manure

Forageyield
70000 60000 50000 kg/ha a 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 barbecho habas Faba bean vezas narbonensis narbonensis Trat 1 Trat 2 Trat 3

fallow

vetch

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IS IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT LEGUMES: Faba beans are among g the best N-fixing crops

Th There have h b been many advances d

Traditional (indeterminate) habit

Determinate habit

Determinate plus Low tannin content

NEW TYPES HAVE BEEN OBTAINED

Indeterminate

FCF

F50FA

F1VM

FTF

Determinate

February
FCF

91.5 91.8

99.6 111 97.8 108.6 107.9

PODDING April

148.8

June

F50FA F1VM

FTF

Rapid maturity allows to escape from a dry spring

Resistanceto Orobanchecrenata
(broomrape)

Rebaya 40 x F 216

Baraca
F 402 Egypt

F 402 (Vf 1071) x Alameda Spain

Baraca

RUST ASCOCHYTA BOTRYTIS: Genesforresistance areknown

Pathogen Stress factor Antinutr. factor Orobanche crenata Botrytis fabae

Genotype with favourable trait (examples) Giza402; Baraka; Vf136 BPL710, B261 2N52

Findings Eufaba findings 2 QTL: Oc2 (OPAC06342), ) Oc3(OPAA07807) In progress Monogenic hypersensitivity Uvf1(OPI20900) Slow rusting, quantitative resistance; in progress 2 QTL; Af1(OPAB071026), Af2(OPE171272) 2 QTL; Af3(OPG041131), Af4(OPJ18655) Quantitative genetic traits with heterosis; in progress Monogenic recessive low content vc-; white seed hilum at < 10cM distance Monogenic recessive zero content zt1, , zt2; ; white flower at 0,0 cM

Contact

Uromyces fabae B261 Vf6 Ascochyta fabae 29H Drought Winter frost Vicin, Convicin ILB938/2 Cte dOr, Hiverna Mlodie, Disco

ge2ruozd@uco.es ge2ruozd@uco es anam.torres.romero@juntadeandalucia.es

H.Khan6@wlv.ac.uk wlink@gwdg.de duc@epoisses.inra.fr anam.torres.romero@juntadeandalucia.es

Tannin

, Disco Gloria,

Source: W.Link, 2006 24

Advances
The availability of model species: Medicago truncatula y Lotus japonicus Mapping and DNA sequenciation of the M. truncatula genome Progress in MAS (marker-assisted selection) Although still in the first steps: Active work on sinteny, Studies on gene expression g Chromosome walking Identification of candidate genes

Andeven

In vitro regeneration and Transformation

Agrobacterium g MediatedtransformationofViciaf faba embryo y axes

Agrobacterium

Direct Transformation (Particle GUN PDS 1000 Helium)

Embryonic axes explants Seeds, S d T1 after f about b total 10-11 months

Selection on 2 mg/l PPT and Agrobacterium elimination by y timienten

In vitro grafting

(Hanafyetal.2005)
Shooting on MS medium + B5 vit. +4.5 mg/l BAP + 0.1mg/l NAA under selection pressure (6 months)

H.Kiesecker,CordobaOct. 2006

Limitationsofgeneticengineeringin peaand df faba b bean b

Lowtransformationefficiencybetween0,3and0,6%

MABfortransformability

Expressioninstabilityoftransgenes

Enhancementoftransformationefficiency Coexpressionofsilencingsuppressors

H.Kiesecker,CordobaOct.2006

STILL UNEXPLORED VARIABILITY

Ana M Torres

Carmen vila

MBead 31 Pistache Seed pro otein conte ent (NIRS, %) 30 Gobo Gloria Music Styria Mars P l Pelep Scirocco Maya Alfred Troy Karna Victor HFreya L2(Min. x CEx.) L1(Min. x CEx.) Merkur 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 Yield performance (t/ha) 7

r=-0.03

Increasing the seed protein content: Just the motivation to do the breeding job is missing.

