HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

1. Expansion of solids : a) Coefficient of linear expansion : =

L L0 t A A 0 t

b) Coefficient of superficial expansion : = c) Coefficient of volume expansion : = d) 2.

2; 3

V V0 t

Density of material at any temperature : t =

0 (1 + t)

3.

Expansion of liquids : If a and g are the apparent coefficient of expansion of liquid and volume V V0 . coefficient of expansion of container, then r = a + g a = t V0 t

4.

5. 6.

1 1 / C , p = / C . 273 273 Law of mixture : Heat lost = heat gained. First law of thermodynamics : H = U + W . Here H = heat supplied to the system, U = change in internal energy, W = work done by gas. Some important points : Work is path dependent in thermodynamics. Work is taken as positive when system expands against external force. W = PdV
Expansion of gases : v =

The area of P-V diagram gives work done. In cyclic process, work done is area of P-V diagram cycle. It is positive when process is clockwise. It is negative when process is anticlockwise. The change in internal energy is independent of path. It depends only on initial and final states. For ideal gas
U (Internal Energy) Isobaric Isochoric Adiabatic Isothermal

P(Pressure)

If PV = constant
n

P n=0, (Isobaric) n=1(Isothermal) n=2(Adiabatic) n=(Isochoric) V


7.
Thermodynamic processes :

S.No. 1.
2.
3. 4.

Process Isochoric
Isobaric Free expansion
Isothermal process

Law applicable GayLussacs law Charles law

Boyles law

Quantity remains constant Volume

Pressure
Temperature Temperature

H = U + W

nCV dT
nCV dT 0 0
W

0
P(V2 V1) 0

nCV dT
nCP dT 0

5.

Adiabatic process

PV = constant

6. 7.

Polytropic process Cyclic process

PV n = constant nC dT V
0

V nRT ln 2 V1 nR(T1 T2 ) 1 P1V1 P2 V2 (n 1) Area of P-V diagram

V nRT ln 2 V1

0 W

8. 9.

of the mixture

n1 + n 2 n n = 1 + 2 . 1 1 1 2 1

Molar heat capacity C is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a gas by 1C or 1 K.

C=

Q nT

The most general expression for C in the process PV x = constant is C= R R + 1 1 x

For isobaric process P = constant or x = 0 C = CV + R For isothermal process x = 1

C=

For adiabatic process x = r C = 0. 10. Heat conduction : dH d = KA dt dx Here, d = temperature gradient, K = thermal conductivity. dx

Unit of K is watt per metre per Kelvin.

11. Radiation :


a) Stefans law :

H = eT 4 A t

Here,

H = rate of radiated energy per unit area A t

= Stefans constant = 5.67108 Wm2 K4 ; e = emissivity, T = temperature of body in Kelvin

b) Kirchhoffs law :

If a = absorptive power, e0 = emissive power then e/a = emissive power of block body.
12. Weins displacement law :
m T = constant = 2.892 103 mK

13. Newtons law of cooling : d = K( 0 ) , Here = temperature of body, 0 = temperature of surroundings. dt

Previous questions :

1.

A real gas behaves like an ideal gas if its

a) pressure and temperature are both high b) pressure and temperature are both low c) pressure is high and temperature is low d) pressure is low and temperature is high Sol. (d) A real gas behaves like an ideal gas at low pressure and high temperature. 2. One mole of an ideal gas in initial state A undergoes a cyclic process ABCA, as shown in the figure. Its pressure at A is P0. Choose the correct option(s) from the following. V B 4V0 a) Internal energies at A and B are the same b) Work done by the gas in process AB is P0V0 n 4 V0 A C c) Pressure at C is P0/4 T0 T d) Temperature at C is T0/4 Sol. (a, b) 3. Two spherical bodies A (radius 6 cm) and B (radius 18 cm) are at temperature T1 and T2, respectively. The maximum intensity in the emission spectrum of A is at 500 nm and in that of B is at 1500 nm. Considering them to be black bodies, what will be the ratio of the rate of total energy radiated by A to that of B? Sol. (9) 4. A piece of ice (heat capacity = 2100 J kg1 C1 and latent heat = 3.36 105 J kg1) of mass m grams is at 5C at atmospheric pressure. It is given 420 J of heat so that the ice starts melting. Finally when the ice-water mixture is in equilibrium, it is found that 1 gm of ice has melted. Assuming there is no other heat exchange in the process, the value of m is Sol. (8) 5. A diatomic ideal gas is compressed adiabatically to 1/32 of its initial volume. If the initial temperature of the gas is Ti (in Kelvin) and the final temperature is aTi, the value of a is Sol. (4)