29

28

27

Source: W.Link, 2006 Zeid et al., 2004

32

HETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY

7
r = 0.85**

Hybrid yie H eld of 62 2 crosses

6 5 4 3 2 20 2.0 Zeid et al., 2002

HYBRIDS

Heterosis

Faba bean data 4 environm. i r = 2-4 24 6m plot size

Heterosis

30 3.0 40 4.0 50 5.0 60 6.0 Parental means of 62 crosses

70 7.0
Source: W.Link, 2006

HETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY

SYNTHETICS

Fouad Maalouf

HETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY

52 50 48 46 44

Yield ( (q/ha)

42 40 38 36 34 32

SYNTHETICS

Syn 0

Syn 1

Syn 2

Syn 3

Syn 4

Synthetic generation
Superiority of synthetic populations over their homozygous components t (Stelling (St lli et t al l., 1994) Source: W.Link, 2006

Nutritionalvalue
Whitehilum Whiteflower(low t tannin i content) t t) Amcor High yield

Vikinga
(fromAmcorxZT)

Closed flowers

Wild type flowers

WHAT ABOUT DROUGHT TOLERANCE?

Drought tolerance
kg/ha

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

Crdoba (S.Spain)

w ithout glyphosate

w ith glyphosate

A very hi high h GxE interaction

EUFABA trial in Spain: the same cultivars

Logroo g
kg/ha
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

(N.Spain)

Drought tolerance

Drought Stress Trial 2005 at Gttingen

500 Mediterr. cvs. ICARDA Condor x ILB938 German genotypes

Yield (g/plot)

Yield d per plo ot under drought stress

400

300

200

BA712 Fuego Mlodie Alameda CI37 CI41 Lobo B k Condor/1 Baraka Enantia ILB2282/1 ILB938 ILB2282/2 Fr.xEnantia

CI15

CI29

There are Th possibilities of maintaining the potential under dry y conditions

100

r=0 r 0.65 65

LSD(5%)
0 0 100 200 300 400 500

Yield per plot with irrigation

Source: W.Link, 2006

Advances MOLECULAR METHODS ARE AVAILABLE (INCLUDING MICROCHIPS), ALTHOUGH NOT IN SUCH A STANDARD WAY AS IN OTHER CROPS: THERE ARE ONLY A FEW TEAMS...

PROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysis

TANNIN CONTENT L H L H M L

VICINE-CONVICINE H M

OPB9

OPH1 OPP17 OPU2

Fig. g 1 DNA patterns for primers OPP17 and OPU2. Polymorphic bands within contrasted bulks for tannin content (L: low; H: high), are indicated by arrows.
M: molecular-weight marker x174/Hae III.

Fig. 2 DNA patterns for primers OPB9 and OPH1 in the 7 F2 individuals of each contrasted bulk. RAPD markers linked to high (H) vicine-convicine content are indicated by arrows. M: molecular-weight molecular weight marker x174/Hae III. III

EUFABAEUFABA-Prague, Crdoba, Prague,September September 6-7 March 2003 2003 2003

Partner Partner 2: UCO 2: UCO

PROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysis

Antinutritional A ti t iti l factors: f t tannins t i and d vicine-convicine i i i i Cross 6 x zt2 - 39 polymorphic markers identified in the pools (white vs normal flower)
- Test for consistent detection and subsequent analysis on the individuals that formed each bulk

Cross 6 x zvc
- 48 8 RAPD markers a esp present ese t in o only yo one eo of t the e poo pools s - Up to now, 4 of them displayed consistent detection in each of the F2 individuals of the bulk

EUFABAPrague, September 2003 - EUFABAPrague, September 2003

Partner 2: UCO Partner 2: UCO

WP 5 DNA marker analysis

Previous results from QTL analysis (F2)

- Orobanche crenata
3 QTLs identified (Or1, Or2 and Or3; R2 = 74%)
Roman et al. (2002). Genome 45:1057-1063

- Ascochyta fabae
6 136 6x136 29H X 136

Af1 (Chrom. (Ch 3 R2 = 25%) 3, Af2 (Chrom. 2; R2 = 21%) Af1 (Chrom. 3, R2 = 20%) Af2 (Chrom. ?; R2 = 22%)
Distance (cM) 1.6 Marker name OPR07930 OPP021172 OPD13736 OPL181032 OPI20900 Uvf 1

Roman et al. (2003). Australian J. Agric. Res. 54:85-90 Avila CM, (2002) PhD. Thesis

Monogenic traits: rust resistance

5 RAPDs linked to Uvf-1
Avila CM et al. (2003). TAG 107: 353-358

2.8 0.0 7.1 0.0

EUFABAEUFABA-Prague, Crdoba, Prague,September September 6-7 March 2003 2003 2003

Partner Partner 2: UCO 2: UCO

MAPPING
Distance (cM) 1.6 2.8 0.0 7.1 0.0 Marker name OPR07930 OPP021172 OPD13736 OPL181032 OPI20900 Uvf 1

GENE EXPRESSION

New Uses

Legumes(otherthansoya) Nutritionalvalue:
Chickpeas(0.69) Peas(0.67) (0 67) Fababeans(0.65) Lentils(0.52) Wholewheat legum. g flour( (0.85) )

Moisture Minerals

Proteins

Not only nutrition but

NEW USES:

Lipid

Prebiotics Nutraceuticals
Carbohydrate

ADDED VALUE

OTHER PULSES DID IT

FoodIngredientsdistributionof... PeaProtein PeaStarch PeaFiber BambooFiber NaturalandGMOfreeingredients NaturalFibers MicronizedProducts LowCarbohydrateFormulations LowFatFormulations CustomBlends NaturalFlavorEnhancers ProbioticandPrebioticIngredients SeasoningBlends

N b C Norben Company,I Inc. P.O. P O Box B 766Willoughby, Will hb OH44096 Source: J. I Boye, 2008

Proteinisolate/concentratealternatives
Proteinsof soy/pea/rice Proteinshakes (justaddwater) Proteinpowders

Source: J. I Boye, 2008

Gel/Film

WHY NOT FROM FABA BEANS?

Designedtohealthewounds
CliffHedleyandcolleaguesfromJIChavedevelopedaprocess forproducingarangeofnovelfilmmaterialsfrompeastarch thatmaybesuitableforuseinwounddressingapplications

Peastarch

PatentReference: InternationalPatentPublicationNo.WO05/118729 Econtact:adam@pbltechnology.com Source: J. I Boye, 2008

OurpeaandbeanproductsareallnonGMO,glutenfree, lowallergenic,lactosefree,naturalandveryfunctional. Ourpeastarch,peafibreandpeaproteinconcentratesare availableinOrganicaswell. well PrestigeProtein Propel p Protein FababeanProtein ProgressProtein GreatNorthernProtein B l P Barley Protein t i FieldPeaprotein(50%) Yellowfieldpea(44%)

HERE THEY ARE!

Yelloworgreenfieldpea(56%)

THIS IS ADDED VALUE

Source: J. I Boye, 2008

BUT VERY LITTLE CAN BE ACHIEVED WORKING IN ISOLATION

THE GREATER SUCCESS ON FABA BEAN IN THE PAST WAS POSSIBLE WITHIN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS

IN THE 70-80s: 0 80 EEC C (=EU) ( ) and ICARDA C SINCE LATE 70s: NILE VALLEY PROJECT LATE IN THE 80s 80s-90s: 90s: EU projects CAMAR (coord. Univ. Crdoba) TRANSLEG (coord. Univ. Berln) EUFABA (coord. IAS, Espaa) GLIP (coord. (coord JIC, JIC Norwich, Norwich GB)

ALL THESE PROGRAMS PRODUCED NEW MATERIALS, MATERIALS NEW GENES, NEW KNOWLEDGE, KNOWLEDGE NEW METHODS AND THE FEELING OF BELONGING TO ONE SINGLE BUT GREAT TEAM

A good example of collaboration

3 QTLs
(Torres et al., 2006)

Orobanche crenata F.A. Lohmller, 2005 Zeid, Ghazy and Link, 2006
59

AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Development of faba bean productivity and production in the Nile Valley, Red Sea and sub-Saharan region

Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009

Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009

Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009

COLLABORATION IT CAN BE DONE

Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009

WHATFABABEANCANDOFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES?
PRODUCING A NATURAL N-FERTILIZER N FERTILIZER INCREASING THE ORGANIC MATTER IN THE SOIL ROTATIONS, CROP DIVERSIFICATION SUSTAINABLE FARMING FOOD AND FEED, FEED DRY AND GREEN GREATER NUTRITIONAL VALUE ALONE OR BLENDED NEW FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS TO SUM UP: AGRICULTURAL AND HEALTH BENEFITS

BUT TO ACHIEVE THESE GOALS, THE MAGICAL WORD IS COOPERATION

THANKYOU FORYOURATTENTION